LINC00511 exacerbated T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia via miR-195-5p/LRRK1 axis

The emerging roles of LINC00511 in breast cancer development and therapy

Breast cancer (BC) is associated with malignant tumors in women worldwide with persistently high incidence and mortality rates. The traditional therapies including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapy have certain therapeutic effects on BC patients, but acquired drug resistance can lead to tumor recurrence and metastasis. This remains a clinical challenge that is difficult to solve during treatment. Therefore, continued research is needed to identify effective targets and treatment methods, to ultimately implement personalized treatment strategies. Several studies have implicated that the long non-coding RNA LINC00511 is closely linked to the occurrence, development and drug resistance of BC. Here we will review the structure and the mechanisms of action of lnc RNA LINC00511 in various cancers, and then explore its expression and its related regulatory mechanisms during BC. In addition, we will discuss the biological functions and the potential clinical applications of LINC00511 in BC.

Specificity protein 1/3 regulate T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell proliferation and apoptosis through β-catenin by acting as targets of miR-495-3p

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a hematologic heterogeneous disease. This study explored the mechanism of specificity protein 1/3 (Sp1/3) in T-ALL cells through β-catenin by acting as targets of miR-495-3p. Expression levels of miR-495-3p, Sp1, Sp3, and β-catenin in the serum from T-ALL children patients, healthy controls, and the T-ALL cell lines were measured. The cell proliferation ability and apoptosis rate were detected. Levels of proliferation-related proteins proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)/cyclinD1 and apoptosis-related proteins B-cell lymphoma-2 associated X protein (Bax)/B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) were determined. The binding of Sp1/3 and β-catenin promoter and the targeted relationship between miR-495-3p with Sp1/3 were analyzed. Sp1/3 were upregulated in CD4+ T-cells in T-ALL and were linked with leukocyte count and risk classification. Sp1/3 interference prevented proliferation and promoted apoptosis in T-ALL cells. Sp1/3 transcription factors activated β-catenin expression. Sp1/3 enhanced T-ALL cell proliferation by facilitating β-catenin expression. miR-495-3p targeted and repressed Sp1/3 expressions. miR-495-3p overexpression inhibited T-ALL cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis. Conjointly, Sp1/3, as targets of miR-495-3p limit apoptosis and promote proliferation in T-ALL cells by promoting β-catenin expression.

MicroRNA based combinatorial therapy against TKIs resistant CML by inactivating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: a review

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by presence of Philadelphia chromosome, which harbors BCR-ABL oncogene responsible for encoding BCR-ABL oncoprotein. This oncoprotein interferes with cellular signaling pathways, resulting in tumor progression. Among these pathways, PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is significantly upregulated in CML. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are current standard therapy for CML, and they have shown remarkable efficacy. However, emergence of TKIs drug resistance has necessitated investigation of novel therapeutic approaches. Components of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway have emerged as attractive targets in this context, as this pathway is known to be activated in TKIs-resistant CML cells/patients. Inhibiting this pathway may provide a complementary approach to improving TKIs' efficacy and treatment outcomes. Given previous research indicating that miRNAs play an inhibitory role in cancer, current study used computational tools to identify miRNAs that specifically target pathway's core components. A comprehensive analysis was performed, resulting in identification of 111 miRNAs that potentially target PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. From this extensive list, 7 miRNAs was selected for further investigation based on their consistent downregulation across leukemia subtypes. Except for hsa-miR-199a-3p, remaining six miRNAs have been extensively studied in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Given high similarity between AML and CML, it is believed that six miRNAs which are not studied in context of CML may also be advantageous for curing chemoresistance in CML. Building upon this knowledge, it is reasonable to speculate that a combination therapy approach involving use of miRNAs alongside TKIs may offer improved therapy for TKIs-resistant CML compared to TKIs monotherapy alone.

A review on the role of LINC00511 in cancer

Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA 511 (LINC00511) is an RNA gene being mostly associated with lung cancer. Further assessments have shown dysregulation of this lncRNA in a variety of cancers. LINC00511 has interactions with hsa-miR-29b-3p, hsa-miR-765, hsa-mir-150, miR-1231, TFAP2A-AS2, hsa-miR-185-3p, hsa-miR-29b-1-5p, hsa-miR-29c-3p, RAD51-AS1 and EZH2. A number of transcription factors have been identified that regulate expression of LINC00511. The current narrative review summarizes the role of LINC00511 in different cancers with an especial focus on its prognostic impact in human cancers.

LncRNA-Based Classification of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Revealed Inherent Tumor Heterogeneity and Vulnerabilities

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents a diverse group of cancers based on their gene expression profiles. While the current mRNA-based classification of TNBC has contributed to our understanding of the heterogeneity of this disease, whether such heterogeneity can be resolved employing a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transcriptome has not been established thus far. Herein, we used iterative clustering and guide-gene selection (ICGS) and uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) dimensionality reduction analysis on a large cohort of TNBC transcriptomic data (TNBC = 360, normal = 88) and classified TNBC into four main clusters: LINC00511-enriched, LINC00393-enriched, FIRRE-enriched, and normal tissue-like. Delving into associated gene expression profiles revealed remarkable differences in canonical, casual, upstream, and functional categories among different lncRNA-derived TNBC clusters, suggesting functional consequences for altered lncRNA expression. Correlation and survival analysis comparing mRNA- and lncRNA-based clustering revealed similarities and differences between the two classification approaches. To provide insight into the potential role of the identified lncRNAs in TNBC biology, CRISPR-Cas9 mediated LINC00511 promoter deletion reduced colony formation and enhanced the sensitivity of TNBC cells to paclitaxel, suggesting a role for LINC00511 in conferring tumorigenicity and resistance to therapy. Our data revealed a novel lncRNA-based classification of TNBC and suggested their potential utilization as disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Linear and Circular Long Non-Coding RNAs in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: From Pathogenesis to Classification and Treatment

The coding regions account for only a small part of the human genome, and the remaining vast majority of the regions generate large amounts of non-coding RNAs. Although non-coding RNAs do not code for any protein, they are suggested to work as either tumor suppressers or oncogenes through modulating the expression of genes and functions of proteins at transcriptional, posttranscriptional and post-translational levels. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) originates from malignant transformed B/T-precursor-stage lymphoid progenitors in the bone marrow (BM). The pathogenesis of ALL is closely associated with aberrant genetic alterations that block lymphoid differentiation and drive abnormal cell proliferation as well as survival. While treatment of pediatric ALL represents a major success story in chemotherapy-based elimination of a malignancy, adult ALL remains a devastating disease with relatively poor prognosis. Thus, novel aspects in the pathogenesis and progression of ALL, especially in the adult population, need to be further explored. Accumulating evidence indicated that genetic changes alone are rarely sufficient for development of ALL. Recent advances in cytogenic and sequencing technologies revealed epigenetic alterations including that of non-coding RNAs as cooperating events in ALL etiology and progression. While the role of micro RNAs in ALL has been extensively reviewed, less attention, relatively, has been paid to other non-coding RNAs. Herein, we review the involvement of linear and circular long non-coding RNAs in the etiology, maintenance, and progression of ALL, highlighting the contribution of these non-coding RNAs in ALL classification and diagnosis, risk stratification as well as treatment.

LINC00511 enhances LUAD malignancy by upregulating GCNT3 via miR-195-5p

BACKGROUND

Accumulating evidence suggests that LINC00511 acts as an oncogenic long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in various cancers, including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Hence, we attempted to elucidate the potential role of LINC00511 in LUAD.

METHODS

LINC00511, miR-195-5p, and GCNT3 expression in LUAD was detected by qRT-PCR. Changes in the proliferation, migration, and invasion of LUAD cells after abnormal regulation of LINC00511, miR-195-5p, or GCNT3 were detected by CCK-8, BrdU, wound healing, and transwell assays. Bax and Bcl-2 protein expression was measured by western blotting. Additionally, we identified the targeting effects of LINC00511, miR-195-5p, and GCNT3 using luciferase and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays.

RESULTS

LINC00511 and GCNT3 were found to be upregulated in LUAD, while miR-195-5p was downregulated. Silencing LINC00511 or GCNT3 decreased the proliferation, migration, invasion, and Bcl-2 protein content in LUAD cells and increased the expression of Bax. Interference with miR-195-5p promoted malignant proliferation of cancer cells. miR-195-5p expression was affected by LINC00511and targeted GCNT3.

CONCLUSION

Silencing LINC00511 promotes GCNT3 expression by inhibiting miR-195-5p and ultimately stimulates the malignant progression of LUAD.

LINC00265/miR-4500 Axis Accelerates Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Progression by Enhancing STAT3 Signals

Background

Long noncoding RNA LINC00265 or miR-4500 is involved in the pathogenesis of many cancers. However, their functions in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remain unknown. In this study, we investigated how LINC00265 and miR-4500 regulate the malignant characteristics of ALL.

Methods

Real-time PCR was used in examining the expression of LINC00265 in ALL cell lines and blood of patients with ALL. Cell proliferation, cell migration, and xenograft tumor assays were performed to verify the function of LINC00265 subjected to overexpressing and silencing experiments. The ceRNA mechanism with LINC00265/miR-4500/STAT3 was investigated through luciferase and RNA pull-down assays. Finally, the function of the LINC00265/miR-4500/STAT3 axis subjected to overexpressing and silencing assays was determined through cell proliferation, cell migration, and xenograft tumor assays.

Results

LINC00265 was highly expressed in ALL cell lines and blood of patients with ALL and facilitated the proliferation, migration, invasion, and growth of xenograft tumors of ALL cells. The silencing of LINC00265 expression with LINC00265 siRNA significantly inhibited the malignancy of the ALL cells. RNA pull-down and luciferase assays demonstrated that LINC00265 competitively targeted miR-4500 and enhanced STAT3 expression. Furthermore, miR-4500 inhibitors or overexpressed LINC00265 up-regulated STAT3 expression, and miR-4500 mimics or STAT3 shRNAs eliminated the LINC00265-induced malignancy of the ALL cells.

Conclusion

Mechanistically, LncRNA LINC00265 can competitively interact with miR-4500 and thereby up-regulates STAT3 signaling and enhances the malignancy of tumors.

The depletion of Circ-PRKDC enhances autophagy and apoptosis in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia via microRNA-653-5p/Reelin mediation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway

A range of circular (Circ) RNAs have been demonstrated to be of therapeutic significance for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the action of Circ-PRKDC and the microRNA-653-5p/Reelin (miR-653-5p/RELN) axis in T-cell ALL (T-ALL).Clinical specimens were obtained from patients with T-ALL (n = 39) and healthy controls (n = 30). In each specimen, we determined the expression levels of Circ-PRKDC, miR-653-5p, and RELN. Human T-ALL cells (Jurkat) were transfected with Circ-PRKDC- or miR-653-5p-related sequences to investigate cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy. We also determined the levels of Circ-PRKDC, miR-653-5p, RELN, and signaling proteins related to phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), AKT, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Finally, we decoded the interactions between Circ-PRKDC, miR-653-5p, and RELN. The expression levels of Circ-PRKDC and RELN were upregulated in T-ALL tissues and cells while the levels of miR-653-5p were downregulated. Thereafter, then silencing of Circ-PRKDC, or the enforced expression of miR-653-5p, repressed the expression of RELN and the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, thus enhancing cell autophagy and apoptosis, and disrupting cell proliferation. Circ-PRKDC acted a sponge for miR-653-5p while miR-653-5p targeted RELN. The knockdown of miR-653-5p abrogated the silencing of Circ-PRKDC-induced effects in T-ALL cells. The depletion of Circ-PRKDC elevated miR-653-5p to silence RELN-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling activation, thereby enhancing autophagy and apoptosis in T-ALL cells.

Construction and Analysis of a ceRNA Network in Cardiac Fibroblast During Fibrosis Based on in vivo and in vitro Data

Aims

Activation of cardiac fibroblasts (CF) is crucial to cardiac fibrosis. We constructed a cardiac fibroblast-related competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network. Potential functions related to fibrosis of “hub genes” in this ceRNA network were explored.

Materials and Methods

The Gene Expression Omnibus database was searched for eligible datasets. Differentially expressed messenger (m)RNA (DE-mRNA) and long non-coding (lnc)RNA (DE-lncRNA) were identified. microRNA was predicted and validated. A predicted ceRNA network was constructed and visualized by Cytoscape, and ceRNA crosstalk was validated. A Single Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (SGSEA) was done, and the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) was employed to analyze the most closely associated pathways and diseases of DE-mRNA in the ceRNA network. The functions of DE-mRNA and DE-lncRNA in the ceRNA network were validated by small interfering (si)RNA depletion.

Results

The GSE97358 and GSE116250 datasets (which described differentially expressed genes in human cardiac fibroblasts and failing ventricles, respectively) were used for analyses. Four-hundred-and-twenty DE-mRNA and 39 DE-lncRNA, and 369 DE-mRNA and 93 DE-lncRNA were identified, respectively, in the GSE97358 and GSE116250 datasets. Most of the genes were related to signal transduction, cytokine activity, and cell proliferation. Thirteen DE-mRNA with the same expression tendency were overlapped in the two datasets. Twenty-three candidate microRNAs were predicted and the expression of 11 were different. Only two DE-lncRNA were paired to any one of 11 microRNA. Finally, two mRNA [ADAM metallopeptidase domain 19, (ADAM19) and transforming growth factor beta induced, (TGFBI)], three microRNA (miR-9-5p, miR-124-3p, and miR-153-3p) and two lncRNA (LINC00511 and SNHG15) constituted our ceRNA network. siRNA against LINC00511 increased miR-124-3p and miR-9-5p expression, and decreased ADAM19 and TGFBI expression, whereas siRNA against SNHG15 increased miR-153-3p and decreased ADAM19 expression. ADAM19 and TGFBI were closely related to the TGF-β1 pathway and cardiac fibrosis, as shown by SGSEA and CTD, respectively. Depletion of two mRNA or two lncRNA could alleviate CF activation.

Conclusions

The CF-specific ceRNA network, including two lncRNA, three miRNA, and two mRNA, played a crucial role during cardiac fibrosis, which provided potential target genes in this field.