Red algae natural products for prevention of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced liver and kidney inflammation and injuries

Modulation of MAPK/NF-κB Pathway and NLRP3 Inflammasome by Secondary Metabolites from Red Algae: A Mechanistic Study

The pharmacological properties of seaweeds are diverse. No studies have been conducted on the protective effect of Galaxaura oblongata (GOE) against lippopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in the brain. This study is divided into three phases, the first of which is the initial phase. In vitro study includes antioxidant, radical scavenging, and anti-inflammatory activities, including cyclooxygenase-1 (COX1), COX2, NO, acetylcholine inhibition, sphingosine kinase 1, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6, as well as antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid. Using LPS-induced acute inflammation, the second phase was conducted in vivo. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays were performed to investigate the protective role of GOE. In addition to the phytochemical analysis, the bioactive content of GOE was also investigated. In vitro results demonstrated the potential of GOE as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective agent. A study using LPS as an induced lung injury and neuroinflammation model confirmed the in vitro results. The GOE significantly reduced inflammatory, oxidative, and neurodegenerative biomarkers based on histopathological and immuno-histochemistry results. Based on computational drug design, four target proteins were approved: nuclear factor κB, mitogen-activated protein kinases, TNF-α, and NLRP3. Using polyphenolic compounds in GOE as ligands demonstrated good alignment and affinity against the three proteins. Finally, the current study offers a new approach to developing drug leads considering GOE's protective and curative roles.

Marine algal polysaccharides as future potential constituents against non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the most chronic and incurable liver diseases triggered mainly by an inappropriate diet and hereditary factors which burden liver metabolic stress, and may result in liver fibrosis or even cancer. While the available drugs show adverse side effects. The non-toxic bioactive molecules derived from natural resources, particularly marine algal polysaccharides (MAPs), present significant potential for treating NASH. In this review, we summarized the protective effects of MAPs on NASH from multiple perspectives, including reducing oxidative stress, regulating lipid metabolism, enhancing immune function, preventing fibrosis, and providing cell protection. Furthermore, the mechanisms of MAPs in treating NASH were comprehensively described. Additionally, we highlight the influences of the special structures of MAPs on their bioactive differences. Through this comprehensive review, we aim to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms of MAPs in NASH and inspire insights for deeper research on the functional food and clinical applications of MAPs.

Elnosary M, L. Ashour M, M. Abd El-Moneam N, A. Shreadah M. Flavonoids Biosynthesis in Plants as a Defense Mechanism: Role and Function Concerning Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetic Properties

Flavonoids are a major class of secondary metabolites that comprises more than 6000 compounds that have been identified. They are biosynthesized via the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway that involves groups of enzymes such as isomerases, hydroxylases, and reductases that greatly affect the determination of the flavonoid skeleton. For example, transferase enzymes responsible for the modification of sugar result in changes in the physiological activity of the flavonoids and changes in their physical properties, such as solubility, reactivity, and interaction with cellular target molecules, which affect their pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties. In addition, flavonoids have diverse biological activities such as antioxidants, anticancer, and antiviral in managing Alzheimer’s disease. However, most marine flavonoids are still incompletely discovered because marine flavonoid biosynthesis is produced and possesses unique substitutions that are not commonly found in terrestrial bioactive compounds. The current chapter will illustrate the importance of flavonoids’ role in metabolism and the main difference between marine and terrestrial flavonoids.

Effects of Herbs and Derived Natural Products on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Toxicity: A Literature Review

Introduction

Oxidative stress (OS) during inflammation can increase inflammatory responses and damage tissue. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can induce oxidative stress and inflammation in several organs. Natural products have several biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunoregulatory properties. The aims of the study are to study the possible therapeutic effects of natural products on LPS inducing toxicity on the nervous system, lung, liver, and immune system.

Methods

The in vitro and in vivo research articles that were published in the last 5 years were included in the current study. The keywords included "lipopolysaccharide," "toxicity," "natural products," and "plant extract" were searched in different databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar until October 2021.

Results

The results of most studies indicated that some medicinal herbs and their potent natural products can help to prevent, treat, and manage LPS-induced toxicity. Medicinal herbs and plant-derived natural products showed promising effects on managing and treating oxidative stress, inflammation, and immunomodulation by several mechanisms.

Conclusion

However, these findings provide information about natural products for the prevention and treatment of LPS-induced toxicity, but the scientific validation of natural products requires more evidence on animal models to replace modern commercial medicine.

The hepatoprotective candidates by synergistic formula of marine and terrestrial against Acetaminophen toxicity using in-vitro, in-vivo, and in silico screening approach

Background

One of the most regularly used hepatotoxic medicines is paracetamol (acetaminophen, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol; APAP). It causes liver failure in overdoses but is safe at therapeutic dosages. Combination therapy combining many natural compounds with a synergistic impact as hepatoprotective agents has become an essential therapeutic method against various disorders.

Objective

Due to the lack of literature on paracetamol's effects on hematological and hepatic status parameters in male albino mice, the main goal of this study was to compare the hepatoprotective activities of a mixture of three marine-derived polyphenolics and polysaccharides (Sargassum vulgare Bacillus oceanisediminis, and alginic acids) to Chrysanthemum extract and the mixture of them.

Methods

Sargassumvulgare, Bacillus Oceanisediminis, and alginate, as well as Chrysanthemum ethanol extracts, were tested for APAP-induced liver damage. Group 1 received saline solution subcutaneously, while Group 2 received 500 mg/kg body weight/day APAP intraperitoneal. Group 3 got 200 mg/day algal extract i.p. As in group 3, group 4 got an i.p. dose of 200 mg of algal extract before the APAP dose. This group was protected by Sargassum vulgare extract. Group 5: Received 200 mg/100 g/body of Bacillus oceanisediminis extracts i.p. for one week. Group 6: Received 200 mg/body of Bacillus oceanisediminis extract i.p. for one week before APAP treatment. Alginate (p200 mg/body weight/day) was given to Group 7. As in group 7, group 8 received 200 mg/body weight/day alginate extract i.p. before APAP. Group 9: Chrysanthemum extracts 200 mg/day for a week. Group 10: got an i.p. dose of Chrysanthemum extracts for one week before the APAP dose. Group 11: Four mixed extracts (Bacillus Oceanisediminis, Sargassum vulgare, Chrysanthemum, and alginate) were i.p200 mg/day for one week as a positive (+ve) control group. Group 12: Received i.p200 mg/kg combination extract for one week before APAP.

Results

Due to their synergistic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, marine extracts and combinations of marine-derived extracts demonstrated a great effect against APAP toxicity, demonstrating hepatoprotective potential against APAP-induced liver damage.

Conclusion

The synergy of the three marine-derived combinations may lead to novel liver toxicity prevention agents.

The effect of Ulva rigida (C. Agardh, 1823) against cadmium-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress

Cadmium (Cd) is known as a pollutant source in recent years with the increase in industrialization. Algae have secondary metabolites with high biological activity, used for pharmaceutical agents. The liver and kidney are the primary organs involved in the elimination of systemic cadmium and the main targets of cadmium toxicity. In the previous research, it was determined the ameliorative effects of the extract obtained from Ulva rigida in the liver tissue of rats induced by cadmium. 35 female Wistar rats between 225-240 g were used. The subjects were injected subcutaneously with 1 mg/kg cadmium chloride (CdCl2) four times a week for four weeks. The study was carried out by groups as control (G1), Cadmium group (1 mg/kg CdCl2-G2), Algae group (100 mg/kg-G3), Cd+algae group (1 mg/kg CdCl2+50 mg/kg algae extract-G4) and Cd+algae group (1 mg/kg CdCl2+100 mg/kg algae extract -G5). The subjects were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Liver tissue and cardiac blood were collected. It was determined that oxidative stress with iNOS, inflammation and apoptosis with TNF-α increased with cadmium induction, while there was a statistically significant decrease in the groups that were given algae extract. In addition, biochemical changes in SOD, CAT and MDA values were found to be significant (p<0.05). As a result, it was determined that algae extract could play a protective role with its antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties in experimentally induced cadmium toxicity in rats.

Biocontrol of Wilt disease of rice seedlings incited by Fusarium oxysporum through soil application of Streptomyces chilikensis RC1830

The genus Streptomyces includes many antifungal metabolite producing novel strains. Fusarium oxysporum a soil-inhabiting pathogenic fungi, that affects rice to cause wilt disease. This work demonstrates the efficacy of novel Streptomyces chilikensis strain RC1830, previously isolated from estuarine habitat Chilika Lake in preventing the F. oxysporum wilting/root rot disease and promoting the growth of rice (Var. Swarna) seedlings. A total of 25 different compounds were identified from crude extracts of S. chilikensis RC1830 by GC-MS. In pot trial experiments, Streptomyces treated rice seedlings showed significantly reduced Disease severity index (DSI) by 80.51%. The seedlings growth parameters (root length, root fresh weight and root dry weight )were also increased by 53.91%, 62.5%, 73.46% respectively in Streptomyces treated groups of seedlings compared to Fusarium infected seedlings. Similarly, the shoot length, shoot dry weight and shoot fresh weight were also increased by 26%, 58% and 34.4% respectively in Streptomyces treated groups of seedlings compared to Fusarium infected seedlings. Formulations of the strain were prepared using seven organic & inorganic wastes as the carrier material and the shelf lives of the propagules were also monitored. Vermiculite and activated charcoal formulations stored at 4°C exhibited a higher viable cell count after 3 months of storage.

Ochratoxin A and Kidney Oxidative Stress: The Role of Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine-A Review

The problem of residues of toxic contaminants in food products has assumed considerable importance in terms of food safety. Naturally occurring contaminants, such as mycotoxins, are monitored routinely in the agricultural and food industries. Unfortunately, the consequences of the presence of mycotoxins in foodstuffs are evident in livestock farms, where both subacute and chronic effects on animal health are observed and could have non-negligible effects on human health. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a common mycotoxin that contaminates food and feeds. Due to its thermal stability, the eradication of OTA from the food chain is very difficult. Consequently, humans and animals are frequently exposed to OTA in daily life. In this review article, we will devote time to highlighting the redox-based nephrotoxicity that occurs during OTA intoxication. In the past few decades, the literature has improved on the main molecules and enzymes involved in the redox signaling pathway as well as on some new antioxidant compounds as therapeutic strategies to counteract oxidative stress. The knowledge shown in this work will address the use of nutraceutical substances as dietary supplements, which would in turn improve the prophylactic and pharmacological treatment of redox-associated kidney diseases during OTA exposure, and will attempt to promote animal feed supplementation.

Partial Replacement of Dietary Fat with Krill Oil or Coconut Oil Alleviates Dyslipidemia by Partly Modulating Lipid Metabolism in Lipopolysaccharide-Injected Rats on a High-Fat Diet

This study investigated the effects of partial replacement of dietary fat with krill oil (KO) or coconut oil (CO) on dyslipidemia and lipid metabolism in rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups as follows: HFD, HFD + KO, and HFD + CO. The rats were fed each diet for 10 weeks and then intraperitoneally injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 mg/kg). The KO- and CO-fed rats exhibited lower levels of serum lipids and aspartate aminotransferases than those of the HFD-fed rats. Rats fed with HFD + KO displayed significantly lower hepatic histological scores and hepatic triglyceride (TG) content than rats fed with HFD. The KO supplementation also downregulated the adipogenic gene expression in the liver. When treated with LPS, the HFD + KO and HFD + CO groups reduced the adipocyte size in the epididymal white adipose tissues (EAT) relative to the HFD group. These results suggest that KO and CO could improve lipid metabolism dysfunction.

Effect of Microalgae and Macroalgae Extracts on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

The present review aims to gather scientific evidence regarding the beneficial effects of microalgae and macroalgae extracts on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The described data show that both microalgae and macroalgae improved this alteration. The majority of the reported studies analysed the preventive effects because algae were administered to animals concurrent with the diet that induced NAFLD. The positive effects were demonstrated using a wide range of doses, from 7.5 to 300 mg/kg body weight/day or from 1 to 10% in the diet, and experimental periods ranged from 3 to 16 weeks. Two important limitations on the scientific knowledge available to date are that very few studies have researched the mechanisms of action underlying the preventive effects of microalgae on NAFLD and that, for the majority of the algae studied, a single paper has been reported. For these reasons, it is not possible to establish the best conditions in order to know the beneficial effects that these algae could bring. In this scenario, further studies are needed. Moreover, the beneficial effects of algae observed in rodent need to be confirmed in humans before we can start considering these products as new tools in the fight against fatty liver disease.

Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis from New Record Aquatic Bacteria of Nile Tilapia and Evaluation of their Biological Activity

The current study investigates the isolation identification of bioactive strain from fish collected from El-Burrllus region in Egypt. The objective of the current study is to identify and assess the biological profile of a new record strain in Egypt Bacillus maritimus. The molecular identification of the selected promising isolate and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the accurate identity of the isolate as Bacillus maritimus. The novelty of the present study was not due to only to the fact that the Bacillus maritimus isolate was the first record from brackish-water Egyptian fish gut, but also due to the fact that there is no previous study on the bioactivity of Bacillus maritimus and their efficiency as biogenic nanoparticles synthesis. The bioactivities for the Bacillus maritimus were investigated through different biochemical assays as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity against six of the tested human pathogens namely; Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 and Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615. Bacillus maritimus bacteria were grown in nutrient broth for 24 h at 37°C and the optical density was determined at 600 nm using the UV-visible spectrophotometer. The optical density (OD) of the broth was adjusted to 0.5 with sterile phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4 (PBS). the bacterial isolate showed antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition the bacteria showed great reducing agent ability as a biogenic agent for the silver nanoparticles. The phytochemical screening of the Bacillus maritimus isolates have showed varieties of bioactive groups in addition to total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannic acid, carbohydrates, sulfated polysaccharides, total proteins and lipids. This study highlighted also that the Bacillus maritimus isolate could also produce novel secondary metabolites. The current study report for the first time the Bacillus maritimus in Egypt. Further studies are needed to isolate and characterize more bioactive strains from Egyptian Fishes that could possibly act as novel bioactive compounds source of medical and agricultures importance.