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Transcriptional Analysis of Cotton Bollworm Strains with Different Genetic Mechanisms of Resistance and Their Response to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060366. [PMID: 35737027 PMCID: PMC9228822 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins are grown widely for pest control, but the evolution of resistance in target pests could reduce their efficacy. Mutations in genes encoding cadherin, ABC transporter or tetraspanin were linked with resistance to Cry1Ac in several lepidopteran insects, including the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), a worldwide agricultural pest. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms by which these mutations confer insect resistance to Cry1Ac remain largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the midgut transcriptomes of a susceptible SCD strain and three SCD-derived Cry1Ac-resistant strains of H. armigera (SCD-r1, with a naturally occurring deletion mutation of cadherin; SCD-KI, with a knock-in T92C point mutation in tetraspanin; and C2/3-KO, with both ABCC2 and ABCC3 knocked out). Evaluation of midgut transcript profiles of the four strains without Cry1Ac exposure identified many constitutively differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the resistant SCD-r1 (n = 1355), SCD-KI (n = 1254) and C2/3-KO (n = 2055) strains. Analysis of DEGs in the midguts of each strain after Cry1Ac exposure revealed similar patterns of response to Cry1Ac in the SCD and SCD-r1 strains, but unique responses in the SCD-KI and C2/3-KO strains. Expression of midgut epithelium healing and defense-related genes was strongly induced by Cry1Ac intoxication in the SCD and SCD-r1 strains, while immune-related pattern recognition receptor and effector genes were highly expressed in the SCD-KI strain after Cry1Ac exposure. This study advances our knowledge of the transcriptomic basis for insect resistance to Bt toxins and provides a valuable resource for further molecular characterization of insect response to Cry1Ac toxin in H. armigera and other pest species.
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Yang Z, Yan G, Zheng L, Gu W, Liu F, Chen W, Cui X, Wang Y, Yang Y, Chen X, Fu Y, Xu X. YKT6, as a potential predictor of prognosis and immunotherapy response for oral squamous cell carcinoma, is related to cell invasion, metastasis, and CD8+ T cell infiltration. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1938890. [PMID: 34221701 PMCID: PMC8224202 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1938890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis and immune suppression account for the poor prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). YKT6 is a member of the soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) family, and the effect of YKT6 in OSCC remains elusive. The purpose of this study was to explore promising prognostic and immune therapeutic candidate biomarkers for OSCC and to understand the expression pattern, prognostic value, immune effects, and biological functions of YKT6. Genes correlated with tumor metastasis and CD8 + T cell levels were identified by weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). Next, YKT6 was analyzed through differential expression, prognostic and machine learning analyses. The molecular and immune characteristics of YKT6 were analyzed in independent cohorts, clinical specimens, and in vitro. In addition, we investigated the role of YKT6 at the pan-cancer level. The results suggested that the red module in WGCNA, as a hub module, was associated with lymph node (LN) metastasis and CD8 + T cell infiltration. Upregulation of YKT6 was found in OSCC and linked to adverse prognosis. A nomogram model containing YKT6 expression and tumor stage was constructed for clinical practice. The aggressive and immune-inhibitory phenotypes showed YKT6 overexpression, and the effect of YKT6 on OSCC cell invasion and metastasis in vitro was observed. Moreover, the low expression of YKT6 was correlated with high CD8 + T cell levels and potential immunotherapy response in OSCC. Similar results were found at the pan-cancer level. In total, YKT6 is a promising candidate biomarker for prognosis, molecular, and immune characteristics in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongcheng Yang
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangxing Yan
- Department of Oral Pathology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Zheng
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchao Gu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujie Cui
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaling Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyan Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Fu
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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3
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Novel insights for lncRNA MAGI2-AS3 in solid tumors. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111429. [PMID: 33761624 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) refer to elements of genomic transcription with more than 200 nucleotides that are not translated into proteins, but have crucial roles in cancer progression. MAGI2-AS3, a novel lncRNA, has been reported to be aberrantly expressed in many solid tumors. Increasingly, studies have demonstrated that MAGI2-AS3 expression is significantly correlated with patient clinical characteristics, and that MAGI2-AS3 can regulate multiple biological processes through target-gene regulation. Furthermore, MAGI2-AS3 may serve as both a diagnostic biomarker and as a promising therapeutic target against solid tumors. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the biological functions and related molecular mechanisms of MAGI2-AS3 in solid-tumor progression. We conclude that understanding MAGI2-AS3 properties may provide new insights into the diagnoses and treatments of solid tumors.
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Pinos D, Andrés-Garrido A, Ferré J, Hernández-Martínez P. Response Mechanisms of Invertebrates to Bacillus thuringiensis and Its Pesticidal Proteins. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:e00007-20. [PMID: 33504654 PMCID: PMC8549848 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive use of chemical insecticides adversely affects both environment and human health. One of the most popular biological pest control alternatives is bioinsecticides based on Bacillus thuringiensis This entomopathogenic bacterium produces different protein types which are toxic to several insect, mite, and nematode species. Currently, insecticidal proteins belonging to the Cry and Vip3 groups are widely used to control insect pests both in formulated sprays and in transgenic crops. However, the benefits of B. thuringiensis-based products are threatened by insect resistance evolution. Numerous studies have highlighted that mutations in genes coding for surrogate receptors are responsible for conferring resistance to B. thuringiensis Nevertheless, other mechanisms may also contribute to the reduction of the effectiveness of B. thuringiensis-based products for managing insect pests and even to the acquisition of resistance. Here, we review the relevant literature reporting how invertebrates (mainly insects and Caenorhabditis elegans) respond to exposure to B. thuringiensis as either whole bacteria, spores, and/or its pesticidal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pinos
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Ascensión Andrés-Garrido
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Juan Ferré
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Patricia Hernández-Martínez
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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Sferra A, Petrini S, Bellacchio E, Nicita F, Scibelli F, Dentici ML, Alfieri P, Cestra G, Bertini ES, Zanni G. TUBB Variants Underlying Different Phenotypes Result in Altered Vesicle Trafficking and Microtubule Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041385. [PMID: 32085672 PMCID: PMC7073044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulinopathies are rare neurological disorders caused by alterations in tubulin structure and function, giving rise to a wide range of brain abnormalities involving neuronal proliferation, migration, differentiation and axon guidance. TUBB is one of the ten β-tubulin encoding genes present in the human genome and is broadly expressed in the developing central nervous system and the skin. Mutations in TUBB are responsible for two distinct pathological conditions: the first is characterized by microcephaly and complex structural brain malformations and the second, also known as “circumferential skin creases Kunze type” (CSC-KT), is associated to neurological features, excess skin folding and growth retardation. We used a combination of immunocytochemical and cellular approaches to explore, on patients’ derived fibroblasts, the functional consequences of two TUBB variants: the novel mutation (p.N52S), associated with basal ganglia and cerebellar dysgenesis, and the previously reported variant (p.M73T), linked to microcephaly, corpus callosum agenesis and CSC-KT skin phenotype. Our results demonstrate that these variants impair microtubule (MT) function and dynamics. Most importantly, our studies show an altered epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transferrin (Tf) intracellular vesicle trafficking in both patients’ fibroblasts, suggesting a specific role of TUBB in MT-dependent vesicular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Sferra
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (F.N.); (E.S.B.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (G.Z.)
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratories, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Bellacchio
- Department of Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Nicita
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (F.N.); (E.S.B.)
| | - Francesco Scibelli
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; (F.S.); (P.A.)
| | - Maria Lisa Dentici
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paolo Alfieri
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; (F.S.); (P.A.)
| | - Gianluca Cestra
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council (CNR) and University of Rome “Sapienza”, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Enrico Silvio Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (F.N.); (E.S.B.)
| | - Ginevra Zanni
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (F.N.); (E.S.B.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (G.Z.)
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Naydenov NG, Joshi S, Feygin A, Saini S, Litovchick L, Ivanov AI. A membrane fusion protein, Ykt6, regulates epithelial cell migration via microRNA-mediated suppression of Junctional Adhesion Molecule A. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1812-1831. [PMID: 30010460 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1496755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicle trafficking regulates epithelial cell migration by remodeling matrix adhesions and delivering signaling molecules to the migrating leading edge. Membrane fusion, which is driven by soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor associated receptor (SNARE) proteins, is an essential step of vesicle trafficking. Mammalian SNAREs represent a large group of proteins, but few have been implicated in the regulation of cell migration. Ykt6 is a unique SNARE existing in equilibrium between active membrane-bound and inactive cytoplasmic pools, and mediating vesicle trafficking between different intracellular compartments. The biological functions of this protein remain poorly understood. In the present study, we found that Ykt6 acts as a negative regulator of migration and invasion of human prostate epithelial cells. Furthermore, Ykt6 regulates the integrity of epithelial adherens and tight junctions. The observed anti-migratory activity of Ykt6 is mediated by a unique mechanism involving the expressional upregulation of microRNA 145, which selectively decreases the cellular level of Junctional Adhesion Molecule (JAM) A. This decreased JAM-A expression limits the activity of Rap1 and Rac1 small GTPases, thereby attenuating cell spreading and motility. The described novel functions of Ykt6 could be essential for the regulation of epithelial barriers, epithelial repair, and metastatic dissemination of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayden G Naydenov
- a Department of Inflammation and Immunity , Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland , OH , USA.,b Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Supriya Joshi
- b Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Alex Feygin
- b Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Siddharth Saini
- c Department of Internal Medicine , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Larisa Litovchick
- c Department of Internal Medicine , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- a Department of Inflammation and Immunity , Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland , OH , USA.,b Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
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7
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McAtee CO, Booth C, Elowsky C, Zhao L, Payne J, Fangman T, Caplan S, Henry MD, Simpson MA. Prostate tumor cell exosomes containing hyaluronidase Hyal1 stimulate prostate stromal cell motility by engagement of FAK-mediated integrin signaling. Matrix Biol 2018; 78-79:165-179. [PMID: 29753676 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The hyaluronidase Hyal1 is clinically and functionally implicated in prostate cancer progression and metastasis. Elevated Hyal1 accelerates vesicular trafficking in prostate tumor cells, thereby enhancing their metastatic potential in an autocrine manner through increased motility and proliferation. In this report, we found Hyal1 protein is a component of exosomes produced by prostate tumor cell lines overexpressing Hyal1. We investigated the role of exosomally shed Hyal1 in modulating tumor cell autonomous functions and in modifying the behavior of prostate stromal cells. Catalytic activity of Hyal1 was necessary for enrichment of Hyal1 in the exosome fraction, which was associated with increased presence of LC3BII, an autophagic marker, in the exosomes. Hyal1-positive exosome contents were internalized from the culture medium by WPMY-1 prostate stromal fibroblasts. Treatment of prostate stromal cells with tumor exosomes did not affect proliferation, but robustly stimulated their migration in a manner dependent on Hyal1 catalytic activity. Increased motility of exosome-treated stromal cells was accompanied by enhanced adhesion to a type IV collagen matrix, as well as increased FAK phosphorylation and integrin engagement through dynamic membrane residence of β1 integrins. The presence of Hyal1 in tumor-derived exosomes and its ability to impact the behavior of stromal cells suggests cell-cell communication via exosomes is a novel mechanism by which elevated Hyal1 promotes prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin O McAtee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Christine Booth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Christian Elowsky
- Morrison Microscopy Facility, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jeremy Payne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Teresa Fangman
- Morrison Microscopy Facility, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Steve Caplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Michael D Henry
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Melanie A Simpson
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.
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Macklin R, Wang H, Loo D, Martin S, Cumming A, Cai N, Lane R, Ponce NS, Topkas E, Inder K, Saunders NA, Endo-Munoz L. Extracellular vesicles secreted by highly metastatic clonal variants of osteosarcoma preferentially localize to the lungs and induce metastatic behaviour in poorly metastatic clones. Oncotarget 2016; 7:43570-43587. [PMID: 27259278 PMCID: PMC5190045 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common pediatric bone tumor and is associated with the emergence of pulmonary metastasis. Unfortunately, the mechanistic basis for metastasis remains unclear. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to play critical roles in cell-to-cell communication and metastatic progression in other cancers, but their role in OS has not been explored. We show that EVs secreted by cells derived from a highly metastatic clonal variant of the KHOS cell line can be internalized by a poorly metastatic clonal variant of the same cell line and induce a migratory and invasive phenotype. This horizontal phenotypic transfer is unidirectional and provides evidence that metastatic potential may arise via interclonal co-operation. Proteomic analysis of the EVs secreted by highly metastatic OS clonal variants results in the identification of a number of proteins and G-protein coupled receptor signaling events as potential drivers of OS metastasis and novel therapeutic targets. Finally, multiphoton microscopy with fluorescence lifetime imaging in vivo, demonstrated a preferential seeding of lung tissue by EVs derived from highly metastatic OS clonal variants. Thus, we show that EVs derived from highly metastatic clonal variants of OS may drive metastatic behaviour via interclonal co-operation and preferential colonization of the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Macklin
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Haolu Wang
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dorothy Loo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sally Martin
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew Cumming
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Na Cai
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rebecca Lane
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Natalia Saenz Ponce
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eleni Topkas
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kerry Inder
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Saunders
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Liliana Endo-Munoz
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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Mruk DD, Cheng CY. The Mammalian Blood-Testis Barrier: Its Biology and Regulation. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:564-91. [PMID: 26357922 PMCID: PMC4591527 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is the cellular process by which spermatogonia develop into mature spermatids within seminiferous tubules, the functional unit of the mammalian testis, under the structural and nutritional support of Sertoli cells and the precise regulation of endocrine factors. As germ cells develop, they traverse the seminiferous epithelium, a process that involves restructuring of Sertoli-germ cell junctions, as well as Sertoli-Sertoli cell junctions at the blood-testis barrier. The blood-testis barrier, one of the tightest tissue barriers in the mammalian body, divides the seminiferous epithelium into 2 compartments, basal and adluminal. The blood-testis barrier is different from most other tissue barriers in that it is not only comprised of tight junctions. Instead, tight junctions coexist and cofunction with ectoplasmic specializations, desmosomes, and gap junctions to create a unique microenvironment for the completion of meiosis and the subsequent development of spermatids into spermatozoa via spermiogenesis. Studies from the past decade or so have identified the key structural, scaffolding, and signaling proteins of the blood-testis barrier. More recent studies have defined the regulatory mechanisms that underlie blood-testis barrier function. We review here the biology and regulation of the mammalian blood-testis barrier and highlight research areas that should be expanded in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores D Mruk
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065
| | - C Yan Cheng
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065
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10
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Liao G, Mingle L, Van De Water L, Liu G. Control of cell migration through mRNA localization and local translation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2014; 6:1-15. [PMID: 25264217 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration plays an important role in many normal and pathological functions such as development, wound healing, immune defense, and tumor metastasis. Polarized migrating cells exhibit asymmetric distribution of many cytoskeletal proteins, which is believed to be critical for establishing and maintaining cell polarity and directional cell migration. To target these proteins to the site of function, cells use a variety of mechanisms such as protein transport and messenger RNA (mRNA) localization-mediated local protein synthesis. In contrast to the former which is intensively investigated and relatively well understood, the latter has been understudied and relatively poorly understood. However, recent advances in the study of mRNA localization and local translation have demonstrated that mRNA localization and local translation are specific and effective ways for protein localization and are crucial for embryo development, neuronal function, and many other cellular processes. There are excellent reviews on mRNA localization, transport, and translation during development and other cellular processes. This review will focus on mRNA localization-mediated local protein biogenesis and its impact on somatic cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoning Liao
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
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11
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Poliakova K, Adebola A, Leung CL, Favre B, Liem RKH, Schepens I, Borradori L. BPAG1a and b associate with EB1 and EB3 and modulate vesicular transport, Golgi apparatus structure, and cell migration in C2.7 myoblasts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107535. [PMID: 25244344 PMCID: PMC4171495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BPAG1a and BPAG1b (BPAG1a/b) constitute two major isoforms encoded by the dystonin (Dst) gene and show homology with MACF1a and MACF1b. These proteins are members of the plakin family, giant multi-modular proteins able to connect the intermediate filament, microtubule and microfilament cytoskeletal networks with each other and to distinct cell membrane sites. They also serve as scaffolds for signaling proteins that modulate cytoskeletal dynamics. To gain better insights into the functions of BPAG1a/b, we further characterized their C-terminal region important for their interaction with microtubules and assessed the role of these isoforms in the cytoskeletal organization of C2.7 myoblast cells. Our results show that alternative splicing does not only occur at the 5′ end of Dst and Macf1 pre-mRNAs, as previously reported, but also at their 3′ end, resulting in expression of additional four mRNA variants of BPAG1 and MACF1. These isoform-specific C-tails were able to bundle microtubules and bound to both EB1 and EB3, two microtubule plus end proteins. In the C2.7 cell line, knockdown of BPAG1a/b had no major effect on the organization of the microtubule and microfilament networks, but negatively affected endocytosis and maintenance of the Golgi apparatus structure, which became dispersed. Finally, knockdown of BPAG1a/b caused a specific decrease in the directness of cell migration, but did not impair initial cell adhesion. These data provide novel insights into the complexity of alternative splicing of Dst pre-mRNAs and into the role of BPAG1a/b in vesicular transport, Golgi apparatus structure as well as in migration in C2.7 myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Poliakova
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Adijat Adebola
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Conrad L. Leung
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bertrand Favre
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ronald K. H. Liem
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Schepens
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luca Borradori
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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Mukherjee D, Sen A, Aguilar RC. RhoGTPase-binding proteins, the exocyst complex and polarized vesicle trafficking. Small GTPases 2014; 5:e28453. [PMID: 24691289 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.28453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity, the asymmetric distribution of proteins and lipids, is essential for a variety of cellular functions. One mechanism orchestrating cell polarity is polarized vesicle trafficking; whereby cargo loaded secretory vesicles are specifically transported to predetermined areas of the cell. The evolutionarily conserved exocyst complex and its small GTPase regulators play crucial roles in spatiotemporal control of polarized vesicle trafficking. In studies on neuronal membrane remodeling and synaptic plasticity, conserved mechanisms of exocyst regulation and cargo recycling during polarized vesicle trafficking are beginning to emerge as well. Recently, our lab demonstrated that RhoGTPase-binding proteins in both yeast (Bem3) and mammals (Ocrl1) are also required for the efficient traffic of secretory vesicles to sites of polarized growth and signaling. Together with our studies, we highlight the evolutionary conservation of the basic elements essential for polarized vesicle traffic across different cellular functions and model systems. In conclusion, we emphasize that studies on RhoGTPase-binding proteins in these processes should be included in the next level of investigation, for a more complete understanding of their hitherto unknown roles in polarized membrane traffic and exocyst regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arpita Sen
- Department of Biological Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - R Claudio Aguilar
- Department of Biological Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN USA
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13
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Naydenov NG, Feygin A, Wang L, Ivanov AI. N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein α (αSNAP) regulates matrix adhesion and integrin processing in human epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2424-39. [PMID: 24311785 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.498691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin-based adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays critical roles in controlling differentiation, survival, and motility of epithelial cells. Cells attach to the ECM via dynamic structures called focal adhesions (FA). FA undergo constant remodeling mediated by vesicle trafficking and fusion. A soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) attachment protein α (αSNAP) is an essential mediator of membrane fusion; however, its roles in regulating ECM adhesion and cell motility remain unexplored. In this study, we found that siRNA-mediated knockdown of αSNAP induced detachment of intestinal epithelial cells, whereas overexpression of αSNAP increased ECM adhesion and inhibited cell invasion. Loss of αSNAP impaired Golgi-dependent glycosylation and trafficking of β1 integrin and decreased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin resulting in FA disassembly. These effects of αSNAP depletion on ECM adhesion were independent of apoptosis and NSF. In agreement with our previous reports that Golgi fragmentation mediates cellular effects of αSNAP knockdown, we found that either pharmacologic or genetic disruption of the Golgi recapitulated all the effects of αSNAP depletion on ECM adhesion. Furthermore, our data implicates β1 integrin, FAK, and paxillin in mediating the observed pro-adhesive effects of αSNAP. These results reveal novel roles for αSNAP in regulating ECM adhesion and motility of epithelial cells.
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14
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Li R, Ackerman WE, Mihai C, Volakis LI, Ghadiali S, Kniss DA. Myoferlin depletion in breast cancer cells promotes mesenchymal to epithelial shape change and stalls invasion. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39766. [PMID: 22761893 PMCID: PMC3384637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoferlin (MYOF) is a mammalian ferlin protein with homology to ancestral Fer-1, a nematode protein that regulates spermatic membrane fusion, which underlies the amoeboid-like movements of its sperm. Studies in muscle and endothelial cells have reported on the role of myoferlin in membrane repair, endocytosis, myoblast fusion, and the proper expression of various plasma membrane receptors. In this study, using an in vitro human breast cancer cell model, we demonstrate that myoferlin is abundantly expressed in invasive breast tumor cells. Depletion of MYOF using lentiviral-driven shRNA expression revealed that MDA-MB-231 cells reverted to an epithelial morphology, suggesting at least some features of mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET). These observations were confirmed by the down-regulation of some mesenchymal cell markers (e.g., fibronectin and vimentin) and coordinate up-regulation of the E-cadherin epithelial marker. Cell invasion assays using Boyden chambers showed that loss of MYOF led to a significant diminution in invasion through Matrigel or type I collagen, while cell migration was unaffected. PCR array and screening of serum-free culture supernatants from shRNA(MYOF) transduced MDA-MB-231 cells indicated a significant reduction in the steady-state levels of several matrix metalloproteinases. These data when considered in toto suggest a novel role of MYOF in breast tumor cell invasion and a potential reversion to an epithelial phenotype upon loss of MYOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Li
- Laboratory of Perinatal Research, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - William E. Ackerman
- Laboratory of Perinatal Research, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Cosmin Mihai
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leonithas I. Volakis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Samir Ghadiali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Douglas A. Kniss
- Laboratory of Perinatal Research, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Gault WJ, Olguin P, Weber U, Mlodzik M. Drosophila CK1-γ, gilgamesh, controls PCP-mediated morphogenesis through regulation of vesicle trafficking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 196:605-21. [PMID: 22391037 PMCID: PMC3307696 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201107137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CK1-γ/gilgamesh spatially limits the planar cell polarity–regulated process of trichome formation in Drosophila through its effect on polarized vesicle recycling. Cellular morphogenesis, including polarized outgrowth, promotes tissue shape and function. Polarized vesicle trafficking has emerged as a fundamental mechanism by which protein and membrane can be targeted to discrete subcellular domains to promote localized protrusions. Frizzled (Fz)/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling orchestrates cytoskeletal polarization and drives morphogenetic changes in such contexts as the vertebrate body axis and external Drosophila melanogaster tissues. Although regulation of Fz/PCP signaling via vesicle trafficking has been identified, the interplay between the vesicle trafficking machinery and downstream terminal PCP-directed processes is less established. In this paper, we show that Drosophila CK1-γ/gilgamesh (gish) regulates the PCP-associated process of trichome formation through effects on Rab11-mediated vesicle recycling. Although the core Fz/PCP proteins dictate prehair formation broadly, CK1-γ/gish restricts nucleation to a single site. Moreover, CK1-γ/gish works in parallel with the Fz/PCP effector multiple wing hairs, which restricts prehair formation along the perpendicular axis to Gish. Our findings suggest that polarized Rab11-mediated vesicle trafficking regulated by CK1-γ is required for PCP-directed processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Gault
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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16
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Arsenault D, Lucien F, Dubois CM. Hypoxia enhances cancer cell invasion through relocalization of the proprotein convertase furin from the trans-Golgi network to the cell surface. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:789-800. [PMID: 21503879 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is strongly associated with malignant progression such as increased cell invasion and metastasis. Although the invasion-related genes affected by hypoxia have been well described, the contribution of post-transcriptional mechanisms such as protein trafficking and proprotein processing associated with the hypoxic response remains poorly understood. The proprotein convertase furin, the major processing enzyme of the secretory pathway, resides in the trans-Golgi network and most studies support a model where endogenous substrates are processed by furin within this compartment. Here, we report that hypoxia triggered an unexpected relocalization of furin from the trans-Golgi network to endosomomal compartments and the cell surface in cancer cells. Exposing these cells back to normoxic conditions reversed furin redistribution, suggesting that the tumor microenvironment modulates furin trafficking in a highly regulated manner. Assessment of the mechanisms involved revealed that both Rab4GTPase-dependent recycling and interaction of furin with the cytoskeletal anchoring protein, filamin-A, are essential for the cell surface relocalization of furin. Interference with the association of furin with filamin-A, prevented cell surface relocalization of furin and abolished the ability of cancer cells to migrate in response to hypoxia. Our observations support the notion that hypoxia promotes the formation of a peripheral processing compartment where furin translocates for enhanced processing of proproteins involved in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Arsenault
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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17
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Fletcher SJ, Poulter NS, Haining EJ, Rappoport JZ. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis regulates occludin, and not focal adhesion, distribution during epithelial wound healing. Biol Cell 2012; 104:238-56. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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18
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Vérollet C, Charrière GM, Labrousse A, Cougoule C, Le Cabec V, Maridonneau-Parini I. Extracellular proteolysis in macrophage migration: Losing grip for a breakthrough. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2805-13. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Chibalina MV, Poliakov A, Kendrick-Jones J, Buss F. Myosin VI and optineurin are required for polarized EGFR delivery and directed migration. Traffic 2011; 11:1290-303. [PMID: 20604900 PMCID: PMC3039242 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The polarized trafficking of membrane proteins into the leading edge of the cell is an integral requirement for cell migration. Myosin VI and its interacting protein optineurin have previously been shown to operate in anterograde trafficking pathways, especially for the polarized delivery of cargo to the basolateral domain in epithelial cells. Here we show that in migratory cells ablation of myosin VI or optineurin inhibits the polarized delivery of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) into the leading edge and leads to profound defects in lamellipodia formation. Depletion of either myosin VI or optineurin, however, does not impair the overall ability of cells to migrate in a random migration assay, but it dramatically reduces directed migration towards a growth factor stimulus. In summary, we identified a specific role for myosin VI and optineurin in directionally persistent cell migration, which involves the polarized delivery of vesicles containing EGFR into the leading edge of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita V Chibalina
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
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20
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Abstract
The chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2B (CCR2B) is one of the two isoforms of the receptor for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2), the major chemoattractant for monocytes, involved in an array of chronic inflammatory diseases. Employing the yeast two-hybrid system, we identified the actin-binding protein filamin A (FLNa) as a protein that associates with the carboxyl-terminal tail of CCR2B. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments and in vitro pull down assays demonstrated that FLNa binds constitutively to CCR2B. The colocalization of endogenous CCR2B and filamin A was detected at the surface and in internalized vesicles of THP-1 cells. In addition, CCR2B and FLNa were colocalized in lamellipodia structures of CCR2B-expressing A7 cells. Expression of the receptor in filamin-deficient M2 cells together with siRNA experiments knocking down FLNa in HEK293 cells, demonstrated that lack of FLNa delays the internalization of the receptor. Furthermore, depletion of FLNa in THP-1 monocytes by RNA interference reduced the migration of cells in response to MCP-1. Therefore, FLNa emerges as an important protein for controlling the internalization and spatial localization of the CCR2B receptor in different dynamic membrane structures.
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Abstract
Spermiation--the release of mature spermatozoa from Sertoli cells into the seminiferous tubule lumen--occurs by the disruption of an anchoring device known as the apical ectoplasmic specialization (apical ES). At the same time, the blood-testis barrier (BTB) undergoes extensive restructuring to facilitate the transit of preleptotene spermatocytes. While these two cellular events take place at opposite ends of the Sertoli cell epithelium, the events are in fact tightly coordinated, as any disruption in either process will lead to infertility. A local regulatory axis exists between the apical ES and the BTB in which biologically active laminin fragments produced at the apical ES by the action of matrix metalloproteinase 2 can regulate BTB restructuring directly or indirectly via the hemidesmosome. Equally important, polarity proteins play a crucial part in coordinating cellular events within this apical ES-BTB-hemidesmosome axis. Additionally, testosterone and cytokines work in concert to facilitate BTB restructuring, which enables the transit of spermatocytes while maintaining immunological barrier function. Herein, we will discuss this important autocrine-based cellular axis that parallels the hormonal-based hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis that regulates spermatogenesis. This local regulatory axis is the emerging target for male contraception.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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