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Rae CD, Baur JA, Borges K, Dienel G, Díaz-García CM, Douglass SR, Drew K, Duarte JMN, Duran J, Kann O, Kristian T, Lee-Liu D, Lindquist BE, McNay EC, Robinson MB, Rothman DL, Rowlands BD, Ryan TA, Scafidi J, Scafidi S, Shuttleworth CW, Swanson RA, Uruk G, Vardjan N, Zorec R, McKenna MC. Brain energy metabolism: A roadmap for future research. J Neurochem 2024; 168:910-954. [PMID: 38183680 PMCID: PMC11102343 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Although we have learned much about how the brain fuels its functions over the last decades, there remains much still to discover in an organ that is so complex. This article lays out major gaps in our knowledge of interrelationships between brain metabolism and brain function, including biochemical, cellular, and subcellular aspects of functional metabolism and its imaging in adult brain, as well as during development, aging, and disease. The focus is on unknowns in metabolism of major brain substrates and associated transporters, the roles of insulin and of lipid droplets, the emerging role of metabolism in microglia, mysteries about the major brain cofactor and signaling molecule NAD+, as well as unsolved problems underlying brain metabolism in pathologies such as traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, and metabolic downregulation during hibernation. It describes our current level of understanding of these facets of brain energy metabolism as well as a roadmap for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline D. Rae
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2052 & Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph A. Baur
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karin Borges
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Gerald Dienel
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Carlos Manlio Díaz-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Kelly Drew
- Center for Transformative Research in Metabolism, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - João M. N. Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, & Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jordi Duran
- Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oliver Kann
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120; Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tibor Kristian
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Center System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (S.T.A.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dasfne Lee-Liu
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Britta E. Lindquist
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ewan C. McNay
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Michael B. Robinson
- Departments of Pediatrics and System Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Douglas L. Rothman
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center and Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Rowlands
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy A. Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph Scafidi
- Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susanna Scafidi
- Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - C. William Shuttleworth
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Raymond A. Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gökhan Uruk
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology—Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology—Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mary C. McKenna
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Few metabolites can claim a more central and versatile role in cell metabolism than acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). Acetyl-CoA is produced during nutrient catabolism to fuel the tricarboxylic acid cycle and is the essential building block for fatty acid and isoprenoid biosynthesis. It also functions as a signalling metabolite as the substrate for lysine acetylation reactions, enabling the modulation of protein functions in response to acetyl-CoA availability. Recent years have seen exciting advances in our understanding of acetyl-CoA metabolism in normal physiology and in cancer, buoyed by new mouse models, in vivo stable-isotope tracing approaches and improved methods for measuring acetyl-CoA, including in specific subcellular compartments. Efforts to target acetyl-CoA metabolic enzymes are also advancing, with one therapeutic agent targeting acetyl-CoA synthesis receiving approval from the US Food and Drug Administration. In this Review, we give an overview of the regulation and cancer relevance of major metabolic pathways in which acetyl-CoA participates. We further discuss recent advances in understanding acetyl-CoA metabolism in normal tissues and tumours and the potential for targeting these pathways therapeutically. We conclude with a commentary on emerging nodes of acetyl-CoA metabolism that may impact cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Guertin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Kathryn E Wellen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Abstract
The reactions of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle allow the controlled combustion of fat and carbohydrate. In principle, TCA cycle intermediates are regenerated on every turn and can facilitate the oxidation of an infinite number of nutrient molecules. However, TCA cycle intermediates can be lost to cataplerotic pathways that provide precursors for biosynthesis, and they must be replaced by anaplerotic pathways that regenerate these intermediates. Together, anaplerosis and cataplerosis help regulate rates of biosynthesis by dictating precursor supply, and they play underappreciated roles in catabolism and cellular energy status. They facilitate recycling pathways and nitrogen trafficking necessary for catabolism, and they influence redox state and oxidative capacity by altering TCA cycle intermediate concentrations. These functions vary widely by tissue and play emerging roles in disease. This article reviews the roles of anaplerosis and cataplerosis in various tissues and discusses how they alter carbon transitions, and highlights their contribution to mechanisms of disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Inigo
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
| | - Stanisław Deja
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Shawn C Burgess
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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Koendjbiharie JG, van Kranenburg R, Kengen SWM. The PEP-pyruvate-oxaloacetate node: variation at the heart of metabolism. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuaa061. [PMID: 33289792 PMCID: PMC8100219 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
At the junction between the glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle-as well as various other metabolic pathways-lies the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-pyruvate-oxaloacetate node (PPO-node). These three metabolites form the core of a network involving at least eleven different types of enzymes, each with numerous subtypes. Obviously, no single organism maintains each of these eleven enzymes; instead, different organisms possess different subsets in their PPO-node, which results in a remarkable degree of variation, despite connecting such deeply conserved metabolic pathways as the glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The PPO-node enzymes play a crucial role in cellular energetics, with most of them involved in (de)phosphorylation of nucleotide phosphates, while those responsible for malate conversion are important redox enzymes. Variations in PPO-node therefore reflect the different energetic niches that organisms can occupy. In this review, we give an overview of the biochemistry of these eleven PPO-node enzymes. We attempt to highlight the variation that exists, both in PPO-node compositions, as well as in the roles that the enzymes can have within those different settings, through various recent discoveries in both bacteria and archaea that reveal deviations from canonical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen G Koendjbiharie
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard van Kranenburg
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Corbion, Arkelsedijk 46, 4206 AC Gorinchem, The Netherlands
| | - Servé W M Kengen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Hao Y, Tong Y, Guo Y, Lang X, Huang X, Xie X, Guan Y, Li Z. Metformin Attenuates the Metabolic Disturbance and Depression-like Behaviors Induced by Corticosterone and Mediates the Glucose Metabolism Pathway. PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2021; 54:131-141. [PMID: 33634460 DOI: 10.1055/a-1351-0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolism disturbances are common in patients with depression. The drug metformin has been reported to exhibit antidepressant activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate metabolism disturbances induced by corticosterone (CORT) and determine if metformin can reverse these effects and their accompanying depression-like behaviors. METHODS Rats were exposed to corticosterone with or without metformin administration. Depression-like behaviors were tested. Gene expression was confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis. In addition, the metabolites were quantified by LC-MS/MS analysis. RESULTS Metformin attenuated the depression-like behaviors induced by CORT. Furthermore, metformin reversed disturbances in body weight, serum glucose, and triglyceride levels, as well as hepatic TG levels induced by CORT. Metformin normalized the alterations in the expression of glucose metabolism-related genes (PGC-1α, G6pc, Pepck, Gck, PYGL, Gys2, PKLR, GLUT4) and insulin resistance-related genes (AdipoR1, AdipoR2) in the muscles and livers of rats induced by CORT. Metabolomic analysis showed that metformin reversed the effects of CORT on 11 metabolites involved in the pathways of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis (3-phospho-D-glycerate, β-D-fructose 6-phosphate, D-glucose 6-phosphate, and pyruvate). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that metformin can attenuate metabolism disturbances and depression-like behaviors induced by CORT mediating the glucose metabolism pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hao
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingpeng Tong
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Product, School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoe Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | | | - Xiaoxian Xie
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangtai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zezhi Li
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Sustained Control of Pyruvate Carboxylase by the Essential Second Messenger Cyclic di-AMP in Bacillus subtilis. mBio 2021; 13:e0360221. [PMID: 35130724 PMCID: PMC8822347 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03602-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Bacillus subtilis and other Gram-positive bacteria, cyclic di-AMP is an essential second messenger that signals potassium availability by binding to a variety of proteins. In some bacteria, c-di-AMP also binds to the pyruvate carboxylase to inhibit its activity. We have discovered that in B. subtilis the c-di-AMP target protein DarB, rather than c-di-AMP itself, specifically binds to pyruvate carboxylase both in vivo and in vitro. This interaction stimulates the activity of the enzyme, as demonstrated by in vitro enzyme assays and in vivo metabolite determinations. Both the interaction and the activation of enzyme activity require apo-DarB and are inhibited by c-di-AMP. Under conditions of potassium starvation and corresponding low c-di-AMP levels, the demand for citric acid cycle intermediates is increased. Apo-DarB helps to replenish the cycle by activating both pyruvate carboxylase gene expression and enzymatic activity via triggering the stringent response as a result of its interaction with the (p)ppGpp synthetase Rel and by direct interaction with the enzyme, respectively. IMPORTANCE If bacteria experience a starvation for potassium, by far the most abundant metal ion in every living cell, they have to activate high-affinity potassium transporters, switch off growth activities such as translation and transcription of many genes or replication, and redirect the metabolism in a way that the most essential functions of potassium can be taken over by metabolites. Importantly, potassium starvation triggers a need for glutamate-derived amino acids. In many bacteria, the responses to changing potassium availability are orchestrated by a nucleotide second messenger, cyclic di-AMP. c-di-AMP binds to factors involved directly in potassium homeostasis and to dedicated signal transduction proteins. Here, we demonstrate that in the Gram-positive model organism Bacillus subtilis, the c-di-AMP receptor protein DarB can bind to and, thus, activate pyruvate carboxylase, the enzyme responsible for replenishing the citric acid cycle. This interaction takes place under conditions of potassium starvation if DarB is present in the apo form and the cells are in need of glutamate. Thus, DarB links potassium availability to the control of central metabolism.
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Mitochondrial Homeostasis Mediates Lipotoxicity in the Failing Myocardium. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031498. [PMID: 33540894 PMCID: PMC7867320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure remains the most common cause of death in the industrialized world. In spite of new therapeutic interventions that are constantly being developed, it is still not possible to completely protect against heart failure development and progression. This shows how much more research is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms of this process. In this review, we give a detailed overview of the contribution of impaired mitochondrial dynamics and energy homeostasis during heart failure progression. In particular, we focus on the regulation of fatty acid metabolism and the effects of fatty acid accumulation on mitochondrial structural and functional homeostasis.
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Buhrman G, Enríquez P, Dillard L, Baer H, Truong V, Grunden AM, Rose RB. Structure, Function, and Thermal Adaptation of the Biotin Carboxylase Domain Dimer from Hydrogenobacter thermophilus 2-Oxoglutarate Carboxylase. Biochemistry 2021; 60:324-345. [PMID: 33464881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2-Oxoglutarate carboxylase (OGC), a unique member of the biotin-dependent carboxylase family from the order Aquificales, captures dissolved CO2 via the reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle. Structure and function studies of OGC may facilitate adaptation of the rTCA cycle to increase the level of carbon fixation for biofuel production. Here we compare the biotin carboxylase (BC) domain of Hydrogenobacter thermophilus OGC with the well-studied mesophilic homologues to identify features that may contribute to thermal stability and activity. We report three OGC BC X-ray structures, each bound to bicarbonate, ADP, or ADP-Mg2+, and propose that substrate binding at high temperatures is facilitated by interactions that stabilize the flexible subdomain B in a partially closed conformation. Kinetic measurements with varying ATP and biotin concentrations distinguish two temperature-dependent steps, consistent with biotin's rate-limiting role in organizing the active site. Transition state thermodynamic values derived from the Eyring equation indicate a larger positive ΔH⧧ and a less negative ΔS⧧ compared to those of a previously reported mesophilic homologue. These thermodynamic values are explained by partially rate limiting product release. Phylogenetic analysis of BC domains suggests that OGC diverged prior to Aquificales evolution. The phylogenetic tree identifies mis-annotations of the Aquificales BC sequences, including the Aquifex aeolicus pyruvate carboxylase structure. Notably, our structural data reveal that the OGC BC dimer comprises a "wet" dimerization interface that is dominated by hydrophilic interactions and structural water molecules common to all BC domains and likely facilitates the conformational changes associated with the catalytic cycle. Mutations in the dimerization domain demonstrate that dimerization contributes to thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Buhrman
- Department of Molecular & Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7622, United States
| | - Paul Enríquez
- Department of Molecular & Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7622, United States
| | - Lucas Dillard
- Department of Molecular & Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7622, United States
| | - Hayden Baer
- Department of Molecular & Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7622, United States
| | - Vivian Truong
- Department of Molecular & Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7622, United States
| | - Amy M Grunden
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7612, United States
| | - Robert B Rose
- Department of Molecular & Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7622, United States
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Xie X, Shen Q, Yu C, Xiao Q, Zhou J, Xiong Z, Li Z, Fu Z. Depression-like behaviors are accompanied by disrupted mitochondrial energy metabolism in chronic corticosterone-induced mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 200:105607. [PMID: 32045672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stress exerts its negative effects by interference with mitochondrial energy production in rodents, and is able to impair mitochondrial bioenergetics. However, the underlying mechanism that stress hormone impacts depression-like behaviors and mitochondrial energy metabolism is still not well understood. Here, we investigated the changes of depression-like behaviors and mitochondrial energy metabolism induced by chronic corticosterone (CORT). The results showed that after treatment with CORT for 6 weeks, mice displayed depression-like behaviors, which were identified by tail suspension test, forced swimming test and open field test. Then, the livers were isolated and tested by RNA sequencing and metabolome analysis. RNA sequencing showed 354 up-regulated genes and 284 down-regulated genes, and metabolome analysis revealed 280 metabolites with increased abundances and 193 metabolites with reduced abundances in the liver of mice after CORT, which were closely associated with lipid metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Based on these findings, the changes of mitochondrial energy metabolism were investigated, and we revealed that CORT condition inhibited glycolysis and fatty acid degradation pathway, and activated synthesis of triacylglycerol, leading to the reduced levels of acetyl-CoA and attenuated TCA cycle. Also, the pathways of NAD+ synthesis were inhibited, resulting in the reduced activity of sirtuin 3 (SIRT3). Thus, all of these observations disrupted the function of mitochondria, and led to the decrease of ATP production. Our findings uncover a novel mechanism of stress on depression-like behaviors and mitochondrial energy metabolism in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxian Xie
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Qichen Shen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Chunan Yu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Qingfeng Xiao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Jiafeng Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Ze Xiong
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Zezhi Li
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
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Wang Z, Xu D, She L, Zhang Y, Wei Q, Aa J, Wang G, Liu B, Xie Y. Curcumin restrains hepatic glucose production by blocking cAMP/PKA signaling and reducing acetyl CoA accumulation in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 474:127-136. [PMID: 29499209 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study is designed to investigate whether curcumin reduces excessive hepatic glucose production (HGP) via regulation of second messenger cAMP. METHODS High-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice were orally administrated of metformin (200 mg/kg) or curcumin (50 mg/kg) daily for 10 weeks. Meanwhile, we stimulated mouse primary hepatocytes with palmitate (PA). RESULTS Curcumin reduced hepatic cAMP accumulation by preserving PDE4B induction, thereby suppressing gluconeogenesis via blocking cAMP/PKA activation. Curcumin reduced lipid deposition by reducing free fatty acid uptake and prevented acetyl CoA accumulation by combating mitochondrial oxidation. As a result from inhibiting acetyl CoA accumulation, curcumin protected pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity and inhibited pyruvate carboxylase (PC), limiting the shift of mitochondrial pyruvate from oxidation to gluconeogenesis via the carboxylation. CONCLUSION Curcumin reduced cAMP accumulation by preserving PDE4B activity and inhibited acetyl CoA production by reducing mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, thereby restraining pyruvate-driven hepatic glucose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Research and Development Center, Nanjing Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210038, China
| | - Linlin She
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yirui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qingli Wei
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiye Aa
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Baolin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Yuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Xu J, Li Y, Lou M, Xia W, Liu Q, Xie G, Liu L, Liu B, Yang J, Qin M. Baicalin regulates SirT1/STAT3 pathway and restrains excessive hepatic glucose production. Pharmacol Res 2018; 136:62-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Petersen MC, Shulman GI. Mechanisms of Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:2133-2223. [PMID: 30067154 PMCID: PMC6170977 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00063.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1338] [Impact Index Per Article: 223.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some discoveries have matured, coalescing into solid and fertile ground for clinical application; others remain incompletely investigated and scientifically controversial. Here, we attempt to synthesize this work to guide further mechanistic investigation and to inform the development of novel therapies for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The rational development of such therapies necessitates detailed knowledge of one of the key pathophysiological processes involved in T2D: insulin resistance. Understanding insulin resistance, in turn, requires knowledge of normal insulin action. In this review, both the physiology of insulin action and the pathophysiology of insulin resistance are described, focusing on three key insulin target tissues: skeletal muscle, liver, and white adipose tissue. We aim to develop an integrated physiological perspective, placing the intricate signaling effectors that carry out the cell-autonomous response to insulin in the context of the tissue-specific functions that generate the coordinated organismal response. First, in section II, the effectors and effects of direct, cell-autonomous insulin action in muscle, liver, and white adipose tissue are reviewed, beginning at the insulin receptor and working downstream. Section III considers the critical and underappreciated role of tissue crosstalk in whole body insulin action, especially the essential interaction between adipose lipolysis and hepatic gluconeogenesis. The pathophysiology of insulin resistance is then described in section IV. Special attention is given to which signaling pathways and functions become insulin resistant in the setting of chronic overnutrition, and an alternative explanation for the phenomenon of ‟selective hepatic insulin resistanceˮ is presented. Sections V, VI, and VII critically examine the evidence for and against several putative mediators of insulin resistance. Section V reviews work linking the bioactive lipids diacylglycerol, ceramide, and acylcarnitine to insulin resistance; section VI considers the impact of nutrient stresses in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria on insulin resistance; and section VII discusses non-cell autonomous factors proposed to induce insulin resistance, including inflammatory mediators, branched-chain amino acids, adipokines, and hepatokines. Finally, in section VIII, we propose an integrated model of insulin resistance that links these mediators to final common pathways of metabolite-driven gluconeogenesis and ectopic lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max C Petersen
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
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Berberine Reduces Pyruvate-driven Hepatic Glucose Production by Limiting Mitochondrial Import of Pyruvate through Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier 1. EBioMedicine 2018; 34:243-255. [PMID: 30093307 PMCID: PMC6117739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial pyruvate import via mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) is a central step in hepatic gluconeogenesis. Berberine inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis, but the mechanism is incompletely understood. This study aims to investigate whether berberine could reduce excessive hepatic glucose production (HGP) by limiting mitochondrial import of pyruvate through MPC1. METHODS High-fat diet (HFD) feeding augmented HGP. The effects of berberine on hepatic fatty acid oxidation, sirtuin3 (SIRT3) induction and mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 (MPC1) function were examined. FINDINGS HFD feeding increased hepatic acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) accumulation with impaired pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity and increased pyruvate carboxylase (PC) induction. Berberine reduced acetyl CoA accumulation by limiting fatty acid oxidation and prevented mitochondrial pyruvate shift from oxidation to gluconeogenesis through carboxylation. Upon pyruvate response, SIRT3 binded to MPC1 and stabilized MPC1 protein via deacetylation modification, facilitating mitochondrial import of pyruvate. Berberine preserved the acetylation of MPC1 by suppression of SIRT3 induction and impaired MPC1 protein stabilization via protein degradation, resultantly limiting mitochondrial pyruvate supply for gluconeogenesis. INTERPRETATION Berberine reduced acetyl CoA contents by limiting fatty acid oxidation and increased MPC1 degradation via preserving acetylation, thereby restraining HGP by blocking mitochondrial import of pyruvate. These findings suggest that limitation of mitochondrial pyruvate import might be a therapeutic strategy to prevent excessive hepatic glucose production.
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14
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Liu Y, Budelier MM, Stine K, St Maurice M. Allosteric regulation alters carrier domain translocation in pyruvate carboxylase. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1384. [PMID: 29643369 PMCID: PMC5895798 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) catalyzes the ATP-dependent carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate. The reaction occurs in two separate catalytic domains, coupled by the long-range translocation of a biotinylated carrier domain (BCCP). Here, we use a series of hybrid PC enzymes to examine multiple BCCP translocation pathways in PC. These studies reveal that the BCCP domain of PC adopts a wide range of translocation pathways during catalysis. Furthermore, the allosteric activator, acetyl CoA, promotes one specific intermolecular carrier domain translocation pathway. These results provide a basis for the ordered thermodynamic state and the enhanced carboxyl group transfer efficiency in the presence of acetyl CoA, and reveal that the allosteric effector regulates enzyme activity by altering carrier domain movement. Given the similarities with enzymes involved in the modular synthesis of natural products, the allosteric regulation of carrier domain movements in PC is likely to be broadly applicable to multiple important enzyme systems. Carrier domain enzymes accomplish catalysis by physically transporting intermediates long distances between remote active sites. Here the authors describe a wide range of catalytically productive translocation events during catalysis by pyruvate carboxylase and suggest a basis for its allosteric activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | - Melissa M Budelier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | - Katelyn Stine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | - Martin St Maurice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA.
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15
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Du Q, Zhang S, Li A, Mohammad IS, Liu B, Li Y. Astragaloside IV Inhibits Adipose Lipolysis and Reduces Hepatic Glucose Production via Akt Dependent PDE3B Expression in HFD-Fed Mice. Front Physiol 2018; 9:15. [PMID: 29410630 PMCID: PMC5787100 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to investigate the effect of astragaloside IV on adipose lipolysis and hepatic gluconeogenesis. Methods: High-fat diet (HFD) feeding induced adipose dysfunction with enhanced endogenous glucose production in mice. The effects of Astragaloside IV on lipolysis and hepatic glucose production were investigated. Results: HFD feeding induced cAMP accumulation through reducing PDE3B expression and activity in adipose tissue. As a result, HFD feeding increased adipose lipolysis in mice. Astragaloside IV enhanced Akt phosphorylation and promoted Akt binding to PDE3B to preserve PDE3B content, resultantly reducing adipose cAMP accumulation. Knockdown of Akt1/2 diminished the effect of astragaloside IV on PDE3B induction, indicative of the role of Akt in astragaloside IV action. As a result from blocking of cAMP/PKA signaling, astragaloside IV suppressed hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) activation and inhibited inflammation-associated adipose lipolysis. Moreover, astragaloside IV reduced ectopic fat deposition in the liver and inhibited FoxO1 activation via regulation of Akt, resultantly restraining excess hepatic glucose production. Conclusion: We showed that preserving PDE3B content by Akt is a key regulation to prevent lipolysis. Astragaloside IV inhibited lipolysis by reducing cAMP accumulation via regulation of Akt/PDE3B, contributing to limiting hepatic lipid deposition and restraining excessive hepatic glucose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Du
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuihong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiyun Li
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Imran S Mohammad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baolin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanwu Li
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Westerhold LE, Bridges LC, Shaikh SR, Zeczycki TN. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Analysis of Acetyl-CoA Activation of Staphylococcus aureus Pyruvate Carboxylase. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3492-3506. [PMID: 28617592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric regulation of pyruvate carboxylase (PC) activity is pivotal to maintaining metabolic homeostasis. In contrast, dysregulated PC activity contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, rendering PC a possible target for allosteric therapeutic development. Recent research efforts have focused on demarcating the role of acetyl-CoA, one of the most potent activators of PC, in coordinating catalytic events within the multifunctional enzyme. Herein, we report a kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of acetyl-CoA activation of the Staphylococcus aureus PC (SaPC)-catalyzed carboxylation of pyruvate to identify novel means by which acetyl-CoA synchronizes catalytic events within the PC tetramer. Kinetic and linked-function analysis, or thermodynamic linkage analysis, indicates that the substrates of the biotin carboxylase and carboxyl transferase domain are energetically coupled in the presence of acetyl-CoA. In contrast, both kinetic and energetic coupling between the two domains is lost in the absence of acetyl-CoA, suggesting a functional role for acetyl-CoA in facilitating the long-range transmission of substrate-induced conformational changes within the PC tetramer. Interestingly, thermodynamic activation parameters for the SaPC-catalyzed carboxylation of pyruvate are largely independent of acetyl-CoA. Our results also reveal the possibility that global conformational changes give rise to observed species-specific thermodynamic activation parameters. Taken together, our kinetic and thermodynamic results provide a possible allosteric mechanism by which acetyl-CoA coordinates catalysis within the PC tetramer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Westerhold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University , Greenville, North Carolina 27834, United States
| | - Lance C Bridges
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Sciences, Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Arkansas Colleges of Health Education , Ft. Smith, Arkansas 72916, United States
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University , Greenville, North Carolina 27834, United States
| | - Tonya N Zeczycki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University , Greenville, North Carolina 27834, United States
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17
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Abstract
Pyruvate carboxylase is a metabolic enzyme that fuels the tricarboxylic acid cycle with one of its intermediates and also participates in the first step of gluconeogenesis. This large enzyme is multifunctional, and each subunit contains two active sites that catalyze two consecutive reactions that lead to the carboxylation of pyruvate into oxaloacetate, and a binding site for acetyl-CoA, an allosteric regulator of the enzyme. Pyruvate carboxylase oligomers arrange in tetramers and covalently attached biotins mediate the transfer of carboxyl groups between distant active sites. In this chapter, some of the recent findings on pyruvate carboxylase functioning are presented, with special focus on the structural studies of the full length enzyme. The emerging picture reveals large movements of domains that even change the overall quaternary organization of pyruvate carboxylase tetramers during catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Valle
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIC bioGUNE, 48160, Derio, Spain.
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18
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Sirithanakorn C, Jitrapakdee S, Attwood PV. Investigation of the Roles of Allosteric Domain Arginine, Aspartate, and Glutamate Residues of Rhizobium etli Pyruvate Carboxylase in Relation to Its Activation by Acetyl CoA. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4220-8. [PMID: 27379711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of allosteric activation of pyruvate carboxylase by acetyl CoA is not fully understood. Here we have examined the roles of residues near the acetyl CoA binding site in the allosteric activation of Rhizobium etli pyruvate carboxylase using site-directed mutagenesis. Arg429 was found to be especially important for acetyl CoA binding as substitution with serine resulted in a 100-fold increase in the Ka of acetyl CoA activation and a large decrease in the cooperativity of this activation. Asp420 and Arg424, which do not make direct contact with bound acetyl CoA, were nonetheless found to affect acetyl CoA binding when mutated, probably through changed interactions with another acetyl CoA binding residue, Arg427. Thermodynamic activation parameters for the pyruvate carboxylation reaction were determined from modified Arrhenius plots and showed that acetyl CoA acts to decrease the activation free energy of the reaction by both increasing the activation entropy and decreasing the activation enthalpy. Most importantly, mutations of Asp420, Arg424, and Arg429 enhanced the activity of the enzyme in the absence of acetyl CoA. A main focus of this work was the detailed investigation of how this increase in activity occurred in the R424S mutant. This mutation decreased the activation enthalpy of the pyruvate carboxylation reaction by an amount consistent with removal of a single hydrogen bond. It is postulated that Arg424 forms a hydrogen bonding interaction with another residue that stabilizes the asymmetrical conformation of the R. etli pyruvate carboxylase tetramer, constraining its interconversion to the symmetrical conformer that is required for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaiyos Sirithanakorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Jitrapakdee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Paul V Attwood
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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19
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Satapati S, Kucejova B, Duarte JAG, Fletcher JA, Reynolds L, Sunny NE, He T, Nair LA, Livingston KA, Fu X, Merritt ME, Sherry AD, Malloy CR, Shelton JM, Lambert J, Parks EJ, Corbin I, Magnuson MA, Browning JD, Burgess SC. Mitochondrial metabolism mediates oxidative stress and inflammation in fatty liver. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4447-62. [PMID: 26571396 DOI: 10.1172/jci82204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical for respiration in all tissues; however, in liver, these organelles also accommodate high-capacity anaplerotic/cataplerotic pathways that are essential to gluconeogenesis and other biosynthetic activities. During nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), mitochondria also produce ROS that damage hepatocytes, trigger inflammation, and contribute to insulin resistance. Here, we provide several lines of evidence indicating that induction of biosynthesis through hepatic anaplerotic/cataplerotic pathways is energetically backed by elevated oxidative metabolism and hence contributes to oxidative stress and inflammation during NAFLD. First, in murine livers, elevation of fatty acid delivery not only induced oxidative metabolism, but also amplified anaplerosis/cataplerosis and caused a proportional rise in oxidative stress and inflammation. Second, loss of anaplerosis/cataplerosis via genetic knockdown of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (Pck1) prevented fatty acid-induced rise in oxidative flux, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Flux appeared to be regulated by redox state, energy charge, and metabolite concentration, which may also amplify antioxidant pathways. Third, preventing elevated oxidative metabolism with metformin also normalized hepatic anaplerosis/cataplerosis and reduced markers of inflammation. Finally, independent histological grades in human NAFLD biopsies were proportional to oxidative flux. Thus, hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation are associated with elevated oxidative metabolism during an obesogenic diet, and this link may be provoked by increased work through anabolic pathways.
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20
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Choosangtong K, Sirithanakorn C, Adina-Zada A, Wallace JC, Jitrapakdee S, Attwood PV. Residues in the acetyl CoA binding site of pyruvate carboxylase involved in allosteric regulation. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2073-9. [PMID: 26149215 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the roles of Asp1018, Glu1027, Arg469 and Asp471 in the allosteric domain of Rhizobium etli pyruvate carboxylase. Arg469 and Asp471 interact directly with the allosteric activator acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) and the R469S and R469K mutants showed increased enzymic activity in the presence and absence of acetyl CoA, whilst the D471A mutant exhibited no acetyl CoA-activation. E1027A, E1027R and D1018A mutants had increased activity in the absence of acetyl CoA, but not in its presence. These results suggest that most of these residues impose restrictions on the structure and/or dynamics of the enzyme to affect activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonman Choosangtong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Chaiyos Sirithanakorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Abdul Adina-Zada
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - John C Wallace
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Sarawut Jitrapakdee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Paul V Attwood
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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21
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Pietrocola F, Galluzzi L, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Madeo F, Kroemer G. Acetyl coenzyme A: a central metabolite and second messenger. Cell Metab 2015; 21:805-21. [PMID: 26039447 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 862] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) is a central metabolic intermediate. The abundance of acetyl-CoA in distinct subcellular compartments reflects the general energetic state of the cell. Moreover, acetyl-CoA concentrations influence the activity or specificity of multiple enzymes, either in an allosteric manner or by altering substrate availability. Finally, by influencing the acetylation profile of several proteins, including histones, acetyl-CoA controls key cellular processes, including energy metabolism, mitosis, and autophagy, both directly and via the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Thus, acetyl-CoA determines the balance between cellular catabolism and anabolism by simultaneously operating as a metabolic intermediate and as a second messenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Pietrocola
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - José Manuel Bravo-San Pedro
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France.
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22
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Fraschetti C, Filippi A, Guarcini L, Steinmetz V, Speranza M. Structure and conformation of protonated D-(+)-biotin in the unsolvated state. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:6198-203. [PMID: 25938640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b02660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A combined computational and infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopic investigation shows that protonated d-(+)-biotin, formed in the gas phase by ESI-MS, acquires a folded structure with proton bonding between the ureido and valeryl carbonyls, and that only a single conformer of such a structure predominates. A uniform frequency vs distance correlation function is proposed for the O(+)-H···O and N-H···O bonds involved in the folded conformers of O2'-protonated d-(+)-biotin in the gas phase which, therefore, depends exclusively on the corresponding geometric parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Fraschetti
- †Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università "La Sapienza", Roma, Italy
| | - Antonello Filippi
- †Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università "La Sapienza", Roma, Italy
| | - Laura Guarcini
- †Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università "La Sapienza", Roma, Italy
| | - Vincent Steinmetz
- ‡Laboratoire Chimie Physique, UMR8000 CNRS, Université Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France
| | - Maurizio Speranza
- †Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università "La Sapienza", Roma, Italy
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23
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Sirithanakorn C, Adina-Zada A, Wallace JC, Jitrapakdee S, Attwood PV. Mechanisms of inhibition of Rhizobium etli pyruvate carboxylase by L-aspartate. Biochemistry 2014; 53:7100-6. [PMID: 25330457 PMCID: PMC4238798 DOI: 10.1021/bi501113u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
L-aspartate is a regulatory feedback inhibitor of the biotin-dependent enzyme pyruvate carboxylase in response to increased levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Detailed studies of L-aspartate inhibition of pyruvate carboxylase have been mainly confined to eukaryotic microbial enzymes, and aspects of its mode of action remain unclear. Here we examine its inhibition of the bacterial enzyme Rhizobium etli pyruvate carboxylase. Kinetic studies demonstrated that L-aspartate binds to the enzyme cooperatively and inhibits the enzyme competitively with respect to acetyl-CoA. L-aspartate also inhibits activation of the enzyme by MgTNP-ATP. The action of L-aspartate was not confined to inhibition of acetyl-CoA binding, because the acetyl-CoA-independent activity of the enzyme was also inhibited by increasing concentrations of L-aspartate. This inhibition of acetyl-CoA-independent activity was demonstrated to be focused in the biotin carboxylation domain of the enzyme, and it had no effect on the oxamate-induced oxaloacetate decarboxylation reaction that occurs in the carboxyl transferase domain. L-aspartate was shown to competitively inhibit bicarbonate-dependent MgATP cleavage with respect to MgATP but also probably inhibits carboxybiotin formation and/or translocation of the carboxybiotin to the site of pyruvate carboxylation. Unlike acetyl-CoA, L-aspartate has no effect on the coupling between MgATP cleavage and oxaloacetate formation. The results suggest that the three allosteric effector sites (acetyl-CoA, MgTNP-ATP, and L-aspartate) are spatially distinct but connected by a network of allosteric interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaiyos Sirithanakorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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24
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The role of hepatic lipids in hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature 2014; 510:84-91. [PMID: 24899308 DOI: 10.1038/nature13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 800] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its downstream sequelae, hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, are rapidly growing epidemics, which lead to increased morbidity and mortality rates, and soaring health-care costs. Developing interventions requires a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which excess hepatic lipid develops and causes hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Proposed mechanisms implicate various lipid species, inflammatory signalling and other cellular modifications. Studies in mice and humans have elucidated a key role for hepatic diacylglycerol activation of protein kinase Cε in triggering hepatic insulin resistance. Therapeutic approaches based on this mechanism could alleviate the related epidemics of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes.
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25
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Sheng X, Liu Y. QM/MM Study of the Reaction Mechanism of the Carboxyl Transferase Domain of Pyruvate Carboxylase from Staphylococcus aureus. Biochemistry 2014; 53:4455-66. [DOI: 10.1021/bi500020r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sheng
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
- Northwest
Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810001, China
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26
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Casey AK, Hicks MA, Johnson JL, Babbitt PC, Frantom PA. Mechanistic and bioinformatic investigation of a conserved active site helix in α-isopropylmalate synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a member of the DRE-TIM metallolyase superfamily. Biochemistry 2014; 53:2915-25. [PMID: 24720347 PMCID: PMC4025573 DOI: 10.1021/bi500246z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of functionally diverse enzyme superfamilies provides the opportunity to identify evolutionarily conserved catalytic strategies, as well as amino acid substitutions responsible for the evolution of new functions or specificities. Isopropylmalate synthase (IPMS) belongs to the DRE-TIM metallolyase superfamily. Members of this superfamily share common active site elements, including a conserved active site helix and an HXH divalent metal binding motif, associated with stabilization of a common enolate anion intermediate. These common elements are overlaid by variations in active site architecture resulting in the evolution of a diverse set of reactions that include condensation, lyase/aldolase, and carboxyl transfer activities. Here, using IPMS, an integrated biochemical and bioinformatics approach has been utilized to investigate the catalytic role of residues on an active site helix that is conserved across the superfamily. The construction of a sequence similarity network for the DRE-TIM metallolyase superfamily allows for the biochemical results obtained with IPMS variants to be compared across superfamily members and within other condensation-catalyzing enzymes related to IPMS. A comparison of our results with previous biochemical data indicates an active site arginine residue (R80 in IPMS) is strictly required for activity across the superfamily, suggesting that it plays a key role in catalysis, most likely through enolate stabilization. In contrast, differential results obtained from substitution of the C-terminal residue of the helix (Q84 in IPMS) suggest that this residue plays a role in reaction specificity within the superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Casey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama , 250 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35406, United States
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27
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Adina-Zada A, Jitrapakdee S, Wallace JC, Attwood PV. Coordinating role of His216 in MgATP binding and cleavage in pyruvate carboxylase. Biochemistry 2014; 53:1051-8. [PMID: 24460480 PMCID: PMC3985934 DOI: 10.1021/bi4016814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
![]()
His216
is a well-conserved residue in pyruvate carboxylases and,
on the basis of structures of the enzyme, appears to have a role in
the binding of MgATP, forming an interaction with the 3′-hydroxyl
group of the ribose ring. Mutation of this residue to asparagine results
in a 9-fold increase in the Km for MgATP
in its steady-state cleavage in the absence of pyruvate and a 3-fold
increase in the Km for MgADP in its steady-state
phosphorylation by carbamoyl phosphate. However, from single-turnover
experiments of MgATP cleavage, the Kd of
the enzyme·MgATP complex is essentially the same in the wild-type
enzyme and H216N. Direct stopped-flow measurements of nucleotide binding
and release using the fluorescent analogue FTP support these observations.
However, the first-order rate constant for MgATP cleavage in the single-turnover
experiments in H216N is only 0.75% of that for the wild-type enzyme,
and thus, the MgATP cleavage step is rate-limiting in the steady state
for H216N but not for the wild-type enzyme. Close examination of the
structure of the enzyme suggested that His216 may also interact with
Glu218, which in turn interacts with Glu305 to form a proton relay
system involved in the deprotonation of bicarbonate. Single-turnover
MgATP cleavage experiments with mutations of these two residues resulted
in kinetic parameters similar to those observed in H216N. We suggest
that the primary role of His216 is to coordinate the binding of MgATP
and the deprotonation of bicarbonate in the reaction to form the putative
carboxyphosphate intermediate by participation in a proton relay system
involving Glu218 and Glu305.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdussalam Adina-Zada
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Lietzan AD, St. Maurice M. Functionally diverse biotin-dependent enzymes with oxaloacetate decarboxylase activity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 544:75-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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