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Xu S, Kong X, Liu J. Expression of CRY2 Gene in the Brain Is Related to Human Navigation. FRONTIERS IN RADIOLOGY 2021; 1:731070. [PMID: 37492180 PMCID: PMC10365100 DOI: 10.3389/fradi.2021.731070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Navigation is a complex cognitive process. CRY2 gene has been proposed to play an important role in navigation behaviors in various non-human animal species. Utilizing a recently developed neuroimaging-transcriptomics approach, the present study reported a tentative link between the CRY2 gene and human navigation. Specifically, we showed a significant pattern similarity between CRY2 gene expression in the human brain and navigation-related neural activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging. To further illuminate the functionality of CRY2 in human navigation, we examined the correlation between CRY2 expression and various cognitive processes underlying navigation, and found high correlation of CRY2 expression with neural activity of multiple cognitive domains, particularly object and shape perception and spatial memory. Further analyses on the relation between the neural activity of human navigation and the expression maps of genes of two CRY2-related pathways, i.e., the magnetoreceptive and circadian-related functions, found a trend of correlation for the CLOCK gene, a core circadian regulator gene, suggesting that CRY2 may modulate human navigation through its role in circadian rhythm. This observation was further confirmed by a behavioral study where individuals with better circadian regularity in daily life showed better sense of direction. Taken together, our study presents the first neural evidence that links CRY2 with human navigation, possibly through the modulation of circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xu
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangzhen Kong
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Psychology and Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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2
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Sharma A, Sethi G, Tambuwala MM, Aljabali AAA, Chellappan DK, Dua K, Goyal R. Circadian Rhythm Disruption and Alzheimer's Disease: The Dynamics of a Vicious Cycle. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 19:248-264. [PMID: 32348224 PMCID: PMC8033974 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200429013041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
All mammalian cells exhibit circadian rhythm in cellular metabolism and energetics. Autonomous cellular clocks are modulated by various pathways that are essential for robust time keeping. In addition to the canonical transcriptional translational feedback loop, several new pathways of circadian timekeeping - non-transcriptional oscillations, post-translational modifications, epigenetics and cellular signaling in the circadian clock - have been identified. The physiology of circadian rhythm is expansive, and its link to the neurodegeneration is multifactorial. Circadian rhythm disruption is prevelant in contamporary society where light-noise, shift-work, and transmeridian travel are commonplace, and is also reported from the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Circadian alignment by bright light therapy in conjunction with chronobiotics is beneficial for treating sundowning syndrome and other cognitive symptoms in advanced AD patients. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the clinical and translational reports to review the physiology of the circadian clock, delineate its dysfunction in AD, and unravel the dynamics of the vicious cycle between two pathologies. The review delineates the role of putative targets like clock proteins PER, CLOCK, BMAL1, ROR, and clock-controlled proteins like AVP, SIRT1, FOXO, and PK2 towards future approaches for management of AD. Furthermore, the role of circadian rhythm disruption in aging is delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Sharma
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173 212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Medical Drive, 117 600, Singapore
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, County, Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Rohit Goyal
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173 212, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Wong DCS, O’Neill JS. Non-transcriptional processes in circadian rhythm generation. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 5:117-132. [PMID: 30596188 PMCID: PMC6302373 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
'Biological clocks' orchestrate mammalian biology to a daily rhythm. Whilst 'clock gene' transcriptional circuits impart rhythmic regulation to myriad cellular systems, our picture of the biochemical mechanisms that determine their circadian (∼24 hour) period is incomplete. Here we consider the evidence supporting different models for circadian rhythm generation in mammalian cells in light of evolutionary factors. We find it plausible that the circadian timekeeping mechanism in mammalian cells is primarily protein-based, signalling biological timing information to the nucleus by the post-translational regulation of transcription factor activity, with transcriptional feedback imparting robustness to the oscillation via hysteresis. We conclude by suggesting experiments that might distinguish this model from competing paradigms.
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Doria HB, Ferreira MB, Rodrigues SD, Lo SM, Domingues CE, Nakao LS, de Campos SX, Ribeiro CADO, Randi MAF. Time does matter! Acute copper exposure abolishes rhythmicity of clock gene in Danio rerio. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 155:26-36. [PMID: 29499429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock is a key cellular timing system that coordinates physiology and behavior. Light is a key regulator of the clock mechanism via its activation of Per and Cry clock gene expression. Evidence points to a key role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in resetting this process. In this context, the aim of the present study was to explore copper as a ROS generator, using an innovative approach investigating its effects on circadian timing. Liver and brain from Danio rerio specimens exposed to 0, 5, 25 and 45 μg/L copper concentrations were obtained. Daily oscillations of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymatic activity and their correlations both with clock genes (per1, per2, and cry1a) and with organism energy cost were determined. CAT expression correlates with per2 and cry1a and, thus, provides data to support the hypothesis of hydrogen peroxide production by a phototransducing flavin-containing oxidase. Higher SOD activity is correlated with higher intracellular ATP levels. Copper disturbed the daily oscillation of antioxidant enzymes and clock genes, with disturbed per1 rhythmicity in both the brain and liver, while cry1a rhythmicity was abolished in the liver at 25 μg/L copper. Coordination between the SOD and the CAT enzymes was lost when copper concentrations exceeded the limits established by international laws. These results indicate that organism synchronization with the environment may be impaired due to acute copper exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Binde Doria
- Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Department of Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Caixa Postal 19.031, Postal Code: 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Marianna Boia Ferreira
- Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Department of Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Caixa Postal 19.031, Postal Code: 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Silvia Daniele Rodrigues
- Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Department of Basic Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, Caixa Postal 19.031, Postal Code: 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sze Mei Lo
- Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Department of Basic Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, Caixa Postal 19.031, Postal Code: 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Eloise Domingues
- Ponta Grossa State University (UEPG), Research Group on Environmental and Sanitary Analytical Chemistry (QAAS), Caixa Postal 992, Postal Code: 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lia Sumie Nakao
- Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Department of Basic Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, Caixa Postal 19.031, Postal Code: 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sandro Xavier de Campos
- Ponta Grossa State University (UEPG), Research Group on Environmental and Sanitary Analytical Chemistry (QAAS), Caixa Postal 992, Postal Code: 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ciro Alberto de Oliveira Ribeiro
- Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Department of Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Caixa Postal 19.031, Postal Code: 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Ferreira Randi
- Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Department of Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Caixa Postal 19.031, Postal Code: 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Silver R. Cells have sex chromosomes and circadian clocks: Implications for organismal level functions. Physiol Behav 2018; 187:6-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Putker M, Crosby P, Feeney KA, Hoyle NP, Costa ASH, Gaude E, Frezza C, O'Neill JS. Mammalian Circadian Period, But Not Phase and Amplitude, Is Robust Against Redox and Metabolic Perturbations. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:507-520. [PMID: 28506121 PMCID: PMC5806070 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Circadian rhythms permeate all levels of biology to temporally regulate cell and whole-body physiology, although the cell-autonomous mechanism that confers ∼24-h periodicity is incompletely understood. Reports describing circadian oscillations of over-oxidized peroxiredoxin abundance have suggested that redox signaling plays an important role in the timekeeping mechanism. Here, we tested the functional contribution that redox state and primary metabolism make to mammalian cellular timekeeping. RESULTS We found a circadian rhythm in flux through primary glucose metabolic pathways, indicating rhythmic NAD(P)H production. Using pharmacological and genetic perturbations, however, we found that timekeeping was insensitive to changes in glycolytic flux, whereas oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) inhibition and other chronic redox stressors primarily affected circadian gene expression amplitude, not periodicity. Finally, acute changes in redox state decreased PER2 protein stability, phase dependently, to alter the subsequent phase of oscillation. INNOVATION Circadian rhythms in primary cellular metabolism and redox state have been proposed to play a role in the cellular timekeeping mechanism. We present experimental data testing that hypothesis. CONCLUSION Circadian flux through primary metabolism is cell autonomous, driving rhythmic NAD(P)+ redox cofactor turnover and maintaining a redox balance that is permissive for circadian gene expression cycles. Redox homeostasis and PPP flux, but not glycolysis, are necessary to maintain clock amplitude, but neither redox nor glucose metabolism determines circadian period. Furthermore, cellular rhythms are sensitive to acute changes in redox balance, at least partly through regulation of PER protein. Redox and metabolic state are, thus, both inputs and outputs, but not state variables, of cellular circadian timekeeping. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 507-520.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marrit Putker
- 1 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Priya Crosby
- 1 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A Feeney
- 1 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ana S H Costa
- 2 MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edoardo Gaude
- 2 MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Frezza
- 2 MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John S O'Neill
- 1 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Chernysheva MP, Nozdrachev AD. Neuroendocrine hypothalamus as a homeostat of endogenous time. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209301701001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pillay CS, Eagling BD, Driscoll SRE, Rohwer JM. Quantitative measures for redox signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 96:290-303. [PMID: 27151506 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Redox signaling is now recognized as an important regulatory mechanism for a number of cellular processes including the antioxidant response, phosphokinase signal transduction and redox metabolism. While there has been considerable progress in identifying the cellular machinery involved in redox signaling, quantitative measures of redox signals have been lacking, limiting efforts aimed at understanding and comparing redox signaling under normoxic and pathogenic conditions. Here we have outlined some of the accepted principles for redox signaling, including the description of hydrogen peroxide as a signaling molecule and the role of kinetics in conferring specificity to these signaling events. Based on these principles, we then develop a working definition for redox signaling and review a number of quantitative methods that have been employed to describe signaling in other systems. Using computational modeling and published data, we show how time- and concentration- dependent analyses, in particular, could be used to quantitatively describe redox signaling and therefore provide important insights into the functional organization of redox networks. Finally, we consider some of the key challenges with implementing these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ché S Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa.
| | - Beatrice D Eagling
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa
| | - Scott R E Driscoll
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa
| | - Johann M Rohwer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Ray S, Reddy AB. Cross-talk between circadian clocks, sleep-wake cycles, and metabolic networks: Dispelling the darkness. Bioessays 2016; 38:394-405. [PMID: 26866932 PMCID: PMC4817226 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Integration of knowledge concerning circadian rhythms, metabolic networks, and sleep‐wake cycles is imperative for unraveling the mysteries of biological cycles and their underlying mechanisms. During the last decade, enormous progress in circadian biology research has provided a plethora of new insights into the molecular architecture of circadian clocks. However, the recent identification of autonomous redox oscillations in cells has expanded our view of the clockwork beyond conventional transcription/translation feedback loop models, which have been dominant since the first circadian period mutants were identified in fruit fly. Consequently, non‐transcriptional timekeeping mechanisms have been proposed, and the antioxidant peroxiredoxin proteins have been identified as conserved markers for 24‐hour rhythms. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of interdependencies amongst circadian rhythms, sleep homeostasis, redox cycles, and other cellular metabolic networks. We speculate that systems‐level investigations implementing integrated multi‐omics approaches could provide novel mechanistic insights into the connectivity between daily cycles and metabolic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Ray
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, National Institutes of Health Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Akhilesh B Reddy
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, National Institutes of Health Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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10
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Udoh US, Valcin JA, Gamble KL, Bailey SM. The Molecular Circadian Clock and Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2504-37. [PMID: 26473939 PMCID: PMC4693245 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence from both experimental animal studies and clinical human investigations demonstrates strong connections among circadian processes, alcohol use, and alcohol-induced tissue injury. Components of the circadian clock have been shown to influence the pathophysiological effects of alcohol. Conversely, alcohol may alter the expression of circadian clock genes and the rhythmic behavioral and metabolic processes they regulate. Therefore, we propose that alcohol-mediated disruption in circadian rhythms likely underpins many adverse health effects of alcohol that cut across multiple organ systems. In this review, we provide an overview of the circadian clock mechanism and showcase results from new studies in the alcohol field implicating the circadian clock as a key target of alcohol action and toxicity in the liver. We discuss various molecular events through which alcohol may work to negatively impact circadian clock-mediated processes in the liver, and contribute to tissue pathology. Illuminating the mechanistic connections between the circadian clock and alcohol will be critical to the development of new preventative and pharmacological treatments for alcohol use disorders and alcohol-mediated organ diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uduak S Udoh
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Valcin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Karen L Gamble
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Shannon M Bailey
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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Redox regulation and pro-oxidant reactions in the physiology of circadian systems. Biochimie 2015; 124:178-186. [PMID: 25926044 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rhythms of approximately 24 h are pervasive in most organisms and are known as circadian. There is a molecular circadian clock in each cell sustained by a feedback system of interconnected "clock" genes and transcription factors. In mammals, the timing system is formed by a central pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, in coordination with a collection of peripheral oscillators. Recently, an extensive interconnection has been recognized between the molecular circadian clock and the set of biochemical pathways that underlie the bioenergetics of the cell. A principle regulator of metabolic networks is the flow of electrons between electron donors and acceptors. The concomitant reduction and oxidation (redox) reactions directly influence the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes. This review summarizes and discusses recent findings concerning the mutual and dynamic interactions between the molecular circadian clock, redox reactions, and redox signaling. The scope includes the regulatory role played by redox coenzymes (NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H, GSH/GSSG), reactive oxygen species (superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide), antioxidants (melatonin), and physiological events that modulate the redox state (feeding condition, circadian rhythms) in determining the timing capacity of the molecular circadian clock. In addition, we discuss a purely metabolic circadian clock, which is based on the redox enzymes known as peroxiredoxins and is present in mammalian red blood cells and in other biological systems. Both the timing system and the metabolic network are key to a better understanding of widespread pathological conditions such as the metabolic syndrome, obesity, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Reimann
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Akhilesh B Reddy
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
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Virag JAI, Lust RM. Circadian influences on myocardial infarction. Front Physiol 2014; 5:422. [PMID: 25400588 PMCID: PMC4214187 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Components of circadian rhythm maintenance, or "clock genes," are endogenous entrainable oscillations of about 24 h that regulate biological processes and are found in the suprachaismatic nucleus (SCN) and many peripheral tissues, including the heart. They are influenced by external cues, or Zeitgebers, such as light and heat, and can influence such diverse phenomena as cytokine expression immune cells, metabolic activity of cardiac myocytes, and vasodilator regulation by vascular endothelial cells. While it is known that the central master clock in the SCN synchronizes peripheral physiologic rhythms, the mechanisms by which the information is transmitted are complex and may include hormonal, metabolic, and neuronal inputs. Whether circadian patterns are causally related to the observed periodicity of events, or whether they are simply epi-phenomena is not well established, but a few studies suggest that the circadian effects likely are real in their impact on myocardial infarct incidence. Cycle disturbances may be harbingers of predisposition and subsequent response to acute and chronic cardiac injury, and identifying the complex interactions of circadian rhythms and myocardial infarction may provide insights into possible preventative and therapeutic strategies for susceptible populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka A I Virag
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Robert M Lust
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA
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Cain SW, Yoon J, Shrestha TC, Ralph MR. Retention of a 24-hour time memory in Syrian hamsters carrying the 20-hour short circadian period mutation in casein kinase-1ε (ck1εtau/tau). Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 114:171-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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