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Zhang Y, Yang X, Deng X, Yang S, Li Q, Xie Z, Hong L, Cao M, Yi G, Fu M. Single-cell transcriptomics-based multidisease analysis revealing the molecular dynamics of retinal neurovascular units under inflammatory and hypoxic conditions. Exp Neurol 2023; 362:114345. [PMID: 36736650 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The retinal neurovascular unit (NVU) is paramount to maintaining the homeostasis of the retina and determines the progression of various diseases, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma, and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Although some studies have investigated these diseases, a combined analysis of disease-wide etiology in the NUV at the single-cell level is lacking. Herein, we constructed an atlas of the NVU under inflammatory and hypoxic conditions by integrating single-cell transcriptome data from retinas from wild-type, AireKO, and NdpKO mice. Based on the heterogeneity of the NVU structure and transcriptome diversity under normal and pathological conditions, we discovered two subpopulations of Müller cells: Aqp4hi and Aqp4lo cells. Specifically, Aqp4lo cells expresses phototransduction genes and represent a special type of Müller cell distinct from Aqp4hi cells, classical Müller cells. AireKO mice exhibit experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) with severe damage to the NVU structure, mainly degeneration of Aqp4hi cells. NdpKO mice exhibited familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), with damage to the endothelial barrier, endothelial cell tight junction destruction and basement membrane thickening, accompanied by the reactive secretion of proangiogenic factors by Aqp4hi cells. In both EAU and FEVR, Aqp4hi cells are a key factor leading to NVU damage, and the mechanism by which they are generated is regulated by different transcription factors. By studying the pattern of immune cell infiltration in AireKO mice, we constructed a regulatory loop of "inflammatory cells/NVU - monocytes - APCs - Ifng+ T cells", providing a new target for blocking the inflammatory cascade. Our elucidation of the cell-specific molecular changes, cell-cell interactions and transcriptional mechanisms of the retinal NVU provides new insights to support the development of multipurpose drugs to block or even reverse NVU damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhang
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiongyi Yang
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Deng
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Siyu Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Qiumo Li
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhuohang Xie
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Libing Hong
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Mingzhe Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, PR China.
| | - Guoguo Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 26, Erheng Road, Yuancun, Tianhe, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Min Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
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2
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Moiseenok AG, Kanunnikova NP. Brain CoA and Acetyl CoA Metabolism in Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:466-480. [PMID: 37080933 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792304003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The processes of biotransformation of pantothenic acid (Pan) in the biosynthesis and hydrolysis of CoA, key role of pantothenate kinase (PANK) and CoA synthetase (CoASY) in the formation of the priority mitochondrial pool of CoA, with a high metabolic turnover of the coenzyme and limited transport of Pan across the blood-brain barrier are considered. The system of acetyl-CoA, a secondary messenger, which is the main substrate of acetylation processes including formation of N-acetyl aspartate and acetylcholine, post-translational modification of histones, predetermines protection of the neurons against degenerative signals and cholinergic neurotransmission. Biochemical mechanisms of neurodegenerative syndromes in the cases of PANK and CoASY defects, and the possibility of correcting of CoA biosynthesis in the models with knockouts of these enzymes have been described. The data of a post-mortem study of the brains from the patients with Huntington's and Alzheimer's diseases are presented, proving Pan deficiency in the CNS, which is especially pronounced in the pathognomonic neurostructures. In the frontal cortex of the patients with Parkinson's disease, combined immunofluorescence of anti-CoA- and anti-tau protein was detected, reflecting CoAlation during dimerization of the tau protein and its redox sensitivity. Redox activity and antioxidant properties of the precursors of CoA biosynthesis were confirmed in vitro with synaptosomal membranes and mitochondria during modeling of aluminum neurotoxicity accompanied by the decrease in the level of CoA in CNS. The ability of CoA biosynthesis precursors to stabilize glutathione pool in neurostructures, in particular, in the hippocampus, is considered as a pathogenetic protection mechanism during exposure to neurotoxins, development of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and justifies the combined use of Pan derivatives (for example, D-panthenol) and glutathione precursors (N-acetylcysteine). Taking into account the discovery of new functions of CoA (redox-dependent processes of CoAlation of proteins, possible association of oxidative stress and deficiency of Pan (CoA) in neurodegenerative pathology), it seems promising to study bioavailability and biotransformation of Pan derivatives, in particular of D-panthenol, 4'-phospho-pantetheine, its acylated derivatives, and compositions with redox pharmacological compounds, are promising for their potential use as etiopathogenetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G Moiseenok
- Institute of Biochemistry of Biologically Active Substances, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Grodno, 230023, Belarus.
| | - Nina P Kanunnikova
- Institute of Biochemistry of Biologically Active Substances, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Grodno, 230023, Belarus
- Yanka Kupala's Grodno State University, Grodno, 230023, Belarus
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3
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Videnovic A, Pfeiffer HCV, Tylki-Szymańska A, Berry-Kravis E, Ezgü F, Ganju J, Jurecka A, Lang AE. Study design challenges and strategies in clinical trials for rare diseases: Lessons learned from pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1098454. [PMID: 36970548 PMCID: PMC10032345 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1098454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial challenges in study design and methodology exist during clinical trial development to examine treatment response in patients with a rare disease, especially those with predominant central nervous system involvement and heterogeneity in clinical manifestations and natural history. Here we discuss crucial decisions which may significantly impact success of the study, including patient selection and recruitment, identification and selection of endpoints, determination of the study duration, consideration of control groups including natural history controls, and selection of appropriate statistical analyses. We review strategies for the successful development of a clinical trial to evaluate treatment of a rare disease with a focus on inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) that present with movement disorders. The strategies presented using pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) as the rare disease example can be applied to other rare diseases, particularly IEMs with movement disorders (e.g., other neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation disorders, lysosomal storage disorders). The significant challenges associated with designing a clinical trial in rare disease can sometimes be successfully met through strategic engagement with experts in the rare disease, seeking regulatory and biostatistical guidance, and early involvement of patients and families. In addition to these strategies, we discuss the urgent need for a paradigm shift within the regulatory processes to help accelerate medical product development and bring new innovations and advances to patients with rare neurodegenerative diseases who need them earlier in disease progression and prior to clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Videnovic
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Aleksandar Videnovic
| | - Helle C. V. Pfeiffer
- Department of Child Neurology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Tylki-Szymańska
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Memorial Health Institute IPCZD, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elizabeth Berry-Kravis
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Fatih Ezgü
- Department of Pediatrics, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Jitendra Ganju
- Consultant to BridgeBio, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Agnieszka Jurecka
- CoA Therapeutics, Inc., A BridgeBio Company, San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Agnieszka Jurecka
| | - Anthony E. Lang
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, and the Rossy Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis Underlying Inherited Retinal Dystrophies. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020271. [PMID: 36830640 PMCID: PMC9953031 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are congenital retinal degenerative diseases that have various inheritance patterns, including dominant, recessive, X-linked, and mitochondrial. These diseases are most often the result of defects in rod and/or cone photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium function, development, or both. The genes associated with these diseases, when mutated, produce altered protein products that have downstream effects in pathways critical to vision, including phototransduction, the visual cycle, photoreceptor development, cellular respiration, and retinal homeostasis. The aim of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive review of the underlying molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of IRDs by delving into many of the genes associated with IRD development, their protein products, and the pathways interrupted by genetic mutation.
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B Vitamins and Their Roles in Gut Health. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061168. [PMID: 35744686 PMCID: PMC9227236 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
B vitamins act as coenzymes in a myriad of cellular reactions. These include energy production, methyl donor generation, neurotransmitter synthesis, and immune functions. Due to the ubiquitous roles of these vitamins, their deficiencies significantly affect the host’s metabolism. Recently, novel roles of B vitamins in the homeostasis of gut microbial ecology and intestinal health continue to be unravelled. This review focuses on the functional roles and biosynthesis of B vitamins and how these vitamins influence the growth and proliferation of the gut microbiota. We have identified the gut bacteria that can produce vitamins, and their biosynthetic mechanisms are presented. The effects of B vitamin deficiencies on intestinal morphology, inflammation, and its effects on intestinal disorders are also discussed.
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Sang C, Philbert SA, Hartland D, Unwin RD, Dowsey AW, Xu J, Cooper GJS. Coenzyme A-Dependent Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Enzymes Are Decreased in Alzheimer's Disease Consistent With Cerebral Pantothenate Deficiency. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:893159. [PMID: 35754968 PMCID: PMC9232186 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.893159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) is the commonest cause of age-related neurodegeneration and dementia globally, and a leading cause of premature disability and death. To date, the quest for a disease-modifying therapy for sAD has failed, probably reflecting our incomplete understanding of aetiology and pathogenesis. Drugs that target aggregated Aβ/tau are ineffective, and metabolic defects are now considered to play substantive roles in sAD pathobiology. We tested the hypothesis that the recently identified, pervasive cerebral deficiency of pantothenate (vitamin B5) in sAD, might undermine brain energy metabolism by impairing levels of tricarboxylic acid (TCA)-cycle enzymes and enzyme complexes, some of which require the pantothenate-derived cofactor, coenzyme A (CoA) for their normal functioning. We applied proteomics to measure levels of the multi-subunit TCA-cycle enzymes and their cytoplasmic homologues. We analysed six functionally distinct brain regions from nine sAD cases and nine controls, measuring 33 cerebral proteins that comprise the nine enzymes of the mitochondrial-TCA cycle. Remarkably, we found widespread perturbations affecting only two multi-subunit enzymes and two enzyme complexes, whose function is modulated, directly or indirectly by CoA: pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, isocitrate dehydrogenase, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, and succinyl-CoA synthetase. The sAD cases we studied here displayed widespread deficiency of pantothenate, the obligatory precursor of CoA. Therefore, deficient cerebral pantothenate can damage brain-energy metabolism in sAD, at least in part through impairing levels of these four mitochondrial-TCA-cycle enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Sang
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sasha A. Philbert
- Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Hartland
- Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard. D Unwin
- Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre & Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W. Dowsey
- Department of Population Health Sciences and Bristol Veterinary School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jingshu Xu
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Garth J. S. Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Garth J. S. Cooper
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Mostert KJ, Sharma N, van der Zwaag M, Staats R, Koekemoer L, Anand R, Sibon OCM, Strauss E. The Coenzyme A Level Modulator Hopantenate (HoPan) Inhibits Phosphopantotenoylcysteine Synthetase Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2401-2414. [PMID: 34582681 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The pantothenate analogue hopantenate (HoPan) is widely used as a modulator of coenzyme A (CoA) levels in cell biology and disease models─especially for pantothenate kinase associated neurodegeneration (PKAN), a genetic disease rooted in impaired CoA metabolism. This use of HoPan was based on reports that it inhibits pantothenate kinase (PanK), the first enzyme of CoA biosynthesis. Using a combination of in vitro enzyme kinetic studies, crystal structure analysis, and experiments in a typical PKAN cell biology model, we demonstrate that instead of inhibiting PanK, HoPan relies on it for metabolic activation. Once phosphorylated, HoPan inhibits the next enzyme in the CoA pathway─phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase (PPCS)─through formation of a nonproductive substrate complex. Moreover, the obtained structure of the human PPCS in complex with the inhibitor and activating nucleotide analogue provides new insights into the catalytic mechanism of PPCS enzymes─including the elusive binding mode for cysteine─and reveals the functional implications of mutations in the human PPCS that have been linked to severe dilated cardiomyopathy. Taken together, this study demonstrates that the molecular mechanism of action of HoPan is more complex than previously thought, suggesting that the results of studies in which it is used as a tool compound must be interpreted with care. Moreover, our findings provide a clear framework for evaluating the various factors that contribute to the potency of CoA-directed inhibitors, one that will prove useful in the future rational development of potential therapies of both human genetic and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad J. Mostert
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Nandini Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Marianne van der Zwaag
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Roxine Staats
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Lizbé Koekemoer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Ruchi Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Ody C. M. Sibon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Erick Strauss
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
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8
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Olzhausen J, Grigat M, Seifert L, Ulbricht T, Schüller HJ. Increased biosynthesis of acetyl-CoA in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by overexpression of a deregulated pantothenate kinase gene and engineering of the coenzyme A biosynthetic pathway. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:7321-7337. [PMID: 34491400 PMCID: PMC8494682 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11523-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) and its derivatives such as acetyl-CoA are essential metabolites for several biosynthetic reactions. In the yeast S. cerevisiae, five enzymes (encoded by essential genes CAB1-CAB5; coenzyme A biosynthesis) are required to perform CoA biosynthesis from pantothenate, cysteine, and ATP. Similar to enzymes from other eukaryotes, yeast pantothenate kinase (PanK, encoded by CAB1) turned out to be inhibited by acetyl-CoA. By genetic selection of intragenic suppressors of a temperature-sensitive cab1 mutant combined with rationale mutagenesis of the presumed acetyl-CoA binding site within PanK, we were able to identify the variant CAB1 W331R, encoding a hyperactive PanK completely insensitive to inhibition by acetyl-CoA. Using a versatile gene integration cassette containing the TPI1 promoter, we constructed strains overexpressing CAB1 W331R in combination with additional genes of CoA biosynthesis (CAB2, CAB3, HAL3, CAB4, and CAB5). In these strains, the level of CoA nucleotides was 15-fold increased, compared to a reference strain without additional CAB genes. Overexpression of wild-type CAB1 instead of CAB1 W331R turned out as substantially less effective (fourfold increase of CoA nucleotides). Supplementation of overproducing strains with additional pantothenate could further elevate the level of CoA (2.3-fold). Minor increases were observed after overexpression of FEN2 (encoding a pantothenate permease) and deletion of PCD1 (CoA-specific phosphatase). We conclude that the strategy described in this work may improve the efficiency of biotechnological applications depending on acetyl-CoA. Key points • A gene encoding a hyperactive yeast pantothenate kinase (PanK) was constructed. • Overexpression of CoA biosynthetic genes elevated CoA nucleotides 15-fold. • Supplementation with pantothenate further increased the level of CoA nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Olzhausen
- Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Abteilung Molekulare Genetik und Infektionsbiologie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 8, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
- Cendres+Métaux SA, CH-2501, Biel/Bienne, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Grigat
- Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Abteilung Molekulare Genetik und Infektionsbiologie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 8, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Larissa Seifert
- Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Abteilung Molekulare Genetik und Infektionsbiologie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 8, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
- Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Medizinische Klinik, Nephrologie, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tom Ulbricht
- Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Abteilung Molekulare Genetik und Infektionsbiologie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 8, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Schüller
- Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Abteilung Molekulare Genetik und Infektionsbiologie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 8, 17487, Greifswald, Germany.
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9
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Scholefield M, Church SJ, Xu J, Patassini S, Hooper NM, Unwin RD, Cooper GJS. Substantively Lowered Levels of Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) in Several Regions of the Human Brain in Parkinson's Disease Dementia. Metabolites 2021; 11:569. [PMID: 34564384 PMCID: PMC8468190 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is an essential trace nutrient required for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA). It has previously been shown that pantothenic acid is significantly decreased in multiple brain regions in both Alzheimer's disease (ADD) and Huntington's disease (HD). The current investigation aimed to determine whether similar changes are also present in cases of Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), another age-related neurodegenerative condition, and whether such perturbations might occur in similar regions in these apparently different diseases. Brain tissue was obtained from nine confirmed cases of PDD and nine controls with a post-mortem delay of 26 h or less. Tissues were acquired from nine regions that show high, moderate, or low levels of neurodegeneration in PDD: the cerebellum, motor cortex, primary visual cortex, hippocampus, substantia nigra, middle temporal gyrus, medulla oblongata, cingulate gyrus, and pons. A targeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) approach was used to quantify pantothenic acid in these tissues. Pantothenic acid was significantly decreased in the cerebellum (p = 0.008), substantia nigra (p = 0.02), and medulla (p = 0.008) of PDD cases. These findings mirror the significant decreases in the cerebellum of both ADD and HD cases, as well as the substantia nigra, putamen, middle frontal gyrus, and entorhinal cortex of HD cases, and motor cortex, primary visual cortex, hippocampus, middle temporal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and entorhinal cortex of ADD cases. Taken together, these observations indicate a common but regionally selective disruption of pantothenic acid levels across PDD, ADD, and HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Scholefield
- Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK; (S.J.C.); (J.X.); (R.D.U.)
| | - Stephanie J. Church
- Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK; (S.J.C.); (J.X.); (R.D.U.)
| | - Jingshu Xu
- Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK; (S.J.C.); (J.X.); (R.D.U.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92 019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Stefano Patassini
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92 019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Nigel M. Hooper
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK;
| | - Richard D. Unwin
- Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK; (S.J.C.); (J.X.); (R.D.U.)
- Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre & Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Citylabs 1.0 (Third Floor), Nelson Street, Manchester M13 9NQ, UK
| | - Garth J. S. Cooper
- Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK; (S.J.C.); (J.X.); (R.D.U.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92 019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
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Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation and a Brief Report of the Disease in Iran. Can J Neurol Sci 2021; 49:338-351. [PMID: 34082843 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2021.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a term used for a group of hereditary neurological disorders with abnormal accumulation of iron in basal ganglia. It is clinically and genetically heterogeneous with symptoms such as dystonia, dysarthria, Parkinsonism, intellectual disability, and spasticity. The age at onset and rate of progression are variable among individuals. Current therapies are exclusively symptomatic and unable to hinder the disease progression. Approximately 16 genes have been identified and affiliated to such condition with different functions such as iron metabolism (only two genes: Ferritin Light Chain (FTL) Ceruloplasmin (CP)), lipid metabolism, lysosomal functions, and autophagy process, but some functions have remained unknown so far. Subgroups of NBIA are categorized based on the mutant genes. Although in the last 10 years, the development of whole-exome sequencing (WES) technology has promoted the identification of disease-causing genes, there seem to be some unknown genes and our knowledge about the molecular aspects and pathogenesis of NBIA is not complete yet. There is currently no comprehensive study about the NBIA in Iran; however, one of the latest discovered NBIA genes, GTP-binding protein 2 (GTPBP2), has been identified in an Iranian family, and there are some patients who have genetically remained unknown.
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11
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Klopstock T, Videnovic A, Bischoff AT, Bonnet C, Cif L, Comella C, Correa‐Vela M, Escolar ML, Fraser JL, Gonzalez V, Hermanowicz N, Jech R, Jinnah HA, Kmiec T, Lang A, Martí MJ, Mercimek‐Andrews S, Monduy M, Nimmo GA, Perez‐Dueñas B, Pfeiffer HCV, Planellas L, Roze E, Thakur N, Tochen L, Vanegas‐Arroyave N, Zorzi G, Burns C, Greblikas F. Fosmetpantotenate Randomized Controlled Trial in Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1342-1352. [PMID: 33200489 PMCID: PMC8246547 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) currently has no approved treatments. OBJECTIVES The Fosmetpantotenate Replacement Therapy pivotal trial examined whether treatment with fosmetpantotenate improves PKAN symptoms and stabilizes disease progression. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study evaluated fosmetpantotenate, 300 mg oral dose three times daily, versus placebo over a 24-week double-blind period. Patients with pathogenic variants of PANK2, aged 6 to 65 years, with a score ≥6 on the PKAN-Activities of Daily Living (PKAN-ADL) scale were enrolled. Patients were randomized to active (fosmetpantotenate) or placebo treatment, stratified by weight and age. The primary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline at week 24 in PKAN-ADL. RESULTS Between July 23, 2017, and December 18, 2018, 84 patients were randomized (fosmetpantotenate: n = 41; placebo: n = 43); all 84 patients were included in the analyses. Six patients in the placebo group discontinued treatment; two had worsening dystonia, two had poor compliance, and two died of PKAN-related complications (aspiration during feeding and disease progression with respiratory failure, respectively). Fosmetpantotenate and placebo group PKAN-ADL mean (standard deviation) scores were 28.2 (11.4) and 27.4 (11.5) at baseline, respectively, and were 26.9 (12.5) and 24.5 (11.8) at week 24, respectively. The difference in least square mean (95% confidence interval) at week 24 between fosmetpantotenate and placebo was -0.09 (-1.69 to 1.51; P = 0.9115). The overall incidence of treatment-emergent serious adverse events was similar in the fosmetpantotenate (8/41; 19.5%) and placebo (6/43; 14.0%) groups. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with fosmetpantotenate was safe but did not improve function assessed by the PKAN-ADL in patients with PKAN. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Klopstock
- Friedrich Baur Institute at the Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), MunichMunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), MunichMunichGermany
| | - Aleksandar Videnovic
- Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Almut Turid Bischoff
- Friedrich Baur Institute at the Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - Cecilia Bonnet
- Department of NeurologySorbonne University, AP‐HP Salpêtrière HospitalParisFrance
| | - Laura Cif
- Department of NeurosurgeryCHRU de Montpellier, Gui de Chauliac HospitalMontpellierFrance
| | - Cynthia Comella
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurological SciencesRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Marta Correa‐Vela
- Department of Child NeurologyHospital Universitari Vall d'HebronBarcelonaSpain
| | - Maria L. Escolar
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jamie L. Fraser
- Rare Disease Institute, Division of Genetics and MetabolismChildren's National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Victoria Gonzalez
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of Montpellier, Gui de Chauliac HospitalMontpellierFrance
| | - Neal Hermanowicz
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Robert Jech
- Department of Neurology, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University and General Faculty HospitalPragueCzech Republic
| | - Hyder A. Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology and Human GeneticsEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Tomasz Kmiec
- Child Neurology DepartmentChildren's Memorial Health InstituteWarsawPoland
| | - Anthony Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Department of Medicine (Neurology)Toronto Western Hospital and the University of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Maria J. Martí
- Movement Disorders UnitHospital Clinic of Barcelona, European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN‐RND), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED. CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Saadet Mercimek‐Andrews
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of PediatricsUniversity of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Migvis Monduy
- NeurologyNicklaus Children's HospitalMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Graeme A.M. Nimmo
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Belen Perez‐Dueñas
- Department of Child NeurologyHospital Universitari Vall d'HebronBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Lluis Planellas
- Department of NeurologyHospital Clinic of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Department of NeurologySorbonne University, AP‐HP Salpêtrière Hospital, Brain and Spine InstituteParisFrance
| | - Nivedita Thakur
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child and Adolescent NeurologyUniversity of Texas at Houston Medical SchoolHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Laura Tochen
- Department of NeurologyChildren's National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Nora Vanegas‐Arroyave
- Department of NeurologyColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Giovanna Zorzi
- Department of Child NeurologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaMilanItaly
| | - Colleen Burns
- Biostatistics, Retrophin, Inc.San DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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Montoya-Arroyo A, Díaz C, Vaillant F, Tamayo-Castillo G. Oral administration of Costa Rican guava (Psidium friedrichsthalianum) juice induces changes in urinary excretion of energy-related compounds in Wistar rats determined by 1H NMR. NFS JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Xu J, Patassini S, Begley P, Church S, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RLM, Unwin RD, Cooper GJS. Cerebral deficiency of vitamin B5 (d-pantothenic acid; pantothenate) as a potentially-reversible cause of neurodegeneration and dementia in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:676-681. [PMID: 32416962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of age-related neurodegeneration and dementia, and there are no available treatments with proven disease-modifying actions. It is therefore appropriate to study hitherto-unknown aspects of brain structure/function in AD to seek alternative disease-related mechanisms that might be targeted by new therapeutic interventions with disease-modifying actions. During hypothesis-generating metabolomic studies of brain, we identified apparent differences in levels of vitamin B5 between AD cases and controls. We therefore developed a method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry by which we quantitated vitamin B5 concentrations in seven brain regions from nine AD cases and nine controls. We found that widespread, severe cerebral deficiency of vitamin B5 occurs in AD. This deficiency was worse in those regions known to undergo severe damage, including the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and middle temporal gyrus. Vitamin B5 is the obligate precursor of CoA/acetyl-CoA (acetyl-coenzyme A), which plays myriad key roles in the metabolism of all organs, including the brain. In brain, acetyl-CoA is the obligate precursor of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and the complex fatty-acyl groups that mediate the essential insulator role of myelin, both processes being defective in AD; moreover, the large cerebral vitamin B5 concentrations co-localize almost entirely to white matter. Vitamin B5 is well tolerated when administered orally to humans and other mammals. We conclude that cerebral vitamin B5 deficiency may well cause neurodegeneration and dementia in AD, which might be preventable or even reversible in its early stages, by treatment with suitable oral doses of vitamin B5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Xu
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK; Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics (CADET), Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK; School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stefano Patassini
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK; Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics (CADET), Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK; School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul Begley
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK; Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics (CADET), Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephanie Church
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK; Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics (CADET), Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Henry J Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard D Unwin
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK; Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics (CADET), Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Garth J S Cooper
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK; Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics (CADET), Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK; School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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14
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Moretti R, Peinkhofer C. B Vitamins and Fatty Acids: What Do They Share with Small Vessel Disease-Related Dementia? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5797. [PMID: 31752183 PMCID: PMC6888477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have been written on vitamin supplementation, fatty acid, and dementia, but results are still under debate, and no definite conclusion has yet been drawn. Nevertheless, a significant amount of lab evidence confirms that vitamins of the B group are tightly related to gene control for endothelium protection, act as antioxidants, play a co-enzymatic role in the most critical biochemical reactions inside the brain, and cooperate with many other elements, such as choline, for the synthesis of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine, through S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) methyl donation. B-vitamins have anti-inflammatory properties and act in protective roles against neurodegenerative mechanisms, for example, through modulation of the glutamate currents and a reduction of the calcium currents. In addition, they also have extraordinary antioxidant properties. However, laboratory data are far from clinical practice. Many studies have tried to apply these results in everyday clinical activity, but results have been discouraging and far from a possible resolution of the associated mysteries, like those represented by Alzheimer's disease (AD) or small vessel disease dementia. Above all, two significant problems emerge from the research: No consensus exists on general diagnostic criteria-MCI or AD? Which diagnostic criteria should be applied for small vessel disease-related dementia? In addition, no general schema exists for determining a possible correct time of implementation to have effective results. Here we present an up-to-date review of the literature on such topics, shedding some light on the possible interaction of vitamins and phosphatidylcholine, and their role in brain metabolism and catabolism. Further studies should take into account all of these questions, with well-designed and world-homogeneous trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Moretti
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
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15
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Patassini S, Begley P, Xu J, Church SJ, Kureishy N, Reid SJ, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RLM, Snell RG, Unwin RD, Cooper GJS. Cerebral Vitamin B5 (D-Pantothenic Acid) Deficiency as a Potential Cause of Metabolic Perturbation and Neurodegeneration in Huntington's Disease. Metabolites 2019; 9:E113. [PMID: 31212603 PMCID: PMC6630497 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9060113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat in exon 1 of the HTT gene. HD usually manifests in mid-life with loss of GABAergic projection neurons from the striatum accompanied by progressive atrophy of the putamen followed by other brain regions, but linkages between the genetics and neurodegeneration are not understood. We measured metabolic perturbations in HD-human brain in a case-control study, identifying pervasive lowering of vitamin B5, the obligatory precursor of coenzyme A (CoA) that is essential for normal intermediary metabolism. Cerebral pantothenate deficiency is a newly-identified metabolic defect in human HD that could potentially: (i) impair neuronal CoA biosynthesis; (ii) stimulate polyol-pathway activity; (iii) impair glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle activity; and (iv) modify brain-urea metabolism. Pantothenate deficiency could lead to neurodegeneration/dementia in HD that might be preventable by treatment with vitamin B5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Patassini
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M19 9NT, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
- Owlstone Medical, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK.
| | - Paul Begley
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M19 9NT, UK.
| | - Jingshu Xu
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M19 9NT, UK.
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK.
| | - Stephanie J Church
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M19 9NT, UK.
| | - Nina Kureishy
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M19 9NT, UK.
| | - Suzanne J Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Henry J Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Russell G Snell
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Richard D Unwin
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M19 9NT, UK.
| | - Garth J S Cooper
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M19 9NT, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK.
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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16
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Qian W, Shan J, Shen C, Yang R, Xie T, Di L. Brain Metabolomics Reveal the Antipyretic Effects of Jinxin Oral Liquid in Young Rats by Using Gas Chromatography⁻Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites 2019; 9:E6. [PMID: 30609645 PMCID: PMC6359216 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrexia is considered as a part of host's defense response to the invasion of microorganisms or inanimate matter recognized as pathogenic or alien, which frequently occurs in children. Jinxin oral liquid (JXOL) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula that has been widely used to treat febrile children in China. Experimental fever was induced by injecting yeast into young male Sprague-Dawley rats (80 ± 20 g) and the rectal temperature subsequently changed. Four hours later, the excessive production of interleukin (IL)-1β and prostaglandin (PG) E2 induced by yeast was regulated to normal by JXOL administration. A rat brain metabolomics investigation of pyrexia of yeast and antipyretic effect of JXOL was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Clear separation was achieved between the model and normal group. Twenty-two significantly altered metabolites were found in pyretic rats as potential biomarkers of fever. Twelve metabolites, significantly adjusted by JXOL to help relieve pyrexia, were selected out as biomarkers of antipyretic mechanism of JXOL, which were involved in glycolysis, purine metabolism, tryptophan mechanism, etc. In conclusion, the brain metabolomics revealed potential biomarkers in the JXOL antipyretic process and the associated pathways, which may aid in advanced understanding of fever and therapeutic mechanism of JXOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Qian
- Jiangsu Key Labortory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Jiangsu Key Labortory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Cunsi Shen
- Jiangsu Key Labortory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Rui Yang
- Jiangsu Key Labortory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Tong Xie
- Jiangsu Key Labortory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Liuqing Di
- Jiangsu Key Labortory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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17
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Mo Q, Li Y, Wang J, Shi G. Identification of mutations restricting autocatalytic activation of bacterial L-aspartate α-decarboxylase. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1433-1440. [PMID: 30073608 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial L-aspartate α-decarboxylase (PanD) specifically catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-aspartic acid to β-alanine. It is translated as an inactive pro-protein, then processed by self-cleavage to form two small subunits with catalytic activity. There is a significant difference in the efficiency of this process among the reported PanDs, while the structural basis remains unclear. More PanDs with known sequences and characterized properties are needed to shed light on the molecular basis of the self-cleavage process. In this study, PanD genes from 33 selected origins were synthesized and expressed; using purified recombinant enzymes, their self-processing properties were characterized and classified. Three classes of PanDs were acquired based on their self-cleavage efficiency. Combined with the phylogenetic analysis and structure comparison, sited-directed mutagenesis was performed to investigate the effects of four mutants on self-processing. In comparison with the wild-type (96.4%), the self-cleavage efficiencies of mutants V23E, I26C, T27A, and E56S were decreased to 90.5, 83.6, 74.4 and 81.2%, respectively. The results indicated that residues of V23, I26, T27 and E56 were critical to the self-cleavage processing of PanDs. This work provided further understanding to the self-cleavage processing of PanDs, which may contribute to protein engineering of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Mo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youran Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junhua Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China. .,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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18
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Kowalczuk L, Matet A, Dor M, Bararpour N, Daruich A, Dirani A, Behar-Cohen F, Thomas A, Turck N. Proteome and Metabolome of Subretinal Fluid in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy and Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment: A Pilot Case Study. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:3. [PMID: 29359109 PMCID: PMC5772832 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the molecular composition of subretinal fluid (SRF) in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) using proteomics and metabolomics. METHODS SRF was obtained from one patient with severe nonresolving bullous CSCR requiring surgical subretinal fibrin removal, and two patients with long-standing RRD. Proteins were trypsin-digested, labeled with Tandem-Mass-Tag and fractionated according to their isoelectric point for identification and quantification by tandem mass spectrometry. Independently, metabolites were extracted on cold methanol/ethanol, and identified by untargeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Bioinformatics analyses were conducted. RESULTS In total, 291 proteins and 651 metabolites were identified in SRF samples. Compared with RRD, 128 proteins (77 downregulated; 51 upregulated) and 76 metabolites (43 downregulated; 33 upregulated) differed in the SRF from CSCR. Protein and metabolites notably deregulated in CSCR were related to glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, inflammation (including serum amyloid P component, versican), alternative complement pathway (complement factor H and complement factor H-related protein), cellular adhesion, biliary acid metabolism (farnesoid X receptor/retinoid X receptor), and gluco- and mineralocorticoid systems (aldosterone, angiotensin, and corticosteroid-binding globulin). CONCLUSIONS Proteomics and metabolomics can be performed on SRF. A unique SRF sample from CSCR exhibited a distinct molecular profile compared with RRD. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE This first comparative multiomics analysis of SRF improved the understanding of CSCR and RRD pathophysiology. It identified pathways potentially involved in the better photoreceptor preservation in CSCR, suggesting neuroprotective targets that will require additional confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kowalczuk
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Matet
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Dor
- OPTICS Laboratory, Department of Human Protein Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Alejandra Daruich
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ali Dirani
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Inserm, U1138, Team 17, From physiopathology of ocular diseases to clinical development, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Thomas
- Unit of Toxicology, CURML, Lausanne-Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natacha Turck
- OPTICS Laboratory, Department of Human Protein Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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19
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Dard R, Meyniel C, Touitou V, Stevanin G, Lamari F, Durr A, Ewenczyk C, Mochel F. Mutations in DDHD1 , encoding a phospholipase A1, is a novel cause of retinopathy and neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. Eur J Med Genet 2017; 60:639-642. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Pęczkowska M, Cwikla J, Kidd M, Lewczuk A, Kolasinska-Ćwikła A, Niec D, Michałowska I, Prejbisz A, Januszewicz A, Chiarelli J, Bodei L, Modlin I. The clinical utility of circulating neuroendocrine gene transcript analysis in well-differentiated paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 176:143-157. [PMID: 27913608 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas (PPGLs) exhibit variable malignancy, which is difficult to determine by histopathology, amine measurements or tissue genetic analyses. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether a 51-neuroendocrine gene blood analysis has clinical utility as a diagnostic and prognostic marker. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. Well-differentiated PPGLs (n = 32), metastatic (n = 4); SDHx mutation (n = 25); 12 biochemically active, Lanreotide treated (n = 4). Nine patients had multiple sampling. Age- and gender-matched controls and GEP-NETs (comparators). METHODS Circulating neuroendocrine tumor mRNA measured (qPCR) with multianalyte algorithmic analysis. Metabolic, epigenomic and proliferative genes as well as somatostatin receptor expression were assessed (averaged, normalized gene expression: mean ± s.e.m.). Amines were measured by HPLC and chromogranin A by ELISA. Analyses (2-tailed): Fisher's test, non-parametric (Mann-Whitney), receiver-operator curve (ROC) and multivariate analysis (MVA). All data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. RESULTS PPGL were NETest positive (100%). All exhibited higher scores than controls (55 ± 5% vs 8 ± 1%, P = 0.0001), similar to GEP-NETs (47 ± 5%). ROC analysis area under curve was 0.98 for differentiating PPGLs/controls (cut-off for normal: 26.7%). Mutation status was not directly linked to NETest. Genetic and molecular clustering was associated (P < 0.04) with NETest scores. Metastatic (80 ± 9%) and multicentric (64 ± 9%) disease had significantly (P < 0.04) higher scores than localized disease (43 ± 7%). Progressive disease (PD) had the highest scores (86 ± 2%) vs stable (SD, 41 ± 2%) (P < 0.0001). The area under the curve for PD from SD was 0.93 (cut-off for PD: 53%). Proliferation, epigenetic and somatostatin receptor gene expression was elevated (P < 0.03) in PD. Metabolic gene expression was decreased in SDHx mutations. Repeat NETest measurements defined clinical status in the 9 patients (6 SD and 3 PD). Amine measurement was non-informative. Multivariate analysis identified NETest >53% as an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSION Circulating NET transcript analysis is positive (100% diagnostic) in well-differentiated PCC/PGL, scores were elevated in progressive disease irrespective of mutation or biochemical activity and elevated levels were prognostic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Cwikla
- University of Warmia and MazuryThe Faculty of Medical Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - M Kidd
- Wren LaboratoriesBranford, Connecticut, USA
| | - A Lewczuk
- Medical University of GdanskGdansk, Poland
| | | | - D Niec
- Institute of CardiologyWarsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - L Bodei
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, USA
| | - I Modlin
- Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, Connecticut, USA
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21
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Goosen R, Strauss E. Simultaneous quantification of coenzyme A and its salvage pathway intermediates in in vitro and whole cell-sourced samples. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00192d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for the quantitative analysis of CoA and its thiolated precursors was developed, addressing the analytical shortcomings of previous methods. Its utility was showcased by analysis ofin vitroenzyme reactions and samples extracted from various bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Goosen
- Department of Biochemistry
- Stellenbosch University
- Stellenbosch
- South Africa
| | - E. Strauss
- Department of Biochemistry
- Stellenbosch University
- Stellenbosch
- South Africa
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22
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Gore E, Appleby BS, Cohen ML, DeBrosse SD, Leverenz JB, Miller BL, Siedlak SL, Zhu X, Lerner AJ. Clinical and imaging characteristics of late onset mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN). Neurocase 2016; 22:476-483. [PMID: 27801611 PMCID: PMC5568540 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2016.1247458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Young onset dementias present significant diagnostic challenges. We present the case of a 35-year-old Kuwaiti man with social withdrawal, drowsiness, irritability, anxiety, aphasia, memory loss, hypereflexia, and Parkinsonism. Brain MRI showed bilateral symmetric gradient echo hypointensities in the globi pallidi and substantiae nigrae. Left cortical hypometabolism was seen on brain fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. A cortical brain biopsy revealed a high Lewy body burden. Genetic testing revealed a homozygous p.T11M mutation in the C19orf12 gene consistent with mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration. This is the oldest onset age of MPAN reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Gore
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Beachwood, OH, USA
| | - Brian S. Appleby
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 3619 Park East Drive, Beachwood, OH, USA
| | - Mark L. Cohen
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Suzanne D. DeBrosse
- Departments of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Pediatrics, and Neurology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James B. Leverenz
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bruce L. Miller
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sandra L. Siedlak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alan J. Lerner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Beachwood, OH, USA
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23
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Woltjer RL, Reese LC, Richardson BE, Tran H, Green S, Pham T, Chalupsky M, Gabriel I, Light T, Sanford L, Jeong SY, Hamada J, Schwanemann LK, Rogers C, Gregory A, Hogarth P, Hayflick SJ. Pallidal neuronal apolipoprotein E in pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration recapitulates ischemic injury to the globus pallidus. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 116:289-97. [PMID: 26547561 PMCID: PMC4688119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is a progressive movement disorder that is due to mutations in PANK2. Pathologically, it is a member of a class of diseases known as neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) and features increased tissue iron and ubiquitinated proteinaceous aggregates in the globus pallidus. We have previously determined that these aggregates represent condensed residue derived from degenerated pallidal neurons. However, the protein content, other than ubiquitin, of these aggregates remains unknown. In the present study, we performed biochemical and immunohistochemical studies to characterize these aggregates and found them to be enriched in apolipoprotein E that is poorly soluble in detergent solutions. However, we did not determine a significant association between APOE genotype and the clinical phenotype of disease in our database of 81 cases. Rather, we frequently identified similar ubiquitin- and apolipoprotein E-enriched lesions in these neurons in non-PKAN patients in the penumbrae of remote infarcts that involve the globus pallidus, and occasionally in other brain sites that contain large γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons. Our findings, taken together, suggest that tissue or cellular hypoxic/ischemic injury within the globus pallidus may underlie the pathogenesis of PKAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall L Woltjer
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
| | - Lindsay C Reese
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Brian E Richardson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Huong Tran
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Sarah Green
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Thao Pham
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Megan Chalupsky
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Isabella Gabriel
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Tyler Light
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Lynn Sanford
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Suh Young Jeong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Jeffrey Hamada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Leila K Schwanemann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Caleb Rogers
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Allison Gregory
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Penelope Hogarth
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Susan J Hayflick
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
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Measurement of circulating transcripts and gene cluster analysis predicts and defines therapeutic efficacy of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) in neuroendocrine tumors. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 43:839-851. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Zizioli D, Tiso N, Guglielmi A, Saraceno C, Busolin G, Giuliani R, Khatri D, Monti E, Borsani G, Argenton F, Finazzi D. Knock-down of pantothenate kinase 2 severely affects the development of the nervous and vascular system in zebrafish, providing new insights into PKAN disease. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 85:35-48. [PMID: 26476142 PMCID: PMC4684146 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pantothenate Kinase Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN) is an autosomal recessive disorder with mutations in the pantothenate kinase 2 gene (PANK2), encoding an essential enzyme for Coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis. The molecular connection between defects in this enzyme and the neurodegenerative phenotype observed in PKAN patients is still poorly understood. We exploited the zebrafish model to study the role played by the pank2 gene during embryonic development and get new insight into PKAN pathogenesis. The zebrafish orthologue of hPANK2 lies on chromosome 13, is a maternal gene expressed in all development stages and, in adult animals, is highly abundant in CNS, dorsal aorta and caudal vein. The injection of a splice-inhibiting morpholino induced a clear phenotype with perturbed brain morphology and hydrocephalus; edema was present in the heart region and caudal plexus, where hemorrhages with reduction of blood circulation velocity were detected. We characterized the CNS phenotype by studying the expression pattern of wnt1 and neurog1 neural markers and by use of the Tg(neurod:EGFP/sox10:dsRed) transgenic line. The results evidenced that downregulation of pank2 severely impairs neuronal development, particularly in the anterior part of CNS (telencephalon). Whole-mount in situ hybridization analysis of the endothelial markers cadherin-5 and fli1a, and use of Tg(fli1a:EGFP/gata1a:dsRed) transgenic line, confirmed the essential role of pank2 in the formation of the vascular system. The specificity of the morpholino-induced phenotype was proved by the restoration of a normal development in a high percentage of embryos co-injected with pank2 mRNA. Also, addition of pantethine or CoA, but not of vitamin B5, to pank2 morpholino-injected embryos rescued the phenotype with high efficiency. The zebrafish model indicates the relevance of pank2 activity and CoA homeostasis for normal neuronal development and functioning and provides evidence of an unsuspected role for this enzyme and its product in vascular development. Zebrafish pank2 gene is highly expressed in the CNS and the main vascular structures. Pank2 down-regulation severely affects the development of the forebrain. Pank2 down-regulation affects the dorsal aorta, caudal vein and inter-somitic vessels. Pantethine and Coenzyme A restore the normal development in the absence of pank2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zizioli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Natascia Tiso
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Adele Guglielmi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Saraceno
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Busolin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Giuliani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Deepak Khatri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenio Monti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borsani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Argenton
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Dario Finazzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Spedali Civili Hospital, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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26
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Eraly SA, Liu HC, Jamshidi N, Nigam SK. Transcriptome-based reconstructions from the murine knockout suggest involvement of the urate transporter, URAT1 (slc22a12), in novel metabolic pathways. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 3:51-61. [PMID: 26251846 PMCID: PMC4522937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
URAT1 (slc22a12) was identified as the transporter responsible for renal reabsorption of the medically important compound, uric acid. However, subsequent studies have indicated that other transporters make contributions to this process, and that URAT1 transports other organic anions besides urate (including several in common with the closely related multi-specific renal organic anion transporters, OAT1 (slc22a6) and OAT3 (slc22a8)). These findings raise the possibility that urate transport is not the sole physiological function of URAT1. We previously characterized mice null for the murine ortholog of URAT1 (mURAT1; previously cloned as RST), finding a relatively modest decrement in urate reabsorptive capacity. Nevertheless, there were shifts in the plasma and urinary concentrations of multiple small molecules, suggesting significant metabolic changes in the knockouts. Although these molecules remain unidentified, here we have computationally delineated the biochemical networks consistent with transcriptomic data from the null mice. These analyses suggest alterations in the handling of not only urate but also other putative URAT1 substrates comprising intermediates in nucleotide, carbohydrate, and steroid metabolism. Moreover, the analyses indicate changes in multiple other pathways, including those relating to the metabolism of glycosaminoglycans, methionine, and coenzyme A, possibly reflecting downstream effects of URAT1 loss. Taken together with the available substrate and metabolomic data for the other OATs, our findings suggest that the transport and biochemical functions of URAT1 overlap those of OAT1 and OAT3, and could contribute to our understanding of the relationship between uric acid and the various metabolic disorders to which it has been linked. URAT1 handles multiple substrates suggesting functions beyond urate transport We determined metabolic constraints of gene expression changes in URAT1 null mice These suggest URAT1 involvement in multiple bioenergtic and biosynthetic pathways
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish A Eraly
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Henry C Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Neema Jamshidi
- Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Sanjay K Nigam
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 ; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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27
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Patent highlights April–May 2015. Pharm Pat Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.4155/ppa.15.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
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28
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Malanchuk OM, Panasyuk GG, Serbin NM, Gout IT, Filonenko VV. Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific to Coenzyme A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.7124/bc.0008df] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - G. G. Panasyuk
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine
| | - N. M. Serbin
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine
| | - I. T. Gout
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London
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Coenzyme A and its derivatives: renaissance of a textbook classic. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1025-32. [PMID: 25109997 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In 1945, Fritz Lipmann discovered a heat-stable cofactor required for many enzyme-catalysed acetylation reactions. He later determined the structure for this acetylation coenzyme, or coenzyme A (CoA), an achievement for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1953. CoA is now firmly embedded in the literature, and in students' minds, as an acyl carrier in metabolic reactions. However, recent research has revealed diverse and important roles for CoA above and beyond intermediary metabolism. As well as participating in direct post-translational regulation of metabolic pathways by protein acetylation, CoA modulates the epigenome via acetylation of histones. The organization of CoA biosynthetic enzymes into multiprotein complexes with different partners also points to close linkages between the CoA pool and multiple signalling pathways. Dysregulation of CoA biosynthesis or CoA thioester homoeostasis is associated with various human pathologies and, although the biochemistry of CoA biosynthesis is highly conserved, there are significant sequence and structural differences between microbial and human biosynthetic enzymes. Therefore the CoA biosynthetic pathway is an attractive target for drug discovery. The purpose of the Coenzyme A and Its Derivatives in Cellular Metabolism and Disease Biochemical Society Focused Meeting was to bring together researchers from around the world to discuss the most recent advances on the influence of CoA, its biosynthetic enzymes and its thioesters in cellular metabolism and diseases and to discuss challenges and opportunities for the future.
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Meyer E, Kurian MA, Hayflick SJ. Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation: Genetic Diversity and Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2015; 16:257-79. [PMID: 25973518 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-025011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) comprises a heterogeneous group of progressive disorders with the common feature of excessive iron deposition in the brain. Over the last decade, advances in sequencing technologies have greatly facilitated rapid gene discovery, and several single-gene disorders are now included in this group. Identification of the genetic bases of the NBIA disorders has advanced our understanding of the disease processes caused by reduced coenzyme A synthesis, impaired lipid metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and defective autophagy. The contribution of iron to disease pathophysiology remains uncertain, as does the identity of a putative final common pathway by which the iron accumulates. Ongoing elucidation of the pathogenesis of each NBIA disorder will have significant implications for the identification and design of novel therapies to treat patients with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Meyer
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; ,
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Ceccatelli Berti C, Dallabona C, Lazzaretti M, Dusi S, Tosi E, Tiranti V, Goffrini P. Modeling human Coenzyme A synthase mutation in yeast reveals altered mitochondrial function, lipid content and iron metabolism. MICROBIAL CELL 2015; 2:126-135. [PMID: 28357284 PMCID: PMC5348974 DOI: 10.15698/mic2015.04.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in nuclear genes associated with defective coenzyme A biosynthesis have been identified as responsible for some forms of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA), namely PKAN and CoPAN. PKAN are defined by mutations in PANK2, encoding the pantothenate kinase 2 enzyme, that account for about 50% of cases of NBIA, whereas mutations in CoA synthase COASY have been recently reported as the second inborn error of CoA synthesis leading to CoPAN. As reported previously, yeast cells expressing the pathogenic mutation exhibited a temperature-sensitive growth defect in the absence of pantothenate and a reduced CoA content. Additional characterization revealed decreased oxygen consumption, reduced activities of mitochondrial respiratory complexes, higher iron content, increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and reduced amount of lipid droplets, thus partially recapitulating the phenotypes found in patients and establishing yeast as a potential model to clarify the pathogenesis underlying PKAN and CoPAN diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sabrina Dusi
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics - Pierfranco and Luisa Mariani Center for the study of Mitochondrial Disorders in Children, IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute "C. Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Tosi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics - Pierfranco and Luisa Mariani Center for the study of Mitochondrial Disorders in Children, IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute "C. Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Goffrini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Santambrogio P, Dusi S, Guaraldo M, Rotundo LI, Broccoli V, Garavaglia B, Tiranti V, Levi S. Mitochondrial iron and energetic dysfunction distinguish fibroblasts and induced neurons from pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration patients. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 81:144-53. [PMID: 25836419 PMCID: PMC4642744 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration is an early onset autosomal recessive movement disorder caused by mutation of the pantothenate kinase-2 gene, which encodes a mitochondrial enzyme involved in coenzyme A synthesis. The disorder is characterised by high iron levels in the brain, although the pathological mechanism leading to this accumulation is unknown. To address this question, we tested primary skin fibroblasts from three patients and three healthy subjects, as well as neurons induced by direct fibroblast reprogramming, for oxidative status, mitochondrial functionality and iron parameters. The patients' fibroblasts showed altered oxidative status, reduced antioxidant defence, and impaired cytosolic and mitochondrial aconitase activities compared to control cells. Mitochondrial iron homeostasis and functionality analysis of patient fibroblasts indicated increased labile iron pool content and reactive oxygen species development, altered mitochondrial shape, decreased membrane potential and reduced ATP levels. Furthermore, analysis of induced neurons, performed at a single cell level, confirmed some of the results obtained in fibroblasts, indicating an altered oxidative status and signs of mitochondrial dysfunction, possibly due to iron mishandling. Thus, for the first time, altered biological processes have been identified in vitro in live diseased neurons. Moreover, the obtained induced neurons can be considered a suitable human neuronal model for the identification of candidate therapeutic compounds for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Santambrogio
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Sabrina Dusi
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS-Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Guaraldo
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, 20132 Milano, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Luisa Ida Rotundo
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Vania Broccoli
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS-Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS-Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Sonia Levi
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, 20132 Milano, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy.
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