1
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Schwan J, Markert S, Rosenfeldt S, Schüler D, Mickoleit F, Schenk AS. Comparing the Colloidal Stabilities of Commercial and Biogenic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles That Have Potential In Vitro/In Vivo Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:4895. [PMID: 37446557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
For the potential in vitro/in vivo applications of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, their stability in different physiological fluids has to be ensured. This important prerequisite includes the preservation of the particles' stability during the envisaged application and, consequently, their invariance with respect to the transfer from storage conditions to cell culture media or even bodily fluids. Here, we investigate the colloidal stabilities of commercial nanoparticles with different coatings as a model system for biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles (magnetosomes) isolated from magnetotactic bacteria. We demonstrate that the stability can be evaluated and quantified by determining the intensity-weighted average of the particle sizes (Z-value) obtained from dynamic light scattering experiments as a simple quality criterion, which can also be used as an indicator for protein corona formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schwan
- Physical Chemistry IV, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Simon Markert
- Department Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sabine Rosenfeldt
- Physical Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Dirk Schüler
- Department Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Frank Mickoleit
- Department Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna S Schenk
- Physical Chemistry IV, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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2
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Mickoleit F, Jörke C, Richter R, Rosenfeldt S, Markert S, Rehberg I, Schenk AS, Bäumchen O, Schüler D, Clement JH. Long-Term Stability, Biocompatibility, and Magnetization of Suspensions of Isolated Bacterial Magnetosomes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206244. [PMID: 36799182 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Magnetosomes are magnetic nanoparticles biosynthesized by magnetotactic bacteria. Due to a genetically strictly controlled biomineralization process, the ensuing magnetosomes have been envisioned as agents for biomedical and clinical applications. In the present work, different stability parameters of magnetosomes isolated from Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense upon storage in suspension (HEPES buffer, 4 °C, nitrogen atmosphere) for one year in the absence of antibiotics are examined. The magnetic potency, measured by the saturation magnetization of the particle suspension, drops to one-third of its starting value within this year-about ten times slower than at ambient air and room temperature. The particle size distribution, the integrity of the surrounding magnetosome membrane, the colloidal stability, and the biocompatibility turn out to be not severely affected by long-term storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Mickoleit
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Cornelia Jörke
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Richter
- Experimental Physics V, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sabine Rosenfeldt
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447, Bayreuth, Germany
- Physical Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Simon Markert
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ingo Rehberg
- Experimental Physics V, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna S Schenk
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447, Bayreuth, Germany
- Physical Chemistry IV, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Oliver Bäumchen
- Experimental Physics V, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Dirk Schüler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Joachim H Clement
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747, Jena, Germany
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3
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Wei NL, Xu W, Tang HL, Xie Q, Zhai Y, Chen J, Zhang XY, Zhu JH. Learning from magnetotactic bacteria: mms6 protects stem cells from oxidative damage. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1075640. [PMID: 36505515 PMCID: PMC9728029 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1075640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative damage generally exists in stroke and impairs stem cells' survival; however, the problem is difficult to treat. In order to help stem cells to resist this damage, we inserted a magnetotactic bacteria (MB) gene, mms6, into the neural stem cell genome by lentiviral transfection. It was found that the transfection of mms6 significantly improved the survival rate of stem cells in the condition of iron overload but not hypoxia. The bioenergetic profile also revealed that iron overloading weakened the mitochondrial respiration and spare respiration capacity of stem cells, but that these were enhanced after the expression of mms6. Additionally, Western blotting (WB) data revealed that mms6 upregulated the expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPX4), which protected stem cells from oxidative damage and ferroptosis. In order to determine the possible mechanisms, we analyzed the interactions between the MMS6 protein, Fe2+, and GPX4 via analog computation. The predicted models found that the MMS6 protein had a direct chelating site in the region of M6A with divalent iron; it also had weak binding with GPX4. Taken together, the magnetotactic bacterial gene mms6 protected stem cells from oxidative damage via binding with Fe2+, which could help them adapt to the microenvironment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Li Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College-Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Liang Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College-Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Zhai
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Hong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College-Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Yavuz M, Ütkür M, Kehribar EŞ, Yağız E, Sarıtaş EÜ, Şeker UÖŞ. Engineered Bacteria with Genetic Circuits Accumulating Nanomagnets as MRI Contrast Agents. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200537. [PMID: 35567331 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The demand for highly efficient cancer diagnostic tools increases alongside the high cancer incidence nowadays. Moreover, there is an imperative need for novel cancer treatment therapies that lack the side effects of conventional treatment options. Developments in this aspect employ magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for biomedical applications due to their stability, biocompatibility, and magnetic properties. Certain organisms, including many bacteria, can synthesize magnetic nanocrystals, which help their spatial orientation and survival by sensing the earth's geomagnetic field. This work aims to convert Escherichia coli to accumulate magnetite, which can further be coupled with drug delivery modules. The authors design magnetite accumulating bacterial machines using genetic circuitries hiring Mms6 with iron-binding activity and essential in magnetite crystal formation. The work demonstrates that the combinatorial effect of Mms6 with ferroxidase, iron transporter protein, and material binding peptide enhances the paramagnetic behavior of the cells in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements. Cellular machines are also engineered to display Mms6 peptide on the cell surface via an autotransporter protein that shows augmented MRI performance. The findings are promising for endowing a probiotic bacterium, able to accumulate magnetite intracellularly or extracellularly, serving as a theranostics agent for cancer diagnostics via MRI scanning and hyperthermia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Yavuz
- UNAM- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ütkür
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Ebru Şahin Kehribar
- UNAM- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Ecrin Yağız
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Emine Ülkü Sarıtaş
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Urartu Özgür Şafak Şeker
- UNAM- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
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5
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Mittmann E, Mickoleit F, Maier DS, Stäbler SY, Klein MA, Niemeyer CM, Rabe KS, Schüler D. A Magnetosome-Based Platform for Flow Biocatalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22138-22150. [PMID: 35508355 PMCID: PMC9121345 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis in flow reactor systems is of increasing importance for the transformation of the chemical industry. However, the necessary immobilization of biocatalysts remains a challenge. We here demonstrate that biogenic magnetic nanoparticles, so-called magnetosomes, represent an attractive alternative for the development of nanoscale particle formulations to enable high and stable conversion rates in biocatalytic flow processes. In addition to their intriguing material characteristics, such as high crystallinity, stable magnetic moments, and narrow particle size distribution, magnetosomes offer the unbeatable advantage over chemically synthesized nanoparticles that foreign protein "cargo" can be immobilized on the enveloping membrane via genetic engineering and thus, stably presented on the particle surface. To exploit these advantages, we develop a modular connector system in which abundant magnetosome membrane anchors are genetically fused with SpyCatcher coupling groups, allowing efficient covalent coupling with complementary SpyTag-functionalized proteins. The versatility of this approach is demonstrated by immobilizing a dimeric phenolic acid decarboxylase to SpyCatcher magnetosomes. The functionalized magnetosomes outperform similarly functionalized commercial particles by exhibiting stable substrate conversion during a 60 h period, with an average space-time yield of 49.2 mmol L-1 h-1. Overall, our results demonstrate that SpyCatcher magnetosomes significantly expand the genetic toolbox for particle surface functionalization and increase their application potential as nano-biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Mittmann
- Institute
for Biological Interfaces 1, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Frank Mickoleit
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Denis S. Maier
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sabrina Y. Stäbler
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Marius A. Klein
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- Institute
for Biological Interfaces 1, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Kersten S. Rabe
- Institute
for Biological Interfaces 1, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schüler
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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6
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Ben-Shimon S, Stein D, Zarivach R. Current view of iron biomineralization in magnetotactic bacteria. JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY-X 2021; 5:100052. [PMID: 34723168 PMCID: PMC8536778 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2021.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Iron biomineralization into magnetic nanoparticles by Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB). Magnetosome formation mechanism presented in four main steps. Magnetosome-associated proteins (MAPs) regulate the biomineralization process. Chain arrangement and crystals morphology Variations exist between different MTB.
Biomineralization is the process of mineral formation by living organisms. One notable example of these organisms is magnetotactic bacteria (MTB). MTB are Gram-negative bacteria that can biomineralize iron into magnetic nanoparticles. This ability allows these aquatic microorganisms to orient themselves according to the geomagnetic field. The biomineralization process takes place in a specialized sub-cellular membranous organelle, the magnetosome. The magnetosome contains a defined set of magnetosome-associated proteins (MAPs) that controls the biomineralization environment, including iron concentration, redox, and pH. Magnetite formation is subjected to a tight regulation within the magnetosome that affects the nanoparticle nucleation, size, and shape, leading to well-defined magnetic properties. The formed magnetite nanoparticles have unique characteristics of a stable, single magnetic domain with narrow size distribution and high crystalline structures, which turned MTB into the subject of interest in multidisciplinary research. This graphical review provides a current overview of iron biomineralization in magnetotactic bacteria, focusing on Alphaproteobacteria. To better understand this complex mechanism, we present the four main steps and the main MAPs participating in the process of magnetosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirel Ben-Shimon
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Daniel Stein
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
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7
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Mickoleit F, Jörke C, Geimer S, Maier DS, Müller JP, Demut J, Gräfe C, Schüler D, Clement JH. Biocompatibility, uptake and subcellular localization of bacterial magnetosomes in mammalian cells. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:3799-3815. [PMID: 34263139 PMCID: PMC8243654 DOI: 10.1039/d0na01086c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Magnetosomes represent biogenic, magnetic nanoparticles biosynthesized by magnetotactic bacteria. Subtle biological control on each step of biomineralization generates core-shell nanoparticles of high crystallinity, strong magnetization and uniform shape and size. These features make magnetosomes a promising alternative to chemically synthesized nanoparticles for many applications in the biotechnological and biomedical field, such as their usage as biosensors in medical diagnostics, as drug-delivery agents, or as contrast agents for magnetic imaging techniques. Thereby, the particles are directly applied to mammalian cells or even injected into the body. In the present work, we provide a comprehensive characterization of isolated magnetosomes as potential cytotoxic effects and particle uptake have not been well studied so far. Different cell lines including cancer cells and primary cells are incubated with increasing particle amounts, and effects on cell viability are investigated. Obtained data suggest a concentration-dependent biocompatibility of isolated magnetosomes for all tested cell lines. Furthermore, magnetosome accumulation in endolysosomal structures around the nuclei is observed. Proliferation rates are affected in the presence of increasing particle amounts; however, viability is not affected and doubling times can be restored by reducing the magnetosome concentration. In addition, we evidence magnetosome-cell interactions that are strong enough to allow for magnetic cell sorting. Overall, our study not only assesses the biocompatibility of isolated magnetosomes, but also evaluates effects on cell proliferation and the fate of internalized magnetosomes, thereby providing prerequisites for their future in vivo application as biomedical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Mickoleit
- Dept. Microbiology, University of Bayreuth D-95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Cornelia Jörke
- Dept. Hematology and Medical Oncology, Jena University Hospital D-07747 Jena Germany
| | - Stefan Geimer
- Electron Microscopy, University of Bayreuth D-95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Denis S Maier
- Dept. Microbiology, University of Bayreuth D-95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Jörg P Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital D-07745 Jena Germany
| | - Johanna Demut
- Dept. Hematology and Medical Oncology, Jena University Hospital D-07747 Jena Germany
| | - Christine Gräfe
- Dept. Hematology and Medical Oncology, Jena University Hospital D-07747 Jena Germany
| | - Dirk Schüler
- Dept. Microbiology, University of Bayreuth D-95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Joachim H Clement
- Dept. Hematology and Medical Oncology, Jena University Hospital D-07747 Jena Germany
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8
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Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) belong to several phyla. This class of microorganisms exhibits the ability of magneto-aerotaxis. MTB synthesize biominerals in organelle-like structures called magnetosomes, which contain single-domain crystals of magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) characterized by a high degree of structural and compositional perfection. Magnetosomes from dead MTB could be preserved in sediments (called fossil magnetosomes or magnetofossils). Under certain conditions, magnetofossils are capable of retaining their remanence for millions of years. This accounts for the growing interest in MTB and magnetofossils in paleo- and rock magnetism and in a wider field of biogeoscience. At the same time, high biocompatibility of magnetosomes makes possible their potential use in biomedical applications, including magnetic resonance imaging, hyperthermia, magnetically guided drug delivery, and immunomagnetic analysis. In this review, we attempt to summarize the current state of the art in the field of MTB research and applications.
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9
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Chmykhalo V, Belanova A, Belousova M, Butova V, Makarenko Y, Khrenkova V, Soldatov A, Zolotukhin P. Microbial-based magnetic nanoparticles production: a mini-review. Integr Biol (Camb) 2021; 13:98-107. [PMID: 33829272 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The ever-increasing biomedical application of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) implies increasing demand in their scalable and high-throughput production, with finely tuned and well-controlled characteristics. One of the options to meet the demand is microbial production by nanoparticles-synthesizing bacteria. This approach has several benefits over the standard chemical synthesis methods, including improved homogeneity of synthesis, cost-effectiveness, safety and eco-friendliness. There are, however, specific challenges emanating from the nature of the approach that are to be accounted and resolved in each manufacturing instance. Most of the challenges can be resolved by proper selection of the producing organism and optimizing cell culture and nanoparticles extraction conditions. Other issues require development of proper continuous production equipment, medium usage optimization and precursor ions recycling. This mini-review focuses on the related topics in microbial synthesis of MNPs: producing organisms, culturing methods, nanoparticles characteristics tuning, nanoparticles yield and synthesis timeframe considerations, nanoparticles isolation as well as on the respective challenges and possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Chmykhalo
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Anna Belanova
- Smart Materials International Research Centre, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Mariya Belousova
- English Language Department for Natural Sciences Faculties, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Vera Butova
- Smart Materials International Research Centre, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | | | - Vera Khrenkova
- Medical Consulting Department, Rostov-on-Don Pathological-Anatomical Bureau No. 1, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Alexander Soldatov
- Smart Materials International Research Centre, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Peter Zolotukhin
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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10
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Manning JH, Walkley B, Provis JL, Patwardhan SV. Mimicking Biosintering: The Identification of Highly Condensed Surfaces in Bioinspired Silica Materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:561-568. [PMID: 33372796 PMCID: PMC7815198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial interactions between inorganic surfaces and organic additives are vital to develop new complex nanomaterials. Learning from biosilica materials, composite nanostructures have been developed, which exploit the strength and directionality of specific polyamine additive-silica surface interactions. Previous interpretations of these interactions are almost universally based on interfacial charge matching and/or hydrogen bonding. In this study, we analyzed the surface chemistry of bioinspired silica (BIS) materials using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as a function of the organic additive concentration. We found significant additional association between the additives and fully condensed (Q4) silicon species compared to industrial silica materials, leading to more overall Q4 concentration and higher hydrothermal stability, despite BIS having a shorter synthesis time. We posit that the polyfunctionality and catalytic activity of additives in the BIS synthesis lead to both of these surface phenomena, contrasting previous studies on monofunctional surfactants used in most other artificial templated silica syntheses. From this, we propose that additive polyfunctionality can be used to generate tailored artificial surfaces in situ and provide insights into the process of biosintering in biosilica systems, highlighting the need for more in-depth simulations on interfacial interactions at silica surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph
R. H. Manning
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Brant Walkley
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The
University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - John L. Provis
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The
University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - Siddharth V. Patwardhan
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
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11
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Riese CN, Uebe R, Rosenfeldt S, Schenk AS, Jérôme V, Freitag R, Schüler D. An automated oxystat fermentation regime for microoxic cultivation of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:206. [PMID: 33168043 PMCID: PMC7654035 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01469-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetosomes produced by magnetotactic bacteria represent magnetic nanoparticles with unprecedented characteristics. However, their use in many biotechnological applications has so far been hampered by their challenging bioproduction at larger scales. RESULTS Here, we developed an oxystat batch fermentation regime for microoxic cultivation of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense in a 3 L bioreactor. An automated cascade regulation enabled highly reproducible growth over a wide range of precisely controlled oxygen concentrations (1-95% of air saturation). In addition, consumption of lactate as the carbon source and nitrate as alternative electron acceptor were monitored during cultivation. While nitrate became growth limiting during anaerobic growth, lactate was the growth limiting factor during microoxic cultivation. Analysis of microoxic magnetosome biomineralization by cellular iron content, magnetic response, transmission electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering revealed magnetosomal magnetite crystals were highly uniform in size and shape. CONCLUSION The fermentation regime established in this study facilitates stable oxygen control during culturing of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. Further scale-up seems feasible by combining the stable oxygen control with feeding strategies employed in previous studies. Results of this study will facilitate the highly reproducible laboratory-scale bioproduction of magnetosomes for a diverse range of future applications in the fields of biotechnology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius N Riese
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - René Uebe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sabine Rosenfeldt
- Physical Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - Anna S Schenk
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
- Physical Chemistry - Colloidal Systems, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Chair for Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Chair for Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany.
| | - Dirk Schüler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany.
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12
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Pekarsky A, Spadiut O. Intrinsically Magnetic Cells: A Review on Their Natural Occurrence and Synthetic Generation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:573183. [PMID: 33195134 PMCID: PMC7604359 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.573183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnetization of non-magnetic cells has great potential to aid various processes in medicine, but also in bioprocess engineering. Current approaches to magnetize cells with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) require cellular uptake or adsorption through in vitro manipulation of cells. A relatively new field of research is "magnetogenetics" which focuses on in vivo production and accumulation of magnetic material. Natural intrinsically magnetic cells (IMCs) produce intracellular, MNPs, and are called magnetotactic bacteria (MTB). In recent years, researchers have unraveled function and structure of numerous proteins from MTB. Furthermore, protein engineering studies on such MTB proteins and other potentially magnetic proteins, like ferritins, highlight that in vivo magnetization of non-magnetic hosts is a thriving field of research. This review summarizes current knowledge on recombinant IMC generation and highlights future steps that can be taken to succeed in transforming non-magnetic cells to IMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Liu P, Liu Y, Zhao X, Roberts AP, Zhang H, Zheng Y, Wang F, Wang L, Menguy N, Pan Y, Li J. Diverse phylogeny and morphology of magnetite biomineralized by magnetotactic cocci. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:1115-1129. [PMID: 32985765 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are diverse prokaryotes that produce magnetic nanocrystals within intracellular membranes (magnetosomes). Here, we present a large-scale analysis of diversity and magnetosome biomineralization in modern magnetotactic cocci, which are the most abundant MTB morphotypes in nature. Nineteen novel magnetotactic cocci species are identified phylogenetically and structurally at the single-cell level. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that the cocci cluster into an independent branch from other Alphaproteobacteria MTB, that is, within the Etaproteobacteria class in the Proteobacteria phylum. Statistical analysis reveals species-specific biomineralization of magnetosomal magnetite morphologies. This further confirms that magnetosome biomineralization is controlled strictly by the MTB cell and differs among species or strains. The post-mortem remains of MTB are often preserved as magnetofossils within sediments or sedimentary rocks, yet paleobiological and geological interpretation of their fossil record remains challenging. Our results indicate that magnetofossil morphology could be a promising proxy for retrieving paleobiological information about ancient MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic MultiCellular Organisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic MultiCellular Organisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Andrew P Roberts
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Heng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Fuxian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic MultiCellular Organisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Nicolas Menguy
- France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic MultiCellular Organisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,IMPMC, CNRS UMR 7590, Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, UPMC, IRD UMR 206, Paris, France
| | - Yongxin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic MultiCellular Organisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic MultiCellular Organisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria are aquatic or sediment-dwelling microorganisms able to take advantage of the Earth's magnetic field for directed motility. The source of this amazing trait is magnetosomes, unique organelles used to synthesize single nanometer-sized crystals of magnetic iron minerals that are queued up to build an intracellular compass. Most of these microorganisms cannot be cultivated under controlled conditions, much less genetically engineered, with only few exceptions. However, two of the genetically amenable Magnetospirillum species have emerged as tractable model organisms to study magnetosome formation and magnetotaxis. Recently, much has been revealed about the process of magnetosome biogenesis and dedicated structures for magnetosome dynamics and positioning, which suggest an unexpected cellular intricacy of these organisms. In this minireview, we summarize new insights and place the molecular mechanisms of magnetosome formation in the context of the complex cell biology of Magnetospirillum spp. First, we provide an overview on magnetosome vesicle synthesis and magnetite biomineralization, followed by a discussion of the perceptions of dynamic organelle positioning and its biological implications, which highlight that magnetotactic bacteria have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to construct, incorporate, and inherit a unique navigational device. Finally, we discuss the impact of magnetotaxis on motility and its interconnection with chemotaxis, showing that magnetotactic bacteria are outstandingly adapted to lifestyle and habitat.
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15
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Jarrald RM, Liang Alvin AW, Rawlings AE, Tanaka M, Okochi M, Staniland SS. Systematic Screening and Deep Analysis of CoPt Binding Peptides Leads to Enhanced CoPt Nanoparticles Using Designed Peptides. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1981-1994. [PMID: 32657572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using protein and peptide additives to direct the crystallization of inorganic materials is a very attractive and environmentally friendly strategy to access complex and sometimes inaccessible mineral phases. CoPt is a very desirable high-magnetoanisotropic material in its L10 phase, but this is acquired by annealing at high temperatures which is incompatible with delicate nanomaterial assembly. Previous studies identified one peptide with high affinity to CoPt and four peptides with high affinity to FePt L10 phase nanoparticles (NPs) through phage display biopanning selection. While synthesis mediated by these peptides offered a small degree of L10 character to the NPs, they do not have the magnetoanistropy required for applications. In this study, we improve the activity of peptide directed crystallization by designing second generation peptides. We use the five literature sequences (LS) to probe the binding affinity deeper through dissection (alanine scanning), reduction (truncations), and substitution of the LS to find key amino acids and motifs. This is performed using a SPOT peptide array, importantly probing interactions at three stages of NP formation: with precursor, during synthesis, and with NPs. We found four universal features: 1) the importance of basic residues, particularly lysine flanking both ends of the sequence; 2) the importance of methionine; 3) shorter sequences show higher affinity than longer ones; and 4) acidic residues have a negative impact on binding with aspartic acid less favorable than glutamic acid. However, an acidic amino acid benefits, presumably to balance charge. The short motif KSLS had high affinity in all assays. Three sequences were selected from the screening, and three sequences were designed from the rules above. These were used to mediate a green synthesis of CoPt nanoparticles. The screened peptides mediated the formation of NPs with improved coercivity (90-110 Oe) compared to the LS (30-80 Oe), while the designed peptides facilitated formation of CoPt NPs with the highest coercivity (109 to 132 Oe), representing a massive improvement on L10 character. This result along with deeper insight this methodology brings offers vast potential for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie M Jarrald
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Aw W Liang Alvin
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8522, Japan
| | - Andrea E Rawlings
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Masayoshi Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8522, Japan
| | - Mina Okochi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8522, Japan
| | - Sarah S Staniland
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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16
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Investigating the ferric ion binding site of magnetite biomineralisation protein Mms6. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228708. [PMID: 32097412 PMCID: PMC7041794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomineralization protein Mms6 has been shown to be a major player in the formation of magnetic nanoparticles both within the magnetosomes of magnetotactic bacteria and as an additive in synthetic magnetite precipitation assays. Previous studies have highlighted the ferric iron binding capability of the protein and this activity is thought to be crucial to its mineralizing properties. To understand how this protein binds ferric ions we have prepared a series of single amino acid substitutions within the C-terminal binding region of Mms6 and have used a ferric binding assay to probe the binding site at the level of individual residues which has pinpointed the key residues of E44, E50 and R55 involved in Mms6 ferric binding. No aspartic residues bound ferric ions. A nanoplasmonic sensing experiment was used to investigate the unstable EER44, 50,55AAA triple mutant in comparison to native Mms6. This suggests a difference in interaction with iron ions between the two and potential changes to the surface precipitation of iron oxide when the pH is increased. All-atom simulations suggest that disruptive mutations do not fundamentally alter the conformational preferences of the ferric binding region. Instead, disruption of these residues appears to impede a sequence-specific motif in the C-terminus critical to ferric ion binding.
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17
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Norfolk L, Rawlings AE, Bramble JP, Ward K, Francis N, Waller R, Bailey A, Staniland SS. Macrofluidic Coaxial Flow Platforms to Produce Tunable Magnetite Nanoparticles: A Study of the Effect of Reaction Conditions and Biomineralisation Protein Mms6. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9121729. [PMID: 31817082 PMCID: PMC6955933 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles' applicability is growing extensively. However, simple, environmentally-friendly, tunable synthesis of monodispersed iron-oxide nanoparticles is challenging. Continuous flow microfluidic synthesis is promising; however, the microscale results in small yields and clogging. Here we present two simple macrofluidics devices (cast and machined) for precision magnetite nanoparticle synthesis utilizing formation at the interface by diffusion between two laminar flows, removing aforementioned issues. Ferric to total iron was varied between 0.2 (20:80 Fe3+:Fe2+) and 0.7 (70:30 Fe3+:Fe2+). X-ray diffraction shows magnetite in fractions from 0.2-0.6, with iron-oxide impurities in 0.7, 0.2 and 0.3 samples and magnetic susceptibility increases with increasing ferric content to 0.6, in agreement with each other and batch synthesis. Remarkably, size is tuned (between 20.5 nm to 6.5 nm) simply by increasing ferric ions ratio. Previous research shows biomineralisation protein Mms6 directs magnetite synthesis and controls size, but until now has not been attempted in flow. Here we report Mms6 increases magnetism, but no difference in particle size is seen, showing flow reduced the influence of Mms6. The study demonstrates a versatile yet simple platform for the synthesis of a vast range of tunable nanoparticles and ideal to study reaction intermediates and additive effects throughout synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Norfolk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (L.N.); (A.E.R.); (J.P.B.); (K.W.); (N.F.); (R.W.)
| | - Andrea E Rawlings
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (L.N.); (A.E.R.); (J.P.B.); (K.W.); (N.F.); (R.W.)
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Jonathan P Bramble
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (L.N.); (A.E.R.); (J.P.B.); (K.W.); (N.F.); (R.W.)
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Katy Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (L.N.); (A.E.R.); (J.P.B.); (K.W.); (N.F.); (R.W.)
| | - Noel Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (L.N.); (A.E.R.); (J.P.B.); (K.W.); (N.F.); (R.W.)
| | - Rachel Waller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (L.N.); (A.E.R.); (J.P.B.); (K.W.); (N.F.); (R.W.)
| | - Ashley Bailey
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Sarah S. Staniland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (L.N.); (A.E.R.); (J.P.B.); (K.W.); (N.F.); (R.W.)
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)114-222-9539
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18
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Probing the Nanostructure and Arrangement of Bacterial Magnetosomes by Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01513-19. [PMID: 31604767 PMCID: PMC6881800 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01513-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores lab-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) as a novel quantitative stand-alone technique to monitor the size, shape, and arrangement of magnetosomes during different stages of particle biogenesis in the model organism Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. The SAXS data sets contain volume-averaged, statistically accurate information on both the diameter of the inorganic nanocrystal and the enveloping protein-rich magnetosome membrane. As a robust and nondestructive in situ technique, SAXS can provide new insights into the physicochemical steps involved in the biosynthesis of magnetosome nanoparticles as well as their assembly into well-ordered chains. The proposed fit model can easily be adapted to account for different particle shapes and arrangements produced by other strains of magnetotactic bacteria, thus rendering SAXS a highly versatile method. Magnetosomes are membrane-enveloped single-domain ferromagnetic nanoparticles enabling the navigation of magnetotactic bacteria along magnetic field lines. Strict control over each step of biomineralization generates particles of high crystallinity, strong magnetization, and remarkable uniformity in size and shape, which is particularly interesting for many biomedical and biotechnological applications. However, to understand the physicochemical processes involved in magnetite biomineralization, close and precise monitoring of particle production is required. Commonly used techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or Fe measurements, allow only for semiquantitative assessment of the magnetosome formation without routinely revealing quantitative structural information. In this study, lab-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is explored as a means to monitor the different stages of magnetosome biogenesis in the model organism Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. SAXS is evaluated as a quantitative stand-alone technique to analyze the size, shape, and arrangement of magnetosomes in cells cultivated under different growth conditions. By applying a simple and robust fitting procedure based on spheres aligned in linear chains, it is demonstrated that the SAXS data sets contain information on both the diameter of the inorganic crystal and the protein-rich magnetosome membrane. The analyses corroborate a narrow particle size distribution with an overall magnetosome radius of 19 nm in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. Furthermore, the averaged distance between individual magnetosomes is determined, revealing a chain-like particle arrangement with a center-to-center distance of 53 nm. Overall, these data demonstrate that SAXS can be used as a novel stand-alone technique allowing for the at-line monitoring of magnetosome biosynthesis, thereby providing accurate information on the particle nanostructure. IMPORTANCE This study explores lab-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) as a novel quantitative stand-alone technique to monitor the size, shape, and arrangement of magnetosomes during different stages of particle biogenesis in the model organism Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. The SAXS data sets contain volume-averaged, statistically accurate information on both the diameter of the inorganic nanocrystal and the enveloping protein-rich magnetosome membrane. As a robust and nondestructive in situ technique, SAXS can provide new insights into the physicochemical steps involved in the biosynthesis of magnetosome nanoparticles as well as their assembly into well-ordered chains. The proposed fit model can easily be adapted to account for different particle shapes and arrangements produced by other strains of magnetotactic bacteria, thus rendering SAXS a highly versatile method.
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19
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Jabalera Y, Garcia-Pinel B, Ortiz R, Iglesias G, Cabeza L, Prados J, Jimenez-Lopez C, Melguizo C. Oxaliplatin-Biomimetic Magnetic Nanoparticle Assemblies for Colon Cancer-Targeted Chemotherapy: An In Vitro Study. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E395. [PMID: 31390773 PMCID: PMC6723246 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapy against colorectal cancer (CRC), the third most common cancer in the world, includes oxaliplatin (Oxa) which induces serious unwanted side effects that limit the efficiency of treatment. Therefore, alternative therapeutic approaches are urgently required. In this work, biomimetic magnetic nanoparticles (BMNPs) mediated by MamC were coupled to Oxa to evaluate the potential of the Oxa-BMNP nanoassembly for directed local delivery of the drug as a proof of concept for the future development of targeted chemotherapy against CRC. Electrostatic interactions between Oxa and BMNPs trigger the formation of the nanoassembly and keep it stable at physiological pH. When the BMNPs become neutral at acidic pH values, the Oxa is released, and such a release is greatly potentiated by hyperthermia. The coupling of the drug with the BMNPs improves its toxicity to even higher levels than the soluble drug, probably because of the fast internalization of the nanoassembly by tumor cells through endocytosis. In addition, the BMNPs are cytocompatible and non-hemolytic, providing positive feedback as a proof of concept for the nanoassembly. Our study clearly demonstrates the applicability of Oxa-BMNP in colon cancer and offers a promising nanoassembly for targeted chemotherapy against this type of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylenia Jabalera
- Department of Microbiology, Sciences School, University of Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, 18002 Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Garcia-Pinel
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Raul Ortiz
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo Iglesias
- Department of Microbiology, Sciences School, University of Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, 18002 Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Cabeza
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - José Prados
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain.
| | - Concepcion Jimenez-Lopez
- Department of Microbiology, Sciences School, University of Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, 18002 Granada, Spain.
| | - Consolación Melguizo
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
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20
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Pyles H, Zhang S, De Yoreo JJ, Baker D. Controlling protein assembly on inorganic crystals through designed protein interfaces. Nature 2019; 571:251-256. [PMID: 31292559 PMCID: PMC6948101 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1361-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability of proteins and other macromolecules to interact with inorganic surfaces is critical to biological function. The proteins involved in these interactions are highly charged and often rich in carboxylic acid side chains1-5, but the structures of most protein-inorganic interfaces are unknown. We explored the possibility of systematically designing structured protein-mineral interfaces guided by the example of ice-binding proteins, which present arrays of threonine residues matched to the ice lattice that order clathrate waters into an ice-like structure6. We designed proteins displaying arrays of up to 54 carboxylate residues geometrically matched to the K+ sublattice on muscovite mica (001). At low [K+] individual molecules bind independently to mica in the designed orientations, while at high [K+], the designs form 2D liquid-crystal phases, which accentuate the inherent structural bias in the muscovite lattice to produce protein arrays ordered over tens of millimeters. Incorporation of designed protein-protein interactions preserving the match between the proteins and the K+ lattice led to extended self-assembled structures on mica: designed end-to-end interactions produced micron long single protein-diameter wires, and a designed trimeric interface yielded extensive honeycomb arrays. The nearest neighbor distances in these hexagonal arrays could be set digitally between 7.5 and 15.9 nm with 2.1 nm selectivity by changing the number of repeat units in the monomer. These results demonstrate that protein-inorganic lattice interactions can be systematically programmed and set the stage for designing protein-inorganic hybrid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harley Pyles
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Physical Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James J De Yoreo
- Physical Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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21
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Rawlings AE, Somner LA, Fitzpatrick-Milton M, Roebuck TP, Gwyn C, Liravi P, Seville V, Neal TJ, Mykhaylyk OO, Baldwin SA, Staniland SS. Artificial coiled coil biomineralisation protein for the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2873. [PMID: 31253765 PMCID: PMC6599041 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Green synthesis of precise inorganic nanomaterials is a major challenge. Magnetotactic bacteria biomineralise magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) within membrane vesicles (magnetosomes), which are embedded with dedicated proteins that control nanocrystal formation. Some such proteins are used in vitro to control MNP formation in green synthesis; however, these membrane proteins self-aggregate, making their production and use in vitro challenging and difficult to scale. Here, we provide an alternative solution by displaying active loops from biomineralisation proteins Mms13 and MmsF on stem-loop coiled-coil scaffold proteins (Mms13cc/MmsFcc). These artificial biomineralisation proteins form soluble, stable alpha-helical hairpin monomers, and MmsFcc successfully controls the formation of MNP when added to magnetite synthesis, regulating synthesis comparably to native MmsF. This study demonstrates how displaying active loops from membrane proteins on coiled-coil scaffolds removes membrane protein solubility issues, while retains activity, enabling a generic approach to readily-expressible, versatile, artificial membrane proteins for more accessible study and exploitation. Proteins have been used in the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles but issues with aggregation limit this application. Here, the authors report on the synthesis of coiled proteins that display the active loop of the natural proteins to avoid aggregation and investigate the application in nanoparticle synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Rawlings
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Lori A Somner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | | | - Thomas P Roebuck
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Christopher Gwyn
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Panah Liravi
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Victoria Seville
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Thomas J Neal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | | | - Stephen A Baldwin
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sarah S Staniland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK. .,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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22
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Wang X, Zheng H, Wang Q, Jiang W, Wen Y, Tian J, Sun J, Li Y, Li J. Novel Protein Mg2046 Regulates Magnetosome Synthesis in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1 by Modulating a Proper Redox Status. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1478. [PMID: 31297108 PMCID: PMC6607277 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a large, polyphyletic group of aquatic microorganisms capable of absorbing large amounts of iron and synthesizing intercellular nano-scaled nanoparticles termed magnetosomes. In our previous transcriptomic studies, we discovered that a novel gene (MGMSRv2_2046, termed as mg2046) in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense strain MSR-1 was significantly up-regulated during the period of magnetosome synthesis. In the present study, we constructed a MSR-1 mutant strain with deletion of mg2046 (termed Δmg2046) in order to evaluate the role of this gene in cell physiological status and magnetosome formation process. In comparison with wild-type MSR-1, Δmg2046 showed similar cell growth, but much lower cell magnetic response, smaller number and size of magnetosomes, and reduced iron absorption ability. mg2046 deletion evidently disrupted iron uptake, and redox equilibrium, and strongly inhibited transcription of dissimilatory denitrification pathway genes. Our experimental findings, taken together with results of gene homology analysis, indicate that Mg2046 acts as a positive regulator in MSR-1 under microaerobic conditions, responding to hypoxia signals and participating in regulation of oxygen metabolism, in part as a co-regulator of dissimilatory denitrification pathway with oxygen sensor MgFnr (MGMSRv2_2946, termed as Mg2946). Mg2046 is clearly involved in coupled regulation of cellular oxygen, iron and nitrogen metabolism under micro-aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Our findings help explain how MSR-1 cells initiate dissimilatory denitrification pathway and overcome energy deficiency under microaerobic conditions, and have broader implications regarding bacterial survival and energy metabolism strategies under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haolan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiesheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbo Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jilun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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23
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Bain J, Legge CJ, Beattie DL, Sahota A, Dirks C, Lovett JR, Staniland SS. A biomimetic magnetosome: formation of iron oxide within carboxylic acid terminated polymersomes. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:11617-11625. [PMID: 31173027 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00498j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired macromolecules can aid nucleation and crystallisation of minerals by mirroring processes observed in nature. Specifically, the iron oxide magnetite (Fe3O4) is produced in a dedicated liposome (called a magnetosome) within magnetic bacteria. This process is controlled by a suite of proteins embedded within the liposome membrane. In this study we look to synthetically mimic both the liposome and nucleation proteins embedded within it using preferential orientation polymer design. Amphiphilic block co-polymers self-assemble into vesicles (polymersomes) and have been used to successfully mimic liposomes. Carboxylic acid residue-rich motifs are common place in biomineralisation nucleating proteins and several magnetosome membrane specific (Mms) proteins (namely Mms6) have a specific carboxylic acid motifs that are found to bind both ferrous and ferric iron ions and nucleate the formation of magnetite. Here we use a combination of 2 diblock co-polymers: Both have the hydrophobic 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (PHPMA) block with either a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) block or a carboxylic acid terminated poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) block. These copolymers ((PEG113-PHPMA400) and (PMPC28-PHPMA400) respectively) self-assemble in situ to form polymersomes, with PEG113-PHPMA400 displaying favourably on the outer surface and PMPC28-PHPMA400 on the inner lumen, exposing numerous acidic iron binding carboxylates on the inner membrane. This is a polymersome mimic of a magnetosome (PMM28) containing interior nucleation sites. The resulting PMM28 were found to be 246 ± 137 nm in size. When the PMM28 were subjected to electroporation (5 pulses at 750 V) in an iron solution, iron ions were transported into the PMM28 polymersome core where magnetic iron-oxide was crystallised to fill the core; mimicking a magnetosome. Furthermore it has been shown that PMM28 magnetopolymersomes (PMM28Fe) exhibit a 6 °C temperature increase during in vitro magnetic hyperthermia yielding an intrinsic loss power (ILP) of 3.7 nHm2 kg-1. Such values are comparable to commercially available nanoparticles, but, offer the added potential for further tuning and functionalisation with respect to drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
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24
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Mickoleit F, Schüler D. Generation of nanomagnetic biocomposites by genetic engineering of bacterial magnetosomes. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2019. [DOI: 10.1680/jbibn.18.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Mickoleit
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Dirk Schüler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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25
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Work Patterns of MamXY Proteins during Magnetosome Formation in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.02394-18. [PMID: 30367002 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02394-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1 forms nanosized membrane-enclosed organelles termed magnetosomes. The mamXY operon, part of the magnetosome island (MAI), includes the mamY, mamX, mamZ, and ftsZ-like genes, which initiate gene transcription via the same promoter. We used a combination of molecular biological techniques (targeting of cross-linking reagents) and high-resolution mass spectrometry to investigate the coordinated activity of the four MamXY proteins in magnetite biomineralization. The FtsZ-like protein was shown by confocal laser scanning microscopy to be dispersed in the cytoplasm in the early stage of cell growth and then gradually polymerized along the magnetosome chain. Interactions of various pairs of MamXY proteins were observed using a bacterial two-hybrid system. We constructed a recombinant FtsZ-like-overexpressing strain, examined its growth patterns, and extracted magnetosome membrane proteins using a modified SDS/boiling method with BS2G-d0/d4 reagent, which helped stabilize interactions among MamXY proteins. In liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, MamY expression was detected first and remained highest among the four proteins throughout all stages of cell growth. MamX and MamZ expression was detected subsequently. The four proteins displayed coordinated expression patterns during the magnetosome maturation process. Unique peptides discovered in the MamXY protein sequences appeared to constitute "hidden" interaction sites involved in the formation of MamXY complex that helped control magnetosome shape and size.IMPORTANCE mamXY operon genes play an essential role in magnetite biomineralization, participate in redox reactions, and control magnetosome shape and size. However, mechanisms whereby the four MamXY proteins function together in iron oxidoreduction and transport are poorly understood. We used a combination of targeted cross-linking techniques and high-resolution mass spectrometry to elucidate the coordinated activity patterns of the MamXY proteins during magnetite biomineralization. Our findings indicate that the FtsZ-like protein undergoes polymerization and then recruits MamY, MamX, and MamZ in turn, and that these interactions depend on unique peptides present in the protein sequences. A hypothetical model of the functionalities of these proteins is proposed that accounts for the findings and provides a basis for further studies of coordination among magnetosome island (MAI) gene clusters during the process of magnetosome formation.
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26
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Kerans FFA, Lungaro L, Azfer A, Salter DM. The Potential of Intrinsically Magnetic Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3159. [PMID: 30322202 PMCID: PMC6214112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnetization of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) has the potential to aid tissue engineering approaches by allowing tracking, targeting, and local retention of cells at the site of tissue damage. Commonly used methods for magnetizing cells include optimizing uptake and retention of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). These appear to have minimal detrimental effects on the use of MSC function as assessed by in vitro assays. The cellular content of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) will, however, decrease with cell proliferation and the longer-term effects on MSC function are not entirely clear. An alternative approach to magnetizing MSCs involves genetic modification by transfection with one or more genes derived from Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1, a magnetotactic bacterium that synthesizes single-magnetic domain crystals which are incorporated into magnetosomes. MSCs with either or mms6 and mmsF genes are followed by bio-assimilated synthesis of intracytoplasmic magnetic nanoparticles which can be imaged by magnetic resonance (MR) and which have no deleterious effects on MSC proliferation, migration, or differentiation. The stable transfection of magnetosome-associated genes in MSCs promotes assimilation of magnetic nanoparticle synthesis into mammalian cells with the potential to allow MR-based cell tracking and, through external or internal magnetic targeting approaches, enhanced site-specific retention of cells for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fransiscus F A Kerans
- Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - Lisa Lungaro
- Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - Asim Azfer
- Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - Donald M Salter
- Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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27
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Mickoleit F, Borkner CB, Toro-Nahuelpan M, Herold HM, Maier DS, Plitzko JM, Scheibel T, Schüler D. In Vivo Coating of Bacterial Magnetic Nanoparticles by Magnetosome Expression of Spider Silk-Inspired Peptides. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:962-972. [PMID: 29357230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Magnetosomes are natural magnetic nanoparticles with exceptional properties that are synthesized in magnetotactic bacteria by a highly regulated biomineralization process. Their usability in many applications could be further improved by encapsulation in biocompatible polymers. In this study, we explored the production of spider silk-inspired peptides on magnetosomes of the alphaproteobacterium Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. Genetic fusion of different silk sequence-like variants to abundant magnetosome membrane proteins enhanced magnetite biomineralization and caused the formation of a proteinaceous capsule, which increased the colloidal stability of isolated particles. Furthermore, we show that spider silk peptides fused to a magnetosome membrane protein can be used as seeds for silk fibril growth on the magnetosome surface. In summary, we demonstrate that the combination of two different biogenic materials generates a genetically encoded hybrid composite with engineerable new properties and enhanced potential for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mauricio Toro-Nahuelpan
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology , Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , D-82152 Martinsried , Germany
| | | | | | - Jürgen M Plitzko
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology , Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , D-82152 Martinsried , Germany
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28
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Mickoleit F, Schüler D. Generation of Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles with Amplified Catalytic Activities by Genetic Expression of Enzyme Arrays on Bacterial Magnetosomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Mickoleit
- Department Microbiology; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Dirk Schüler
- Department Microbiology; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
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29
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Lin W, Pan Y, Bazylinski DA. Diversity and ecology of and biomineralization by magnetotactic bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 9:345-356. [PMID: 28557300 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) biomineralize intracellular, membrane-bounded crystals of magnetite (Fe3 O4 ) and/or greigite (Fe3 S4 ) called magnetosomes. MTB play important roles in the geochemical cycling of iron, sulfur, nitrogen and carbon. Significantly, they also represent an intriguing model system not just for the study of microbial biomineralization but also for magnetoreception, prokaryotic organelle formation and microbial biogeography. Here we review current knowledge on the ecology of and biomineralization by MTB, with an emphasis on more recent reports of unexpected ecological and phylogenetic findings regarding MTB. In this study, we conducted a search of public metagenomic databases and identified six novel magnetosome gene cluster-containing genomic fragments affiliated with the Deltaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria classes of the Proteobacteria phylum, the Nitrospirae phylum and the Planctomycetes phylum from the deep subseafloor, marine oxygen minimum zone, groundwater biofilm and estuary sediment, thereby extending our knowledge on the diversity and distribution of MTB as well deriving important information as to their ecophysiology. We point out that the increasing availability of sequence data will facilitate researchers to systematically explore the ecology and biomineralization of MTB even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structures Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yongxin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structures Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dennis A Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4004, USA
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30
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Barber-Zucker S, Zarivach R. A Look into the Biochemistry of Magnetosome Biosynthesis in Magnetotactic Bacteria. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:13-22. [PMID: 27930882 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Magnetosomes are protein-rich membrane organelles that encapsulate magnetite or greigite and whose chain alignment enables magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) to sense the geomagnetic field. As these bacteria synthesize uniform magnetic particles, their biomineralization mechanism is of great interest among researchers from different fields, from material engineering to medicine. Both magnetosome formation and magnetic particle synthesis are highly controlled processes that can be divided into several crucial steps: membrane invagination from the inner-cell membrane, protein sorting, the magnetosomes' arrangement into chains, iron transport, chemical environment regulation of the magnetosome lumen, magnetic particle nucleation, and finally crystal growth, size, and morphology control. This complex system involves an ensemble of unique proteins that participate in different stages during magnetosome formation, some of which were extensively studied in recent years. Here, we present the current knowledge on magnetosome biosynthesis with a focus on the different proteins and the main biochemical pathways along this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Barber-Zucker
- Department of Life
Sciences,
the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Ilse Katz
Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department of Life
Sciences,
the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Ilse Katz
Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
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31
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Elfick A, Rischitor G, Mouras R, Azfer A, Lungaro L, Uhlarz M, Herrmannsdörfer T, Lucocq J, Gamal W, Bagnaninchi P, Semple S, Salter DM. Biosynthesis of magnetic nanoparticles by human mesenchymal stem cells following transfection with the magnetotactic bacterial gene mms6. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39755. [PMID: 28051139 PMCID: PMC5209691 DOI: 10.1038/srep39755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of stem cells to support tissue repair is facilitated by loading of the therapeutic cells with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) enabling magnetic tracking and targeting. Current methods for magnetizing cells use artificial MNPs and have disadvantages of variable uptake, cellular cytotoxicity and loss of nanoparticles on cell division. Here we demonstrate a transgenic approach to magnetize human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are genetically modified by transfection with the mms6 gene derived from Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1, a magnetotactic bacterium that synthesises single-magnetic domain crystals which are incorporated into magnetosomes. Following transfection of MSCs with the mms6 gene there is bio-assimilated synthesis of intracytoplasmic magnetic nanoparticles which can be imaged by MR and which have no deleterious effects on cell proliferation, migration or differentiation. The assimilation of magnetic nanoparticle synthesis into mammalian cells creates a real and compelling, cytocompatible, alternative to exogenous administration of MNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Elfick
- University of Edinburgh, Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK
- University of Edinburgh, UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK
| | - Grigore Rischitor
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Rabah Mouras
- University of Edinburgh, Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK
| | - Asim Azfer
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Lisa Lungaro
- University of Edinburgh, Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Marc Uhlarz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HLD-EMFL), Dresden, 01328, Germany
| | - Thomas Herrmannsdörfer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HLD-EMFL), Dresden, 01328, Germany
| | - John Lucocq
- University of St Andrews, School of Medicine, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK
| | - Wesam Gamal
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Pierre Bagnaninchi
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Scott Semple
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
| | - Donald M Salter
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
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32
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Ma K, Zhao H, Zheng X, Sun H, Hu L, Zhu L, Shen Y, Luo T, Dai H, Wang J. NMR studies of the interactions between AMB-1 Mms6 protein and magnetosome Fe3O4 nanoparticles. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:2888-2895. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00570a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
NMR studies demonstrate that, the C-terminal Mms6 undergo conformation change upon magnetosome Fe3O4 crystals binding. The N-terminal hydrophobic packing arranges the DEEVE motifs into a correct assembly and orientation for magnetite crystal recognition.
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