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Babcock SJ, Houten SM, Gillingham MB. A review of fatty acid oxidation disorder mouse models. Mol Genet Metab 2024; 142:108351. [PMID: 38430613 PMCID: PMC11073919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.108351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAODs) are a family of rare, genetic disorders that affect any part of the fatty acid oxidation pathway. Patients present with severe phenotypes, such as hypoketotic hypoglycemia, cardiomyopathy, and rhabdomyolysis, and currently manage these symptoms by the avoidance of fasting and maintaining a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. Because knowledge about FAODs is limited due to the small number of patients, rodent models have been crucial in learning more about these disorders, particularly in studying the molecular mechanisms involved in different phenotypes and in evaluating treatments for patients. The purpose of this review is to present the different FAOD mouse models and highlight the benefits and limitations of using these models. Specifically, we discuss the phenotypes of the available FAOD mouse models, the potential molecular causes of prominent FAOD phenotypes that have been studied using FAOD mouse models, and how FAOD mouse models have been used to evaluate treatments for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J Babcock
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Sander M Houten
- Deparment of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melanie B Gillingham
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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2
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Odendaal C, Jager EA, Martines ACMF, Vieira-Lara MA, Huijkman NCA, Kiyuna LA, Gerding A, Wolters JC, Heiner-Fokkema R, van Eunen K, Derks TGJ, Bakker BM. Personalised modelling of clinical heterogeneity between medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase patients. BMC Biol 2023; 21:184. [PMID: 37667308 PMCID: PMC10478272 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monogenetic inborn errors of metabolism cause a wide phenotypic heterogeneity that may even differ between family members carrying the same genetic variant. Computational modelling of metabolic networks may identify putative sources of this inter-patient heterogeneity. Here, we mainly focus on medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD), the most common inborn error of the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (mFAO). It is an enigma why some MCADD patients-if untreated-are at risk to develop severe metabolic decompensations, whereas others remain asymptomatic throughout life. We hypothesised that an ability to maintain an increased free mitochondrial CoA (CoASH) and pathway flux might distinguish asymptomatic from symptomatic patients. RESULTS We built and experimentally validated, for the first time, a kinetic model of the human liver mFAO. Metabolites were partitioned according to their water solubility between the bulk aqueous matrix and the inner membrane. Enzymes are also either membrane-bound or in the matrix. This metabolite partitioning is a novel model attribute and improved predictions. MCADD substantially reduced pathway flux and CoASH, the latter due to the sequestration of CoA as medium-chain acyl-CoA esters. Analysis of urine from MCADD patients obtained during a metabolic decompensation showed an accumulation of medium- and short-chain acylcarnitines, just like the acyl-CoA pool in the MCADD model. The model suggested some rescues that increased flux and CoASH, notably increasing short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) levels. Proteome analysis of MCADD patient-derived fibroblasts indeed revealed elevated levels of SCAD in a patient with a clinically asymptomatic state. This is a rescue for MCADD that has not been explored before. Personalised models based on these proteomics data confirmed an increased pathway flux and CoASH in the model of an asymptomatic patient compared to those of symptomatic MCADD patients. CONCLUSIONS We present a detailed, validated kinetic model of mFAO in human liver, with solubility-dependent metabolite partitioning. Personalised modelling of individual patients provides a novel explanation for phenotypic heterogeneity among MCADD patients. Further development of personalised metabolic models is a promising direction to improve individualised risk assessment, management and monitoring for inborn errors of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoff Odendaal
- Laboratory of Paediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Emmalie A Jager
- Laboratory of Paediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Section of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne-Claire M F Martines
- Laboratory of Paediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel A Vieira-Lara
- Laboratory of Paediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicolette C A Huijkman
- Laboratory of Paediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ligia A Kiyuna
- Laboratory of Paediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Gerding
- Laboratory of Paediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Laboratory of Paediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Heiner-Fokkema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Karen van Eunen
- Laboratory of Paediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Terry G J Derks
- Section of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Barbara M Bakker
- Laboratory of Paediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Subramanian C, Frank MW, Tangallapally R, Yun MK, White SW, Lee RE, Rock CO, Jackowski S. Relief of CoA sequestration and restoration of mitochondrial function in a mouse model of propionic acidemia. J Inherit Metab Dis 2023; 46:28-42. [PMID: 36251252 PMCID: PMC10092110 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Propionic acidemia (PA, OMIM 606054) is a devastating inborn error of metabolism arising from mutations that reduce the activity of the mitochondrial enzyme propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC). The defects in PCC reduce the concentrations of nonesterified coenzyme A (CoASH), thus compromising mitochondrial function and disrupting intermediary metabolism. Here, we use a hypomorphic PA mouse model to test the effectiveness of BBP-671 in correcting the metabolic imbalances in PA. BBP-671 is a high-affinity allosteric pantothenate kinase activator that counteracts feedback inhibition of the enzyme to increase the intracellular concentration of CoA. Liver CoASH and acetyl-CoA are depressed in PA mice and BBP-671 treatment normalizes the cellular concentrations of these two key cofactors. Hepatic propionyl-CoA is also reduced by BBP-671 leading to an improved intracellular C3:C2-CoA ratio. Elevated plasma C3:C2-carnitine ratio and methylcitrate, hallmark biomarkers of PA, are significantly reduced by BBP-671. The large elevations of malate and α-ketoglutarate in the urine of PA mice are biomarkers for compromised tricarboxylic acid cycle activity and BBP-671 therapy reduces the amounts of both metabolites. Furthermore, the low survival of PA mice is restored to normal by BBP-671. These data show that BBP-671 relieves CoA sequestration, improves mitochondrial function, reduces plasma PA biomarkers, and extends the lifespan of PA mice, providing the preclinical foundation for the therapeutic potential of BBP-671.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Subramanian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Matthew W Frank
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Rajendra Tangallapally
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Mi-Kyung Yun
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Stephen W White
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- St. Jude Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Richard E Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Charles O Rock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Suzanne Jackowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
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Zhao C, Wang Y, Yang H, Wang S, Tang MC, Cyr D, Parente F, Allard P, Waters P, Furtos A, Yang G, Mitchell GA. Propionic acidemia in mice: Liver acyl-CoA levels and clinical course. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 135:47-55. [PMID: 34896004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Propionic acidemia (PA) is a severe autosomal recessive metabolic disease caused by deficiency of propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC). We studied PA transgenic (Pat) mice that lack endogenous PCC but express a hypoactive human PCCA cDNA, permitting their survival. Pat cohorts followed from 3 to 20 weeks of age showed growth failure and lethal crises of lethargy and hyperammonemia, commoner in males (27/50, 54%) than in females (11/52, 21%) and occurring mainly in Pat mice with the most severe growth deficiency. Groups of Pat mice were studied under basal conditions (P-Ba mice) and during acute crises (P-Ac). Plasma acylcarnitines in P-Ba mice, compared to controls, showed markedly elevated C3- and low C2-carnitine, with a further decrease in C2-carnitine in P-Ac mice. These clinical and biochemical findings resemble those of human PA patients. Liver acyl-CoA measurements showed that propionyl-CoA was a minor species in controls (propionyl-CoA/acetyl-CoA ratio, 0.09). In contrast, in P-Ba liver the ratio was 1.4 and in P-Ac liver, 13, with concurrent reductions of the levels of acetyl-CoA and other acyl-CoAs. Plasma ammonia levels in control, P-Ba and P-Ac mice were 109 ± 10, 311 ± 48 and 551 ± 61 μmol/L respectively. Four-week administration to Pat mice, of carglumate (N-carbamyl-L-glutamic acid), an analogue of N-carbamylglutamate, the product of the only acyl-CoA-requiring reaction directly related to the urea cycle, was associated with increased food consumption, improved growth and absence of fatal crises. Pat mice showed many similarities to human PA patients and provide a useful model for studying tissue pathophysiology and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Medical Genetics Service, Department of Pediatrics and Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Youlin Wang
- Medical Genetics Service, Department of Pediatrics and Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hao Yang
- Medical Genetics Service, Department of Pediatrics and Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shupei Wang
- Medical Genetics Service, Department of Pediatrics and Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Denis Cyr
- Medical Genetics Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, CHU Sherbrooke and Department of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fabienne Parente
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Allard
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paula Waters
- Medical Genetics Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, CHU Sherbrooke and Department of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Furtos
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gongshe Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Grant A Mitchell
- Medical Genetics Service, Department of Pediatrics and Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Subramanian C, Frank MW, Tangallapally R, Yun MK, Edwards A, White SW, Lee RE, Rock CO, Jackowski S. Pantothenate kinase activation relieves coenzyme A sequestration and improves mitochondrial function in mice with propionic acidemia. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabf5965. [PMID: 34524863 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf5965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Subramanian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Matthew W Frank
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Rajendra Tangallapally
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mi-Kyung Yun
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN, 38105, USA
| | - Anne Edwards
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stephen W White
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN, 38105, USA.,St. Jude Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Richard E Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Center for Pediatric Experimental Therapeutics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Charles O Rock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Suzanne Jackowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Transcriptome analysis suggests a compensatory role of the cofactors coenzyme A and NAD + in medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase knockout mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14539. [PMID: 31601874 PMCID: PMC6787083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During fasting, mitochondrial fatty-acid β-oxidation (mFAO) is essential for the generation of glucose by the liver. Children with a loss-of-function deficiency in the mFAO enzyme medium-chain acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) are at serious risk of life-threatening low blood glucose levels during fasting in combination with intercurrent disease. However, a subset of these children remains asymptomatic throughout life. In MCAD-deficient (MCAD-KO) mice, glucose levels are similar to those of wild-type (WT) mice, even during fasting. We investigated if metabolic adaptations in the liver may underlie the robustness of this KO mouse. WT and KO mice were given a high- or low-fat diet and subsequently fasted. We analyzed histology, mitochondrial function, targeted mitochondrial proteomics, and transcriptome in liver tissue. Loss of MCAD led to a decreased capacity to oxidize octanoyl-CoA. This was not compensated for by altered protein levels of the short- and long-chain isoenzymes SCAD and LCAD. In the transcriptome, we identified subtle adaptations in the expression of genes encoding enzymes catalyzing CoA- and NAD(P)(H)-involving reactions and of genes involved in detoxification mechanisms. We discuss how these processes may contribute to robustness in MCAD-KO mice and potentially also in asymptomatic human subjects with a complete loss of MCAD activity.
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