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Uthaya Kumar A, Ahmad Zan M, Ng CL, Chieng S, Nathan S. Diabetes and Infectious Diseases with a Focus on Melioidosis. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:208. [PMID: 38833191 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) leads to impaired innate and adaptive immune responses. This renders individuals with DM highly susceptible to microbial infections such as COVID-19, tuberculosis and melioidosis. Melioidosis is a tropical disease caused by the bacterial pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei, where diabetes is consistently reported as the most significant risk factor associated with the disease. Type-2 diabetes is observed in 39% of melioidosis patients where the risk of infection is 13-fold higher than non-diabetic individuals. B. pseudomallei is found in the environment and is an opportunistic pathogen in humans, often exhibiting severe clinical manifestations in immunocompromised patients. The pathophysiology of diabetes significantly affects the host immune responses that play a critical role in fighting the infection, such as leukocyte and neutrophil impairment, macrophage and monocyte inhibition and natural killer cell dysfunction. These defects result in delayed recruitment as well as activation of immune cells to target the invading B. pseudomallei. This provides an advantage for the pathogen to survive and adapt within the immunocompromised diabetic patients. Nevertheless, knowledge gaps on diabetes-infectious disease comorbidity, in particular, melioidosis-diabetes comorbidity, need to be filled to fully understand the dysfunctional host immune responses and adaptation of the pathogen under diabetic conditions to guide therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asqwin Uthaya Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ahmad Zan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Chyan-Leong Ng
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Sylvia Chieng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Sheila Nathan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.
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Raab JE, Hamilton DJ, Harju TB, Huynh TN, Russo BC. Pushing boundaries: mechanisms enabling bacterial pathogens to spread between cells. Infect Immun 2024:e0052423. [PMID: 38661369 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00524-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
For multiple intracellular bacterial pathogens, the ability to spread directly into adjacent epithelial cells is an essential step for disease in humans. For pathogens such as Shigella, Listeria, Rickettsia, and Burkholderia, this intercellular movement frequently requires the pathogens to manipulate the host actin cytoskeleton and deform the plasma membrane into structures known as protrusions, which extend into neighboring cells. The protrusion is then typically resolved into a double-membrane vacuole (DMV) from which the pathogen quickly escapes into the cytosol, where additional rounds of intercellular spread occur. Significant progress over the last few years has begun to define the mechanisms by which intracellular bacterial pathogens spread. This review highlights the interactions of bacterial and host factors that drive mechanisms required for intercellular spread with a focus on how protrusion structures form and resolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Raab
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Desmond J Hamilton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Tucker B Harju
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Thao N Huynh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Brian C Russo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Schwartzman G, Reddy SA, Berg SH, Currie BJ, Saavedra AP. Cutaneous melioidosis: An updated review and primer for the dermatologist. J Am Acad Dermatol 2023; 89:1201-1208. [PMID: 37582471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.07.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Melioidosis is an emerging infection with increasing endemic foci and global distribution. It is underrecognized and underdiagnosed because of factors including limited awareness of the disease, nonspecific clinical presentation, lack of diagnostic facilities in some locations, misidentification in laboratories inexperienced with culture, and identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Cutaneous findings are reported in approximately 10% to 20% of melioidosis cases and dermatologists may play a significant role in its recognition and management. The most dynamic situation of melioidosis recognition and/or expansion currently is in the United States. Global modeling had predicted that B. pseudomallei were potentially endemic in the southern United States and endemicity with local cases of melioidosis was confirmed in 2022. With the distribution and prevalence of melioidosis increasing globally and with this recent recognition that melioidosis is now endemic in the southern United States, it is important for dermatologists to maintain high clinical suspicion in appropriate patients and be familiar with its diagnosis and treatment. Here we review the available literature on cutaneous melioidosis to evaluate its epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology and clinical presentation and provide guidance for diagnosis and management in dermatology practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumya A Reddy
- Department of Dermatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Scott H Berg
- Department of Dermatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Bart J Currie
- Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory Australia
| | - Arturo P Saavedra
- Department of Dermatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Shaibullah S, Shuhaimi N, Ker DS, Mohd-Sharif N, Ho KL, Teh AH, Waterman J, Tang TH, Wong RR, Nathan S, Mohamed R, Ng MJ, Fung SY, Jonet MA, Firdaus-Raih M, Ng CL. Structural and functional analyses of Burkholderia pseudomallei BPSL1038 reveal a Cas-2/VapD nuclease sub-family. Commun Biol 2023; 6:920. [PMID: 37684342 PMCID: PMC10491678 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05265-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a highly versatile pathogen with ~25% of its genome annotated to encode hypothetical proteins. One such hypothetical protein, BPSL1038, is conserved across seven bacterial genera and 654 Burkholderia spp. Here, we present a 1.55 Å resolution crystal structure of BPSL1038. The overall structure folded into a modified βαββαβα ferredoxin fold similar to known Cas2 nucleases. The Cas2 equivalent catalytic aspartate (D11) pairs are conserved in BPSL1038 although B. pseudomallei has no known CRISPR associated system. Functional analysis revealed that BPSL1038 is a nuclease with endonuclease activity towards double-stranded DNA. The DNase activity is divalent ion independent and optimum at pH 6. The concentration of monovalent ions (Na+ and K+) is crucial for nuclease activity. An active site with a unique D11(X20)SST motif was identified and proposed for BPSL1038 and its orthologs. Structure modelling indicates the catalytic role of the D11(X20)SST motif and that the arginine residues R10 and R30 may interact with the nucleic acid backbone. The structural similarity of BPSL1038 to Cas2 proteins suggests that BPSL1038 may represent a sub-family of nucleases that share a common ancestor with Cas2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiyah Shaibullah
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurshahirah Shuhaimi
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - De-Sheng Ker
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Nurhikmah Mohd-Sharif
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aik-Hong Teh
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, 11900, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jitka Waterman
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Thean-Hock Tang
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Rui-Rui Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Inti International University, Persiaran Perdana, BBN, Nilai, 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Sheila Nathan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rahmah Mohamed
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Min Jia Ng
- Medicinal Mushroom Research Group (MMRG), Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shin-Yee Fung
- Medicinal Mushroom Research Group (MMRG), Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Anuar Jonet
- Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia (NIBM), Jalan Bangi, Kajang, 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Firdaus-Raih
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chyan Leong Ng
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Ghazali AK, Firdaus-Raih M, Uthaya Kumar A, Lee WK, Hoh CC, Nathan S. Transitioning from Soil to Host: Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Burkholderia pseudomallei Response to Different Niches. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0383522. [PMID: 36856434 PMCID: PMC10100664 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03835-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, a soil and water saprophyte, is responsible for the tropical human disease melioidosis. A hundred years since its discovery, there is still much to learn about B. pseudomallei proteins that are essential for the bacterium's survival in and interaction with the infected host, as well as their roles within the bacterium's natural soil habitat. To address this gap, bacteria grown under conditions mimicking the soil environment were subjected to transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. A dual RNA-seq approach was used on total RNA from spleens isolated from a B. pseudomallei mouse infection model at 5 days postinfection. Under these conditions, a total of 1,434 bacterial genes were induced, with 959 induced in the soil environment and 475 induced in bacteria residing within the host. Genes encoding metabolism and transporter proteins were induced when the bacteria were present in soil, while virulence factors, metabolism, and bacterial defense mechanisms were upregulated during active infection of mice. On the other hand, capsular polysaccharide and quorum-sensing pathways were inhibited during infection. In addition to virulence factors, reactive oxygen species, heat shock proteins, siderophores, and secondary metabolites were also induced to assist bacterial adaptation and survival in the host. Overall, this study provides crucial insights into the transcriptome-level adaptations which facilitate infection by soil-dwelling B. pseudomallei. Targeting novel therapeutics toward B. pseudomallei proteins required for adaptation provides an alternative treatment strategy given its intrinsic antimicrobial resistance and the absence of a vaccine. IMPORTANCE Burkholderia pseudomallei, a soil-dwelling bacterium, is the causative agent of melioidosis, a fatal infectious disease of humans and animals. The bacterium has a large genome consisting of two chromosomes carrying genes that encode proteins with important roles for survival in diverse environments as well as in the infected host. While a general mechanism of pathogenesis has been proposed, it is not clear which proteins have major roles when the bacteria are in the soil and whether the same proteins are key to successful infection and spread. To address this question, we grew the bacteria in soil medium and then in infected mice. At 5 days postinfection, bacteria were recovered from infected mouse organs and their gene expression was compared against that of bacteria grown in soil medium. The analysis revealed a list of genes expressed under soil growth conditions and a different set of genes encoding proteins which may be important for survival, replication, and dissemination in an infected host. These proteins are a potential resource for understanding the full adaptation mechanism of this pathogen. In the absence of a vaccine for melioidosis and with treatment being reliant on combinatorial antibiotic therapy, these proteins may be ideal targets for designing antimicrobials to treat melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad-Kamal Ghazali
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Firdaus-Raih
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Asqwin Uthaya Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wei-Kang Lee
- Codon Genomics Sdn. Bhd., Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Choong Hoh
- Codon Genomics Sdn. Bhd., Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sheila Nathan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Nyanasegran PK, Nathan S, Firdaus-Raih M, Muhammad NAN, Ng CL. Biofilm Signaling, Composition and Regulation in Burkholderia pseudomallei. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:15-27. [PMID: 36451302 PMCID: PMC9899790 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2207.07032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of melioidosis cases caused by the gram-negative pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei (BP) is seeing an increasing trend that has spread beyond its previously known endemic regions. Biofilms produced by BP have been associated with antimicrobial therapy limitation and relapse melioidosis, thus making it urgently necessary to understand the mechanisms of biofilm formation and their role in BP biology. Microbial cells aggregate and enclose within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) to form biofilm. The transition mechanism of bacterial cells from planktonic state to initiate biofilm formation, which involves the formation of surface attachment microcolonies and the maturation of the biofilm matrix, is a dynamic and complex process. Despite the emerging findings on the biofilm formation process, systemic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of biofilm formation in BP remains fractured. This review provides insights into the signaling systems, matrix composition, and the biosynthesis regulation of EPSs (exopolysaccharide, eDNA and proteins) that facilitate the formation of biofilms in order to present an overview of our current knowledge and the questions that remain regarding BP biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheila Nathan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Firdaus-Raih
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia,Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azlan Nor Muhammad
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chyan Leong Ng
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia,Corresponding author Phone: +03 8921 4561 Fax: +603 8921 3398 E-mail:
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Ancient oral microbiomes support gradual Neolithic dietary shifts towards agriculture. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6927. [PMID: 36414613 PMCID: PMC9681849 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human microbiome has recently become a valuable source of information about host life and health. To date little is known about how it may have evolved during key phases along our history, such as the Neolithic transition towards agriculture. Here, we shed light on the evolution experienced by the oral microbiome during this transition, comparing Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers with Neolithic and Copper Age farmers that populated a same restricted area in Italy. We integrate the analysis of 76 dental calculus oral microbiomes with the dietary information derived from the identification of embedded plant remains. We detect a stronger deviation from the hunter-gatherer microbiome composition in the last part of the Neolithic, while to a lesser extent in the early phases of the transition. Our findings demonstrate that the introduction of agriculture affected host microbiome, supporting the hypothesis of a gradual transition within the investigated populations.
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Kaewpan A, Duangurai T, Rungruengkitkun A, Muangkaew W, Kanjanapruthipong T, Jitprasutwit N, Ampawong S, Sukphopetch P, Chantratita N, Pumirat P. Burkholderia pseudomallei pathogenesis in human skin fibroblasts: A Bsa type III secretion system is involved in the invasion, multinucleated giant cell formation, and cellular damage. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261961. [PMID: 35113856 PMCID: PMC8812868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei-a causative agent of melioidosis that is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia-is a Gram-negative bacterium transmitted to humans via inhalation, inoculation through skin abrasions, and ingestion. Melioidosis causes a range of clinical presentations including skin infection, pneumonia, and septicemia. Despite skin infection being one of the clinical symptoms of melioidosis, the pathogenesis of B. pseudomallei in skin fibroblasts has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we investigated B. pseudomallei pathogenesis in the HFF-1 human skin fibroblasts. On the basis of co-culture assays between different B. pseudomallei clinical strains and the HFF-1 human skin fibroblasts, we found that all B. pseudomallei strains have the ability to mediate invasion, intracellular replication, and multinucleated giant cell (MNGC) formation. Furthermore, all strains showed a significant increase in cytotoxicity in human fibroblasts, which coincides with the augmented expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2. Using B. pseudomallei mutants, we showed that the B. pseudomallei Bsa type III secretion system (T3SS) contributes to skin fibroblast pathogenesis, but O-polysaccharide, capsular polysaccharide, and short-chain dehydrogenase metabolism do not play a role in this process. Taken together, our findings reveal a probable connection for the Bsa T3SS in B. pseudomallei infection of skin fibroblasts, and this may be linked to the pathogenesis of cutaneous melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anek Kaewpan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Taksaon Duangurai
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amporn Rungruengkitkun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watcharamat Muangkaew
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tapanee Kanjanapruthipong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Niramol Jitprasutwit
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Passanesh Sukphopetch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narisara Chantratita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornpan Pumirat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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