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Nadiminti SSP, Dixit SB, Ratnakaran N, Deb A, Hegde S, Boyanapalli SPP, Swords S, Grant BD, Koushika SP. LRK-1/LRRK2 and AP-3 regulate trafficking of synaptic vesicle precursors through active zone protein SYD-2/Liprin-α. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011253. [PMID: 38722918 PMCID: PMC11081264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle proteins (SVps) are transported by the motor UNC-104/KIF1A. We show that SVps travel in heterogeneous carriers in C. elegans neuronal processes, with some SVp carriers co-transporting lysosomal proteins (SV-lysosomes). LRK-1/LRRK2 and the clathrin adaptor protein complex AP-3 play a critical role in the sorting of SVps and lysosomal proteins away from each other at the SV-lysosomal intermediate trafficking compartment. Both SVp carriers lacking lysosomal proteins and SV-lysosomes are dependent on the motor UNC-104/KIF1A for their transport. In lrk-1 mutants, both SVp carriers and SV-lysosomes can travel in axons in the absence of UNC-104, suggesting that LRK-1 plays an important role to enable UNC-104 dependent transport of synaptic vesicle proteins. Additionally, LRK-1 acts upstream of the AP-3 complex and regulates its membrane localization. In the absence of the AP-3 complex, the SV-lysosomes become more dependent on the UNC-104-SYD-2/Liprin-α complex for their transport. Therefore, SYD-2 acts to link upstream trafficking events with the transport of SVps likely through its interaction with the motor UNC-104. We further show that the mistrafficking of SVps into the dendrite in lrk-1 and apb-3 mutants depends on SYD-2, likely by regulating the recruitment of the AP-1/UNC-101. SYD-2 acts in concert with AP complexes to ensure polarized trafficking & transport of SVps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravanthi S. P. Nadiminti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shirley B. Dixit
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neena Ratnakaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anushka Deb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sneha Hegde
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Sierra Swords
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Barth D. Grant
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sandhya P. Koushika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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2
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Ma Z, Liu K, Zhang RF, Xie ZX, Liu W, Xu B. Manganese disrupts the maturation and degradation of axonal autophagosome leading to hippocampal synaptic toxicity in mice via the activation of LRRK2 on phosphorylation of Rab10. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170021. [PMID: 38224893 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) overexposure induces hippocampal synaptotoxicity by the accumulation of dysfunctional synaptic vesicles (SVs). Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) kinase activity is involved in regulating axonal transport (autophagosomal maturation) and lysosomal function. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether Mn-induced synaptotoxicity is associated with the LRRK2-mediated disruption of autophagosomal maturation in axonal transport and the impairment of lysosomes in hippocampal neurons. Here, we established models of manganism in C57BL/6 mice and hippocampal neuronal HT22 cells to verify the role of LRRK2-mediated Rab10 phosphorylation in the Mn-induced dysfunction of autophagy- lysosomal fusion. Our results proved that Mn-induced the disorder of axonal transport and that lysosome impairments were associated with the increased recruitment of phospho-Rab10 at the axon and lysosomes. Next, we established Lrrk2-KD and LRRK2 kinase- specific inhibitor (GNE-0877, GNE) pre-treated HT22 cells to inhibit Lrrk2 gene expression and kinase activity, respectively. In Mn-treated Lrrk2-KD or GNE-pretreated normal neurons, our results indicated that lysosomal pH and integrity and autophagic flow were restored, indicating by decreased levels of phospho-Rab10 on lysosomes and JNK-interacting proteins (JIP4). In addition, GNE pretreatment could provide protection against Mn-induced synaptotoxicity in vivo, which was evidenced by the partial recovery in synaptic plasticity and synaptic damage. Thus, the Mn-induced abnormal activation of LRRK2 affected lysosomes and the recruitment of phospho-Rab10 by JIP4, which disrupted autophagosomal maturation in proximal axons and resulted in the hippocampal synaptic toxicity of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Kuan Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Rui-Feng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Zi-Xin Xie
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China.
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3
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Cunliffe G, Yeo XY, Jung S. Editorial: Global excellence in brain disease mechanisms: Asia & Australasia. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1279769. [PMID: 37711872 PMCID: PMC10497950 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1279769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Cunliffe
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Xin Yi Yeo
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sangyong Jung
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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4
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Ciampelli C, Galleri G, Puggioni S, Fais M, Iannotta L, Galioto M, Becciu M, Greggio E, Bernardoni R, Crosio C, Iaccarino C. Inhibition of the Exocyst Complex Attenuates the LRRK2 Pathological Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12656. [PMID: 37628835 PMCID: PMC10454163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the major genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). Multiple lines of evidence link LRRK2 to the control of vesicle dynamics through phosphorylation of a subset of RAB proteins. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are not fully elucidated. We have previously demonstrated that LRRK2 increases the exocyst complex assembly by Sec8 interaction, one of the eight members of the exocyst complex, and that Sec8 over-expression mitigates the LRRK2 pathological effect in PC12 cells. Here, we extend this analysis using LRRK2 drosophila models and show that the LRRK2-dependent exocyst complex assembly increase is downstream of RAB phosphorylation. Moreover, exocyst complex inhibition rescues mutant LRRK2 pathogenic phenotype in cellular and drosophila models. Finally, prolonged exocyst inhibition leads to a significant reduction in the LRRK2 protein level, overall supporting the role of the exocyst complex in the LRRK2 pathway. Taken together, our study suggests that modulation of the exocyst complex may represent a novel therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ciampelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (G.G.); (S.P.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (M.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Grazia Galleri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (G.G.); (S.P.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (M.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Silvia Puggioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (G.G.); (S.P.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (M.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Milena Fais
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (G.G.); (S.P.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (M.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Lucia Iannotta
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.I.); (E.G.)
| | - Manuela Galioto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (G.G.); (S.P.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (M.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Marta Becciu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (G.G.); (S.P.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (M.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.I.); (E.G.)
| | - Roberto Bernardoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Claudia Crosio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (G.G.); (S.P.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (M.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Ciro Iaccarino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (G.G.); (S.P.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (M.B.); (C.C.)
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5
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Leyns CEG, Prigent A, Beezhold B, Yao L, Hatcher NG, Tao P, Kang J, Suh E, Van Deerlin VM, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, Kennedy ME, Fell MJ, Henderson MX. Glucocerebrosidase activity and lipid levels are related to protein pathologies in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:74. [PMID: 37169750 PMCID: PMC10175254 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00517-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are progressive neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein in the form of Lewy pathology. While most cases are sporadic, there are rare genetic mutations that cause disease and more common variants that increase incidence of disease. The most prominent genetic mutations for PD and DLB are in the GBA1 and LRRK2 genes. GBA1 mutations are associated with decreased glucocerebrosidase activity and lysosomal accumulation of its lipid substrates, glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine. Previous studies have shown a link between this enzyme and lipids even in sporadic PD. However, it is unclear how the protein pathologies of disease are related to enzyme activity and glycosphingolipid levels. To address this gap in knowledge, we examined quantitative protein pathology, glucocerebrosidase activity and lipid substrates in parallel from 4 regions of 91 brains with no neurological disease, idiopathic, GBA1-linked, or LRRK2-linked PD and DLB. We find that several biomarkers are altered with respect to mutation and progression to dementia. We found mild association of glucocerebrosidase activity with disease, but a strong association of glucosylsphingosine with α-synuclein pathology, irrespective of genetic mutation. This association suggests that Lewy pathology precipitates changes in lipid levels related to progression to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl E G Leyns
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alice Prigent
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Brenna Beezhold
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Lihang Yao
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pk, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Nathan G Hatcher
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pk, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Peining Tao
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - John Kang
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - EunRan Suh
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Virginia M Y Lee
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Matthew J Fell
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael X Henderson
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
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6
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Yahya V, Di Fonzo A, Monfrini E. Genetic Evidence for Endolysosomal Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: A Critical Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076338. [PMID: 37047309 PMCID: PMC10094484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population, and no disease-modifying therapy has been approved to date. The pathogenesis of PD has been related to many dysfunctional cellular mechanisms, however, most of its monogenic forms are caused by pathogenic variants in genes involved in endolysosomal function (LRRK2, VPS35, VPS13C, and ATP13A2) and synaptic vesicle trafficking (SNCA, RAB39B, SYNJ1, and DNAJC6). Moreover, an extensive search for PD risk variants revealed strong risk variants in several lysosomal genes (e.g., GBA1, SMPD1, TMEM175, and SCARB2) highlighting the key role of lysosomal dysfunction in PD pathogenesis. Furthermore, large genetic studies revealed that PD status is associated with the overall “lysosomal genetic burden”, namely the cumulative effect of strong and weak risk variants affecting lysosomal genes. In this context, understanding the complex mechanisms of impaired vesicular trafficking and dysfunctional endolysosomes in dopaminergic neurons of PD patients is a fundamental step to identifying precise therapeutic targets and developing effective drugs to modify the neurodegenerative process in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidal Yahya
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Edoardo Monfrini
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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7
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Nadiminti SSP, Dixit SB, Ratnakaran N, Hegde S, Swords S, Grant BD, Koushika SP. Active zone protein SYD-2/Liprin- α acts downstream of LRK-1/LRRK2 to regulate polarized trafficking of synaptic vesicle precursors through clathrin adaptor protein complexes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.26.530068. [PMID: 36865111 PMCID: PMC9980171 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.26.530068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle proteins (SVps) are thought to travel in heterogeneous carriers dependent on the motor UNC-104/KIF1A. In C. elegans neurons, we found that some SVps are transported along with lysosomal proteins by the motor UNC-104/KIF1A. LRK-1/LRRK2 and the clathrin adaptor protein complex AP-3 are critical for the separation of lysosomal proteins from SVp transport carriers. In lrk-1 mutants, both SVp carriers and SVp carriers containing lysosomal proteins are independent of UNC-104, suggesting that LRK-1 plays a key role in ensuring UNC-104-dependent transport of SVps. Additionally, LRK-1 likely acts upstream of the AP-3 complex and regulates the membrane localization of AP-3. The action of AP-3 is necessary for the active zone protein SYD-2/Liprin-α to facilitate the transport of SVp carriers. In the absence of the AP-3 complex, SYD-2/Liprin-α acts with UNC-104 to instead facilitate the transport of SVp carriers containing lysosomal proteins. We further show that the mistrafficking of SVps into the dendrite in lrk-1 and apb-3 mutants depends on SYD-2, likely by regulating the recruitment of the AP-1/UNC-101. We propose that SYD-2 acts in concert with both the AP-1 and AP-3 complexes to ensure polarized trafficking of SVps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravanthi S P Nadiminti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400 005, India
| | - Shirley B Dixit
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400 005, India
| | - Neena Ratnakaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400 005, India
| | - Sneha Hegde
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400 005, India
| | - Sierra Swords
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Barth D Grant
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sandhya P Koushika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400 005, India
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8
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Mancini A, Stoops E, Demeyer L, Bellomo G, Paolini Paoletti F, Gaetani L, Di Filippo M, Parnetti L. LRRK2 Quantification in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Parkinson's Disease and Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes. Mov Disord 2023; 38:682-688. [PMID: 36808643 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The alteration of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) kinase activity is thought to be involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis beyond familiar cases, and LRRK2 inhibitors are currently under investigation. Preliminary data suggest a relationship between LRRK2 alteration and cognitive impairment in PD. OBJECTIVE To investigate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) LRRK2 levels in PD and other parkinsonian disorders, also correlating them with cognitive impairment. METHODS In this study, we retrospectively investigated by means of a novel highly sensitive immunoassay the levels of total and phosphorylated (pS1292) LRRK2 in CSF of cognitively unimpaired PD (n = 55), PD with mild cognitive impairment (n = 49), PD with dementia (n = 18), dementia with Lewy bodies (n = 12), atypical parkinsonian syndromes (n = 35), and neurological controls (n = 30). RESULTS Total and pS1292 LRRK2 levels were significantly higher in PD with dementia with respect to PD with mild cognitive impairment and PD, and also showed a correlation with cognitive performances. CONCLUSIONS The tested immunoassay may represent a reliable method for assessing CSF LRRK2 levels. The results appear to confirm an association of LRRK2 alteration with cognitive impairment in PD. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mancini
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Bellomo
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Federico Paolini Paoletti
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gaetani
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Di Filippo
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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9
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Intili G, Paladino L, Rappa F, Alberti G, Plicato A, Calabrò F, Fucarino A, Cappello F, Bucchieri F, Tomasello G, Carini F, Pitruzzella A. From Dysbiosis to Neurodegenerative Diseases through Different Communication Pathways: An Overview. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020195. [PMID: 36829474 PMCID: PMC9952972 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome research field has rapidly evolved over the last few decades, becoming a major topic of scientific and public interest. The gut microbiota (GM) is the microbial population living in the gut. The GM has many functions, such as maintaining gut homeostasis and host health, providing defense against enteric pathogens, and involvement in immune system development. Several studies have shown that GM is implicated in dysbiosis and is presumed to contribute to neurodegeneration. This review focuses mainly on describing the connection between the intestinal microbiome alterations (dysbiosis) and the onset of neurodegenerative diseases to explore the mechanisms that link the GM to nervous system health, such as the gut-brain axis, as well as the mitochondrial, the adaptive humoral immunity, and the microvesicular pathways. The gut-brain communication depends on a continuous bidirectional flow of molecular signals exchanged through the neural and the systemic circulation. These pathways represent a possible new therapeutic target against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Progress in this context is desperately needed, considering the severity of most neurodegenerative diseases and the current lack of effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Intili
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Letizia Paladino
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90136 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Rappa
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giusi Alberti
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alice Plicato
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Federica Calabrò
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto Fucarino
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90136 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Bucchieri
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tomasello
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Carini
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pitruzzella
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90136 Palermo, Italy
- Universitary Consortium of Caltanissetta, University of Palermo, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
- Correspondence:
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10
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Wei Y, Awan MUN, Bai L, Bai J. The function of Golgi apparatus in LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1097633. [PMID: 36896008 PMCID: PMC9989030 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1097633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease associated with the intracellular organelles. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large multi-structural domain protein, and mutation in LRRK2 is associated with PD. LRRK2 regulates intracellular vesicle transport and function of organelles, including Golgi and lysosome. LRRK2 phosphorylates a group of Rab GTPases, including Rab29, Rab8, and Rab10. Rab29 acts in a common pathway with LRRK2. Rab29 has been shown to recruit LRRK2 to the Golgi complex (GC) to stimulate LRRK2 activity and alter the Golgi apparatus (GA). Interaction between LRRK2 and Vacuolar protein sorting protein 52 (VPS52), a subunit of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex, mediates the function of intracellular soma trans-Golgi network (TGN) transport. VPS52 also interacts with Rab29. Knockdown of VPS52 leads to the loss of LRRK2/Rab29 transported to the TGN. Rab29, LRRK2, and VPS52 work together to regulate functions of the GA, which is associated with PD. We highlight recent advances in the roles of LRRK2, Rabs, VPS52, and other molecules, such as Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and protein kinase C (PKC) in the GA, and discuss their possible association with the pathological mechanisms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghang Wei
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Maher Un Nisa Awan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Liping Bai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Gundelfinger ED, Karpova A, Pielot R, Garner CC, Kreutz MR. Organization of Presynaptic Autophagy-Related Processes. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:829354. [PMID: 35368245 PMCID: PMC8968026 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.829354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain synapses pose special challenges on the quality control of their protein machineries as they are far away from the neuronal soma, display a high potential for plastic adaptation and have a high energy demand to fulfill their physiological tasks. This applies in particular to the presynaptic part where neurotransmitter is released from synaptic vesicles, which in turn have to be recycled and refilled in a complex membrane trafficking cycle. Pathways to remove outdated and damaged proteins include the ubiquitin-proteasome system acting in the cytoplasm as well as membrane-associated endolysosomal and the autophagy systems. Here we focus on the latter systems and review what is known about the spatial organization of autophagy and endolysomal processes within the presynapse. We provide an inventory of which components of these degradative systems were found to be present in presynaptic boutons and where they might be anchored to the presynaptic apparatus. We identify three presynaptic structures reported to interact with known constituents of membrane-based protein-degradation pathways and therefore may serve as docking stations. These are (i) scaffolding proteins of the cytomatrix at the active zone, such as Bassoon or Clarinet, (ii) the endocytic machinery localized mainly at the peri-active zone, and (iii) synaptic vesicles. Finally, we sketch scenarios, how presynaptic autophagic cargos are tagged and recruited and which cellular mechanisms may govern membrane-associated protein turnover in the presynapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckart D. Gundelfinger
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Eckart D. Gundelfinger,
| | - Anna Karpova
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Pielot
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Craig C. Garner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael R. Kreutz
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
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Modeling Parkinson's disease in LRRK2 mice: focus on synaptic dysfunction and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:621-632. [PMID: 35225340 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are associated with familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD), for which the LRRK2 locus itself represents a risk factor. Idiopathic and LRRK2-related PD share the main clinical and neuropathological features, thus animals harboring the most common LRRK2 mutations, i.e. G2019S and R1441C/G, have been generated to replicate the parkinsonian phenotype and investigate the underlying pathological mechanisms. Most LRRK2 rodent models, however, fail to show the main neuropathological hallmarks of the disease i.e. the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and presence of Lewy bodies or Lewy body-like aggregates of α-synuclein, lacking face validity. Rather, they manifest dysregulation in cellular pathways and functions that confer susceptibility to a variety of parkinsonian toxins/triggers and model the presymptomatic/premotor stages of the disease. Among such susceptibility factors, dysregulation of synaptic activity and proteostasis are evident in LRRK2 mutants. These abnormalities are also manifest in the PD brain and represent key events in the development and progression of the pathology. The present minireview covers recent articles (2018-2021) investigating the role of LRRK2 and LRRK2 mutants in the regulation of synaptic activity and autophagy-lysosomal pathway. These articles confirm a perturbation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis and glutamate release in LRRK2 mutants. Likewise, LRRK2 mutants show a marked impairment of selective forms of autophagy (i.e. mitophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy) and lysosomal function, with minimal perturbations of nonselective autophagy. Thus, LRRK2 rodents might help understand the contribution of these pathways to PD.
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Gouda NA, Elkamhawy A, Cho J. Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Parkinson’s Disease and Future Prospects: A 2021 Update. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020371. [PMID: 35203580 PMCID: PMC8962417 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder pathologically distinguished by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Muscle rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia are all clinical motor hallmarks of PD. Several pathways have been implicated in PD etiology, including mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired protein clearance, and neuroinflammation, but how these factors interact remains incompletely understood. Although many breakthroughs in PD therapy have been accomplished, there is currently no cure for PD, only trials to alleviate the related motor symptoms. To reduce or stop the clinical progression and mobility impairment, a disease-modifying approach that can directly target the etiology rather than offering symptomatic alleviation remains a major unmet clinical need in the management of PD. In this review, we briefly introduce current treatments and pathophysiology of PD. In addition, we address the novel innovative therapeutic targets for PD therapy, including α-synuclein, autophagy, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and others. Several immunomodulatory approaches and stem cell research currently in clinical trials with PD patients are also discussed. Moreover, preclinical studies and clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of novel and repurposed therapeutic agents and their pragmatic applications with encouraging outcomes are summarized. Finally, molecular biomarkers under active investigation are presented as potentially valuable tools for early PD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha A. Gouda
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
| | - Ahmed Elkamhawy
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Jungsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
- Correspondence:
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