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Skow RJ, Labrecque L, Rosenberger JA, Brassard P, Steinback CD, Davenport MH. Prenatal exercise and cardiovascular health (PEACH) study: impact of acute and chronic exercise on cerebrovascular hemodynamics and dynamic cerebral autoregulation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 132:247-260. [PMID: 34818074 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00446.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a randomised controlled trial measuring dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) using a sit-to-stand maneuver before (SS1) and following (SS2) an acute exercise test at 16-20 weeks gestation (trimester 2; TM2) and then again at 34-37 weeks gestation (third trimester; TM3). Following the first assessment, women were randomised into exercise training or control (standard care) groups; women in the exercise training group were prescribed moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 25-40 minutes on 3-4 days per week for 14±1weeks. Resting seated mean blood velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCAvmean) was lower in TM3 compared to TM2 but not impacted by exercise training intervention. dCA was not impacted by gestational age, or exercise training during SS1. During SS2, dCA was altered such that there were greater absolute and relative decreases in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and MCAvmean, but this was not impacted by the intervention. There was also no difference in the relationship between the decrease in MCAvmean compared to the decrease in MAP (%/%), or the onset of the regulatory response with respect to acute exercise, gestational age, or intervention; however, rate of regulation was faster in women in the exercise group following acute exercise (interaction effect, p=0.048). These data highlight the resilience of the cerebral circulation in that dCA was well maintained or improved in healthy pregnant women between TM2 and TM3. However, future work addressing the impact of acute and chronic exercise on dCA in women who are at risk for cardiovascular complications during pregnancy is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Skow
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Neurovascular Health Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lawrence Labrecque
- Department of Kinesiology and Research center of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Jade A Rosenberger
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Neurovascular Health Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patrice Brassard
- Department of Kinesiology and Research center of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Craig D Steinback
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Neurovascular Health Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Margie H Davenport
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Neurovascular Health Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Brislane Á, Steinback CD, Davenport MH. The Nine Month Stress Test: Pregnancy and Exercise - Similarities and Interactions. Can J Cardiol 2021; 37:2014-2025. [PMID: 34534622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all physiological systems, the cardiovascular system takes on the most profound adaptation in pregnancy to support fetal growth and development. The adaptations that arise are systemic and involve structural and functional changes that can be observed at the cerebral, central, peripheral, and microvascular beds. This includes, although is not limited to increased heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output with negligible change to blood pressure, reductions in vascular resistance and cerebral blood flow velocity, systemic artery enlargement, enhanced endothelial function. All of this takes place to accommodate blood volume expansion and ensure adequate fetal and maternal oxygen delivery. In some instances, the demand placed on the vasculature can manifest as cardiovascular maladaptation and thus, cardiovascular complications can arise. Exercise is recommended in pregnancy because of its powerful ability to reduce the incidence and severity of cardiovascular complications in pregnancy. However, the mechanism by which it acts is poorly understood. The first aim of this review is to describe the systemic adaptations that take place in pregnancy. Secondly, this review aims to describe the influence of exercise on these systemic adaptations. It is anticipated that this review can comprehensively capture the extent of knowledge in this area while identifying areas that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áine Brislane
- Program for Pregnancy & Postpartum Health, Neurovascular Health Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Craig D Steinback
- Program for Pregnancy & Postpartum Health, Neurovascular Health Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Margie H Davenport
- Program for Pregnancy & Postpartum Health, Neurovascular Health Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada.
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Matenchuk BA, James M, Skow RJ, Wakefield P, MacKay C, Steinback CD, Davenport MH. Longitudinal study of cerebral blood flow regulation during exercise in pregnancy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:2278-2288. [PMID: 31752587 PMCID: PMC7585927 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19889089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular adaptation to pregnancy is poorly understood. We sought to assess cerebrovascular regulation in response to visual stimulation, hypercapnia and exercise across the three trimesters of pregnancy. Using transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound, middle and posterior cerebral artery mean blood velocities (MCAvmean and PCAvmean) were measured continuously at rest and in response to (1) visual stimulation to assess neurovascular coupling (NVC); (2) a modified Duffin hyperoxic CO2 rebreathe test, and (3) an incremental cycling exercise test to volitional fatigue in non-pregnant (n = 26; NP) and pregnant women (first trimester [n = 13; TM1], second trimester [n = 21; TM2], and third trimester [n = 20; TM3]) in total 47 women. At rest, MCAvmean and PETCO2 were lower in TM2 compared to NP. PCAvmean was lower in TM2 but not TM1 or TM3 compared to NP. Cerebrovascular reactivity in MCAvmean and PCAvmean during the hypercapnic rebreathing test was not different between pregnant and non-pregnant women. MCAvmean continued to increase over the second half of the exercise test in TM2 and TM3, while it decreased in NP due to differences in ΔPETCO2 between groups. Pregnant women experienced a delayed decrease in MCAvmean in response to maximal exercise compared to non-pregnant controls which was explained by CO2 reactivity and PETCO2 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Matenchuk
- Program for Pregnancy & Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marina James
- Program for Pregnancy & Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rachel J Skow
- Program for Pregnancy & Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Paige Wakefield
- Program for Pregnancy & Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Christina MacKay
- Program for Pregnancy & Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Craig D Steinback
- Program for Pregnancy & Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Margie H Davenport
- Program for Pregnancy & Postpartum Health, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Liu J, Lee I, Feng HZ, Galen SS, Hüttemann PP, Perkins GA, Jin JP, Hüttemann M, Malek MH. Aerobic Exercise Preconception and During Pregnancy Enhances Oxidative Capacity in the Hindlimb Muscles of Mice Offspring. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1391-1403. [PMID: 29309390 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liu, J, Lee, I, Feng, H-Z, Galen, SS, Hüttemann, PP, Perkins, GA, Jin, J-P, Hüttemann, M, and Malek, MH. Aerobic exercise preconception and during pregnancy enhances oxidative capacity in the hindlimb muscles of mice offspring. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1391-1403, 2018-Little is known about the effect of maternal exercise on offspring skeletal muscle health. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine whether maternal exercise (preconception and during pregnancy) alters offspring skeletal muscle capillarity and mitochondrial biogenesis. We hypothesized that offspring from exercised dams would have higher capillarity and mitochondrial density in the hindlimb muscles compared with offspring from sedentary dams. Female mice in the exercise condition had access to a running wheel in their individual cage 30 days before mating and throughout pregnancy, whereas the sedentary group did not have access to the running wheel before mating and during pregnancy. Male offspring from both groups were killed when they were 2 months old, and their tissues were analyzed. The results indicated no significant (p > 0.05) mean differences for capillarity density, capillarity-to-fiber ratio, or regulators of angiogenesis such as VEGF-A and TSP-1. Compared with offspring from sedentary dams, however, offspring from exercised dams had an increase in protein expression of myosin heavy chain type I (MHC I) (∼134%; p = 0.009), but no change in MHC II. For mitochondrial morphology, we found significant (all p-values ≤ 0.0124) increases in mitochondrial volume density (∼55%) and length (∼18%) as well as mitochondria per unit area (∼19%). For mitochondrial enzymes, there were also significant (all p-values ≤ 0.0058) increases in basal citrate synthase (∼79%) and cytochrome c oxidase activity (∼67%) in the nonoxidative muscle fibers as well as increases in basal (ATP) (∼52%). Last, there were also significant mean differences in protein expression for regulators (FIS1, Lon protease, and TFAM) of mitochondrial biogenesis. These findings suggest that maternal exercise before and during pregnancy enhances offspring skeletal muscle mitochondria functionality, but not capillarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenney Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Icksoo Lee
- College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Zhong Feng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sujay S Galen
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Philipp P Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Guy A Perkins
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - J-P Jin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Moh H Malek
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Department of Health Care Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Batur Caglayan HZ, Nazliel B, Cinar M, Ataoglu E, Moraloglu O, Irkec C. Assessment of maternal cerebral blood flow velocity by transcranial Doppler ultrasound before delivery and in the early postpartum period. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 32:584-589. [PMID: 29034765 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1387529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This prospective observational study aimed to identify the effects of labor on cerebral hemodynamics by measuring the middle cerebral artery (MCA) blood flow velocity by transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD), and the related factors just before delivery and within the 24 h after delivery. METHODS The study included 35 healthy pregnant women with a gestational age of >37 weeks who were in labor and a control group including healthy, age-matched, nonpregnant women (n = 24). Demographic characteristics and significant clinical information of pregnant women were recorded. The MCA blood flow velocity was assessed by TCD just before and within 24 h after delivery. The parameters assessed by TCD were mean cerebral blood flow velocity (MCBFV), peak systolic velocity (PSV), pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), and systolic/diastolic ratio. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the pregnant and nonpregnant women regarding age (27 ± 5 years versus 28 ± 7 years; p = .751). The MCBFV, PSV, PI, and RI showed a significant increase within the 24 h after delivery as compared with those before delivery. Comparison of the pregnant women with the control group in terms of the values of all parameters related to the MCA blood flow velocity revealed that the values that were significantly low before delivery reached to the level of the control group after delivery Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrated that the blood flow velocity of the MCA decreased during the late pregnancy period and increased in the early postpartum period to the level similar to that of the nonpregnant group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bijen Nazliel
- a Department of Neurology , Gazi University Faculty of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cinar
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Esra Ataoglu
- c Department of Neurology , Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Ozlem Moraloglu
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Ceyla Irkec
- a Department of Neurology , Gazi University Faculty of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey
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The influence of prenatal exercise and pre-eclampsia on maternal vascular function. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2223-2240. [PMID: 28798074 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
During healthy pregnancy, the cardiovascular system undergoes diverse adaptations to support adequate transfer of oxygen and nutrients from mother to fetus. In order to accommodate the large expansion of blood volume and associated cardiac output, the structure, mechanics, and function of the arteries are altered. Specifically, in healthy pregnancy there is a remodeling of arteries (increased angiogenesis and vasodilation), a generalized reduction in arterial stiffness (increased compliance), and an enhanced endothelial function. The development of pregnancy complications, specifically pre-eclampsia, is associated with poor placentation (decreased angiogenesis), increased arterial stiffness, and vascular dysfunction (reduced endothelial function). Many of the positive adaptations that occur in healthy pregnancy are enhanced in response to chronic exercise. Specifically, placental angiogenesis and endothelial function have been shown to improve to a greater extent in women who are active during their pregnancy compared with those who are not. Prenatal exercise may be important in helping to reduce the risk of vascular dysfunction in pregnancy. However, our knowledge of the vascular adaptations resulting from maternal exercise is limited. This review highlights maternal vascular adaptations occurring during healthy pregnancy, and contrasts the vascular maladaptation associated with pre-eclampsia. Finally, we discuss the role of prenatal exercise on vascular function in the potential prevention of vascular complications associated with pre-eclampsia.
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