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Norambuena-Soto I, Lopez-Crisosto C, Martinez-Bilbao J, Hernandez-Fuentes C, Parra V, Lavandero S, Chiong M. Angiotensin-(1-9) in hypertension. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115183. [PMID: 35870482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-9) [Ang-(1-9)] is a peptide of the non-canonical renin-angiotensin system (RAS) synthesized from angiotensin I by the monopeptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2). Using osmotic minipumps, infusion of Ang-(1-9) consistently reduces blood pressure in several rat hypertension models. In these animals, hypertension-induced end-organ damage is also decreased. Several pieces of evidence suggest that Ang-(1-9) is the endogenous ligand that binds and activates the type-2 angiotensin II receptor (AT2R). Activation of AT2R triggers different tissue-specific signaling pathways. This phenomenon could be explained by the ability of AT2R to form different heterodimers with other G protein-coupled receptors. Because of the antihypertensive and protective effects of AT2R activation by Ang-(1-9), associated with a short half-life of RAS peptides, several synthetic AT2R agonists have been synthesized and assayed. Some of them, particularly CGP42112, C21 and novokinin, have demonstrated antihypertensive properties. Only two synthetic AT2R agonists, C21 and LP2-3, have been tested in clinical trials, but none of them like an antihypertensive. Therefore, Ang-(1-9) is a promising antihypertensive drug that reduces hypertension-induced end-organ damage. However, further research is required to translate this finding successfully to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Norambuena-Soto
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Lopez-Crisosto
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Martinez-Bilbao
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Hernandez-Fuentes
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Parra
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Network for the Study of High-lethality Cardiopulmonary Diseases (REECPAL), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Chorioretinal Alterations Induced by Preeclampsia. J Ophthalmol 2021; 2021:8847001. [PMID: 33777446 PMCID: PMC7969093 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8847001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension during pregnancy, which is essentially a microvascular disease that destroys the end-organ microcirculation, should not be underestimated, as it could lead to organ failure in the kidneys, lungs, and brain. Preassessment of the microcirculatory state through systematic observation of the fundus has been proven to be noninvasive and feasible. Although hypertension in preeclampsia patients will resolve after childbirth, the sticking point is determining the best termination moment. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent long-term ocular complications and cardiovascular risks for pregnant women in the future. In order to adjust the treatment strategy through more sensitive and precise fundus changes, we comprehensively summarized the common structural changes in the fundus in preeclampsia patients, including changes in the blood vessels, choroid, and retina, as well as the application of quantitative observation for chorioretinal alterations in recent years.
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Wang XF, Liu LJ. Effect of advanced nursing care on psychological disorder in hypertensive retinopathy of pregnancy: A protocol of systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e23970. [PMID: 33578514 PMCID: PMC7886483 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study will assess the effect of advanced nursing care (ANC) on psychological disorder (PD) in hypertensive retinopathy of pregnancy (HTRP). METHODS This study will search electronic databases from inception to the present (Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, PsycINFO, CNKI, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database), and other sources. All literature sources will be searched without limitations to language and study status. All eligible case-controlled study (CCS) will be included in this study. Two authors will independently carry out literature selection, data collection, and study quality assessment. Any confusion will be solved by a third author through discussion. Statistical analysis will be conducted using RevMan 5.3 software. In addition, a narrative synthesis will be elaborated if it is necessary. RESULTS This study will summarize most recent high quality evidence to appraise the effect of ANC on PD in HTRP. CONCLUSION The results of this study will seek to identify the effect of ANC on PD in HTRP among pregnancy population. OSF REGISTRATION osf.io/hgp93.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-fang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hanzhong 3201 Hospital, Hanzhong
| | - Lin-juan Liu
- Second Ward of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Yan’an People's Hospital, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
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Liu Y, Li J, Pan J, Wang Y, Mao G, Jiang Z. Morphological changes in and quantitative analysis of macular retinal microvasculature by optical coherence tomography angiography in hypertensive retinopathy. Hypertens Res 2020; 44:325-336. [PMID: 33311576 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-00583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a serious global health problem. Hypertensive retinopathy is generally considered to be a predictor of vascular disease elsewhere in the human body. In the past few decades, a variety of grading systems have been proposed for hypertensive retinopathy. However, these grading systems have some limitations. This study utilized optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) to investigate the morphological changes and macular retinal microvasculature in depth among 100 patients with hypertensive retinopathy and 66 healthy participants. Five main pathological changes were discovered in hypertensive retinopathy, as follows: focal capillary sparsity, scattered microangioma, focal macular arch ring defects, focal capillary disorder, and focal capillary nonperfusion at the levels of the superficial and deep vascular networks. In addition, we have found that the number of various pathological changes shows an increasing trend as hypertensive retinopathy progresses and may be related to renal damage. Finally, deep vessel density tended to decrease with progressive stages of hypertensive retinopathy and could be the best indicator to predict the risk of hypertensive retinopathy. Our study, therefore, proposes 3 stages of hypertensive retinopathy without macular edema according to the pathophysiology found by OCTA: stage 1 (only focal capillary sparsity), taking the place of KWB grade I; stage 2 (focal capillary sparsity and scattered microangioma), taking the place of KWB grade II; and stage 3 (focal capillary sparsity, scattered microangioma, focal capillary disorder, and nonperfusion), taking the place of KWB grade III. Hence, OCTA may be a potentially useful tool for evaluating the pathophysiology and staging of hypertensive retinopathy. Further longitudinal prospective studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhe Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Hospital Affiliated of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Jushuang Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jian Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Hospital Affiliated of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Hospital Affiliated of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Guangyun Mao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China. .,Center on Clinical Research, the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Zipei Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Hospital Affiliated of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
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Herat LY, Magno AL, Kiuchi MG, Jackson KL, Carnagarin R, Head GA, Schlaich MP, Matthews VB. The Schlager mouse as a model of altered retinal phenotype. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:512-518. [PMID: 31571663 PMCID: PMC6921339 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.266069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a risk factor for a large number of vision-threatening eye disorders. In this study, we investigated for the first time the retinal neural structure of the hypertensive BPH/2J mouse (Schlager mouse) and compared it to its control counterpart, the normotensive BPN/3J strain. The BPH/2J mouse is a selectively inbred mouse strain that develops chronic hypertension due to elevated sympathetic nervous system activity. When compared to the BPN/3J strain, the hypertensive BPH/2J mice showed a complete loss of outer layers of the neural retina at 21 weeks of age, which was indicative of a severe vision-threatening disease potentially caused by hypertension. To elucidate whether the retinal neural phenotype in the BPH/2J strain was attributed to increased BP, we investigated the neural retina of both BPN/3J and BPH/2J mice at 4 weeks of age. Our preliminary results showed for the first time that the BPH/2J strain develops severe retinal neural damage at a young age. Our findings suggest that the retinal phenotype in the BPH/2J mouse is possibly due to elevated blood pressure and may be contributed by an early onset spontaneous mutation which is yet to be identified or a congenital defect occurring in this strain. Further characterization of the BPH/2J mouse strain is likely to i) elucidate gene defects underlying retinal disease; ii) understand mechanisms leading to neural retinal disease and iii) permit testing of molecules for translational research to interfere with the progression of retinal disease. The animal experiments were performed with the approval of the Royal Perth Hospital Animal Ethics Committee (R535/17-18) on June 1, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshini Y Herat
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Biomedical Science - Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Aaron L Magno
- Research Centre, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Márcio G Kiuchi
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine - Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Kristy L Jackson
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Revathy Carnagarin
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine - Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Geoffrey A Head
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Markus P Schlaich
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine - Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia; Department of Cardiology and Department of Nephrology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Vance B Matthews
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Biomedical Science - Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Reichhart N, Figura A, Skosyrski S, Strauß O. Control of the retinal local RAS by the RPE: An interface to systemic RAS activity. Exp Eye Res 2019; 189:107838. [PMID: 31622617 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As many other organs, the retina has a local renin-angiotensin-system (RAS). All main elements of the RAS are active in the retina: renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin-converting enzymes. The functional role of the intraretinal RAS is not fully understood. So far, histological and functional analysis point to a regulation of ganglion cell activity and maybe also of bipolar cell activity, but it is not clear how RAS contributes to retinal signal processing. In contrast to local RAS in other organs, the retinal RAS is clearly separated from the systemic RAS. The angiotensin-2 (AngII)/AngI ratio in the retina is different to that in the plasma. However, it appears that the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), that forms the outer blood/retina barrier, is a major regulator of the retinal RAS by producing renin. Interestingly, comparable to the kidney, the renin production in the RPE is under control of the angiotensin-2 receptor type-1 (AT1). AT1 localizes to the basolateral membrane of the RPE and faces the blood side of the blood/retina barrier. Increases in systemic AngII reduce renin production in the RPE and therefore decrease the intraretinal RAS activity. The relevance of the local RAS for retinal function remains unclear. Nevertheless, it is of fundamental significance to understand the pathology of systemically induced retinal diseases such as hypertension or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Reichhart
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, A Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Humboldt-University, The Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleksandar Figura
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, A Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Humboldt-University, The Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergej Skosyrski
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, A Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Humboldt-University, The Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Strauß
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, A Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Humboldt-University, The Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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Martins JR, Reichhart N, Kociok N, Stindl J, Foeckler R, Lachmann P, Todorov V, Castrop H, Strauß O. Systemic ß adrenergic stimulation/ sympathetic nerve system stimulation influences intraocular RAS through cAMP in the RPE. Exp Eye Res 2019; 189:107828. [PMID: 31589840 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence support the existence of a renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the retina that is separated from the blood stream by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Under physiological conditions, increased activity of intraretinal RAS regulates neuronal activity of the retina but patho-physiologically participates in retinal degeneration such as hypertensive or diabetic retinopathy. Interestingly, the RPE appears to be a modulator of intraretinal RAS in response to changes in systemic RAS. As increased systemic RAS activity is associated with increased sympathetic tonus, we investigated whether systemic β-adrenergic stimulation of the RPE also modulates renin expression in the RPE. In vivo, the mouse RPE expresses the β-adrenergic receptor subtypes 1 and 2. Staining of retina sagittal sections showed tyrosine hydroxylase positive nerve endings in the choroid indicating adrenaline/noradrenaline production sites in close proximity to the RPE. Systemic infusion of isoproterenol increased renin expression in the RPE but not in the retina. This increase was sensitive to concomitant systemic application of the angiotensin-2 receptor-type-1 blocker losartan. In vitro analysis of renin gene expression using polarized porcine RPE showed that the activity of the renin promoter can be increased by cAMP stimulation (IBMX/forskolin) but was not influenced by angiotensin-2. Thus, with the identification of the β-adrenergic system we added a new regulator of the retinal RAS with relevance for retinal function and pathology. Furthermore, it appears that the RPE is not only a close interaction partner of the photoreceptors but also a regulator or retinal activity in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Raquel Martins
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Reichhart
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, a Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Humboldt-University, The Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nobert Kociok
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, a Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Humboldt-University, The Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Stindl
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Renate Foeckler
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Lachmann
- Laboratory for Experimental Nephrology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vladimir Todorov
- Laboratory for Experimental Nephrology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hayo Castrop
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Strauß
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, a Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Humboldt-University, The Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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Alterations of Ocular Hemodynamics Impair Ophthalmic Vascular and Neuroretinal Function. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:818-827. [PMID: 29309745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is associated with numerous diseases, but its direct impact on the ocular circulation and neuroretinal function remains unclear. Herein, mouse eyes were challenged with different levels of hemodynamic insult via transverse aortic coarctation, which increased blood pressure and flow velocity by 50% and 40%, respectively, in the right common carotid artery, and reduced those parameters by 30% and 40%, respectively, in the left common carotid artery. Blood velocity in the right central retinal artery gradually increased up to 40% at 4 weeks of transverse aortic coarctation, and the velocity in the left central retinal artery gradually decreased by 20%. The fundus and retinal architecture were unaltered by hemodynamic changes. Endothelium-dependent vasodilations to acetylcholine and adenosine were reduced only in right (hypertensive) ophthalmic arteries. Increased cellularity in the nerve fiber/ganglion cell layers, enhanced glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, and elevated superoxide level were found only in hypertensive retinas. The electroretinogram showed decreased scotopic b-waves in the hypertensive eyes and decreased scotopic oscillatory potentials in both hypertensive and hypotensive eyes. In conclusion, hypertension sustained for 4 weeks causes ophthalmic vascular dysfunction, retinal glial cell activation, oxidative stress, and neuroretinal impairment. Although ophthalmic vasoregulation is insensitive to hypotensive insult, the ocular hypoperfusion causes neuroretinal dysfunction.
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Reichhart N, Crespo-Garcia S, Haase N, Golic M, Skosyrski S, Rübsam A, Herrspiegel C, Kociok N, Alenina N, Bader M, Dechend R, Strauss O, Joussen AM. The TetO rat as a new translational model for type 2 diabetic retinopathy by inducible insulin receptor knockdown. Diabetologia 2017; 60:202-211. [PMID: 27704165 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Although the renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in the progression of diabetic retinopathy, its influence therein has not been systematically evaluated. Here we test the suitability of a new translational model of diabetic retinopathy, the TetO rat, for addressing the role of angiotensin-II receptor 1 (AT1) blockade in experimental diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Diabetes was induced by tetracycline-inducible small hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown of the insulin receptor in rats, generating TetO rats. Systemic treatment consisted of an AT1 blocker (ARB) at the onset of diabetes, following which, 4-5 weeks later the retina was analysed in vivo and ex vivo. Retinal function was assessed by Ganzfeld electroretinography (ERG). RESULTS Retinal vessels in TetO rats showed differences in vessel calibre, together with gliosis. The total number and the proportion of activated mononuclear phagocytes was increased. TetO rats presented with loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and ERG indicated photoreceptor malfunction. Both the inner and outer blood-retina barriers were affected. The ARB treated group showed reduced gliosis and an overall amelioration of retinal function, alongside RGC recovery, whilst no statistically significant differences in vascular and inflammatory features were detected. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The TetO rat represents a promising translational model for the early neurovascular changes associated with type 2 diabetic retinopathy. ARB treatment had an effect on the neuronal component of the retina but not on the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Reichhart
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sergio Crespo-Garcia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Haase
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michaela Golic
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergej Skosyrski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Rübsam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christina Herrspiegel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Kociok
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Dechend
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Strauss
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia M Joussen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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