Increased β1-adrenergic receptor antibody confers a vulnerable substrate for atrial fibrillation via mediating Ca2+ mishandling and atrial fibrosis in active immunization rabbit models

CaMK II in Cardiovascular Diseases, Especially CaMK II-δ: Friends or Enemies

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) tend to affect the young population and are associated with a significant economic burden and psychological distress to the society and families. The physiological and pathological processes underlying CVDs are complex. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMK II), a protein kinase, has multiple biological functions. It participates in multiple pathological processes and plays a central role in the development of CVDs. Based on this, this paper analyzes the structural characteristics and distribution of CaMK II, the mechanism of action of CaMK II, and the relationship between CaMK II and CVDs, including ion channels, ischemia-reperfusion injury, arrhythmias, myocardial hypertrophy, cardiotoxicity, hypertension, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Given the different regulatory mechanisms of different isoforms of CaMK II, the clinical use of specific targeted inhibitors or novel compounds should be evaluated in future research to provide new directions.

Bioinformatics analysis reveals the potential common genes and immune characteristics between atrial fibrillation and periodontitis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and periodontitis, both classified under chronic inflammatory diseases, share common etiologies, including genetic factors and immune pathways. However, the exact mechanisms are still poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the potential common genes and immune characteristics between AF and periodontitis.

METHODS

Gene expression datasets for AF and periodontitis were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differential expression analysis was used to identify common genes in the training set. Functional analyses, including Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, were conducted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Hub genes were further screened based on expression levels, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. Then, based on the expression levels and ROC values of the hub genes in the validation set, the target genes were identified. Finally, immune cell infiltration analysis was performed on the AF and periodontitis datasets in the training set using the "CIBERSORT" R package. The relationships between target genes, infiltrating immune cells, and inflammatory factors were also investigated. In addition, AF susceptibility, atrial fibrosis, inflammatory infiltration, and RGS1 protein expression in rat models of periodontitis were assessed through in vivo electrophysiology experiments, Masson's trichrome staining, hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting, respectively.

RESULTS

A total of 21 common genes were identified between AF and periodontitis among the differentially expressed genes. After evaluating gene expression levels, ROC curves, and LASSO analysis, four significant genes between AF and periodontitis were identified, namely regulator of G-protein signaling 1 (RGS1), annexin A6 (ANXA6), solute carrier family 27 member 6 (SLC27A6), and ficolin 1 (FCN1). Further validation confirmed that RGS1 was the optimal shared target gene for AF and periodontitis. Immune cell infiltration analysis revealed that neutrophils and T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of both diseases. RGS1 showed a significant positive correlation with activated memory CD4 T cells and gamma-delta T cells and a negative correlation with CD8 T cells and regulatory T cells in both training sets. Moreover, RGS1 was positively correlated with classical pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1β and IL6. In periodontitis rat models, AF susceptibility, atrial fibrosis, and inflammatory infiltration were significantly increased, and RGS1 expression in the atrial tissue was upregulated.

CONCLUSION

A common gene between AF and periodontitis, RGS1 appears central in linking the two conditions. Immune and inflammatory responses may underlie the interaction between AF and periodontitis.

Pathophysiology of Atrial Fibrillation and Approach to Therapy in Subjects Less than 60 Years Old

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an arrhythmia that affects the left atrium, cardiac function, and the patients' survival rate. Due to empowered diagnostics, it has become increasingly recognized among young individuals as well, in whom it is influenced by a complex interplay of autoimmune, inflammatory, and electrophysiological mechanisms. Deepening our understanding of these mechanisms could contribute to improving AF management and treatment. Inflammation is a complexly regulated process, with interactions among various immune cell types, signaling molecules, and complement components. Addressing circulating antibodies and designing specific autoantibodies are promising therapeutic options. In cardiomyopathies or channelopathies, the first manifestation could be paroxysmal AF; persistent forms tend not to respond to antiarrhythmic drugs in these conditions. Further research, both in vitro and in vivo, on the use of genomic biotechnology could lead to new therapeutic approaches. Additional triggers that can be encountered in AF patients below 60 years of age are systemic hypertension, overweight, diabetes, and alcohol abuse. The aims of this review are to briefly report evidence from basic science and results of clinical studies that might explain the juvenile burden of the most encountered sustained supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in the general population.

β1 Adrenergic Receptor Autoantibodies and IgG Subclasses: Current Status and Unsolved Issues

A wide range of anti-myocardial autoantibodies have been reported since the 1970s. Among them, autoantibodies against the β1-adrenergic receptor (β1AR-AAb) have been the most thoroughly investigated, especially in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Β1AR-Aabs have agonist effects inducing desensitization of β1AR, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and sustained calcium influx which lead to cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Β1AR-Aab has been reported to be detected in approximately 40% of patients with DCM, and the presence of the antibody has been associated with worse clinical outcomes. The removal of anti-myocardial autoantibodies including β1AR-AAb by immunoadsorption is beneficial for the improvement of cardiac function for DCM patients. However, several studies have suggested that its efficacy depended on the removal of AAbs belonging to the IgG3 subclass, not total IgG. IgG subclasses differ in the structure of the Fc region, suggesting that the mechanism of action of β1AR-AAb differs depending on the IgG subclasses. Our previous clinical research demonstrated that the patients with β1AR-AAb better responded to β-blocker therapy, but the following studies found that its response also differed among IgG subclasses. Further studies are needed to elucidate the possible pathogenic role of IgG subclasses of β1AR-AAbs in DCM, and the broad spectrum of cardiovascular diseases including HF with preserved ejection fraction.