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Maassen B, Terband H. Toward Process-Oriented, Dimensional Approaches for Diagnosis and Treatment of Speech Sound Disorders in Children: Position Statement and Future Perspectives. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2024:1-22. [PMID: 39302887 DOI: 10.1044/2024_jslhr-23-00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with speech sound disorders (SSD) form a heterogeneous group, with respect to severity, etiology, proximal causes, speech error characteristics, and response to treatment. Infants develop speech and language in interaction with neurological maturation and general perceptual, motoric, and cognitive skills in a social-emotional context. PURPOSE After a brief introduction into psycholinguistic models of speech production and levels of causation, in this review article, we present an in-depth overview of mechanisms and processes, and the dynamics thereof, which are crucial in typical speech development. These basic mechanisms and processes are: (a) neurophysiological motor refinement, that is, the maturational articulatory mechanisms that drive babbling and the more differentiated production of larger speech patterns; (b) sensorimotor integration, which forms the steering function from phonetics to phonology; and (c) motor hierarchy and articulatory phonology describing the gestural organization of syllables, which underlie fluent speech production. These dynamics have consequences for the diagnosis and further analysis of SSD in children. We argue that current diagnostic classification systems do not do justice to the multilevel, multifactorial, and interactive character of the underlying mechanisms and processes. This is illustrated by a recent Dutch study yielding distinct performance profiles among children with SSD, which allows for a dimensional interpretation of underlying processing deficits. CONCLUSIONS Analyses of mainstream treatments with respect to the treatment goals and the speech mechanisms addressed show that treatment programs are quite transparent in their aims and approach and how they contribute to remediating specific deficits or mechanisms. Recent studies into clinical reasoning reveal that the clinical challenge for speech-language pathologists is how to select the most appropriate treatment at the most appropriate time for each individual child with SSD. We argue that a process-oriented approach has merits as compared to categorical diagnostics as a toolbox to aid in the interpretation of the speech profile in terms of underlying deficits and to connect these to a specific intervention approach and treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Maassen
- Center for Language and Cognition, University of Groningen (CLCG), the Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience/BCN, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), the Netherlands
| | - Hayo Terband
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Iowa, Iowa City
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Kim N, Davis BL. Vowel Context Effects on Consonant Repetition in Early Words. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2021; 64:40-50. [PMID: 33351667 DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Consonant repetitions within words are a well-attested speech error pattern in children's early speech acquisition. We investigated the role of intervening vowel context in understanding speech forms containing consonant repetitions in early words. Intrasyllabic consonant-vowel (CV) sequences within consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) and consonant-vowel-consonant-vowel (CVCV) forms containing consonant repetitions were analyzed to evaluate whether children's lack of independent movement control for the tongue in word-level sequences might contribute to these observed speech patterns. Method Spontaneous speech data produced by 10 typically developing children learning American English were analyzed longitudinally from the onset of word use to 36 months. Overall patterns and word shape effects for nine CV combinations occurring in their CVC and CVCV word shapes that contained repeated nonadjacent consonants and the intervening vowel were analyzed. Results Three CV combinations-coronal-front vowel, labial-central vowel, and dorsal-back vowel-occurred at above-chance levels. Preference for these CV patterns was strong in CVCV but not in CVC word shapes. These CV combinations occurred frequently at all time periods analyzed for CVCV's while decreasing across time for CVC's. Conclusions Analysis of intrasyllabic patterns within word forms containing consonant repetitions revealed that consonant repetitions in many early words occurred at above-chance levels in the context of articulatorily compatible vowels. Results suggest that children's production system capacities are an important contributing principle accounting for vowel context effects within word forms containing consonant repetitions during earliest speech acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namhee Kim
- Program of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Department of Allied Health Professions, California Baptist University, Riverside
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Sundarrajan M, Tobey EA, Nicholas J, Geers AE. Assessing consonant production in children with cochlear implants. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2019; 84:105966. [PMID: 32126378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2019.105966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the development of consonant inventory and accuracy in pediatric cochlear implant (CI) recipients and compare their performance to typical hearing (TH) children. METHODS One hundred and twenty nine children with CIs, implanted between 6-38 months of age, and 30 age-matched children with TH participated in this study. Spontaneous speech samples were collected at 3.5 and 4.5 years chronological age and the first 100 different words spoken by each participant were transcribed. Two consonant production measures were subsequently calculated to assess consonant acquisition and mastery. The percentage of Consonants Correct (CC) was used for measuring accuracy and Consonant Diversity (CD), an inventory measure, was used to identify the number of different consonants spoken by each participant. Repeated measures analyses of variance were conducted to examine the differences in consonant production scores based on presence of CI (participants with CI versus typical hearing (TH) participants), and chronological age at data collection (3.5 years versus 4.5 years). RESULTS CI recipients displayed lower consonant production scores compared to TH children. Children with the most device experience (32-38 months at 3.5 years) performed on par with their TH peers. CONCLUSIONS The two measures used in this study together appear capable of comprehensively describing the changes in consonant production skills of children. Results from this study indicate that while most CI participants display lower scores compared to TH children, many of the CI users are able to produce speech sounds on par with TH children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Sundarrajan
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Avenue, Stockton, CA 95211, United States.
| | - Emily A Tobey
- Dallas Cochlear Implant Program, Callier Advanced Hearing Research Center, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Johanna Nicholas
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ann E Geers
- Dallas Cochlear Implant Program, Callier Advanced Hearing Research Center, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
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Gautam A, Naples JG, Eliades SJ. Control of speech and voice in cochlear implant patients. Laryngoscope 2019; 129:2158-2163. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.27787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Gautam
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine Dublin Ireland
| | - James G. Naples
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck SurgeryHospital of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania U.S.A
| | - Steven J. Eliades
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck SurgeryHospital of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania U.S.A
- Auditory and Communication Systems Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania U.S.A
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Asad AN, Purdy SC, Ballard E, Fairgray L, Bowen C. Phonological processes in the speech of school-age children with hearing loss: Comparisons with children with normal hearing. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2018; 74:10-22. [PMID: 29738874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this descriptive study, phonological processes were examined in the speech of children aged 5;0-7;6 (years; months) with mild to profound hearing loss using hearing aids (HAs) and cochlear implants (CIs), in comparison to their peers. A second aim was to compare phonological processes of HA and CI users. METHOD Children with hearing loss (CWHL, N = 25) were compared to children with normal hearing (CWNH, N = 30) with similar age, gender, linguistic, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Speech samples obtained from a list of 88 words, derived from three standardized speech tests, were analyzed using the CASALA (Computer Aided Speech and Language Analysis) program to evaluate participants' phonological systems, based on lax (a process appeared at least twice in the speech of at least two children) and strict (a process appeared at least five times in the speech of at least two children) counting criteria. RESULTS Developmental phonological processes were eliminated in the speech of younger and older CWNH while eleven developmental phonological processes persisted in the speech of both age groups of CWHL. CWHL showed a similar trend of age of elimination to CWNH, but at a slower rate. Children with HAs and CIs produced similar phonological processes. Final consonant deletion, weak syllable deletion, backing, and glottal replacement were present in the speech of HA users, affecting their overall speech intelligibility. CONCLUSIONS Developmental and non-developmental phonological processes persist in the speech of children with mild to profound hearing loss compared to their peers with typical hearing. The findings indicate that it is important for clinicians to consider phonological assessment in pre-school CWHL and the use of evidence-based speech therapy in order to reduce non-developmental and non-age-appropriate developmental processes, thereby enhancing their speech intelligibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Nimer Asad
- Discipline of Speech Science, School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Suzanne C Purdy
- Discipline of Speech Science, School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Elaine Ballard
- Discipline of Speech Science, School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Liz Fairgray
- Discipline of Speech Science, School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Caroline Bowen
- Macquarie University, Honorary Research Fellow in Speech-Language Pathology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 9 Hillcrest Road, Wentworth Falls, NSW, 2782, Australia.
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Hung YC, Lee YJ, Tsai LC. Vowel production of Mandarin-speaking hearing aid users with different types of hearing loss. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178588. [PMID: 28575087 PMCID: PMC5456089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast with previous research focusing on cochlear implants, this study examined the speech performance of hearing aid users with conductive (n = 11), mixed (n = 10), and sensorineural hearing loss (n = 7) and compared it with the speech of hearing control. Speech intelligibility was evaluated by computing the vowel space area defined by the Mandarin Chinese corner vowels /a, u, i/. The acoustic differences between the vowels were assessed using the Euclidean distance. The results revealed that both the conductive and mixed hearing loss groups exhibited a reduced vowel working space, but no significant difference was found between the sensorineural hearing loss and normal hearing groups. An analysis using the Euclidean distance further showed that the compression of vowel space area in conductive hearing loss can be attributed to the substantial lowering of the second formant of /i/. The differences in vowel production between groups are discussed in terms of the occlusion effect and the signal transmission media of various hearing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Hung
- Speech and Hearing Science Research Institute, Children’s Hearing Foundation, Taipei City, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ya-Jung Lee
- Speech and Hearing Science Research Institute, Children’s Hearing Foundation, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chiun Tsai
- Speech and Hearing Science Research Institute, Children’s Hearing Foundation, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Iyer SN, Jung J, Ertmer DJ. Consonant Acquisition in Young Cochlear Implant Recipients and Their Typically Developing Peers. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2017; 26:413-427. [PMID: 28474085 PMCID: PMC5544364 DOI: 10.1044/2016_ajslp-16-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Consonant acquisition was examined in 13 young cochlear implant (CI) recipients and 11 typically developing (TD) children. METHOD A longitudinal research design was implemented to determine the rate and nature of consonant acquisition during the first 2 years of robust hearing experience. Twenty-minute adult-child (typically a parent) interactions were video and audio recorded at 3-month intervals following implantation until 24 months of robust hearing experience was achieved. TD children were similarly recorded between 6 and 24 months of age. Consonants that were produced twice within a 50-utterance sample were considered "established" within a child's consonant inventory. RESULTS Although the groups showed similar trajectories, the CI group produced larger consonant inventories than the TD group at each interval except for 21 and 24 months. A majority of children with CIs also showed more rapid acquisition of consonants and more diverse consonant inventories than TD children. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that early auditory deprivation does not significantly affect consonant acquisition for most CI recipients. Tracking early consonant development appears to be a useful way to assess the effectiveness of cochlear implantation in young recipients.
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Yang J, Vadlamudi J, Yin Z, Lee CY, Xu L. Production of word-initial fricatives of Mandarin Chinese in prelingually deafened children with cochlear implants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2017; 19:153-164. [PMID: 27063694 DOI: 10.3109/17549507.2016.1143972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the production of fricatives by prelingually deafened Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants (CIs). METHOD Fourteen cochlear implant (CI) children (2.9-8.3 years old) and 60 age-matched normal-hearing (NH) children were recorded producing a list of 13 Mandarin words with four fricatives, /f, s, ɕ, ʂ/, occurring at the syllable-initial position evoked with a picture-naming task. Two phonetically-trained native Mandarin speakers transcribed the fricative productions. Acoustic analysis was conducted to examine acoustic measures including duration, normalised amplitude, spectral peak location and four spectral moments. RESULT The CI children showed much lower accuracy rates and more diverse error patterns on all four fricatives than their NH peers. Among these four fricatives, both CI and NH children showed the highest rate of mispronunciation of /s/. The acoustic results showed that the speech of the CI children differed from the NH children in spectral peak location, normalised amplitude, spectral mean and spectral skewness. In addition, the fricatives produced by the CI children showed less distinctive patterns of acoustic measures relative to the NH children. CONCLUSION In general, these results indicate that the CI children have not established distinct categories for the Mandarin fricatives in terms of the place of articulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- a Communication Sciences and Disorders, Speech Language and Hearing Center, University of Central Arkansas , Conway , AR , USA
| | - Jessica Vadlamudi
- b Communication Sciences and Disorders, Ohio University , Athens , OH , USA , and
| | - Zhigang Yin
- c Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , Beijing , PR China
| | - Chao-Yang Lee
- b Communication Sciences and Disorders, Ohio University , Athens , OH , USA , and
| | - Li Xu
- b Communication Sciences and Disorders, Ohio University , Athens , OH , USA , and
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Moreno-Torres I, Madrid-Cánovas S, Blanco-Montañez G. Sensitive periods and language in cochlear implant users. JOURNAL OF CHILD LANGUAGE 2016; 43:479-504. [PMID: 26924727 DOI: 10.1017/s0305000915000823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the hypothesis that the existence of a short sensitive period for lower-level speech perception/articulation skills, and a long one for higher-level language skills, may partly explain the language outcomes of children with cochlear implants (CIs). The participants were fourteen children fitted with a CI before their second birthday. Data about their language skills and the environmental conditions (e.g. Family Involvement in rehabilitation) were obtained over a period of three years. Age at implantation correlated exclusively with the ratio of errors of place of articulation, a phonological feature for which CIs provide insufficient information. The degree of Family Involvement was significantly correlated with the remaining language measures. We conclude that small plasticity reductions affecting lower-level skills may partly explain the difficulties of some CI users in developing language.
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Yang J, Brown E, Fox RA, Xu L. Acoustic properties of vowel production in prelingually deafened Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 138:2791-2799. [PMID: 26627755 PMCID: PMC4636503 DOI: 10.1121/1.4932165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the acoustic features of vowel production in Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants (CIs). The subjects included 14 native Mandarin-speaking, prelingually deafened children with CIs (2.9-8.3 yr old) and 60 age-matched, normal-hearing (NH) children (3.1-9.0 years old). Each subject produced a list of monosyllables containing seven Mandarin vowels: [i, a, u, y, ɤ, ʅ, ɿ]. Midpoint F1 and F2 of each vowel token were extracted and normalized to eliminate the effects of different vocal tract sizes. Results showed that the CI children produced significantly longer vowels and less compact vowel categories than the NH children did. The CI children's acoustic vowel space was reduced due to a retracted production of the vowel [i]. The vowel space area showed a strong negative correlation with age at implantation (r = -0.80). The analysis of acoustic distance showed that the CI children produced corner vowels [a, u] similarly to the NH children, but other vowels (e.g., [ʅ, ɿ]) differently from the NH children, which suggests that CI children generally follow a similar developmental path of vowel acquisition as NH children. These findings highlight the importance of early implantation and have implications in clinical aural habilitation in young children with CIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, Arkansas 72035, USA
| | - Emily Brown
- School of Rehabilitation and Communication Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - Robert A Fox
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Li Xu
- School of Rehabilitation and Communication Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
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A phonetic approach to consonant repetition in early words. Infant Behav Dev 2015; 40:193-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Moreno-Torres I. The emergence of productive speech and language in Spanish-learning paediatric cochlear implant users. JOURNAL OF CHILD LANGUAGE 2014; 41:575-599. [PMID: 23522084 DOI: 10.1017/s0305000913000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that cochlear implant users may develop robust categorical perception skills, but that they show limited precision in perception. This article explores if a parallel contrast is observable in production, and if, despite acquiring typical linguistic representations, their early words are inconsistent. The participants were eight Spanish-learning deaf children implanted before their second birthday. Two studies examined the transition from babbling to words, and the one-word period. Study 1 found that the participants used the same sound types in babbling and in words, indicating that production is guided by stored motor patterns. No clear evidence of inconsistent production was observed. Study 2 found that in the one-word period CI users develop typical prosodic representations, but that their productions are highly unstable. Results are discussed in terms of the role of auditory feedback for the development of productive language skills.
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Ambrose SE, Unflat Berry LM, Walker EA, Harrison M, Oleson J, Moeller MP. Speech sound production in 2-year-olds who are hard of hearing. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2014; 23:91-104. [PMID: 24686852 PMCID: PMC4035418 DOI: 10.1044/2014_ajslp-13-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to (a) compare the speech sound production abilities of 2-year-old children who are hard of hearing (HH) to children with normal hearing (NH), (b) identify sources of risk for individual children who are HH, and (c) determine whether speech sound production skills at age 2 were predictive of speech sound production skills at age 3. METHOD Seventy children with bilateral, mild-to-severe hearing loss who use hearing aids and 37 age- and socioeconomic status-matched children with NH participated. Children's speech sound production abilities were assessed at 2 and 3 years of age. RESULTS At age 2, the HH group demonstrated vowel production abilities on par with their NH peers but weaker consonant production abilities. Within the HH group, better outcomes were associated with hearing aid fittings by 6 months of age, hearing loss of less than 45 dB HL, stronger vocabulary scores, and being female. Positive relationships existed between children's speech sound production abilities at 2 and 3 years of age. CONCLUSION Assessment of early speech sound production abilities in combination with demographic, audiologic, and linguistic variables may be useful in identifying HH children who are at risk for delays in speech sound production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mary Pat Moeller
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Center for Childhood Deafness
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Terband H, Maassen B, Guenther FH, Brumberg J. Auditory-motor interactions in pediatric motor speech disorders: neurocomputational modeling of disordered development. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2014; 47:17-33. [PMID: 24491630 PMCID: PMC3971843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Differentiating the symptom complex due to phonological-level disorders, speech delay and pediatric motor speech disorders is a controversial issue in the field of pediatric speech and language pathology. The present study investigated the developmental interaction between neurological deficits in auditory and motor processes using computational modeling with the DIVA model. METHOD In a series of computer simulations, we investigated the effect of a motor processing deficit alone (MPD), and the effect of a motor processing deficit in combination with an auditory processing deficit (MPD+APD) on the trajectory and endpoint of speech motor development in the DIVA model. RESULTS Simulation results showed that a motor programming deficit predominantly leads to deterioration on the phonological level (phonemic mappings) when auditory self-monitoring is intact, and on the systemic level (systemic mapping) if auditory self-monitoring is impaired. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a close relation between quality of auditory self-monitoring and the involvement of phonological vs. motor processes in children with pediatric motor speech disorders. It is suggested that MPD+APD might be involved in typically apraxic speech output disorders and MPD in pediatric motor speech disorders that also have a phonological component. Possibilities to verify these hypotheses using empirical data collected from human subjects are discussed. LEARNING OUTCOMES The reader will be able to: (1) identify the difficulties in studying disordered speech motor development; (2) describe the differences in speech motor characteristics between SSD and subtype CAS; (3) describe the different types of learning that occur in the sensory-motor system during babbling and early speech acquisition; (4) identify the neural control subsystems involved in speech production; (5) describe the potential role of auditory self-monitoring in developmental speech disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Terband
- Utrecht Institute of Linguistics OTS, Utrecht University, Trans 10, 3512 JK Utrecht, The Netherlands; Centre for Language and Cognition, Faculty of Arts, University of Groningen, Oude Kijk in 't Jatstraat 26, 9712 EB Groningen, The Netherlands; Medical Psychology/Pediatric Neurology Centre/ENT, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - B Maassen
- Centre for Language and Cognition, Faculty of Arts, University of Groningen, Oude Kijk in 't Jatstraat 26, 9712 EB Groningen, The Netherlands; Medical Psychology/Pediatric Neurology Centre/ENT, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - F H Guenther
- Department of Speech, Language, & Hearing Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 677 Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University/Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, E25-519, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - J Brumberg
- Department of Speech, Language, & Hearing Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 677 Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Salas-Provance MB, Spencer L, Nicholas JG, Tobey E. Emergence of speech sounds between 7 and 24 months of cochlear implant use. Cochlear Implants Int 2013; 15:222-9. [PMID: 24074439 DOI: 10.1179/1754762813y.0000000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the process of speech development in five 42-month-old children with profound deafness who received cochlear implants (CIs) between 19 and 36 months of age and five normal hearing (NH) age mates. METHODS Conversational samples were collected and transcribed. Sounds produced correctly within meaningful words (target sounds) and recognizable sounds produced in spontaneous productions (target-less sounds) were analyzed for all 10 children. RESULTS Revealed that there was overlap in the total number of vowels and consonants produced by the two groups. The differences between the two groups were more evident in the target condition, whereas the two groups were more similar in the target-less condition. DISCUSSION The similarities documented in the target-less repertoire of CI and NH children underscore the importance of examining the emerging sound system to predict the end-point sound system in children with CIs. Using target and target-less speech sound comparisons offers a supplementary view of the emergent process of speech sound development and is a valid method of analysis. Results suggest that early implantation may help some children with profound deafness develop speech sounds in a manner similar to NH age mates.
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Ertmer DJ, Kloiber DT, Jung J, Kirleis KC, Bradford D. Consonant production accuracy in young cochlear implant recipients: developmental sound classes and word position effects. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2012; 21:342-53. [PMID: 22846882 DOI: 10.1044/1058-0360(2012/11-0118)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare young cochlear implant (CI) recipients' consonant production accuracy with that of age- and gender-matched peers who were typically developing (TD). In addition to examining initial consonants, the authors compiled new data regarding the accuracy of final consonants and the order of consonant acquisition. METHODS Eleven young CI recipients with 24 months of CI experience and 11 age- and gender-matched TD peers produced target words in short sentences. Consonant production accuracy was examined for total scores, initial and final word positions, and three developmental sound classes: Early, Middle, and Late. RESULTS Initial consonants were produced with relatively greater accuracy than were final consonants by the TD and CI groups. Whereas initial consonants appeared to be acquired in a typical order, descriptive data suggest that this might not be the case for final consonants. CONCLUSIONS Although still delayed compared to age-matched peers, young CI recipients showed substantial progress in consonant acquisition. Their accuracy levels after 2 years of CI experience support the notion that implantation at a young age has added value for phonological development.
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Ertmer DJ, Jung J. Monitoring progress in vocal development in young cochlear implant recipients: relationships between speech samples and scores from the Conditioned Assessment of Speech Production (CASP). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2012; 21:313-28. [PMID: 22628109 PMCID: PMC3491100 DOI: 10.1044/1058-0360(2012/11-0110)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the concurrent validity of the Conditioned Assessment of Speech Production (CASP; Ertmer & Stoel-Gammon, 2008) and data obtained from speech samples recorded at the same intervals. METHOD Nineteen children who are deaf who received cochlear implants before their 3rd birthdays participated in the study. Speech samples and CASP scores were gathered at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months postactivation. Correlation analyses were conducted to assess the concurrent validity of CASP scores and data from samples. RESULTS CASP scores showed strong concurrent validity with scores from speech samples gathered across all recording sessions (6-24 months). CONCLUSIONS The CASP was found to be a valid, reliable, and time-efficient tool for assessing progress in vocal development during young cochlear implant recipients' first 2 years of device experience.
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McCaffrey Morrison H. Coarticulation in early vocalizations by children with hearing loss: a locus perspective. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2012; 26:288-309. [PMID: 21967540 DOI: 10.3109/02699206.2011.614718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Locus equations derived from productions by three children with hearing loss revealed sensory and motor influences on anticipatory coarticulation. Participants who received auditory access to speech via hearing aids and cochlear implants at different ages (5-39 months) were recorded at approximately 6 and 12 months after hearing technology fitting. One was also recorded 1 month pre-implantation. Locus equations were compared with data from typically developing children: (1) chronological age peers, and (2) peers with equivalent duration of audition, or hearing age. Anticipatory coarticulation followed typical trajectory in the child fit with hearing aids at 5 months. Anticipatory coarticulation by children with profound hearing loss using cochlear implants was closer to typically developing children with the same chronological age in syllables present pre-implantation and closer to children with equivalent hearing age in syllables emerging post-implantation. Results are discussed regarding interactions among sensory input, general motor development and specific motor experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen McCaffrey Morrison
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
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Wan CY, Bazen L, Baars R, Libenson A, Zipse L, Zuk J, Norton A, Schlaug G. Auditory-motor mapping training as an intervention to facilitate speech output in non-verbal children with autism: a proof of concept study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25505. [PMID: 21980480 PMCID: PMC3183050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although up to 25% of children with autism are non-verbal, there are very few interventions that can reliably produce significant improvements in speech output. Recently, a novel intervention called Auditory-Motor Mapping Training (AMMT) has been developed, which aims to promote speech production directly by training the association between sounds and articulatory actions using intonation and bimanual motor activities. AMMT capitalizes on the inherent musical strengths of children with autism, and offers activities that they intrinsically enjoy. It also engages and potentially stimulates a network of brain regions that may be dysfunctional in autism. Here, we report an initial efficacy study to provide 'proof of concept' for AMMT. Six non-verbal children with autism participated. Prior to treatment, the children had no intelligible words. They each received 40 individual sessions of AMMT 5 times per week, over an 8-week period. Probe assessments were conducted periodically during baseline, therapy, and follow-up sessions. After therapy, all children showed significant improvements in their ability to articulate words and phrases, with generalization to items that were not practiced during therapy sessions. Because these children had no or minimal vocal output prior to treatment, the acquisition of speech sounds and word approximations through AMMT represents a critical step in expressive language development in children with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Y Wan
- Music and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Tobey EA, Geers AE, Sundarrajan M, Lane J. Factors Influencing Elementary and High-School Aged Cochlear Implant Users. Ear Hear 2011; 32:27S-38S. [PMID: 21499506 PMCID: PMC3074604 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0b013e3181fa41bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Tobey
- Dallas Cochlear Implant Program, Callier Advanced Hearing Research Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235
- Dallas Cochlear Implant Program, Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Ann E. Geers
- Dallas Cochlear Implant Program, Callier Advanced Hearing Research Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235
- Dallas Cochlear Implant Program, Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Madhu Sundarrajan
- Dallas Cochlear Implant Program, Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Janet Lane
- Dallas Cochlear Implant Program, Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
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