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Malinowski J, Pietruszewska W, Stawiski K, Kowalczyk M, Barańska M, Rycerz A, Niebudek-Bogusz E. High-Speed Videoendoscopy Enhances the Objective Assessment of Glottic Organic Lesions: A Case-Control Study with Multivariable Data-Mining Model Development. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3716. [PMID: 37509377 PMCID: PMC10378075 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to utilize a quantitative assessment of the vibratory characteristics of vocal folds in diagnosing benign and malignant lesions of the glottis using high-speed videolaryngoscopy (HSV). METHODS Case-control study including 100 patients with unilateral vocal fold lesions in comparison to 38 normophonic subjects. Quantitative assessment with the determination of vocal fold oscillation parameters was performed based on HSV kymography. Machine-learning predictive models were developed and validated. RESULTS All calculated parameters differed significantly between healthy subjects and patients with organic lesions. The first predictive model distinguishing any organic lesion patients from healthy subjects reached an area under the curve (AUC) equal to 0.983 and presented with 89.3% accuracy, 97.0% sensitivity, and 71.4% specificity on the testing set. The second model identifying malignancy among organic lesions reached an AUC equal to 0.85 and presented with 80.6% accuracy, 100% sensitivity, and 71.1% specificity on the training set. Important predictive factors for the models were frequency perturbation measures. CONCLUSIONS The standard protocol for distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions continues to be clinical evaluation by an experienced ENT specialist and confirmed by histopathological examination. Our findings did suggest that advanced machine learning models, which consider the complex interactions present in HSV data, could potentially indicate a heightened risk of malignancy. Therefore, this technology could prove pivotal in aiding in early cancer detection, thereby emphasizing the need for further investigation and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Malinowski
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Wioletta Pietruszewska
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Konrad Stawiski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kowalczyk
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Magda Barańska
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksander Rycerz
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Niebudek-Bogusz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
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Ikuma T, Story B, McWhorter AJ, Adkins L, Kunduk M. Harmonics-to-noise ratio estimation with deterministically time-varying harmonic model for pathological voice signals. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 152:1783. [PMID: 36182331 DOI: 10.1121/10.0014177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR) and other spectral noise parameters are important in clinical objective voice assessment as they could indicate the presence of nonharmonic phenomena, which are tied to the perception of hoarseness or breathiness. Existing HNR estimators are built on the voice signals to be nearly periodic (fixed over a short period), although voice pathology could induce involuntary slow modulation to void this assumption. This paper proposes the use of a deterministically time-varying harmonic model to improve the HNR measurements. To estimate the time-varying model, a two-stage iterative least squares algorithm is proposed to reduce model overfitting. The efficacy of the proposed HNR estimator is demonstrated with synthetic signals, simulated tremor signals, and recorded acoustic signals. Results indicate that the proposed algorithm can produce consistent HNR measures as the extent and rate of tremor are varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ikuma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Brad Story
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Andrew J McWhorter
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Lacey Adkins
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Melda Kunduk
- Department of Communication Disorders, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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Kopczynski B, Niebudek-Bogusz E, Pietruszewska W, Strumillo P. Segmentation of Glottal Images from High-Speed Videoendoscopy Optimized by Synchronous Acoustic Recordings. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:1751. [PMID: 35270897 PMCID: PMC8915112 DOI: 10.3390/s22051751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Laryngeal high-speed videoendoscopy (LHSV) is an imaging technique offering novel visualization quality of the vibratory activity of the vocal folds. However, in most image analysis methods, the interaction of the medical personnel and access to ground truth annotations are required to achieve accurate detection of vocal folds edges. In our fully automatic method, we combine video and acoustic data that are synchronously recorded during the laryngeal endoscopy. We show that the image segmentation algorithm of the glottal area can be optimized by matching the Fourier spectra of the pre-processed video and the spectra of the acoustic recording during the phonation of sustained vowel /i:/. We verify our method on a set of LHSV recordings taken from subjects with normophonic voice and patients with voice disorders due to glottal insufficiency. We show that the computed geometric indices of the glottal area make it possible to discriminate between normal and pathologic voices. The median of the Open Quotient and Minimal Relative Glottal Area values for healthy subjects were 0.69 and 0.06, respectively, while for dysphonic subjects were 1 and 0.35, respectively. We also validate these results using independent phoniatrician experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Kopczynski
- Institute of Electronics, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Ewa Niebudek-Bogusz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-001 Lodz, Poland; (E.N.-B.); (W.P.)
| | - Wioletta Pietruszewska
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-001 Lodz, Poland; (E.N.-B.); (W.P.)
| | - Pawel Strumillo
- Institute of Electronics, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
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4
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Kist AM, Gómez P, Dubrovskiy D, Schlegel P, Kunduk M, Echternach M, Patel R, Semmler M, Bohr C, Dürr S, Schützenberger A, Döllinger M. A Deep Learning Enhanced Novel Software Tool for Laryngeal Dynamics Analysis. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2021; 64:1889-1903. [PMID: 34000199 DOI: 10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose High-speed videoendoscopy (HSV) is an emerging, but barely used, endoscopy technique in the clinic to assess and diagnose voice disorders because of the lack of dedicated software to analyze the data. HSV allows to quantify the vocal fold oscillations by segmenting the glottal area. This challenging task has been tackled by various studies; however, the proposed approaches are mostly limited and not suitable for daily clinical routine. Method We developed a user-friendly software in C# that allows the editing, motion correction, segmentation, and quantitative analysis of HSV data. We further provide pretrained deep neural networks for fully automatic glottis segmentation. Results We freely provide our software Glottis Analysis Tools (GAT). Using GAT, we provide a general threshold-based region growing platform that enables the user to analyze data from various sources, such as in vivo recordings, ex vivo recordings, and high-speed footage of artificial vocal folds. Additionally, especially for in vivo recordings, we provide three robust neural networks at various speed and quality settings to allow a fully automatic glottis segmentation needed for application by untrained personnel. GAT further evaluates video and audio data in parallel and is able to extract various features from the video data, among others the glottal area waveform, that is, the changing glottal area over time. In total, GAT provides 79 unique quantitative analysis parameters for video- and audio-based signals. Many of these parameters have already been shown to reflect voice disorders, highlighting the clinical importance and usefulness of the GAT software. Conclusion GAT is a unique tool to process HSV and audio data to determine quantitative, clinically relevant parameters for research, diagnosis, and treatment of laryngeal disorders. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14575533.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Kist
- Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pablo Gómez
- Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Denis Dubrovskiy
- Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrick Schlegel
- Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Melda Kunduk
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
| | - Matthias Echternach
- Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Munich University Hospital (LMU), Germany
| | - Rita Patel
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington
| | - Marion Semmler
- Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christopher Bohr
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Dürr
- Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anne Schützenberger
- Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Döllinger
- Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
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Influence of spatial camera resolution in high-speed videoendoscopy on laryngeal parameters. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215168. [PMID: 31009488 PMCID: PMC6476512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In laryngeal high-speed videoendoscopy (HSV) the area between the vibrating vocal folds during phonation is of interest, being referred to as glottal area waveform (GAW). Varying camera resolution may influence parameters computed on the GAW and hence hinder the comparability between examinations. This study investigates the influence of spatial camera resolution on quantitative vocal fold vibratory function parameters obtained from the GAW. In total 40 HSV recordings during sustained phonation (20 healthy males and 20 healthy females) were investigated. A clinically used Photron Fastcam MC2 camera with a frame rate of 4000 fps and a spatial resolution of 512×256 pixels was applied. This initial resolution was reduced by pixel averaging to (1) a resolution of 256×128 and (2) to a resolution of 128×64 pixels, yielding three sets of recordings. The GAW was extracted and in total 50 vocal fold vibratory parameters representing different features of the GAW were computed. Statistical analyses using SPSS Statistics, version 21, was performed. 15 Parameters showing strong mathematical dependencies with other parameters were excluded from the main analysis but are given in the Supporting Information. Data analysis revealed clear influence of spatial resolution on GAW parameters. Fundamental period measures and period perturbation measures were the least affected. Amplitude perturbation measures and mechanical measures were most strongly influenced. Most glottal dynamic characteristics and symmetry measures deviated significantly. Most energy perturbation measures changed significantly in males but were mostly unaffected in females. In females 18 of 35 remaining parameters (51%) and in males 22 parameters (63%) changed significantly between spatial resolutions. This work represents the first step in studying the impact of video resolution on quantitative HSV parameters. Clear influences of spatial camera resolution on computed parameters were found. The study results suggest avoiding the use of the most strongly affected parameters. Further, the use of cameras with high resolution is recommended to analyze GAW measures in HSV data.
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Samlan RA, Kunduk M, Ikuma T, Black M, Lane C. Vocal Fold Vibration in Older Adults With and Without Age-Related Dysphonia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2018; 27:1039-1050. [PMID: 29931255 DOI: 10.1044/2018_ajslp-17-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify the extent to which 7 measures of glottal area timing and regularity differ between older adults with and without age-related dysphonia (ARD). METHOD Laryngeal high-speed videoendoscopy was completed at 4,000 frames per second for 42 adults aged 70 years and older (ARD: 9 female, 5 male; control group: 15 female, 13 male). Relative glottal gap, open quotient, speed index, maximum area declination rate, harmonics-to-noise ratio, harmonic richness factor, and standard deviation of fundamental frequency were measured from a 0.5-s segment of the glottal area waveform. Eta squared (η2) was computed to estimate group effect. RESULTS Small effect sizes (η2 = .18-.35) were present for relative glottal gap, open quotient, maximum area declination rate, harmonic richness factor, and standard deviation of fundamental frequency. Speed index and glottal harmonics-to-noise ratio did not explain group membership (η2 = .001 and .05, respectively). CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence that vocal fold vibration in ARD is different than in normal aging, whereas the overlap in values for every measure is consistent with the concept that normal aging and ARD exist as a continuum of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Samlan
- Department of Speech, Language, & Hearing Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson
| | - Melda Kunduk
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
| | - Takeshi Ikuma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans
| | - Mindy Black
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson
| | - Christianne Lane
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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Kunduk M, Vansant MB, Ikuma T, McWhorter A. The Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Vibratory Characteristics of the Vocal Folds Investigated With High-Speed Digital Imaging. J Voice 2017; 31:182-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Laryngeal High-Speed Videoendoscopy: Sensitivity of Objective Parameters towards Recording Frame Rate. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4575437. [PMID: 27990428 PMCID: PMC5136634 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4575437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current use of laryngeal high-speed videoendoscopy in clinic settings involves subjective visual assessment of vocal fold vibratory characteristics. However, objective quantification of vocal fold vibrations for evidence-based diagnosis and therapy is desired, and objective parameters assessing laryngeal dynamics have therefore been suggested. This study investigated the sensitivity of the objective parameters and their dependence on recording frame rate. A total of 300 endoscopic high-speed videos with recording frame rates between 1000 and 15 000 fps were analyzed for a vocally healthy female subject during sustained phonation. Twenty parameters, representing laryngeal dynamics, were computed. Four different parameter characteristics were found: parameters showing no change with increasing frame rate; parameters changing up to a certain frame rate, but then remaining constant; parameters remaining constant within a particular range of recording frame rates; and parameters changing with nearly every frame rate. The results suggest that (1) parameter values are influenced by recording frame rates and different parameters have varying sensitivities to recording frame rate; (2) normative values should be determined based on recording frame rates; and (3) the typically used recording frame rate of 4000 fps seems to be too low to distinguish accurately certain characteristics of the human phonation process in detail.
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Zhuge P, You H, Wang H, Zhang Y, Du H. An Analysis of the Effects of Voice Therapy on Patients With Early Vocal Fold Polyps. J Voice 2016; 30:698-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ikuma T, Kunduk M, Fink D, McWhorter AJ. Synthetic multi-line kymographic analysis: A spatiotemporal data reduction technique for high-speed videoendoscopy. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 140:2703. [PMID: 27794340 DOI: 10.1121/1.4964400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High-speed videoendoscopy (HSV) enables observation of the true vibratory behavior of the vocal folds. To quantify the vocal fold vibration captured by the HSV, lateral movement features (e.g., glottal width and vocal fold edge displacements) have been extracted as functions of time. The most common analysis method is to extract the features on a lateral strip used to form digital kymogram. The weakness of this method is that it can only capture the vibrational behavior local to the strip location. While the multi-line kymographic approach has been utilized to capture the spatial diversity, the observation points are either fixed or manually positioned. Behaviors of pathological vocal folds, especially those with lesions, are expected to be spatially diverse and also diverse among speakers, making fixed observation points ineffective. This paper proposes a technique to synthesize kymographic waveforms from full spatiotemporal HSV feature data to extract distinctive behaviors automatically. Each synthesized waveform represents a non-overlapping section of the glottis, where vocal folds are locally behaving homogeneously. The efficacy of the algorithm is demonstrated with four HSV recordings (three pathological) and discussed, including mitigation of the known drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ikuma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Melda Kunduk
- Department of Communication Disorders, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Daniel Fink
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Andrew J McWhorter
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Niebudek-Bogusz E, Kopczynski B, Strumillo P, Morawska J, Wiktorowicz J, Sliwinska-Kowalska M. Quantitative assessment of videolaryngostroboscopic images in patients with glottic pathologies. LOGOP PHONIATR VOCO 2016; 42:73-83. [DOI: 10.3109/14015439.2016.1174293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Panek D, Skalski A, Zielinski T, Deliyski DD. Voice pathology classification based on High-Speed Videoendoscopy. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:735-8. [PMID: 26736367 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7318467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a method for automatical and objective classification of patients with healthy and pathological vocal fold vibration impairments using High-Speed Videoendoscopy of the larynx. We used an image segmentation and extraction of a novel set of numerical parameters describing the spatio-temporal dynamics of vocal folds to classification according to the normal and pathological cases and achieved 73,3% cross-validation classification accuracy. This approach is promising to develop an automatic diagnosis tool of voice disorders.
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Deliyski DD, Hillman RE, Mehta DD. Laryngeal High-Speed Videoendoscopy: Rationale and Recommendation for Accurate and Consistent Terminology. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2015; 58:1488-92. [PMID: 26375398 PMCID: PMC4686309 DOI: 10.1044/2015_jslhr-s-14-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The authors discuss the rationale behind the term laryngeal high-speed videoendoscopy to describe the application of high-speed endoscopic imaging techniques to the visualization of vocal fold vibration. METHOD Commentary on the advantages of using accurate and consistent terminology in the field of voice research is provided. Specific justification is described for each component of the term high-speed videoendoscopy, which is compared and contrasted with alternative terminologies in the literature. RESULTS In addition to the ubiquitous high-speed descriptor, the term endoscopy is necessary to specify the appropriate imaging technology and distinguish among modalities such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and nonendoscopic optical imaging. Furthermore, the term video critically indicates the electronic recording of a sequence of optical still images representing scenes in motion, in contrast to strobed images using high-speed photography and non-optical high-speed magnetic resonance imaging. High-speed videoendoscopy thus concisely describes the technology and can be appended by the desired anatomical nomenclature such as laryngeal. CONCLUSIONS Laryngeal high-speed videoendoscopy strikes a balance between conciseness and specificity when referring to the typical high-speed imaging method performed on human participants. Guidance for the creation of future terminology provides clarity and context for current and future experiments and the dissemination of results among researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar D. Deliyski
- Communication Sciences Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH
- University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Robert E. Hillman
- Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Institute of Health Professions, Charlestown, MA
| | - Daryush D. Mehta
- Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Institute of Health Professions, Charlestown, MA
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