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Kanatoula DD, Bodner E, Ghoreschi K, Meier K, Solimani F. Non-biologic immunosuppressive drugs for inflammatory and autoimmune skin diseases. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2024; 22:400-421. [PMID: 38259085 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Non-biologic immunosuppressive drugs, such as azathioprine, dapsone or methotrexate are fundamental treatment options for a wide range of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Some of these drugs were initially used for malignancies (e.g., azathioprine or methotrexate) or infectious diseases (e.g., hydroxychloroquine or dapsone) but are nowadays mostly used for their immunosuppressive/immunomodulating action. Although dermatologists have years of clinical experience with these drugs, some of the mechanisms of action are not fully understood and are the subject of research. Although these drugs are commonly used, lack of experience or knowledge regarding their safety profiles and management leads to skepticism among physicians. Here, we summarize the mechanism of action and detailed management of adverse effects of the most commonly used immunosuppressive drugs for skin diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the management of these drugs during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as well as their interaction and handling during vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danai Dionysia Kanatoula
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Euna Bodner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Meier
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Farzan Solimani
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin, Germany
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Kanatoula DD, Bodner E, Ghoreschi K, Meier K, Solimani F. Nicht-Biologika-Immunsuppressiva bei entzündlichen und autoimmunen Hautkrankheiten: Non-biologic immunosuppressive drugs for inflammatory and autoimmune skin diseases. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2024; 22:400-423. [PMID: 38450929 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15270_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungNicht‐Biologika‐Immunsuppressiva wie Azathioprin, Dapson oder Methotrexat sind grundlegende Behandlungsmöglichkeiten für ein breites Spektrum von Autoimmunerkrankungen und chronisch‐entzündlichen Hauterkrankungen. Einige dieser Medikamente wurden ursprünglich bei malignen Erkrankungen (zum Beispiel Azathioprin oder Methotrexat) oder Infektionskrankheiten (zum Beispiel Hydroxychloroquin oder Dapson) eingesetzt, werden aber heute hauptsächlich wegen ihrer immunsuppressiven/immunmodulierenden Wirkung verwendet. Obwohl Dermatologen über jahrelange klinische Erfahrung mit diesen Arzneimitteln verfügen, sind einige der Wirkmechanismen noch nicht vollständig geklärt und noch Gegenstand der Forschung. Obwohl diese Medikamente häufig eingesetzt werden, führen mangelnde Erfahrung oder fehlendes Wissen über ihre Sicherheitsprofile und ihr Management zu einer skeptischen Haltung bei den Ärzten. Hier fassen wir den Wirkmechanismus und das detaillierte Management der Nebenwirkungen der am häufigsten verwendeten immunsuppressiven Medikamente für Hautkrankheiten zusammen. Darüber hinaus diskutieren wir den Umgang mit diesen Medikamenten während der Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit sowie ihre Wechselwirkung und Handhabung im Zusammenhang mit Impfungen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danai Dionysia Kanatoula
- Abteilung für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin
| | - Euna Bodner
- Abteilung für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Abteilung für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin
| | - Katharina Meier
- Abteilung für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin
| | - Farzan Solimani
- Abteilung für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin
- BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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Xiong Y, Li S, Bai Y, Chen T, Sun W, Chen L, Yu J, Sun L, Li C, Wang J, Wu B. Generating detailed intercellular communication patterns in psoriasis at the single-cell level using social networking, pattern recognition, and manifold learning methods to optimize treatment strategies. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:2194-2231. [PMID: 38289616 PMCID: PMC10911347 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis, a complex and recurrent chronic inflammatory skin disease involving various inflammatory cell types, requires effective cell communication to maintain the homeostatic balance of inflammation. However, patterns of communication at the single-cell level have not been systematically investigated. In this study, we employed social network analysis tools, pattern recognition, and manifold learning to compare molecular communication features between psoriasis cells and normal skin cells. Utilizing a process that facilitates the discovery of cell type-specific regulons, we analyzed internal regulatory networks among different cells in psoriasis. Advanced techniques for the quantitative detection of non-targeted proteins in pathological tissue sections were employed to demonstrate protein expression. Our findings revealed a synergistic interplay among the communication signals of immune cells in psoriasis. B-cells were activated, while Langerhans cells shifted into the primary signaling output mode to fulfill antigen presentation, mediating T-cell immunity. In contrast to normal skin cells, psoriasis cells shut down numerous signaling pathways, influencing the balance of skin cell renewal and differentiation. Additionally, we identified a significant number of active cell type-specific regulons of resident immune cells around the hair follicle. This study unveiled the molecular communication features of the hair follicle cell-psoriasis axis, showcasing its potential for therapeutic targeting at the single-cell level. By elucidating the pattern of immune cell communication in psoriasis and identifying new molecular features of the hair follicle cell-psoriasis axis, our findings present innovative strategies for drug targeting to enhance psoriasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - Sidi Li
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yunmeng Bai
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - Wenwen Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - Lijie Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - Chijun Li
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - Jiajian Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, Guangdong, China
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, Guangdong, China
- Clinical Laboratory Department of The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen and Longgang District People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen 518028, China
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Suzuki T, Ito T, Gilhar A, Tokura Y, Reich K, Paus R. The hair follicle-psoriasis axis: Shared regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Exp Dermatol 2021; 31:266-279. [PMID: 34587317 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It has long been known that there is a special affinity of psoriasis for the scalp: Here, it occurs most frequently, lesions terminate sharply in frontal skin beyond the hair line and are difficult to treat. Yet, surprisingly, scalp psoriasis only rarely causes alopecia, even though the pilosebaceous unit clearly is affected. Here, we systematically explore the peculiar, insufficiently investigated connection between psoriasis and growing (anagen) terminal scalp hair follicles (HFs), with emphasis on shared regulatory mechanism and therapeutic targets. Interestingly, several drugs and stressors that can trigger/aggravate psoriasis can inhibit hair growth (e.g. beta-blockers, chloroquine, carbamazepine, interferon-alpha, perceived stress). Instead, several anti-psoriatic agents can stimulate hair growth (e.g. cyclosporine, glucocorticoids, dithranol, UV irradiation), while skin/HF trauma (Köbner phenomenon/depilation) favours the development of psoriatic lesions and induces anagen in "quiescent" (telogen) HFs. On this basis, we propose two interconnected working models: (a) the existence of a bidirectional "hair follicle-psoriasis axis," along which keratinocytes of anagen scalp HFs secrete signals that favour the development and maintenance of psoriatic scalp lesions and respond to signals from these lesions, and (b) that anagen induction and psoriatic lesions share molecular "switch-on" mechanisms, which invite pharmacological targeting, once identified. Therefore, we advocate a novel, cross-fertilizing and integrative approach to psoriasis and hair research that systematically characterizes the "HF-psoriasis axis," focused on identification and therapeutic targeting of selected, shared signalling pathways in the future management of both, psoriasis and hair growth disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Suzuki
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Taisuke Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Amos Gilhar
- Skin Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,Allergic Disease Research Center, Chutoen General Medical Center, Kakegawa, Japan
| | - Kristian Reich
- Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany.,Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Center, Manchester, UK
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5
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Hair Growth Activity of Three Plants of the Polynesian Cosmetopoeia and Their Regulatory Effect on Dermal Papilla Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194360. [PMID: 32977422 PMCID: PMC7582280 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair loss is becoming increasingly prevalent as dietary and living habits change. The search for natural products to limit hair loss has led to tapping into traditional cosmetic knowledge. We studied three plants of the Polynesian cosmetopoeia, Bidens pilosa, Calophyllum inophyllum and Fagraea berteroana, to determine their ability to promote hair growth. Their chemical content was characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Their proliferative activity on dermal papilla cells (DPCs) was assessed via MTT assay and molecular targets were evaluated by RT-qPCR analysis of seven factors involved in the modulation of the hair cycle, CCND1, LEF1, DKK1, WNT5A PPARD, TGFΒ1, PPARD and RSPO2. Our results show that our extracts significantly increased proliferation of dermal papilla cells. Furthermore, LC-MS/MS analysis revealed a diversity of molecules, flavonoids, iridoids and organic acids, some known for hair-inducing properties. Finally, specific extracts and fractions of all three plants either upregulated CCND1, LEF1 and PPARD involved in stimulating hair follicle proliferation and/or lowered the gene expression levels of hair growth inhibiting factors, DKK1 and TGFB1. Our findings suggest that extracts from B. pilosa, C. inophyllum and F. berteroana are interesting candidates to stimulate hair growth.
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Lopalco G, Rigante D, Lopalco A, Emmi G, Venerito V, Vitale A, Capozio G, Denora N, Cantarini L, Iannone F. Safety of systemic treatments for Behçet's syndrome. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2020; 19:1269-1301. [PMID: 32883123 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2020.1817379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment of Behçet's syndrome (BS) is aimed at controlling all symptoms of such a complex disorder, ensuring a good quality of life and preventing life-threatening complications. A better understanding of the pathogenic role of different chemokines has improved our knowledge of BS and elicited a more specific use of therapies currently available, minimizing the burden of potential side-effects related to treatment. AREAS COVERED This work aims to provide a detailed overview of the safety profile for current therapies available in the treatment of BS, focusing on the main side-effects, toxicity and contraindications. EXPERT OPINION The greatest experience in the management of BS has been achieved with the employment of monoclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor antibodies which have been advocated for BS refractory manifestations. Moreover, interleukin-1 inhibitors have proven to be effective as well as safe, despite escalation of their dosage, especially to manage the most severe and difficult-to-treat ocular manifestations. However, general treatment of BS patients remains awkward as protean clinical features may respond differently to the same treatment or even worsen. Therefore, patients' safety for therapies used in BS promotes the implementation of precision medicine, which could help targeting accurately the pathogenetic mechanisms concealed behind specific clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lopalco
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Rheumatology Unit, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Rigante
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS , Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore , Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Lopalco
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Giacomo Emmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence , Florence, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Venerito
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Rheumatology Unit, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Vitale
- Research Centre of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases, Behçet's Disease Clinic and Rheumatology-Ophthalmology Collaborative Uveitis Centre, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena , Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Capozio
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS , Rome, Italy
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Cantarini
- Research Centre of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases, Behçet's Disease Clinic and Rheumatology-Ophthalmology Collaborative Uveitis Centre, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena , Siena, Italy
| | - Florenzo Iannone
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Rheumatology Unit, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
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Khamchun S, Thongboonkerd V. Cell cycle shift from G0/G1 to S and G2/M phases is responsible for increased adhesion of calcium oxalate crystals on repairing renal tubular cells at injured site. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:106. [PMID: 30774989 PMCID: PMC6374384 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal tubular cell injury can enhance calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystal adhesion at the injured site and thus may increase the stone risk. Nevertheless, underlying mechanism of such enhancement remained unclear. In the present study, confluent MDCK renal tubular cell monolayers were scratched to allow cells to proliferate and repair the injured site. At 12-h post-scratch, the repairing cells had significant increases in crystal adhesion capacity and cell proliferation as compared to the control. Cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry demonstrated that the repairing cells underwent cell cycle shift from G0/G1 to S and G2/M phases. Cyclosporin A (CsA) and hydroxyurea (HU) at sub-toxic doses caused cell cycle shift mimicking that observed in the repairing cells. Crystal-cell adhesion assay confirmed the increased crystal adhesion capacity of the CsA-treated and HU-treated cells similar to that of the repairing cells. These findings provide evidence indicating that cell cycle shift from G0/G1 to S and G2/M phases is responsible, at least in part, for the increased adhesion of COM crystals on repairing renal tubular cells at the injured site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Khamchun
- 1Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,2Department of Immunology and Immunology Graduate Program, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- 1Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,3Center for Research in Complex Systems Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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8
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Liu H, Huang D, Jin L, Wang C, Liang S, Wen J. Integrating multi-omics analyses of Nonomuraea dietziae to reveal the role of soybean oil in [(4'-OH)MeLeu] 4-CsA overproduction. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:120. [PMID: 28709434 PMCID: PMC5512743 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonomuraea dietziae is a promising microorganism to mediate the region-specific monooxygenation reaction of cyclosporine A (CsA). The main product [(4′-OH)MeLeu]4-CsA possesses high anti-HIV/HCV and hair growth-stimulating activities while avoiding the immunosuppressive effect of CsA. However, the low conversion efficiency restricts the clinical application. In this study, the production of [(4′-OH)MeLeu]4-CsA was greatly improved by 55.6% from 182.8 to 284.4 mg/L when supplementing soybean oil into the production medium, which represented the highest production of [(4′-OH)MeLeu]4-CsA so far. Results To investigate the effect of soybean oil on CsA conversion, some other plant oils (corn oil and peanut oil) and the major hydrolysates of soybean oil were fed into the production medium, respectively. The results demonstrated that the plant oils, rather than the hydrolysates, could significantly improve the [(4′-OH)MeLeu]4-CsA production, suggesting that soybean oil might not play its role in the lipid metabolic pathway. To further unveil the mechanism of [(4′-OH)MeLeu]4-CsA overproduction under the soybean oil condition, a proteomic analysis based on the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry was implemented. The results showed that central carbon metabolism, genetic information processing and energy metabolism were significantly up-regulated under the soybean oil condition. Moreover, the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomic analysis indicated that soybean oil had a great effect on amino acid metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle. In addition, the transcription levels of cytochrome P450 hydroxylase (CYP) genes for CsA conversion were determined by RT-qPCR and the results showed that most of the CYP genes were up-regulated under the soybean oil condition. Conclusions These findings indicate that soybean oil could strengthen the primary metabolism and the CYP system to enhance the mycelium growth and the monooxygenation reaction, respectively, and it will be a guidance for the further metabolic engineering of this strain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0739-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Huang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Jin
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoxiong Liang
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wen
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. .,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
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Reconstitution of the In Vitro Activity of the Cyclosporine-Specific P450 Hydroxylase from Sebekia benihana and Development of a Heterologous Whole-Cell Biotransformation System. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6268-75. [PMID: 26150455 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01353-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP-sb21 from Sebekia benihana is capable of catalyzing the site-specific hydroxylation of the immunosuppressant cyclosporine (CsA), leading to the single product γ-hydroxy-N-methyl-l-Leu4-CsA (CsA-4-OH). Unlike authentic CsA, this hydroxylated CsA shows significantly reduced immunosuppressive activity while it retains a side effect of CsA, the hair growth stimulation effect. Although CYP-sb21 was previously identified to be responsible for CsA-specific hydroxylation in vivo, the in vitro activity of CYP-sb21 has yet to be established for a deeper understanding of this P450 enzyme and further reaction optimization. In this study, we reconstituted the in vitro activity of CYP-sb21 by using surrogate redox partner proteins of bacterial and cyanobacterial origins. The highest CsA site-specific hydroxylation activity by CYP-sb21 was observed when it was partnered with the cyanobacterial redox system composed of seFdx and seFdR from Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. The best bioconversion yields were obtained in the presence of 10% methanol as a cosolvent and an NADPH regeneration system. A heterologous whole-cell biocatalyst using Escherichia coli was also constructed, and the permeability problem was solved by using N-cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). This work provides a useful example for reconstituting a hybrid P450 system and developing it into a promising biocatalyst for industrial application.
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10
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Applications and limitations of lipid nanoparticles in dermal and transdermal drug delivery via the follicular route. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 97:152-63. [PMID: 26144664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LN) such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanolipid carriers (NLC) feature several claimed benefits for topical drug therapy including biocompatible ingredients, drug release modification, adhesion to the skin, and film formation with subsequent hydration of the superficial skin layers. However, penetration and permeation into and across deeper skin layers are restricted due to the barrier function of the stratum corneum (SC). As different kinds of nanoparticles provide the potential for penetration into hair follicles (HF) LN are applicable drug delivery systems (DDS) for this route in order to enhance the dermal and transdermal bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Therefore, this review addresses the HF as application site, published formulations of LN which showed follicular penetration (FP), and characterization methods in order to identify and quantify the accumulation of API delivered by the LN in the HF. Since LN are based on lipids that appear in human sebum which is the predominant medium in HF an increased localization of the colloidal carriers as well as a promoted drug release may be assumed. Therefore, sebum-like lipid material and a size of less or equal 640 nm are appropriate specifications for FP of particulate formulations.
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11
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El Mansoury J, Mbekeani JN. Hypertrichosis in a patient with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Int J Pediatr Adolesc Med 2015; 2:96-97. [PMID: 30805445 PMCID: PMC6372399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpam.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joyce N. Mbekeani
- Dept of Surgery, Jacobi Medical Center, North Bronx Health Network, Bronx, NY, USA
- Dept of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
- Corresponding author. Dept of Surgery, Jacobi Medical Center, 1400 Pelham Parkway, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. Tel.: +1 718 918 4784; fax: +1 718 918 7379.
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El Mansoury J, Mbekeani JN. Answer: Cyclosporine A hypertrichosis in a patient with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Int J Pediatr Adolesc Med 2015; 2:e1-e3. [PMID: 30805446 PMCID: PMC6372498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpam.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joyce N Mbekeani
- Dept of Surgery, Jacobi Medical Center, North Bronx Health Network, Bronx, NY, USA.,Dept of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
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13
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Choi SH, Moon JS, Jeon BS, Jeon YJ, Yoon BI, Lim CJ. Hair growth promoting potential of phospholipids purified from porcine lung tissues. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:174-9. [PMID: 25767686 PMCID: PMC4354319 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BP201, porcine lung tissue-derived phospholipids, consists of phosphatidylcholine as a major phospholipid species. BP201 promoted hair growth after application onto the shaved backs of BALB/c and C3H mice. Its effect was enhanced when applied together with minoxidil (MNX) in C3H mice. When the tissue specimens prepared from the shaved skins of BP201-treated and control mice were microscopically examined, the total numbers of hair follicles in both anagen and telogen phases of BP201-treated mice were significantly higher than those of control mice. The numbers of hair follicles in the anagen phase of BP201-treated mice were also higher than those of control mice. In combination with MNX, BP201 further increased the total number of hair follicles, but did not alter the percentage of hair follicles in the anagenic phase. BP201 also increased the proliferation of human hair follicle dermal papilla cells. Collectively, BP201 possesses hair growth promoting potential, which would suggest its use singly or in combination for hair growth products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong-Su Moon
- Biopid Co., Shinbuk, Chuncheon 200-832, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Suk Jeon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Byung-Il Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Jin Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
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14
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Gawronska-Kozak B, Kirk-Ballard H. Cyclosporin A reduces matrix metalloproteinases and collagen expression in dermal fibroblasts from regenerative FOXN1 deficient (nude) mice. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2013; 6:7. [PMID: 23547542 PMCID: PMC3637475 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Cyclosporin A (CsA), an immunosuppressive agent modifies the wound healing process through an influence on extracellular matrix metabolism. We have compared the effects of CsA on dermal fibroblasts from nude (FOXN1 deficient) mice, a genetic model of skin scarless healing, and from control (C57BL/6 J (B6) mice to evaluate metabolic pathways that appear to have important roles in the process of scarless healing/regeneration. Results High levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and collagen III expression in dermal fibroblasts from nude (regenerative) mice were down-regulated by CsA treatment to the levels observed in dermal fibroblasts from B6 (non-regenerative) mice. In contrast, dermal fibroblasts from control mice respond to CsA treatment with a minor reduction of Mmps mRNA and 2.5-fold increase expression of collagen I mRNA. An in vitro migratory assay revealed that CsA treatment profoundly delayed the migratory behavior of dermal fibroblasts from both nude and control mice. Conclusion The data suggest that by alternation of the accumulation of extracellular matrix components CsA treatment stimulates the transition from a scarless to a scar healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gawronska-Kozak
- Regenerative Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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15
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Jung HD, Kim JE, Kang H. Short anagen syndrome successfully controlled with topical minoxidil and systemic cyclosporine A combination therapy. J Dermatol 2011; 38:1108-1110. [PMID: 21545502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Dam Jung
- Department of Dermatology, St Paul's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, St Paul's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoon Kang
- Department of Dermatology, St Paul's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Lortz J, Favrot C, Mecklenburg L, Nett C, Rüfenacht S, Seewald W, Linek M. A multicentre placebo-controlled clinical trial on the efficacy of oral ciclosporin A in the treatment of canine idiopathic sebaceous adenitis in comparison with conventional topical treatment. Vet Dermatol 2011; 21:593-601. [PMID: 20529011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Canine idiopathic sebaceous adenitis (ISA) is an inflammatory reaction of sebaceous glands, potentially resulting in their complete loss. It is considered a T-cell-mediated disease, but its precise pathogenesis is still unknown. Topical treatment with oil soaks, humectants and shampoos is effective but laborious. Ciclosporin A (CsA), an immunomodulatory drug, has recently been shown to ameliorate the clinical picture of ISA and to reduce inflammation greatly. It is, however, an expensive treatment option. The objective of this multicentre, partly double-blinded, randomized controlled study was to evaluate the efficacy of ciclosporin A, either alone or with topical therapy, in comparison to conventional topical treatment alone, as measured by the primary end-points alopecia and scaling, and multiple histopathological secondary objectives. Thirty-four dogs with an established diagnosis were treated for 4-6 months and were evaluated before, during and after therapy. Both CsA and topical therapy demonstrated efficacy in this study. Differences between the treatment protocols were marginal. Topical treatment, both alone and in combination with CsA, appeared to reduce scaling more effectively than CsA alone. Both therapies reduced alopecia. There is evidence of a synergistic benefit on both scaling and alopecia, if both treatment options are combined. Inflammation of the sebaceous glands is also best reduced by a combination of both CsA and topical therapy. There is evidence that regeneration of sebaceous glands is best achieved by CsA, either given alone or in combination with topical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Lortz
- Die Tierärzte am Grandweg, Grandweg 68, 22529 Hamburg, Germany.
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17
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Ryan C, Amor KT, Menter A. The use of cyclosporine in dermatology: part II. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63:949-72; quiz 973-4. [PMID: 21093660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cyclosporine is highly effective in the treatment of a multitude of dermatoses. Concern over its side effect profile has limited its use in dermatology. Adverse effects are, for the most part, dose dependent and related to duration of therapy. Using the recommended monitoring protocols results in a significant decrease in the incidence of cyclosporine-related toxicities. This article provides a comprehensive review of the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine, potential drug interactions, adverse effects, and recommendations for monitoring in patients treated with cyclosporine. The use of cyclosporine in pregnancy and in the pediatric population is also addressed. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After completing this learning activity, participants should be familiar with the monitoring guidelines of cyclosporine, its contraindications, its possible drug interactions, its adverse effect profile, and its use in pregnancy and the childhood and adolescent populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitriona Ryan
- Department of Dermatology at Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75246, USA
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18
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Tu HP, Chen YT, Chiu HC, Chin YT, Huang SM, Cheng LC, Fu E, Chiang CY. Cyclosporine A enhances apoptosis in gingival keratinocytes of rats and in OECM1 cells via the mitochondrial pathway. J Periodontal Res 2009; 44:767-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Havlickova B, Bíró T, Mescalchin A, Tschirschmann M, Mollenkopf H, Bettermann A, Pertile P, Lauster R, Bodó E, Paus R. A human folliculoid microsphere assay for exploring epithelial- mesenchymal interactions in the human hair follicle. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 129:972-83. [PMID: 18923448 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The search for more effective drugs for the management of common hair growth disorders remains a top priority, both for clinical dermatology and industry. In this pilot study, we report a pragmatic organotypic assay for basic and applied hair research. The patented technique produces microdroplets, which generate human folliculoid microspheres (HFMs), consisting of human dermal papilla fibroblasts and outer root sheath keratinocytes within an extracellular matrix that simulates elements of the hair follicle mesenchyme. Studying a number of different markers (for example, proliferation, apoptosis, cytokeratin-6, versican), we show that these HFMs, cultured under well-defined conditions, retain several essential epithelial-mesenchymal interactions characteristic for human scalp hair follicle. Selected, recognized hair growth-modulatory agents modulate these parameters in a manner that suggests that HFMs allow the standardized preclinical assessment of test agents on relevant human hair growth markers under substantially simplified in vitro conditions that approximate the in vivo situation. Furthermore, we show by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcriptase-PCR, and DNA microarray techniques that HFMs also offer a useful discovery tool for the identification of target genes and their products for candidate hair drugs. HFM thus represent an instructive modern experimental and screening tool for basic and applied hair research in the human system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Havlickova
- Department of Dermatology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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20
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Kim CD, Lee MH, Sohn KC, Kim JM, Li SJ, Rang MJ, Roh SS, Oh YS, Yoon TJ, Im M, Seo YJ, Lee JH, Park JK. Induction of synapse associated protein 102 expression in cyclosporin A-stimulated hair growth. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:693-9. [PMID: 18312387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporin A (CsA) has been used as a potent immunosuppressive agent for inhibiting the graft rejection after organ transplantation. However, CsA provokes lots of side effects including hirsutism, the phenomenon of abnormal hair growth in the body. In the present study, we investigated the hair growth stimulating effect of CsA using in vivo and in vitro test models. When topically applied on the back skin of mice, CsA induced fast telogen to anagen transition. In contrast, CsA had no effect on the growth of human hair follicle tissues cultured in vitro, indicating that it might not have the mitogenic effect on hair follicles. To identify the genes related with CsA-induced hair growth, we performed differential display RT-PCR. Among the genes obtained, the expression of synapse associated protein 102 (SAP102) was verified using competitive RT-PCR. The result showed that the expression of SAP102 was significantly induced by CsA treatment in the back skin of C57BL/6 mice. However, the increase of SAP102 mRNA was also seen in spontaneous anagen mice, suggesting that induction of SAP102 is one event of the anagen hair growth response regardless of how the growth state was induced. SAP102 was not expressed in cultured human hair outer root sheath and dermal papilla cells. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that CsA induced the expression of SAP102 in perifollicular region of mouse anagen hair. Together, these results suggest that SAP102 is one of hair-cycle-dependent genes, whose expression is related with the anagen progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Deok Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Research Institute for Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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21
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Jung JY, Jeong YJ, Jeong TS, Chung HJ, Kim WJ. Inhibition of apoptotic signals in overgrowth of human gingival fibroblasts by cyclosporin A treatment. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:1042-9. [PMID: 18471799 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclosporin A (CsA), an immunosuppressive drug, has overgrowth effects on human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) in vitro. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for the CsA-induced gingival overgrowth remains still unclear. The present study is aimed to investigate the correlation with the apoptotic signal pathway in CsA-induced overgrowth of HGF. CsA-treated HGF were assessed for cell viability by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, for reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection by flow cytometry, for proliferation ability using the 5-bromo-20-deoxyuridine (BrdU), for caspase activities biochemically, for expression of apoptotic signal molecules such as cytochrome c, Fas and Fas-L and Bcl-2 family by Western blotting and VDAC by RT-PCR. CsA increased the cell viability, but not the number of BrdU-positive HGF, indicating that CsA fails to induce the proliferation of HGF. CsA also decreased the intracellular reactive oxygen species level in HGF. This was accompanied by that the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was upregulated whereas the proapoptotic protein Bax was downregulated. Moreover, CsA downregulated VDAC, a mitochondrial transition pore, and decreased the level of cytochrome c released from the mitochondria into the cytosol and activation of caspase-3 and -9 associated with mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. On the other hand, Fas-L level and caspase-8 activation, the major mediator of the death receptor-mediated apoptosis, were diminished in the CsA-treated HGF. CsA inhibits the apoptotic signal molecules such as cytochrome c, caspases and Fas-L with the regulation of Bcl-2 family whereas it has no effect on cell division, which can contribute to overgrowth of HGF. These findings suggest that the decreased apoptosis plays a more important role than the increased cell proliferation in the CsA-induced overgrowth of HGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Jung
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
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22
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Toxidermie folliculaire à la ciclosporine. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2008; 135:58-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Bulut S, Özdemir BH. Apoptosis and Expression of Caspase-3 in Cyclosporin-Induced Gingival Overgrowth. J Periodontol 2007; 78:2364-8. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.070226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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24
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Li J, Baxter RM, Weiner L, Goetinck PF, Calautti E, Brissette JL. Foxn1 promotes keratinocyte differentiation by regulating the activity of protein kinase C. Differentiation 2007; 75:694-701. [PMID: 17459087 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2007.00176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Foxn1 (the product of the nude locus) promotes the terminal differentiation of epithelial cells in the epidermis and hair follicles. Activated early in terminal differentiation, Foxn1 can modulate the timing or order of trait acquisition, as it induces early features of epidermal differentiation while suppressing late features. Here, we identify protein kinase C (PKC) as a key target of Foxn1 in keratinocyte differentiation control. Foxn1 has broad negative effects on the PKC family, as the loss of Foxn1 function leads to higher levels of total, primed, and activated PKC. Phosphorylated PKC substrates (the mediators of PKC function) rise when Foxn1 is inactivated and fall when Foxn1 is overproduced, suggesting that Foxn1 antagonizes PKC's effects. When PKC inhibitors are applied to nude (Foxn1 null) keratinocytes, nude defects are normalized or suppressed, as the inhibitors prevent nude cells from underproducing early differentiation markers and overproducing late markers. Taken together, the results suggest that Foxn1 acts as a restraint or brake on PKC signaling and that without this brake PKC disrupts differentiation. The results further suggest that Foxn1 modulates stage-specific markers by modulating PKC activity, providing control over the timing of steps in the differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Bldg. 149, 13th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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25
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Bhattacharyya I, Islam MN, Yoon TYH, Green JG, Ohja J, Liu JJ, Cohen DM. Lip hypertrophy secondary to cyclosporine treatment: a rare adverse effect and treatment considerations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 102:469-74. [PMID: 16997113 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Revised: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Gingival hypertrophy is a well-known and extensively documented undesirable side effect of cyclosporine in posttransplant patients. However, severe lip enlargement associated with cyclosporine is less recognized and has seldom been reported in the literature. Lip enlargement may lead to social, physical, and psychological stress, especially in the older childhood and adolescent age groups. We present a case of marked lip hypertrophy and concomitant gingival hypertrophy secondary to cyclosporine (Neoral) treatment in a pediatric bilateral lung transplant recipient. We also discuss the various side effects and treatment considerations available including more recent substitution therapy. Cyclosporine has most effectively and conclusively enabled transplantation of solid organs by reducing transplant-associated morbidity. We believe clinicians should be knowledgeable and aware of lip hypertrophy associated with cyclosporine use. This rare and less understood adverse effect should be recognized during the clinical evaluation of the posttransplant patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indraneel Bhattacharyya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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26
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Birraux J, Kirby JA, Thomason JM, Taylor JJ. The effect of cyclosporin on cell division and apoptosis in human oral keratinocytes. J Periodontal Res 2006; 41:297-302. [PMID: 16827723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Gingival overgrowth (GO) is a side-effect of cyclosporin A (CsA) therapy and is characterised by enlargement of the gingiva with epithelial thickening and overproduction of extracellular matrix components. The pathogenesis of the epithelial thickening in GO remains obscure. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of CsA on the growth of oral epithelial cells in vitro and to test the hypothesis that CsA influences apoptosis in these cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cyclosporin was cocultured with an immortalized normal human oral keratinocyte cell line (HOK-16B), an epitheloid cervical carcinoma cell line (HeLa) and primary oral keratinocytes. Cell division was quantified using a CyQUANT kit. Apoptosis was induced using tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and assayed by analysis of caspase-3 activity. Expression of the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, was measured by western blotting. RESULTS CsA exhibited a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of cell division in all three keratinocyte cell cultures. Significantly, HOK-16B cells treated with high doses of CsA (10 alphag/ml) did not recover their proliferative capacity 3 d after withdrawal of CsA, indicating that CsA-induced inhibition of growth is not temporary. Concentrations of CsA that inhibited cell division (1 microg/ml) did not have any effect on constitutive or TNF-alpha -induced apoptosis or Bcl-2 expression in HOK-16B cells. CONCLUSION CsA inhibits oral epithelial cell division and this effect is not associated with changes in apoptosis in these cells. The action of CsA on oral epithelial cells may be associated with a long-lasting stress signal, which might account for some of the pathological effects of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Birraux
- Oral Microbiology and Host Responses Group, School of Dental Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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27
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Kamimura A, Takahashi T, Morohashi M, Takano Y. Procyanidin Oligomers Counteract TGF-β 1- and TGF-β 2-Induced Apoptosis in Hair Epithelial Cells: An Insight into Their Mechanisms. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 19:259-65. [PMID: 16778458 DOI: 10.1159/000093981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Procyanidin oligomers are polyphenol compounds we have identified in apples and barley which have hair growth stimulant effects, and which are able to promote hair epithelial cell growth and induce anagen induction of the hair cycle in the in vivo murine model. For the purpose of examining the hair-growing mechanisms of procyanidin oligomers, we examined their relationship to the TGF-beta signal pathway, known to be a regulator of catagen induction, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade linked to cell proliferation. Addition of TGF-beta(1) or TGF-beta(2) to hair epithelial cell cultures dose-dependently decreased cell growth and induced apoptosis; however, addition of procyanidin B-2 to the culture neutralized the growth-inhibiting effects of both TGF-beta(1) and TGF-beta(2) and protected the cells from apoptosis. The same effects were observed with procyanidin B-3. We confirmed that procyanidin B-2 upregulates the expression of MEK-1/2 in cultured murine hair epithelial cells. We speculate that the hair-growing activity of procyanidin oligomers is at least linked to their growth-promoting effects on hair epithelial cells that follow MEK activation and their protective action on TGF-beta(1)- or TGF-beta(2)-induced apoptosis that is assumed to trigger catagen induction in the hair cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kamimura
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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28
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Hardie RJ, Gregory SP, Tomlin J, Sturgeon C, Lipscomb V, Ladlow J. Cyclosporine treatment of anal furunculosis in 26 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2006; 46:3-9. [PMID: 15682733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of cyclosporine on anal furunculosis lesions in 26 dogs. METHODS Lesions were graded as mild in 11 dogs, moderate in eight and severe in seven. Each dog was treated with approximately 4 mg/kg cyclosporine orally every 12 hours until the lesions resolved or showed no further improvement. Residual lesions were resected surgically. RESULTS Eighteen dogs (69 per cent) experienced complete resolution, seven (27 per cent) improved but had residual lesions and one (4 per cent) showed no improvement. The mean duration of treatment until resolution or no further improvement was 8.8 weeks (range four to 24 weeks). Nine dogs (35 per cent) experienced recurrence. Six were from the group that had shown complete resolution and three were from the group that had surgery. Fifteen dogs (58 per cent) developed side effects to cyclosporine, although none required treatment to be discontinued. Mean duration of follow-up was 6.8 months (range one to 20 months). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Cyclosporine was effective at resolving or reducing anal furunculosis lesions in 25 of 26 dogs (96 per cent). However, residual or recurrent lesions remain a potential problem, and surgical resection or long-term cyclosporine treatment may be necessary in some dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Hardie
- The Royal Veterinary College, Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire
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Abstract
In mice, rats, and humans, loss of function of Foxn1, a member of the winged helix/forkhead family of transcription factors, leads to macroscopic nudity and an inborn dysgenesis of the thymus. Nude (Foxn1(nu)/Foxn1(nu)) mice develop largely normal hair follicles and produce hair shafts. However, presumably because of a lack of certain hair keratins, the hair shafts that are generated twist and coil in the hair follicle infundibulum, which becomes dilated. Since hair shafts fail to penetrate the epidermis, macroscopic nudity results and generates the - grossly misleading - impression that nude mice are hairless. Here, we provide an overview of what is known on the role of Foxn1 in mammalian skin biology, its expression patterns in the hair follicle, its influence on hair follicle function, and onychocyte differentiation. We focus on the mechanisms and signaling pathways by which Foxn1 modulates keratinocyte differentiation in the hair follicle and nail apparatus and summarize the current knowledge on the molecular and functional consequences of a loss of function of the Foxn1 protein in skin. Foxn1 target genes, gene regulation of Foxn, and pharmacological manipulation of the nude phenotype (e.g. by cyclosporine A, KGF, and vitamin D3) are discussed, and important open questions as well as promising research strategies in Foxn1 biology are defined. Taken together, this review aims at delineating why enhanced research efforts in this comparatively neglected field of investigative dermatology promise important new insights into the controls of epithelial differentiation in mammalian skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Mecklenburg
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
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30
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Heyral C, Beylot-Barry M, Vergier B, Dromer C, Beylot C. P34 - Toxidermie folliculaire sous ciclosporine. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(05)79763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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31
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Van Den Heuvel C, Donkin JJ, Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC, Kuchel T, Koszyca B, Manavis J, Jones NR, Reilly PL, Vink R. Downregulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression following post-traumatic cyclosporin-A administration. J Neurotrauma 2005; 21:1562-72. [PMID: 15684649 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2004.21.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of these studies was to assess and quantitate the effects of cyclosporin-A (CyA) on brain APP messenger RNA and neuronal perikaryal APP antigen expression following controlled focal head impact in sheep. Impact results in a significant increase in both APP mRNA and neuronal perikaryal APP antigen expression. Post-traumatic administration of CyA (intrathecal 10 mg/kg) resulted in a reduction in APP mRNA and neuronal perikaryal antigen expression. At 2 h postinjury, CyA treatment caused a statistically significant (p < 0.05) 1.3 +/- 0.1-fold decrease in APP mRNA in the central gray matter of impacted sheep compared to untreated impacted sheep. A more profound reduction in APP mRNA synthesis (1.6 +/- 0.2 fold) was evident at 6 h (p < 0.05). The mean percentage brain area with APP immunoreactive neuronal perikarya at 6 h post-injury was 94.5% in untreated impacted animals, 10.0% in CyA-treated impacted animals, 5.5% in untreated nonimpacted animals, and 6% in CyA-treated non-impacted controls. These results demonstrate that CyA has a downregulatory effect on increased APP expression caused by TBI.
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Abstract
Virus-associated trichodysplasia spinulosa (VATS) is a cutaneous eruption of spiny papules predominantly affecting the face that is associated with a distinctive histologic picture of abnormally maturing anagen follicles with excessive inner root sheath differentiation and hyperkeratotic infundibula. Ultrastructurally, intranuclear viral particles consistent with polyoma virus are found. Only 2 patients have thus far been reported. Both had developed the eruption after a kidney transplant. We report 2 additional cases of VATS. One is an 8-year-old boy who presented with facial papules after a kidney transplant. The other is a 19-year-old man with a history of acute lymphocytic leukemia who never had a transplant. He developed a papular facial eruption as well as alopecia. Light microscopic and ultrastructural examinations revealed a spectrum in the severity of the histologic alterations as well as the number of intranuclear viral particles. This report expands the range of pathologic alterations associated with VATS and documents for the first time that it can affect patients without a solid organ transplant. The similarity of the clinical and histologic features of VATS with those previously reported by others as cyclosporine-induced "follicular dystrophy" or "pilomatrix dysplasia" raises the possibility that the described phenomena may reflect the same entity. Increased awareness of the distinct histologic picture associated with VATS will likely lead to more frequent diagnosis of this underrecognized entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Wyatt
- Department of Dermatology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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Mason JC, Steinberg R, Lidington EA, Kinderlerer AR, Ohba M, Haskard DO. Decay-accelerating factor induction on vascular endothelium by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is mediated via a VEGF receptor-2 (VEGF-R2)- and protein kinase C-alpha/epsilon (PKCalpha/epsilon)-dependent cytoprotective signaling pathway and is inhibited by cyclosporin A. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:41611-8. [PMID: 15284224 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407981200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Decay-accelerating factor (DAF), a membrane-bound complement regulatory protein, is up-regulated on endothelial cells (ECs) following treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), providing enhanced protection from complement-mediated injury. We explored the signaling pathways involved in this response. Incubation of human umbilical vein ECs with VEGF induced a 3-fold increase in DAF expression. Inhibition by flk-1 kinase inhibitor SU1498 and failure of placental growth factor (PlGF) to up-regulate DAF confirmed the role of VEGF-R2. The response was also blocked by pretreatment with phospholipase C-gamma (PLCgamma) inhibitor U71322 and protein kinase C (PKC) antagonist GF109203X. In contrast, no effect was seen with nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA). Use of PKC agonists and isozyme-specific pseudosubstrate peptide antagonists suggested a role for PKCalpha and -epsilon in VEGF-mediated DAF up-regulation. This was confirmed by transfection of ECs with PKCalpha and -epsilon dominant-negative constructs, which in combination completely abrogated induction of DAF by VEGF. In contrast, LY290042, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, significantly augmented DAF expression, suggesting a negative regulatory role for phosphoinositide 3-kinase. The widely used immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) inhibited DAF induction by VEGF in a dose-dependent manner. The VEGF-induced DAF expression was functionally effective, significantly reducing complement-mediated EC lysis, and this cytoprotective effect was reversed by CsA. These data provide evidence for a VEGF-R2-, phospholipase C-gamma-, and PKCalpha/epsilon-mediated cytoprotective pathway in ECs. This may represent an important mechanism for the maintenance of vascular integrity during chronic inflammation involving complement activation. Moreover, inhibition of this pathway by CsA may play a role in CsA-mediated vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Mason
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Eric Bywaters Center, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
We describe a 34-year-old kidney transplant patient who developed a distinct cutaneous side-effect to cyclosporine manifested as an infiltrated appearance to the skin with abundant flesh-colored, follicular papules predominantly affecting the ears, nose, and surrounding areas of the face, but also the trunk and extremities. The clinical and histologic findings in this case closely match those presented in 2 previous case reports, in which immunosuppressive doses of cyclosporine appeared to be causative. We present a detailed report of the clinical and histologic findings that are unique to these 3 cases and we introduce a theory, based on the recent in vitro studies involving cyclosporine, to help explain the pathogenic events induced by cyclosporine in these patients. We propose the term "cyclosporine induced folliculodystrophy" or CIF as an appropriate name for this distinct clinicohistopathologic entity. Finally, we set forth 3 clinical and 4 histopathologic criteria upon which the diagnosis of CIF can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Heaphy
- Division of Dermatology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45402, USA.
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Takahashi T, Kamimura A, Hamazono-Matsuoka T, Honda S. Phosphatidic acid has a potential to promote hair growth in vitro and in vivo, and activates mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase in hair epithelial cells. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121:448-56. [PMID: 12925199 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids have recently been discovered to play an important role in cellular regulation. In this study, we focused on phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidic acid, which are phospholipids known to possess growth-hormonal effects on several types of cells, and examined their growth-promoting effects on murine hair epithelial cells. We discovered that phosphatidic acid possesses intensive growth-promotional effects on hair epithelial cells and epidermal keratinocytes. In contrast, lyso-phosphatidic acid showed lower growth-promoting effects on hair epithelial cells relative to phosphatidic acid and showed minimal or no growth-promoting activity on epidermal keratinocytes. Phosphatidic acid was also shown to have hair-growing activity to induce the anagen phase of the hair cycle in the in vivo murine model. For the purpose of examining the hair-growing mechanisms of phosphatidic acid, we examined its relationship to the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade linked to cell proliferation and the transforming growth factor beta signal pathway known to be a regulator of catagen induction. We confirmed that phosphatidic acid activates MEK-1/2 and upregulates the expression of MEK-1/2 in cultured murine hair epithelial cells. Addition of transforming growth factor beta1 to hair epithelial cell cultures concentration-dependently decreased cell growth and induced apoptosis; however, addition of phosphatidic acid to the culture neutralized the growth-inhibiting effects of transforming growth factor beta1 and protected the cells from apoptosis. We speculate that the hair-growing activity of phosphatidic acid is at least linked to its growth-promoting effects on hair epithelial cells that follow mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase activation and its protective action on transforming-growth-factor-beta1-induced apoptosis that is assumed to trigger catagen induction in the hair cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Takahashi
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Company, 2 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841, Japan.
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Tang L, Cao L, Pelech S, Lui H, Shapiro J. Cytokines and signal transduction pathways mediated by anthralin in alopecia areata-affected Dundee experimental balding rats. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2003; 8:87-90. [PMID: 12895001 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although many therapeutic modalities have been tested on alopecia areata, patient outcomes have been disappointing. Use of animal models would help to develop more efficient therapies as well as understanding therapeutic mechanisms. We have demonstrated that 0.1% topical anthralin ointment is 100% effective in restoring follicular activity in Dundee experimental balding rats. This is the most promising topical treatment for Dundee experimental balding rats among the therapeutic agents tested on this model. Various cytokines have been shown to be associated with the pathogenesis of alopecia areata. To test whether any of these cytokines might be modulated by anthralin, an RNase protection assay and the real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to compare their expression between anthralin-treated and control skins. These experiments showed that expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma was inhibited by anthralin, whereas expression of interleukin-1alpha/beta and their receptor antagonist, interleukin-1Ra, and interleukin-10 was stimulated by anthralin. In addition, using an antibody-based multi-immunoblotting technique, we found that certain signaling regulatory proteins were modulated by anthralin. Their potential roles in reversing the autoimmune-arrested follicular activity in Dundee experimental balding rats are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liren Tang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Hospital, Canada.
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Kamimura A, Takahashi T. Procyanidin B-2, extracted from apples, promotes hair growth: a laboratory study. Br J Dermatol 2002; 146:41-51. [PMID: 11841365 DOI: 10.1046/j.0007-0963.2001.04558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported that several selective protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, including procyanidin B-2, promote hair epithelial cell growth and stimulate anagen induction. OBJECTIVES We discuss the hypothesis that the hair-growing activity of procyanidin B-2 is related to its downregulation or inhibition of translocation of PKC isozymes in hair epithelial cells. METHODS We examined the effect of procyanidin B-2 on the expression of PKC isozymes in cultured murine hair epithelial cells as well as PKC isozyme localization in murine dorsal skin at different stages in the hair cycle. RESULTS We observed that procyanidin B-2 reduces the expression of PKC-alpha, -betaI, -betaII and -eta in cultured murine hair epithelial cells and also inhibits the translocation of these isozymes to the particulate fraction of hair epithelial cells. Our immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that PKC-alpha, -betaI, -betaII and -eta are specifically expressed in the outer root sheaths of both anagen and telogen hair follicles. The hair matrix at the anagen stage showed no positive staining for these PKC isozymes. Moderate to intense staining for PKC-betaI and -betaII in the epidermis and hair follicles was observed in a telogen-specific manner; however, expression of PKC-alpha and -eta during the telogen stage was not conspicuous. Gö 6976, an inhibitor of calcium-dependent (conventional) PKC, proved to promote hair epithelial cell growth. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PKC isozymes, especially PKC-betaI and -betaII, play an important role in hair cycle progression and that the hair-growing mechanisms of procyanidin B-2 are at least partially related to its downregulation of PKC isozymes or its inhibition of translocation of PKC isozymes to the particulate fraction of hair epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kamimura
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., 2, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841, Japan.
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