1
|
Stanic B, Milošević N, Sukur N, Samardzija Nenadov D, Fa Nedeljkovic S, Škrbić S, Andric N. An in silico toxicogenomic approach in constructing the aflatoxin B1-mediated regulatory network of hub genes in hepatocellular carcinoma. Toxicol Mech Methods 2023; 33:552-562. [PMID: 36978281 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2196686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) can cause hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through a mutagenic mode of action but can also lead to global changes in gene expression; however, the AFB1 network of molecular pathways involved in HCC is not known. Here, we used toxicogenomic data from human liver cells exposed to AFB1 to infer the network of AFB1-responsive molecular pathways involved in HCC. The following computational tools: STRING, MCODE, cytoHubba, iRegulon, kinase enrichment tool KEA3, and DAVID were used to identify protein-protein interaction network, hub genes, transcription factors (TFs), upstream kinases, and biological processes (BPs). Predicted molecular events were validated with an external dataset, whereas the hub genes in HCC were validated using the UALCAN database. The results revealed an association between AFB1 and the hub genes involved in the cell cycle. We identified TFs that regulate the hub genes and linked them with upstream kinases including cyclin-dependent kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1, and AKT. This approach enabled the construction of the AFB1-mediated regulatory network consisting of upstream kinases, TFs, hub genes, and BPs, thus revealing the signaling hierarchy and information flow that may contribute to AFB1-induced HCC. This could be a useful tool in predicting the molecular mechanisms involved in chemical-induced diseases when available toxicogenomic data exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Stanic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Milošević
- Department of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Sukur
- Department of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | | | - Srđan Škrbić
- Department of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Andric
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ezzat MAF, Elmasry GF, El-Mageed MMAA, Fouad MA, Abdel-Aziz HA, Elewa SI. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of furan-bearing pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines as novel inhibitors of CDK2 and P53-MDM2 protein-protein interaction. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:1183-1203. [PMID: 37191966 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The novel series of furan-bearing pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines were designed as cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) inhibitors and as p53-murine double minute 2 (MDM2) inhibitors. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antiproliferative activity toward hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and breast cancer (MCF7) cell lines. The most active compounds on both cell lines were additionally evaluated for their in vitro CDK2 inhibitory activity. Compounds 7b and 12f displayed enhanced activity (half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50 ] = 0.46 and 0.27 µM, respectively) in comparison to the standard roscovitine (IC50 = 1.41 ± 0.03 µM), in addition to, cell cycle arrest at S phase and G1/S transition phase in MCF7 cells treated with both compounds, respectively. Moreover, the most active spiro-oxindole derivative against MCF7 cell line, 16a, exhibited enhanced inhibitory activity against p53-MDM2 interaction in vitro (IC50 = 3.09 ± 0.12 µM) compared to nutlin, and increased the levels of both p53 and p21 by nearly fourfold in comparison to the negative control. Molecular docking studies demonstrated the plausible interaction patterns of the most potent derivatives 17b and 12f in the CDK2 binding pocket and the spiro-oxindole 16a with p53-MDM2 complex, respectively. Consequently, the new chemotypes 7b, 12f, and 16a can be presented as promising antitumor hits for further studies and optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghada F Elmasry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Marwa A Fouad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, NewGiza University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hatem A Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Applied Organic Chemistry, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Safaa I Elewa
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Women's for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qu J, Tao D, Huang W, Lu L, Fan J, Zhang S, Huang F. Assessment of prognostic role of a novel 7-lncRNA signature in HCC patients. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18493. [PMID: 37520979 PMCID: PMC10382640 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by extensive risk factors, high morbidity and mortality. Clinical prognostic evaluation assay assumes a nonspecific quality. Better HCC prognostics are urgently needed. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) exerts a crucial role in tumorigenesis and development. Excavating specific lncRNAs signature to ameliorate the high-risk survival prediction in HCC patients is worthwhile. Methods Differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) profile was acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA). Then, the lncRNAs high-risk survival prognostic model was established using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)-Cox regression algorithm. The lncRNAs were evaluated in clinical specimen by PCR. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was further conducted to assess the potential prognostic value of the model. Moreover, a visible nomogram containing clinicopathological features and prognostic model was developed for prediction of survival property. Potential molecular mechanism was assessed by GO, KEGG, GSEA enrichment analysis and CIBERSORT immune infiltration analysis. Results A novel 7-lncRNA risk model (AL161937.2, LINC01063, AC145207.5, POLH-AS1, LNCSRLR, MKLN1-AS, AC105345.1) was constructed and validated for HCC prognosis prediction. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients in the high-risk group suffered a poor prognosis (p = 1.813 × 10-8). These genes were detected by PCR, and the expression trend was in accordance with TCGA database. Interestingly, the risk score served as an independent risk factor for HCC patients (HR: 1.166, 95% CI:1.119-1.214, p < 0.001). The nomogram was established, and the predictive accuracy in the nomogram was prior to the TNM stage according to the ROC curve analysis. Cell proliferation related pathway, decreased CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell, NK cell and elevated Neutrophil, Macrophage M0 were observed in high-risk group. Besides, suppression of MKLN1-AS expression inhibited cell proliferation of HCC cells by CCK8 assay in vitro. Conclusion The 7-lncRNA signature may exert a particular prognostic prediction role in HCC and provide new insight in HCC carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junchi Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of PingJiang, Yueyang 410400, China
| | - Di Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Liting Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Junming Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Shineng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Fengting Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hsu CH, Weng PW, Chen MY, Yeh CT, Setiawan SA, Yadav VK, Wu ATH, Tzeng DTW, Gong JX, Yang Z, Tzeng YM. Therapeutic targeting of hepatocellular carcinoma cells with antrocinol, a novel, dual-specificity, small-molecule inhibitor of the KRAS and ERK oncogenic signaling pathways. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 370:110329. [PMID: 36565974 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, sorafenib has been the only treatment approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Some patients, however, exhibit resistance to this treatment and subsequently experience cancer progression, recurrence, or death. Therefore, identifying a new alternative treatment for patients with little or no response to sorafenib treatment is vital. In this study, we explored the therapeutic potential and underlying molecular mechanism of antrocinol ((3aS,4R,6aS,10aR)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-7,7-dimethyldecahydro-1H-naphtho[1,8a-c]furan-1-one) in patients with HCC. The results indicated that antrocinol was more therapeutically effective than antrocin, Stivarga, and sorafenib against HCC cell lines. Antrocinol also substantially suppressed the expression of KRAS-GTP, p-MEK1/2, p-ERK1/2, and p-AKT in the Huh7 cell line. Additionally, antrocinol-induced apoptosis in the Huh7 cell line, inhibited the formation of tumorspheres, and suppressed the expression of cancer stem cell markers CD133, KLF4, CD44, OCT4, SOX2, and c-Myc. Animal studies revealed that antrocinol alone considerably suppressed tumor growth in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice inoculated with Huh7 tumorspheres. It also synergistically enhanced the anticancer effect of sorafenib, resulting in enhanced suppression of tumor growth (p < 0.001) and tumorsphere formation (p < 0.001). In tumor samples resected from mice treated with antrocinol alone or in combination with sorafenib, immunohistochemical analysis revealed an increase in BAX expression and a decrease in ERK and AKT protein expression. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the anti-HCC activity of antrocinol. With its higher therapeutic efficacy than that of sorafenib, antrocinol is a candidate drug for patients with HCC who demonstrate little or no response to sorafenib treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Hsu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, 11031, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wei Weng
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; Department of Orthopaedics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yao Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tai Yeh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; Continuing Education Program of Food Biotechnology Applications, College of Science and Engineering, National Taitung University, Taitung, 95092, Taiwan
| | - Syahru Agung Setiawan
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Vijesh Kumar Yadav
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Alexander T H Wu
- Ph.D. Program of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - David T W Tzeng
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Lifebit, London, EC2A 2AP, UK
| | - Jian-Xian Gong
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yew-Min Tzeng
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, 95092, Taiwan; Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 41349, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
He R, Xue H, Pan W. Statistical power of transcriptome-wide association studies. Genet Epidemiol 2022; 46:572-588. [PMID: 35766062 PMCID: PMC9669108 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptome-Wide Association Studies (TWASs) have become increasingly popular in identifying genes (or other endophenotypes or exposures) associated with complex traits. In TWAS, one first builds a predictive model for gene expressions using an expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data set in stage 1, then tests the association between the predicted gene expression and a trait based on a large, independent genome-wide association study (GWAS) data set in stage 2. However, since the sample size of the eQTL data set is usually small and the coefficient of multiple determination (i.e.,R 2 ${R}^{2}$ ) of the model for many genes is also small, a question of interest is to what extent these factors affect the statistical power of TWAS. In addition, in contrast to a standard (univariate) TWAS (UV-TWAS) considering only a single gene at a time, multivariate TWAS (MV-TWAS) methods have recently emerged to account for the effects of multiple genes, or a gene's nonlinear effects, simultaneously. With the absence of the power analysis for these MV-TWAS methods, it would be of interest to investigate whether one can gain or lose power by using the newly proposed MV-TWAS instead of UV-TWAS. In this paper, we first outline a general method for sample size/power calculations for two-sample TWAS, then use real data-the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) eQTL data for stage 1, the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project Alzheimer's disease (AD) GWAS summary data and UK Biobank (UKB) individual-level data for stage 2-to empirically address these questions. Our most important conclusions are the following. First, a sample size of a few thousands (~8000) would suffice in stage 1, where the power of TWAS would be more determined by cis-heritability of gene expression. Second, as in the general case of simple regression versus multiple regression, the power of MV-TWAS may be higher or lower than that of UV-TWAS, depending on the specific relationships among the GWAS trait and multiple genes (or linear and nonlinear terms of the same gene's expression levels), such as their correlations and effect sizes. Interestingly, several top genes with large power gains in MV-TWAS (over that in UV-TWAS) were known to be (and in our data more significantly) associated with AD. We also reached similar conclusions in an application to the GTEx whole blood gene expression data and UKB GWAS data of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The proposed method and the conclusions are expected to be useful in planning and designing future TWAS and other related studies (e.g., Proteome- or Metabolome-Wide Association Studies) when determining the sample sizes for the two stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu He
- School of StatisticsUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- University of MinnesotaDivision of Biostatistics, School of Public HealthMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Haoran Xue
- University of MinnesotaDivision of Biostatistics, School of Public HealthMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Wei Pan
- University of MinnesotaDivision of Biostatistics, School of Public HealthMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin Z, Xue H, Malakhov MM, Knutson KA, Pan W. Accounting for nonlinear effects of gene expression identifies additional associated genes in transcriptome-wide association studies. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:2462-2470. [PMID: 35043938 PMCID: PMC9307319 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) integrate genome-wide association study (GWAS) data with gene expression (GE) data to identify (putative) causal genes for complex traits. There are two stages in TWAS: in Stage 1, a model is built to impute gene expression from genotypes, and in Stage 2, gene-trait association is tested using imputed gene expression. Despite many successes with TWAS, in the current practice, one only assumes a linear relationship between GE and the trait, which however may not hold, leading to loss of power. In this study, we extend the standard TWAS by considering a quadratic effect of GE, in addition to the usual linear effect. We train imputation models for both linear and quadratic gene expression levels in Stage 1, then include both the imputed linear and quadratic expression levels in Stage 2. We applied both the standard TWAS and our approach first to the ADNI gene expression data and the IGAP Alzheimer's disease GWAS summary data, then to the GTEx (V8) gene expression data and the UK Biobank individual-level GWAS data for lipids, followed by validation with different GWAS data, suitable model checking and more robust TWAS methods. In all these applications, the new TWAS approach was able to identify additional genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, LDL and HDL cholesterol levels, suggesting its likely power gains and thus the need to account for potentially nonlinear effects of gene expression on complex traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaotong Lin
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Haoran Xue
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mykhaylo M Malakhov
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Katherine A Knutson
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Wei Pan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: A460 Mayo Building, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. Tel: (612)626-2705; Fax: (612)626-0660;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Feng D, Zhang F, Liu L, Xiong Q, Xu H, Wei W, Liu Z, Yang L. SKA3 Serves as a Biomarker for Poor Prognosis in Kidney Renal Papillary Cell Carcinoma. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:8591-8602. [PMID: 34849004 PMCID: PMC8627265 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s336799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is a surprising paucity of studies investigating the potential mechanism of SKA3 in the progression and prognosis of kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP). Methods We used TCGA and other databases to analyze the expression, clinical value, and potential mechanisms of SKA3 in KIRP patients. We also explored therapeutic agents for KIRP through GSCALite. Results SKA3 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated and the area under the curve was 0.792 (95% CI 0.727–0.856). Increased SKA3 expression was related to shorter overall survival, disease-specific survival and progression-free survival. Hub genes in protein–protein interactions were CDK1, CDC20, CCNB1, CCNA2, BUB1, AURKB, BUB1B, PLK1, CCNB2, and MAD2L1, which were differentially expressed and also associated with KIRP prognosis. Gene-set enrichment analysis indicated that E2F targets, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, glycolysis, the WNT signaling pathway, and other pathways were highly enriched upon SKA3 upregulation. Gene-set variation analysis of SKA3 and its ten hub genes showed that the significant correlation of cancer-related pathways included the cell cycle, DNA damage, hormone androgen receptor, hormone estrogen receptor, PI3K/Akt, and Ras/MAPK. In addition, we found that MEK inhibitors, ie, trametinib, selumetinib, PD0325901, and RDEA119, may be feasible targeting agents for KIRP patients. Conclusion SKA3 might contribute to poor prognosis of KIRP through cell cycle, DNA damage, hormone androgen receptor, hormone estrogen receptor, PI3K/Akt, and RAS/MAPK. SKA3 potentially serves as a prognostic biomarker and target for KIRP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dechao Feng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Facai Zhang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Xiong
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Xu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuran Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghua Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
A network pharmacology approach to investigate the anticancer mechanism of cinobufagin against hepatocellular carcinoma via downregulation of EGFR-CDK2 signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 431:115739. [PMID: 34619160 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest cancers with high mortality and poor prognosis, and the investigation on new approaches and effective drugs for HCC therapy is of great significance. In our study, we demonstrate that treatment with cinobufagin, a natural compound isolated from traditional chinese medicine Chansu, reduces proliferation and the colony formation capacity of the human hepatoma cells in vitro, in addition, cinobufagin induces mitotic arrest in human hepatoma cells. The results of a network pharmacology-based analysis show that EGFR, MAPK1, PTK2, CDK2, MAPK3, ESR1, CDK1, PRKCA, AR, and CSNK2A1 are the key targets involved in the anti-tumor activities of cinobufagin, additionally, several signaling pathways such as proteoglycans in cancer, pathways in cancer, HIF-1 signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, ErbB signaling pathway, and PI3K-AKT signaling pathway are identified as the potential pathways involved in the inhibitory effects of cinobufagin against HCC. Furthermore, at the molecular level, we find that cinobufagin decreases EGFR expression and CDK2 activity in human hepatoma cells. Inhibition of EGFR or CDK2 expression could not only suppress the growth of tumor cells but also enhance the inhibitory effects of cinobufagin on the proliferative potential of human hepatoma cells. We also demonstrate that EGFR positively regulates CDK2 expression. Furthermore, EGFR inhibitor gefitinib or CDK2 inhibitor CVT-313 synergistically enhances anticancer effects of cinobufagin in human hepatoma cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that cinobufagin may exert antitumor effects by suppressing EGFR-CDK2 signaling, and our study suggests that cinobufagin may be a novel, promising anticancer agent for the treatment of HCC.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lau HW, Ma HT, Yeung TK, Tam MY, Zheng D, Chu SK, Poon RYC. Quantitative differences between cyclin-dependent kinases underlie the unique functions of CDK1 in human cells. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109808. [PMID: 34644583 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most intriguing features of cell-cycle control is that, although there are multiple cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in higher eukaryotes, a single CDK is responsible for both G1-S and G2-M in yeasts. By leveraging a rapid conditional silencing system in human cell lines, we confirm that CDK1 assumes the role of G1-S CDK in the absence of CDK2. Unexpectedly, CDK1 deficiency does not prevent mitotic entry. Nonetheless, inadequate phosphorylation of mitotic substrates by noncanonical cyclin B-CDK2 complexes does not allow progression beyond metaphase and underscores deleterious late mitotic events, including the uncoupling of anaphase A and B and cytokinesis. Elevation of CDK2 to a level similar to CDK1 overcomes the mitotic defects caused by CDK1 deficiency, indicating that the relatively low concentration of CDK2 accounts for the defective anaphase. Collectively, these results reveal that the difference between G2-M and G1-S CDKs in human cells is essentially quantitative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Wai Lau
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Hoi Tang Ma
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Tsz Kwan Yeung
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Man Yee Tam
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Danyi Zheng
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Siu Ki Chu
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Randy Yat Choi Poon
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong; Center for Cancer Research and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xia ZK, Wang W, Qiu JG, Shi XN, Li HJ, Chen R, Ke KB, Dong C, Zhu Y, Wu SG, Zhang RP, Meng ZR, Zhao H, Gu P, Leung KS, Wong MH, Liu XD, Zhou FM, Zhang JY, Yao YT, Wang SJ, Zhang CY, Qin YR, Lin MCM, Jiang BH. Discovery of a New CDK4/6 and PI3K/AKT Multiple Kinase Inhibitor Aminoquinol for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:691769. [PMID: 34335258 PMCID: PMC8320333 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.691769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a lethal malignancy lacking effective treatment. The Cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 (CDK4/6) and PI3K/AKT signal pathways play pivotal roles in carcinogenesis and are promising therapeutic targets for HCC. Here we identified a new CDK4/6 and PI3K/AKT multi-kinase inhibitor for the treatment of HCC. Methods: Using a repurposing and ensemble docking methodology, we screened a library of worldwide approved drugs to identify candidate CDK4/6 inhibitors. By MTT, apoptosis, and flow cytometry analysis, we investigated the effects of candidate drug in reducing cell-viability,inducing apoptosis, and causing cell-cycle arrest. The drug combination and thermal proteomic profiling (TPP) method were used to investigate whether the candidate drug produced antagonistic effect. The in vivo anti-cancer effect was performed in BALB/C nude mice subcutaneously xenografted with Huh7 cells. Results: We demonstrated for the first time that the anti-plasmodium drug aminoquinol is a new CDK4/6 and PI3K/AKT inhibitor. Aminoquinol significantly decreased cell viability, induced apoptosis, increased the percentage of cells in G1 phase. Drug combination screening indicated that aminoquinol could produce antagonistic effect with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. TPP analysis confirmed that aminoquinol significantly stabilized CDK4, CDK6, PI3K and AKT proteins. Finally, in vivo study in Huh7 cells xenografted nude mice demonstrated that aminoquinol exhibited strong anti-tumor activity, comparable to that of the leading cancer drug 5-fluorouracil with the combination treatment showed the highest therapeutic effect. Conclusion: The present study indicates for the first time the discovery of a new CDK4/6 and PI3K/AKT multi-kinase inhibitor aminoquinol. It could be used alone or as a combination therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Kun Xia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ge Qiu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xi-Nan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.,XingYi People' Hospital, Xingyi, China
| | - Hong-Jian Li
- CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Physiology, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Kun-Bin Ke
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Chao Dong
- Department of the Second Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Tumor Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Cadre Medical Branch, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shi-Guo Wu
- Department of Teaching and Research Section of Formulas of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Rong-Ping Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine,Kunming, China
| | - Zhuo-Ran Meng
- Department of Pathology, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Peng Gu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Kwong-Sak Leung
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Hon Wong
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Feng-Mei Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ying Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ya-Ting Yao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Si-Jia Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chun-Yang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Ru Qin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Marie Chia-Mi Lin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bing-Hua Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hassan GS, Georgey HH, Mohammed EZ, George RF, Mahmoud WR, Omar FA. Mechanistic selectivity investigation and 2D-QSAR study of some new antiproliferative pyrazoles and pyrazolopyridines as potential CDK2 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 218:113389. [PMID: 33784602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel series of diphenyl-1H-pyrazoles (4a-g) and pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines (5a-g and 7a-i) were synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against breast cancer cell line (MCF7) and Hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2). The highest MCF7 growth inhibition activity was attained via compounds 4f and 7e (IC50 = 1.29 and 0.93 μM, respectively), while compounds 5b and 7f were the most active ones against HepG2 (IC50 = 1.57 and 1.33 μM, respectively) compared to doxorubicin (IC50 = 1.88 and 7.30 μM, respectively). Cell cycle analysis showed arrest at S and G2-M phases in MCF7 cells treated with 4f and 7e, and at G2-M and G1/S phases in HepG2 cells treated with 5b and 7f, respectively. Apoptotic effect of compounds 4f, 5b, 7e, and 7f was indicated via their pre-G1 early and late apoptotic effects and augmented levels of caspase-9/MCF7 and caspase-3/HepG2. A worthy safety profile was assessed for compounds 4f and 7e on MCF10A and compounds 5b and 7f on THLE2 treated normal cells. Furthermore, compounds 4f, 5b and 7f displayed a promising selective profile for CDK2 inhibition vs. CDK1, CDK4, and CDK7 isoforms as proved from their selectivity index. Docking in CDK2 ATP binding site, co-crystallized with R-Roscovitine, demonstrated analogous interactions and comparable binding energy with the native ligand. 2D QSAR sighted the possible structural features governing the CDK2 inhibition activity elicited by the studied pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines. These findings present compounds 4f, 5b, and 7f as selective CDK2 inhibitors with promising antiproliferative activity against MCF7 and HepG2 cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghaneya S Hassan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department,School of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Hanan H Georgey
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development, Cairo, 11777, Egypt
| | - Esraa Z Mohammed
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, 12585, Egypt.
| | - Riham F George
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Walaa R Mahmoud
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Farghaly A Omar
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assuit University, 71526, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhu Y, Ke KB, Xia ZK, Li HJ, Su R, Dong C, Zhou FM, Wang L, Chen R, Wu SG, Zhao H, Gu P, Leung KS, Wong MH, Lu G, Zhang JY, Jiang BH, Qiu JG, Shi XN, Lin MCM. Discovery of vanoxerine dihydrochloride as a CDK2/4/6 triple-inhibitor for the treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Med 2021; 27:15. [PMID: 33579185 PMCID: PMC7879659 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclin-dependent kinases 2/4/6 (CDK2/4/6) play critical roles in cell cycle progression, and their deregulations are hallmarks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods We used the combination of computational and experimental approaches to discover a CDK2/4/6 triple-inhibitor from FDA approved small-molecule drugs for the treatment of HCC. Results We identified vanoxerine dihydrochloride as a new CDK2/4/6 inhibitor, and a strong cytotoxicdrugin human HCC QGY7703 and Huh7 cells (IC50: 3.79 μM for QGY7703and 4.04 μM for Huh7 cells). In QGY7703 and Huh7 cells, vanoxerine dihydrochloride treatment caused G1-arrest, induced apoptosis, and reduced the expressions of CDK2/4/6, cyclin D/E, retinoblastoma protein (Rb), as well as the phosphorylation of CDK2/4/6 and Rb. Drug combination study indicated that vanoxerine dihydrochloride and 5-Fu produced synergistic cytotoxicity in vitro in Huh7 cells. Finally, in vivo study in BALB/C nude mice subcutaneously xenografted with Huh7 cells, vanoxerine dihydrochloride (40 mg/kg, i.p.) injection for 21 days produced significant anti-tumor activity (p < 0.05), which was comparable to that achieved by 5-Fu (10 mg/kg, i.p.), with the combination treatment resulted in synergistic effect. Immunohistochemistry staining of the tumor tissues also revealed significantly reduced expressions of Rb and CDK2/4/6in vanoxerinedihydrochloride treatment group. Conclusions The present study isthe first report identifying a new CDK2/4/6 triple inhibitor vanoxerine dihydrochloride, and demonstrated that this drug represents a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Department of Cadre Medical Branch, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Kun-Bin Ke
- Department of Urology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Zhong-Kun Xia
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Hong-Jian Li
- CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory On Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rong Su
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Chao Dong
- Department of the Second Medical Oncology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Tumor Hospital, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Feng-Mei Zhou
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Physiology, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650504, Yunnan, China
| | - Shi-Guo Wu
- Department of Teaching and Research of Formulas of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Urology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Peng Gu
- Department of Urology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Kwong-Sak Leung
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Man-Hon Wong
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Gang Lu
- CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory On Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian-Ying Zhang
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Bing-Hua Jiang
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Jian-Ge Qiu
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Xi-Nan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650504, Yunnan, China. .,Department ofMedicine, Southwest Guizhou Vocational and Technical College for Nationalities, Xingyi, 562400, Guizhou, China.
| | - Marie Chia-Mi Lin
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hu W, Zheng S, Guo H, Dai B, Ni J, Shi Y, Bian H, Li L, Shen Y, Wu M, Tian Z, Liu G, Hossain MA, Yang H, Wang D, Zhang Q, Yu J, Birnbaumer L, Feng J, Yu D, Yang Y. PLAGL2-EGFR-HIF-1/2α Signaling Loop Promotes HCC Progression and Erlotinib Insensitivity. Hepatology 2021; 73:674-691. [PMID: 32335942 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, hence a major public health threat. Pleomorphic adenoma gene like-2 (PLAGL2) has been reported to play a role in tumorigenesis. However, its precise function in HCC remains poorly understood. APPROACH AND RESULTS In this study, we demonstrated that PLAGL2 was up-regulated in HCC compared with that of adjacent nontumorous tissues and also correlated with overall survival times. We further showed that PLAGL2 promoted HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. PLAGL2 expression was positively correlated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression. Mechanistically, this study demonstrated that PLAGL2 functions as a transcriptional regulator of EGFR and promotes HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through the EGFR-AKT pathway. Moreover, hypoxia was found to significantly induce high expression of PLAGL2, which promoted hypoxia inducible factor 1/2 alpha subunit (HIF1/2A) expression through EGFR. Therefore, this study demonstrated that a PLAGL2-EGFR-HIF1/2A signaling loop promotes HCC progression. More importantly, PLAGL2 expression reduced hepatoma cells' response to the anti-EGFR drug erlotinib. PLAGL2 knockdown enhanced the response to erlotinib. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals the pivotal role of PLAGL2 in HCC cell proliferation, metastasis, and erlotinib insensitivity. This suggests that PLAGL2 can be a potential therapeutic target of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Hu
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and ResearchState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Shufang Zheng
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and ResearchState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Haixin Guo
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and ResearchState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Beiying Dai
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and ResearchState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiaping Ni
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and ResearchState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yaohong Shi
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and ResearchState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hanrui Bian
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and ResearchState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lanxin Li
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and ResearchState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yumeng Shen
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and ResearchState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Mo Wu
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and ResearchState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhoutong Tian
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and ResearchState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Guilai Liu
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and ResearchState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Md Amir Hossain
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and ResearchState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hongbao Yang
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and ResearchState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Duowei Wang
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and ResearchState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of ChemotherapyJiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of ChemotherapyJiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lutz Birnbaumer
- Institute of Biomedical ResearchCatholic University of ArgentinaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Jifeng Feng
- Department of ChemotherapyJiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Decai Yu
- Department of general SurgeryAffiliated Drum Tower HospitalMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yong Yang
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and ResearchState Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Flannery PC, Abbott KL, Pondugula SR. Correlation of PPM1A Downregulation with CYP3A4 Repression in the Tumor Liver Tissue of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 45:297-304. [PMID: 31792727 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-019-00595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In many patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) expression has been reported to be significantly reduced in the tumor liver tissue. Moreover, this CYP3A4 repression is associated with decreased CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism in the tumor liver tissue. However, the underlying mechanisms of CYP3A4 repression are not fully understood. We have previously shown that Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent phosphatase 1A (PPM1A) positively regulates human pregnane X receptor (hPXR)-mediated CYP3A4 expression in a PPM1A expression-dependent manner. We sought to determine whether PPM1A expression is downregulated and whether PPM1A downregulation is correlated with CYP3A4 repression in the tumor liver tissue of HCC patients. METHODS Quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analyses were performed to study mRNA and protein expression, respectively. Cell-based reporter gene assays were conducted to examine the hPXR transactivation of CYP3A4 promoter activity. RESULTS Arginase-1 and glypican-3 gene expression studies confirmed that the tumor samples used in our study originate from HCC livers but not non-hepatocellular tumors. mRNA and protein expression of PPM1A and CYP3A4 was found to be significantly repressed in the tumor liver tissues compared to the matched non-tumor liver tissues. In the reporter gene assays, elevated PPM1A levels counteracted the inhibition of hPXR-mediated CYP3A4 promoter activity by signaling pathways that are upregulated in HCC, suggesting that decreased PPM1A levels in HCC could not fully counteract the hPXR-inhibiting signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results are consistent with the conclusion that PPM1A downregulation in the tumor liver tissue of HCC patients correlates with CYP3A4 repression. Downregulation of PPM1A levels in the tumor liver tissue may contribute to reduced hPXR-mediated CYP3A4 expression, and provide a novel mechanism of CYP3A4 repression in the tumor liver tissue of HCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Flannery
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 109 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.,Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Kodye L Abbott
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 109 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.,Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Satyanarayana R Pondugula
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 109 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA. .,Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Identification of a Growth-Associated Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in Cyclin C of the Giant Tiger Shrimp Penaeus monodon. Biochem Genet 2020; 59:114-133. [PMID: 32780225 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-020-09993-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The full-length cDNA of cyclin C of the giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (PmCyC) was isolated by RACE-PCR. It was 1443 bp in length containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 804 bp and 267 deduced amino acids. Tissue distribution analysis indicated that PmCyC was more abundantly expressed in ovaries and testes than other tissues of female and male juveniles (P < 0.05). A pair of primers was designed, and an amplification product of 403 bp containing an intron of 123 bp was obtained. Polymorphism of amplified PmCyC gene segments of the 5th (3-month-old G5, N = 30) and 7th (5-month-old G7, N = 18) generations of domesticated juveniles was analyzed. Four conserved SNPs (T>C134, T>C188, G>A379, and T>C382) were found within the examined sequences. A TaqMan genotyping assay was developed for detection of a T>C134 SNP. Association analysis indicated that this SNP displayed significant association with body weight (P < 4.2e-10) and total length (P < 2e-09) of the examined G7 P. monodon (N = 419) with an allele substitution effect of 5.02 ± 0.78 g and 1.41 ± 0.19 cm, respectively. Juveniles with C/C134 (22.80 ± 2.51 g and 12.97 ± 0.53 cm, N = 19) and T/C134 (20.41 ± 0.93 g and 12.77 ± 0.21 cm, N = 129) genotypes exhibited a significantly greater average body weight and total length than those with a T/T134 genotype (14.72 ± 0.53 g and 11.37 ± 0.13 cm, N = 271) (P < 0.05).
Collapse
|
16
|
Cervello M, Emma MR, Augello G, Cusimano A, Giannitrapani L, Soresi M, Akula SM, Abrams SL, Steelman LS, Gulino A, Belmonte B, Montalto G, McCubrey JA. New landscapes and horizons in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:3053-3094. [PMID: 32018226 PMCID: PMC7041742 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is the sixth most frequent form of cancer and leads to the fourth highest number of deaths each year. HCC results from a combination of environmental factors and aging as there are driver mutations at oncogenes which occur during aging. Most of HCCs are diagnosed at advanced stage preventing curative therapies. Treatment in advanced stage is a challenging and pressing problem, and novel and well-tolerated therapies are urgently needed. We will discuss further advances beyond sorafenib that target additional signaling pathways and immune checkpoint proteins. The scenario of possible systemic therapies for patients with advanced HCC has changed dramatically in recent years. Personalized genomics and various other omics approaches may identify actionable biochemical targets, which are activated in individual patients, which may enhance therapeutic outcomes. Further studies are needed to identify predictive biomarkers and aberrantly activated signaling pathways capable of guiding the clinician in choosing the most appropriate therapy for the individual patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melchiorre Cervello
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria R. Emma
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Augello
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Cusimano
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Lydia Giannitrapani
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Soresi
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Shaw M. Akula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Stephen L. Abrams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Linda S. Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Alessandro Gulino
- Tumour Immunology Unit, Human Pathology Section, Department of Health Science, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Beatrice Belmonte
- Tumour Immunology Unit, Human Pathology Section, Department of Health Science, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - James A. McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shen S, Dean DC, Yu Z, Hornicek F, Kan Q, Duan Z. Aberrant CDK9 expression within chordoma tissues and the therapeutic potential of a selective CDK9 inhibitor LDC000067. J Cancer 2020; 11:132-141. [PMID: 31892980 PMCID: PMC6930393 DOI: 10.7150/jca.35426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Chordomas are slow-growing malignancies that commonly affect vital neurological structures. These neoplasms are highly resistant to current chemotherapeutic regimens and often recur after surgical intervention. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify molecular targets and more robust drugs to improve chordoma patient outcomes. It is well accepted that cyclin-dependent protein kinase 9 (CDK9) has tumorigenic roles in various cancers; however, the expression and significance of CDK9 in chordoma remains unknown. Methods: Expression of CDK9 in chordoma cell lines and tumor tissues was examined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The correlation between CDK9 expression in patient tissues and clinical prognosis was analyzed. The functional roles of CDK9 in chordoma were investigated after the addition of small interfering RNA (siRNA) and CDK9 inhibitor (LDC000067). Cell growth and proliferation were assessed with MTT and clonogenic assays. The effect of CDK9 inhibition on chordoma cells was further evaluated with a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture model which mimics the in vivo environment. Results: CDK9 was expressed in both chordoma cell lines and chordoma tissues. High- expression of CDK9 correlated with recurrence and poor outcomes for chordoma patients. CDK9 silencing with siRNA decreased growth and proliferation of chordoma cells and lowered levels of Mcl-1 and RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) phosphorylation. Pharmacological inhibition of CDK9 with the small molecular inhibitor LDC000067 reduced cell growth, supported apoptosis, suppressed cell colony formation in a clonogenic assay, and decreased spheroid growth in 3D culture. Conclusion: We demonstrate that CDK9 expression in chordoma correlates with patient outcome, and, when inhibited, chordoma cell growth and proliferation significantly decreases. Taken together, these results support CDK9 as an emerging potential target in chordoma therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Shen
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.,Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dylan C Dean
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zujiang Yu
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Francis Hornicek
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Quancheng Kan
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.,Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hou Y, Wang Z, Huang S, Sun C, Zhao J, Shi J, Li Z, Wang Z, He X, Tam NL, Wu L. SKA3 Promotes tumor growth by regulating CDK2/P53 phosphorylation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:929. [PMID: 31804459 PMCID: PMC6895034 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Spindle and kinetochore-related complex subunit 3 (SKA3) is a component of the spindle and kinetochore-related complexes and is essential for accurate timing of late mitosis. However, the relationship between SKA3 and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not yet been fully elucidated. Gene expression omnibus (GEO) (GSE62232, GSE45436, GSE6764, and GSE36376) and The Cancer Atlas (TCGA) datasets were analyzed to identify differential expression genes. Cell proliferation ability was analyzed using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay and plate clone formation assay, while scratch wound healing assay and transwell assay were used to analyze cell invasion. The role of SKA3 in vivo was explored using subcutaneous xenotransplantation model and lung metastasis model. Bioinformatics analysis found that hepatocellular carcinoma patients with high levels of expression of SKA3 have a poor prognosis. Similarly, immunohistochemical staining of 236 samples of tumors also found higher SKA3 expression in them, than in adjacent normal liver tissues. Significant levels of inhibition of in vivo and in vitro tumor proliferation and invasion result from the downregulation of SKA3. Mechanistically, SKA3 was found to affect tumor progression through the cell cycle and P53 signaling pathway as shown by the gene enrichment analysis (GSEA). G2/M phase arrest and severe apoptosis was also found to result from SKA3 knockdown, as shown by the inhibition of CDK2/p53 phosphorylation together with downregulation of BAX/Bcl-2 expression in HCC cells. Overall, these findings uncover the role of SKA3 in regulating the apoptosis and proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. This study was able to uncover new information on the tumorigenesis mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Hou
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ziming Wang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shanzhou Huang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital. Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jingya Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jiayu Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Zhongqiu Li
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zekang Wang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaoshun He
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Nga Lei Tam
- Digestive Medical Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Linwei Wu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Masaki T, Morishita A. Previous and current knowledge on cell cycle-related molecules in hepatocellular carcinoma: Potential therapeutic targets of cell cycle-related molecules in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2019; 49:1094-1096. [PMID: 31721376 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Asahiro Morishita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shen S, Dean DC, Yu Z, Duan Z. Role of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in hepatocellular carcinoma: Therapeutic potential of targeting the CDK signaling pathway. Hepatol Res 2019; 49:1097-1108. [PMID: 31009153 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer related mortality in the world, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) representing the most common primary subtype. Two-thirds of HCC patients have advanced disease when diagnosed, and for these patients, treatment strategies remain limited. In addition, there is a high incidence of tumor recurrence after surgical resection with the current treatment regimens. The development of novel and more effective agents is required. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) constitute a family of 21 different protein kinases involved in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and drug resistance, and are evaluated in preclinical and clinical trials as chemotherapeutics. To summarize and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting CDKs in HCC, recent published articles identified from PubMed were comprehensively reviewed. The key words included hepatocellular carcinoma, cyclin-dependent kinases, and CDK inhibitors. This review focuses on the emerging evidence from studies describing the genetic and functional aspects of CDKs in HCC. We also present an overview of CDK inhibitors that have shown efficacy in laboratory studies of HCC. Although many of the studies assessing CDK-targeting therapies in HCC are at the preclinical stage, there is significant evidence that CDK inhibitors used alone or in combination with established chemotherapy drugs could have significant applications in HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Shen
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dylan C Dean
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zujiang Yu
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nuñez-Hernandez DM, Camacho-Jiménez L, González-Ruiz R, Mata-Haro V, Ezquerra-Brauer JM, Yepiz-Plascencia G. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk-2) from the White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: Molecular characterization and tissue-specific expression during hypoxia and reoxygenation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 230:56-63. [PMID: 30594527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The cell cycle comprises a series of steps necessary for cell growth until cell division. The participation of proteins responsible for cell cycle regulation, known as cyclin dependent kinases or Cdks, is necessary for cycle progression. Cyclin dependent kinase 2 (Cdk-2) is one of the most studied Cdks. This kinase regulates the passage through the G1/S phase and is involved in DNA replication in the S phase. Cdks have been extensively studied in mammals, but there is little information about these proteins in crustaceans. In the present work, the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of Cdk-2 from the white shrimp (Cdk-2) and its expression during hypoxia and reoxygenation are reported. Cdk-2 is a highly conserved protein and contains the serine/threonine catalytic domain, an ATP binding site and the PSTAIRE sequence. The predicted Cdk-2 structure showed the two-lobed structure characteristic of kinases. Expression of Cdk-2 was detected in hepatopancreas, gills and muscle, with hepatopancreas having the highest expression during normoxic conditions. Cdk-2 expression was significantly induced after hypoxia for 24 h in muscle cells, but in hypoxia exposure for 24 followed by 1 h of reoxygenation, the expression levels returned to the levels found in normoxic conditions, suggesting induction of cell cycle progression in muscular cells during hypoxia. No significant changes in expression of Cdk-2 were detected in these conditions in hepatopancreas and gills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia M Nuñez-Hernandez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD), A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosa No. 46, Col La Victoria, CP 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Laura Camacho-Jiménez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD), A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosa No. 46, Col La Victoria, CP 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Ricardo González-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD), A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosa No. 46, Col La Victoria, CP 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Verónica Mata-Haro
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD), A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosa No. 46, Col La Victoria, CP 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | | | - Gloria Yepiz-Plascencia
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD), A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosa No. 46, Col La Victoria, CP 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bai G, Zheng W, Ma W. Identification and functional analysis of a core gene module associated with hepatitis C virus-induced human hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:6815-6824. [PMID: 29725417 PMCID: PMC5920388 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression may be due to a complex multi-step processes. The developmental mechanism of these processes is worth investigating for the prevention, diagnosis and therapy of HCC. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the progression of HCV-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. First, the dynamic gene module, consisting of key genes associated with progression between the normal stage and HCC, was identified using the Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis tool from R language. By defining those genes in the module as seeds, the change of co-expression in differentially expressed gene sets in two consecutive stages of pathological progression was examined. Finally, interaction pairs of HCV viral proteins and their directly targeted proteins in the identified module were extracted from the literature and a comprehensive interaction dataset from yeast two-hybrid experiments. By combining the interactions between HCV and their targets, and protein-protein interactions in the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database (STRING), the HCV-key genes interaction network was constructed and visualized using Cytoscape software 3.2. As a result, a module containing 44 key genes was identified to be associated with HCC progression, due to the dynamic features and functions of those genes in the module. Several important differentially co-expressed gene pairs were identified between non-HCC and HCC stages. In the key genes, cyclin dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), NDC80, cyclin A2 (CCNA2) and rac GTPase activating protein 1 (RACGAP1) were shown to be targeted by the HCV nonstructural proteins NS5A, NS3 and NS5B, respectively. The four genes perform an intermediary role between the HCV viral proteins and the dysfunctional module in the HCV key genes interaction network. These findings provided valuable information for understanding the mechanism of HCV-induced HCC progression and for seeking drug targets for the therapy and prevention of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaobo Bai
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Wenling Zheng
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Wenli Ma
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nguyen L, Masouminia M, Mendoza A, Samadzadeh S, Tillman B, Morgan T, French B, French S. Alcoholic hepatitis versus non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Levels of expression of some proteins involved in tumorigenesis. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 104:45-49. [PMID: 29307797 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is commonly associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and/or hypertriglyceridemia, while alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) is associated with alcohol abuse. Both NASH and ASH patients can develop cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) if left untreated. However, the rate of tumorigenesis in NASH and ASH appears to be different. Individuals with NASH progress to HCC at a rate of 0.5% annually (Lindenmeyer and McCullough, 2018), when individuals with ASH progress to HCC at a rate of 3-10% annually (Schwartz and Reinus, 2012). Thus, the objective of our study is to determine if there are differences in NASH versus ASH in the levels of different proteins expressed involved in cancer development. The method used was measuring the proteins expressed in liver biopsied sections from NASH and ASH patients using immunohistochemical staining with fluorescent antibodies and then quantitating the fluorescence intensity morphometrically. The 20 proteins tested are parts of the Ingenuity Canonical Pathway of Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer and include: RAP2B, NAIP, FYN, PAK6, SUV39H1, GNAI1, BAX, E2F3, CKDN2B, BAK1, BCL2, DIABLO, RASGRF2, GNA15, PIK3CB, BRCA1, MAP2K1, BIRC3, CDK2, and ATM. In ASH, the proteins that showed upregulated levels of expression were SUV39H1, E2F3, BCL2, BAK1, BIRC3, and GNAI1. In NASH, the proteins that showed upregulated levels of expression were BAK1 and GNAI1 and the protein that showed downregulated level of expression was BCL2. Additionally, levels of expression for SUV39H1, E2F3, BCL2, BAK1, BIRC3, and GNAI1 were significant upregulated in ASH compared to NASH. These results showed significant differences in ASH compared to normal liver, and significant differences in ASH compared to NASH. Thus, we conclude that there are more proteins involved in tumorigenesis in ASH compared to NASH and in ASH compared to normal liver, which is consistent with the known tumor development rate in ASH and NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luan Nguyen
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Samuel French
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Puthumana J, Jose S, Philip R, Singh ISB. Cellular and molecular markers in monitoring the fate of lymphoid cell culture from Penaeus monodon Fabricius (1798). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:893-901. [PMID: 26052014 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoid cell culture from penaeid shrimps has gained much acceptance as an in vitro platform to facilitate research on the development of prophylaxis, and therapeutic strategies against viruses and for cell line development. However, lymphoid cells can be used as platform for in vitro research, only if they are in metabolically and mitotically active state in vitro with unaltered cell surface receptors. Through this study, we addressed the response of lymphoid cells to a new microenvironment at cellular and molecular levels; including the study of mitotic events, DNA synthesis, expression profile of cell cycle genes, cytoskeleton organization, metabolic activity and viral susceptibility. The S-phase entry and synthesis of new DNA was recorded by immunoflourescent technique. Cdc2, CycA, CycB, EF-1α and BUB3 genes involved in cell cycle were studied in both the cells and tissue, of which EF-1α showed an elevated expression in cells in vitro (∼ 19.7%). Cytoskeleton network of the cell was examined by studying the organization of actin filaments. As the markers for metabolic status, mitochondrial dehydrogenase, protein synthesis and glucose assimilation by the cells were also assessed. Viral susceptibility of the cell was determined using WSSV to confirm the preservation of cellular receptors. This study envisages to strengthen the shrimp cell line research and to bring forth lymphoid cell culture system as a 'model' in vitro system for shrimp and crustaceans altogether.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh Puthumana
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Fine Arts Avenue, Kochi, Kerala 682016, India; Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Fine Arts Avenue, Kochi, Kerala 682016, India.
| | - Seena Jose
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Fine Arts Avenue, Kochi, Kerala 682016, India
| | - Rosamma Philip
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Fine Arts Avenue, Kochi, Kerala 682016, India
| | - I S Bright Singh
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Fine Arts Avenue, Kochi, Kerala 682016, India.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hass HG, Jobst J, Vogel U, Scheurlen M, Nehls O. Overexpression of Tumor-Associated Trypsin Inhibitor (SPINK1/TATI) in Hepatitis C-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Potential Implications for Viral Hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncol Res Treat 2014; 37:732-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000369151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
26
|
Expression and function analysis of mitotic checkpoint genes identifies TTK as a potential therapeutic target for human hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97739. [PMID: 24905462 PMCID: PMC4048189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitotic spindle checkpoint (SAC) genes have been considered targets of anticancer therapies. Here, we sought to identify the attractive mitotic spindle checkpoint genes appropriate for human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapies. Through expression profile analysis of 137 selected mitotic spindle checkpoint genes in the publicly available microarray datasets, we showed that 13 genes were dramatically up-regulated in HCC tissues compared to normal livers and adjacent non-tumor tissues. A role of the 13 genes in proliferation was evaluated by knocking them down via small interfering RNA (siRNA) in HCC cells. As a result, several mitotic spindle checkpoint genes were required for maintaining the proliferation of HCC cells, demonstrated by cell viability assay and soft agar colony formation assay. Then we established sorafenib-resistant sublines of HCC cell lines Huh7 and HepG2. Intriguingly, increased TTK expression was significantly associated with acquired sorafenib-resistance in Huh7, HepG2 cells. More importantly, TTK was observably up-regulated in 46 (86.8%) of 53 HCC specimens. A series of in vitro and in vivo functional experiment assays showed that TTK overexpression promoted cell proliferation, anchor-dependent colony formation and resistance to sorafenib of HCC cells; TTK knockdown restrained cell growth, soft agar colony formation and resistance to sorafenib of HCC cells. Collectively, TTK plays an important role in proliferation and sorafenib resistance and could act as a potential therapeutic target for human hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
|
27
|
Identification of biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma using network-based bioinformatics methods. Eur J Med Res 2013; 18:35. [PMID: 24083576 PMCID: PMC4016278 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-18-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide. Despite several efforts to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in this cancer, they are still not fully understood. Methods To acquire further insights into the molecular mechanisms of HCC, and to identify biomarkers for early diagnosis of HCC, we downloaded the gene expression profile on HCC with non-cancerous liver controls from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and analyzed these data using a combined bioinformatics approach. Results The dysregulated pathways and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, including hub nodes that distinguished HCCs from non-cancerous liver controls, were identified. In total, 29 phenotype-related differentially expressed genes were included in the PPI network. Hierarchical clustering showed that the gene expression profile of these 29 genes was able to differentiate HCC samples from non-cancerous liver samples. Among these genes, CDC2 (Cell division control protein 2 homolog), MMP2 (matrix metalloproteinase-2) and DCN (Decorin were the hub nodes in the PPI network. Conclusions This study provides a portfolio of targets useful for future investigation. However, experimental studies should be conducted to verify our findings.
Collapse
|
28
|
Lai WL, Hung WY, Wong LLY, Zhou Y, Leong VYL, Lee JMF, Ng IOL, Jin DY, Ching YP. The centrosomal protein Tax1 binding protein 2 is a novel tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase 2. Hepatology 2012; 56:1770-81. [PMID: 22610972 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Deregulation of cellular-signaling pathways by the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes is one of the major causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we identified Tax1 binding protein 2 (TAX1BP2) as a novel tumor-suppressor gene in HCC. TAX1BP2 transcript was frequently underexpressed (42.2% with T/NT <0.5; P < 0.03) in HCCs, and underexpression of TAX1BP2 was associated with poorer overall survival rates in patients after surgical resection. An effector domain (ED) for TAX1BP2 tumor-suppressor activity was mapped to the amino-acid residues 267-756. Transient or stable expression of either full-length or ED of TAX1BP2 significantly suppressed HCC cell tumorigenicity through the activation of the p38/p53/p21 pathway. In contrast, silencing of TAX1BP2 by short interfering RNA remarkably suppressed the activation of the p38/p53/p21 pathway. Finally, phosphorylation of TAX1BP2 at serine-763 by cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)2 abolished the TAX1BP2-mediated p38 activation and tumor-suppressive activity, indicating that TAX1BP2 can adapt CDK2 signaling to the p38/p53/p21 pathway. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data provide the first evidence that TAX1BP2 is a CDK2-regulated tumor-suppressor gene in HCC and is a novel activator of the p38/p53/p21 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Lung Lai
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Che Y, Ye F, Xu R, Qing H, Wang X, Yin F, Cui M, Burstein D, Jiang B, Zhang DY. Co-expression of XIAP and cyclin D1 complex correlates with a poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1798-807. [PMID: 22429965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world. Despite improved diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis for HCC patients remains poor. The goal of this study was to identify key regulatory proteins and signaling pathways important for cell apoptosis and proliferation as biomarkers for prognostication and targeted therapy. Protein Pathway Array was applied to screen 38 signaling proteins and phosphoproteins in 12 paired HCC tumors and surrounding benign tissues and found that 20 of them, including XIAP, CDK4, CDK6, and Cyclin D1, were overexpressed in HCC tissues. Immunostaining results of XIAP, CDK4, and Cyclin D1 in an additional 59 HCC tissues showed that the expression of XIAP correlated with the expression of CDK4/Cyclin D1, and that the increased expression of these proteins correlated with poor overall survival in these patients. Further studies using the HCC Huh7 cell line transfected with XIAP siRNA or expression vector demonstrated that XIAP regulated the expression of CDK4, CDK6, and Cyclin D1 via NF-êB and PTEN pathways. Finally, inhibition of XIAP using embelin, a XIAP-specific small molecule, leads to an increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation via arrest at G1 phase. Taken together, XIAP is a central modulator regulating cell apoptosis and cell cycle progression. Therefore, XIAP together with cell cycle regulatory proteins can be used as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Che
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ng KTP, Guo DY, Cheng Q, Geng W, Ling CC, Li CX, Liu XB, Ma YY, Lo CM, Poon RTP, Fan ST, Man K. A garlic derivative, S-allylcysteine (SAC), suppresses proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31655. [PMID: 22389672 PMCID: PMC3289621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is highly malignant and metastatic. Currently, there is no effective chemotherapy for patients with advanced HCC leading to an urgent need to seek for novel therapeutic options. We aimed to investigate the effect of a garlic derivative, S-allylcysteine (SAC), on the proliferation and metastasis of HCC. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A series of in vitro experiments including MTT, colony-forming, wound-healing, invasion, apoptosis and cell cycle assays were performed to examine the anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effects of SAC on a metastatic HCC cell line MHCC97L. The therapeutic values of SAC single and combined with cisplatin treatments were examined in an in vivo orthotopic xenograft liver tumor model. The result showed that the proliferation rate and colony-forming abilities of MHCC97L cells were suppressed by SAC together with significant suppression of the expressions of proliferation markers, Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Moreover, SAC hindered the migration and invasion of MHCC97L cells corresponding with up-regulation of E-cadherin and down-regulation of VEGF. Furthermore, SAC significantly induced apoptosis and necrosis of MHCC97L cells through suppressing Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 as well as activating caspase-3 and caspase-9. In addition, SAC could significantly induce the S phase arrest of MHCC97L cells together with down-regulation of cdc25c, cdc2 and cyclin B1. In vivo xenograft liver tumor model demonstrated that SAC single or combined with cisplatin treatment inhibited the progression and metastasis of HCC tumor. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data demonstrate the anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effects of SAC on HCC cells and suggest that SAC may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of HCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T. P. Ng
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Regions (SAR)
| | - Dong Yong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Regions (SAR)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Cancer Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Regions (SAR)
| | - Wei Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Regions (SAR)
| | - Chang Chun Ling
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Regions (SAR)
| | - Chang Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Regions (SAR)
| | - Xiao Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Regions (SAR)
| | - Yuen Yuen Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Regions (SAR)
| | - Chung Mau Lo
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Regions (SAR)
| | - Ronnie T. P. Poon
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Regions (SAR)
| | - Sheung Tat Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Regions (SAR)
| | - Kwan Man
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Regions (SAR)
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lin YW, Chiang BH. 4-acetylantroquinonol B isolated from Antrodia cinnamomea arrests proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell by affecting p53, p21 and p27 levels. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:8625-8631. [PMID: 21739974 DOI: 10.1021/jf2011326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The 4-acetylantroquinonol B isolated from the mycelium of Antrodia cinnamomea could inhibit proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2 with IC(50) 0.1 μg/mL. When the HepG2 cells were treated with 4-acetylantroquinonol B for 72 h, the proportion of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle increased and that in the S phase decreased significantly, and the proportion of G2/M phase cells were not obviously changed. In addition, the 4-acetylantroquinonol B treatment resulted in the decreases of CDK2 and CDK4, and an increase of p27 in a dose-dependent manner. The protein levels of p53 and p21 proteins were also increased when the cells were treated with low dosage (0.1 μg/mL) of 4-acetylantroquinonol B. Higher dosages, however, decreased the expression of p53 and p21 proteins. Assay of RT-PCR indicated that, corresponding to the increases of p53 and p21 proteins at the dosage of 0.1 μg/mL, the mRNAs of p53 and p21 showed 1.66- and 1.61-fold upregulations, respectively. Corresponding to the decreases of CDK2 and CDK4 proteins, the mRNAs of CDK2 and CDK4 showed -1.02- and -1.13-fold downregulations, respectively. However, level of p27 mRNA showed -1.2-fold downregulation in spite of the increase in p27 protein. This observation, again, confirms the fact that the p27 gene rarely undergoes homozygous inactivation in cancer cells. Our finding suggested that the 4-acetylantroquinonol B inhibits proliferation of HepG2 cells via affecting p53, p21 and p27 proteins, and can be considered as a potential cancer drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ma HT, Poon RYC. Orderly inactivation of the key checkpoint protein mitotic arrest deficient 2 (MAD2) during mitotic progression. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:13052-9. [PMID: 21335556 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.201897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaphase is promoted by the ubiquitin ligase anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) only when all the chromosomes have achieved bipolar attachment to the mitotic spindles. Unattached kinetochores or the absence of tension between the paired kinetochores activates a surveillance mechanism termed the spindle-assembly checkpoint. A fundamental principle of the checkpoint is the activation of mitotic arrest deficient 2 (MAD2). MAD2 then forms a diffusible complex called mitotic checkpoint complex (designated as MAD2(MCC)) before it is recruited to APC/C (designated as MAD2(APC/C)). Large gaps in our knowledge remain on how MAD2 is inactivated after the checkpoint is satisfied. In this study, we have investigated the regulation of MAD2-containing complexes during mitotic progression. Using selective immunoprecipitation of checkpoint components and gel filtration chromatography, we found that MAD2(MCC) and MAD2(APC/C) were regulated very differently during mitotic exit. Temporally, MAD2(MCC) was broken down ahead of MAD2(APC/C). The inactivation of the two complexes also displayed different requirements of proteolysis; although APC/C and proteasome activities were dispensable for MAD2(MCC) inactivation, they are required for MAD2(APC/C) inactivation. In fact, the degradation of CDC20 is inextricably linked to the breakdown of MAD2(APC/C). These data extended our understanding of the checkpoint complexes during checkpoint silencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Tang Ma
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ma HT, Tsang YH, Marxer M, Poon RYC. Cyclin A2-cyclin-dependent kinase 2 cooperates with the PLK1-SCFbeta-TrCP1-EMI1-anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome axis to promote genome reduplication in the absence of mitosis. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:6500-14. [PMID: 19822658 PMCID: PMC2786869 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00669-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Limiting genome replication to once per cell cycle is vital for maintaining genome stability. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) with the specific inhibitor RO3306 is sufficient to trigger multiple rounds of genome reduplication. We demonstrated that although anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) remained inactive during the initial G(2) arrest, it was activated upon prolonged inhibition of CDK1. Using cellular biosensors and live-cell imaging, we provide direct evidence that genome reduplication was associated with oscillation of APC/C activity and nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of CDC6 even in the absence of mitosis at the single-cell level. Genome reduplication was abolished by ectopic expression of EMI1 or depletion of CDC20 or CDH1, suggesting the critical role of the EMI1-APC/C axis. In support of this, degradation of EMI1 itself and genome reduplication were delayed after downregulation of PLK1 and beta-TrCP1. In the absence of CDK1 activity, activation of APC/C and genome reduplication was dependent on cyclin A2 and CDK2. Genome reduplication was then promoted by a combination of APC/C-dependent destruction of geminin (thus releasing CDT1), accumulation of cyclin E2-CDK2, and CDC6. Collectively, these results underscore the crucial role of cyclin A2-CDK2 in regulating the PLK1-SCF(beta-TrCP1)-EMI1-APC/C axis and CDC6 to trigger genome reduplication after the activity of CDK1 is suppressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Tang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hirai H, Iwasawa Y, Okada M, Arai T, Nishibata T, Kobayashi M, Kimura T, Kaneko N, Ohtani J, Yamanaka K, Itadani H, Takahashi-Suzuki I, Fukasawa K, Oki H, Nambu T, Jiang J, Sakai T, Arakawa H, Sakamoto T, Sagara T, Yoshizumi T, Mizuarai S, Kotani H. Small-molecule inhibition of Wee1 kinase by MK-1775 selectively sensitizes p53-deficient tumor cells to DNA-damaging agents. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2992-3000. [PMID: 19887545 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Wee1 is a tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates and inactivates CDC2 and is involved in G(2) checkpoint signaling. Because p53 is a key regulator in the G(1) checkpoint, p53-deficient tumors rely only on the G(2) checkpoint after DNA damage. Hence, such tumors are selectively sensitized to DNA-damaging agents by Wee1 inhibition. Here, we report the discovery of a potent and selective small-molecule inhibitor of Wee1 kinase, MK-1775. This compound inhibits phosphorylation of CDC2 at Tyr15 (CDC2Y15), a direct substrate of Wee1 kinase in cells. MK-1775 abrogates G(2) DNA damage checkpoint, leading to apoptosis in combination with DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agents such as gemcitabine, carboplatin, and cisplatin selectively in p53-deficient cells. In vivo, MK-1775 potentiates tumor growth inhibition by these agents, and cotreatment does not significantly increase toxicity. The enhancement of antitumor effect by MK-1775 was well correlated with inhibition of CDC2Y15 phosphorylation in tumor tissue and skin hair follicles. Our data indicate that Wee1 inhibition provides a new approach for treatment of multiple human malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hirai
- Department of Oncology, Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute, Merck Research Laboratories, Tsukuba, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Generation of an indestructible cyclin B1 by caspase-6-dependent cleavage during mitotic catastrophe. Oncogene 2008; 28:170-83. [PMID: 18820706 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Overriding the G(2) DNA damage checkpoint permits precocious entry into mitosis that ultimately leads to mitotic catastrophe. Mitotic catastrophe is manifested by an unscheduled activation of CDK1, caspase activation and apoptotic cell death. We found that although cyclin B1 was required for mitotic catastrophe, it was cleaved into a approximately 35 kDa protein by a caspase-dependent mechanism during the process. Cyclin B1 cleavage occurred after Asp123 in the motif ILVD(123) downward arrow, and mutation of this motif attenuated the cleavage. Cleavage was abolished by a pan-caspase inhibitor as well as by specific inhibitors for the effector caspase-6 and the initiator caspase-8. Cleavage created a truncated cyclin B1 lacking part of the NH(2)-terminal regulatory domain that included the destruction box sequence. Although cleavage of cyclin B1 itself was not absolutely required for mitotic catastrophe, expression of the truncated product enhanced cell death. In support of this, ectopic expression of this truncated cyclin B1 was not only sufficient to induce mitotic block and apoptosis but also enhanced mitotic catastrophe induced by ionizing radiation and caffeine. These data underscore a possible linkage between mitotic and apoptotic functions by caspase-dependent processing of mitotic activators.
Collapse
|
36
|
Fung TK, Ma HT, Poon RY. Specialized roles of the two mitotic cyclins in somatic cells: cyclin A as an activator of M phase-promoting factor. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:1861-73. [PMID: 17344473 PMCID: PMC1855023 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-12-1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of cyclin B-CDC2 as M phase-promoting factor (MPF) is well established, but the precise functions of cyclin A remain a crucial outstanding issue. Here we show that down-regulation of cyclin A induces a G2 phase arrest through a checkpoint-independent inactivation of cyclin B-CDC2 by inhibitory phosphorylation. The phenotype is rescued by expressing cyclin A resistant to the RNA interference. In contrast, down-regulation of cyclin B disrupts mitosis without inactivating cyclin A-CDK, indicating that cyclin A-CDK acts upstream of cyclin B-CDC2. Even when ectopically expressed, cyclin A cannot replace cyclin B in driving mitosis, indicating the specific role of cyclin B as a component of MPF. Deregulation of WEE1, but not the PLK1-CDC25 axis, can override the arrest caused by cyclin A knockdown, suggesting that cyclin A-CDK may tip the balance of the cyclin B-CDC2 bistable system by initiating the inactivation of WEE1. These observations show that cyclin A cannot form MPF independent of cyclin B and underscore a critical role of cyclin A as a trigger for MPF activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Kan Fung
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hoi Tang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Randy Y.C. Poon
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Varghese L, Agarwal C, Tyagi A, Singh RP, Agarwal R. Silibinin efficacy against human hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:8441-8. [PMID: 16322307 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common recurrent malignancies, for which, currently, there is no effective therapy. Considering the antihepatotoxic activity of silibinin, a widely used drug and supplement for various liver disorders, together with its strong preventive and anticancer efficacy against various epithelial cancers, we investigated the efficacy of silibin against human HCC cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Silibinin effects were examined on growth, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression in two different HCC cell lines, HepG2 (hepatitis B virus negative; p53 intact) and Hep3B (hepatitis B virus positive; p53 mutated). At molecular level, cell cycle effects of silibinin were assessed by immunoblotting and in-bead kinase assays. RESULTS Silibinin strongly inhibited growth of both HepG2 and Hep3B cells with a relatively stronger cytotoxicity in Hep3B cells, which was associated with apoptosis induction. Silibinin also caused G1 arrest in HepG2 and both G1 and G2-M arrests in Hep3B cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that silibinin induces Kip1/p27 but decreases cyclin D1, cyclin D3, cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-2, and CDK4 levels in both cell lines. In Hep3B cells, silibinin also reduced the protein levels of G2-M regulators. Furthermore, silibinin strongly inhibited CDK2, CDK4, and CDC2 kinase activity in these HCC cells. CONCLUSION Together, these results for the first time identify the biological efficacy of silibinin against HCC cells, suggesting the importance of conducting further investigations in preclinical HCC models, especially on in vivo efficacy, to support the clinical usefulness of silibinin against hepatocellular carcinoma in addition to its known clinical efficacy as an antihepatotoxic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyon Varghese
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Siu WY, Lau A, Arooz T, Chow JP, Ho HT, Poon RY. Topoisomerase poisons differentially activate DNA damage checkpoints through ataxia-telangiectasia mutated–dependent and –independent mechanisms. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.621.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Camptothecin and Adriamycin are clinically important inhibitors for topoisomerase (Topo) I and Topo II, respectively. The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) product is essential for ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage responses, but the role of ATM in Topo poisons-induced checkpoints remains unresolved. We found that distinct mechanisms are involved in the activation of different cell cycle checkpoints at different concentrations of Adriamycin and camptothecin. Adriamycin promotes the G1 checkpoint through activation of the p53-p21CIP1/WAF1 pathway and decrease of pRb phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of p53(Ser20) after Adriamycin treatment is ATM dependent, but is not required for the full activation of p53. The G1 checkpoint is dependent on ATM at low doses but not at high doses of Adriamycin. In contrast, the Adriamycin-induced G2 checkpoint is independent on ATM but sensitive to caffeine. Adriamycin inhibits histone H3(Ser10) phosphorylation through inhibitory phosphorylation of CDC2 at low doses and down-regulation of cyclin B1 at high doses. The camptothecin-induced intra-S checkpoint is partially dependent on ATM, and is associated with inhibitory phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and reduction of BrdUrd incorporation after mid-S phase. Finally, apoptosis associated with high doses of Adriamycin or camptothecin is not influenced by the absence of ATM. These data indicate that the involvement of ATM following treatment with Topo poisons differs extensively with dosage and for different cell cycle checkpoints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Yi Siu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Anita Lau
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Talha Arooz
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jeremy P.H. Chow
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Horace T.B. Ho
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Randy Y.C. Poon
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chow JPH, Siu WY, Ho HTB, Ma KHT, Ho CC, Poon RYC. Differential contribution of inhibitory phosphorylation of CDC2 and CDK2 for unperturbed cell cycle control and DNA integrity checkpoints. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:40815-28. [PMID: 12912980 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306683200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) by Thr14/Tyr15 phosphorylation is critical for normal cell cycle progression and is a converging event for several cell cycle checkpoints. In this study, we compared the relative contribution of inhibitory phosphorylation for cyclin A/B1-CDC2 and cyclin A/E-CDK2 complexes. We found that inhibitory phosphorylation plays a major role in the regulation of CDC2 but only a minor role for CDK2 during the unperturbed cell cycle of HeLa cells. The relative importance of inhibitory phosphorylation of CDC2 and CDK2 may reflect their distinct cellular functions. Despite this, expression of nonphosphorylation mutants of both CDC2 and CDK2 triggered unscheduled histone H3 phosphorylation early in the cell cycle and was cytotoxic. DNA damage by a radiomimetic drug or replication block by hydroxyurea stimulated a buildup of cyclin B1 but was accompanied by an increase of inhibitory phosphorylation of CDC2. After DNA damage and replication block, all cyclin-CDK pairs that control S phase and mitosis were to different degrees inhibited by phosphorylation. Ectopic expression of nonphosphorylated CDC2 stimulated DNA replication, histone H3 phosphorylation, and cell division even after DNA damage. Similarly, a nonphosphorylation mutant of CDK2, but not CDK4, disrupted the G2 DNA damage checkpoint. Finally, CDC25A, CDC25B, a dominant-negative CHK1, but not CDC25C or a dominant-negative WEE1, stimulated histone H3 phosphorylation after DNA damage. These data suggest differential contributions for the various regulators of Thr14/Tyr15 phosphorylation in normal cell cycle and during the DNA damage checkpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P H Chow
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Woo M, Hakem R, Furlonger C, Hakem A, Duncan GS, Sasaki T, Bouchard D, Lu L, Wu GE, Paige CJ, Mak TW. Caspase-3 regulates cell cycle in B cells: a consequence of substrate specificity. Nat Immunol 2003; 4:1016-22. [PMID: 12970760 DOI: 10.1038/ni976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2003] [Accepted: 07/31/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are important for apoptosis but are also involved in mammalian cell survival and cell division. Here we report that caspase-3 is a negative regulator of B cell cycling. Mice deficient in caspase-3 (Casp3-/- mice) have increased numbers of splenic B cells that show normal apoptosis but enhanced proliferation in vivo and hyperproliferation after mitogenic stimulation in vitro. Cdkn1a encodes p21 (also called Waf1 or Cip1), a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor. Although expression of p21 was increased, CDK activities and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were increased in Casp3-/- B cells. Using Casp3-/-Cdkn1a-/- mice, we show that the hyperproliferation of Casp3-/- B cells is abolished when Cdkn1a is also deleted. Our genetic and biochemical data demonstrate that caspase-3 is essential in the regulation of B cell homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minna Woo
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N9, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chow JPH, Siu WY, Fung TK, Chan WM, Lau A, Arooz T, Ng CP, Yamashita K, Poon RYC. DNA damage during the spindle-assembly checkpoint degrades CDC25A, inhibits cyclin-CDC2 complexes, and reverses cells to interphase. Mol Biol Cell 2003; 14:3989-4002. [PMID: 14517313 PMCID: PMC206994 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e03-03-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle checkpoints that monitor DNA damage and spindle assembly are essential for the maintenance of genetic integrity, and drugs that target these checkpoints are important chemotherapeutic agents. We have examined how cells respond to DNA damage while the spindle-assembly checkpoint is activated. Single cell electrophoresis and phosphorylation of histone H2AX indicated that several chemotherapeutic agents could induce DNA damage during mitotic block. DNA damage during mitotic block triggered CDC2 inactivation, histone H3 dephosphorylation, and chromosome decondensation. Cells did not progress into G1 but seemed to retract to a G2-like state containing 4N DNA content, with stabilized cyclin A and cyclin B1 binding to Thr14/Tyr15-phosphorylated CDC2. The loss of mitotic cells was not due to cell death because there was no discernible effect on caspase-3 activation, DNA fragmentation, or viability. Extensive DNA damage during mitotic block inactivated cyclin B1-CDC2 and prevented G1 entry when the block was removed. The mitotic DNA damage responses were independent of p53 and pRb, but they were dependent on ATM. CDC25A that accumulated during mitosis was rapidly destroyed after DNA damage in an ATM-dependent manner. Ectopic expression of CDC25A or nonphosphorylatable CDC2 effectively inhibited the dephosphorylation of histone H3 after DNA damage. Hence, although spindle disruption and DNA damage provide conflicting signals to regulate CDC2, the negative regulation by the DNA damage checkpoint could overcome the positive regulation by the spindle-assembly checkpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P H Chow
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|