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Breaking the Gingival Barrier in Periodontitis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054544. [PMID: 36901974 PMCID: PMC10003416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The break of the epithelial barrier of gingiva has been a subject of minor interest, albeit playing a key role in periodontal pathology, transitory bacteraemia, and subsequent systemic low-grade inflammation (LGI). The significance of mechanically induced bacterial translocation in gingiva (e.g., via mastication and teeth brushing) has been disregarded despite the accumulated knowledge of mechanical force effects on tight junctions (TJs) and subsequent pathology in other epithelial tissues. Transitory bacteraemia is observed as a rule in gingival inflammation, but is rarely observed in clinically healthy gingiva. This implies that TJs of inflamed gingiva deteriorate, e.g., via a surplus of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), bacterial proteases, toxins, Oncostatin M (OSM), and neutrophil proteases. The inflammation-deteriorated gingival TJs rupture when exposed to physiological mechanical forces. This rupture is characterised by bacteraemia during and briefly after mastication and teeth brushing, i.e., it appears to be a dynamic process of short duration, endowed with quick repair mechanisms. In this review, we consider the bacterial, immune, and mechanical factors responsible for the increased permeability and break of the epithelial barrier of inflamed gingiva and the subsequent translocation of both viable bacteria and bacterial LPS during physiological mechanical forces, such as mastication and teeth brushing.
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Osteocytic Pericellular Matrix (PCM): Accelerated Degradation under In Vivo Loading and Unloading Conditions Using a Novel Imaging Approach. Genes (Basel) 2021; 13:genes13010072. [PMID: 35052411 PMCID: PMC8775093 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteoglycan-containing pericellular matrix (PCM) controls both the biophysical and biochemical microenvironment of osteocytes, which are the most abundant cells embedded and dispersed in bones. As a molecular sieve, osteocytic PCMs not only regulate mass transport to and from osteocytes but also act as sensors of external mechanical environments. The turnover of osteocytic PCM remains largely unknown due to technical challenges. Here, we report a novel imaging technique based on metabolic labeling and “click-chemistry,” which labels de novo PCM as “halos” surrounding osteocytes in vitro and in vivo. We then tested the method and showed different labeling patterns in young vs. old bones. Further “pulse-chase” experiments revealed dramatic difference in the “half-life” of PCM of cultured osteocytes (~70 h) and that of osteocytes in vivo (~75 d). When mice were subjected to either 3-week hindlimb unloading or 7-week tibial loading (5.1 N, 4 Hz, 3 d/week), PCM half-life was shortened (~20 d) and degradation accelerated. Matrix metallopeptidase MMP-14 was elevated in mechanically loaded osteocytes, which may contribute to PCM degradation. This study provides a detailed procedure that enables semi-quantitative study of the osteocytic PCM remodeling in vivo and in vitro.
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Perla N, Kumar S, Jadhav A, Bhalinge P, Dadpe M, Acharya S. Quantification of Oral Candidal Carriage Rate and Prevalence of Oral Candidal Species in HIV Patients with and Without Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2021; 9:145-153. [PMID: 35070688 PMCID: PMC8751674 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_32_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most documents review decrease in the prevalence of HIV related oral lesions to the tune of 10-50% following the advent of HAART. However long term use of HAART on oral health status of HIV infected subjects is poorly documented. Also antifungal agents can effectively treat mucosal candidiasis. However their use can lead to colonization with less susceptible strains among normal susceptible strains. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To know the candidal carriage rate (i.e. presence/absence of candidal growth), candidal density(CFUs/ml) & species variations (species diversity) in HIV positive individuals with and without highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), attending the regional voluntary Counselling and Confidential Testing Centre (VCCTC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study population were categorized into 3 groups. Method followed were Germ tube test, Chlamydospore formation test, CHROM-Agar test. RESULTS Quantification comparison study of candidal carriage rate, density with detection of various candidal species in the oral cavity of HIV-positive individuals with and without HAART therapy was conducted. CONCLUSION HIV positive individuals with HAART therapy treatment prooved higher candidal carriage rate and lower density than Non-HAART category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Perla
- Oral Pathologist, Dental Clinician, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Oral Pathology, D Y Patil School of Dentistry, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sourab Kumar
- Department of Oral Pathology, D Y Patil School of Dentistry, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhishek Jadhav
- Department of Oral Pathology, D Y Patil School of Dentistry, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Payoshnee Bhalinge
- Department of Oral Pathology, M. A. Rangoonwala College of Dental Science and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mrunalini Dadpe
- Department of Oral Pathology, M. A. Rangoonwala College of Dental Science and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Siddharth Acharya
- Department of Oral Pathology, D Y Patil School of Dentistry, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Flemming J, Meyer-Probst CT, Speer K, Kölling-Speer I, Hannig C, Hannig M. Preventive Applications of Polyphenols in Dentistry-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4892. [PMID: 34063086 PMCID: PMC8124254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are natural substances that have been shown to provide various health benefits. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic effects have been described. At the same time, they inhibit the actions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Thus, studies have also examined their effects within the oral cavity. This review provides an overview on the different polyphenols, and their structure and interactions with the tooth surface and the pellicle. In particular, the effects of various tea polyphenols on bioadhesion and erosion have been reviewed. The current research confirms that polyphenols can reduce the growth of cariogenic bacteria. Furthermore, they can decrease the adherence of bacteria to the tooth surface and improve the erosion-protective properties of the acquired enamel pellicle. Tea polyphenols, especially, have the potential to contribute to an oral health-related diet. However, in vitro studies have mainly been conducted. In situ studies and clinical studies need to be extended and supplemented in order to significantly contribute to additive prevention measures in caries prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Flemming
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; (J.F.); (C.H.)
| | - Clara Theres Meyer-Probst
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; (J.F.); (C.H.)
| | - Karl Speer
- Special Food Chemistry and Food Production, TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66, D-01069 Dresden, Germany; (K.S.); (I.K.-S.)
| | - Isabelle Kölling-Speer
- Special Food Chemistry and Food Production, TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66, D-01069 Dresden, Germany; (K.S.); (I.K.-S.)
| | - Christian Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; (J.F.); (C.H.)
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, Saarland University, Building 73, D-66421 Homburg, Germany;
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Vitkov L, Muñoz LE, Knopf J, Schauer C, Oberthaler H, Minnich B, Hannig M, Herrmann M. Connection between Periodontitis-Induced Low-Grade Endotoxemia and Systemic Diseases: Neutrophils as Protagonists and Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4647. [PMID: 33925019 PMCID: PMC8125370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is considered a promoter of many systemic diseases, but the signaling pathways of this interconnection remain elusive. Recently, it became evident that certain microbial challenges promote a heightened response of myeloid cell populations to subsequent infections either with the same or other pathogens. This phenomenon involves changes in the cell epigenetic and transcription, and is referred to as ''trained immunity''. It acts via modulation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). A main modulation driver is the sustained, persistent low-level transmission of lipopolysaccharide from the periodontal pocket into the peripheral blood. Subsequently, the neutrophil phenotype changes and neutrophils become hyper-responsive and prone to boosted formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET). Cytotoxic neutrophil proteases and histones are responsible for ulcer formations on the pocket epithelium, which foster bacteremia and endoxemia. The latter promote systemic low-grade inflammation (SLGI), a precondition for many systemic diseases and some of them, e.g., atherosclerosis, diabetes etc., can be triggered by SLGI alone. Either reverting the polarized neutrophils back to the homeostatic state or attenuation of neutrophil hyper-responsiveness in periodontitis might be an approach to diminish or even to prevent systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubomir Vitkov
- Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.V.); (H.O.); (B.M.)
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Luis E. Muñoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (L.E.M.); (J.K.); (C.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (L.E.M.); (J.K.); (C.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Christine Schauer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (L.E.M.); (J.K.); (C.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Hannah Oberthaler
- Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.V.); (H.O.); (B.M.)
| | - Bernd Minnich
- Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.V.); (H.O.); (B.M.)
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (L.E.M.); (J.K.); (C.S.); (M.H.)
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The mucosal pellicle – An underestimated factor in oral physiology. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 80:144-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tobouti PL, Mussi MCM, Rossi DCP, Pigatti FM, Taborda CP, de Assis Taveira LA, de Sousa SCOM. Influence of melaleuca and copaiba oils on Candida albicans adhesion. Gerodontology 2014; 33:380-5. [PMID: 25439584 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of Melaleuca alternifolia and Copaifera officinalis in inhibiting the adhesion of Candida albicans biofilm. BACKGROUND Over 65% of denture wearers suffer from denture stomatitis, which is one of the most prevalent forms of oral candidiasis. This disease is characterised by the inflammation of the oral mucosa in contact with the contaminated denture. The contaminated denture contributes to the switch of C. albicans from yeast to its pathogenic hyphal form. Candida albicans adheres and colonises the polymethylmethacrylate resin surfaces and thus contributes to the development of denture stomatitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of M. alternifolia and Co. officinalis was assessed by the agar dilution method. Sixty-six thermopolymerised acrylic resin squares were used and treated with phosphate-buffered saline, sodium hypochlorite 1%, melaleuca 0.75%, melaleuca 0.375%, melaleuca 0.188% and copaiba 10%. For adherence and biofilm formation, the treated squares were placed in six-well tissue culture plates containing 1 × 10(7) cells/ml of ATCC1023 or SC5314 in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium, and after 12 h, the planktonic cells were counted. RESULTS Copaiba oil did not inhibit C. albicans growth. However, melaleuca oil showed an MIC value of 0.375% (3.4 mg/ml) for ATCC10231 and 0.093% (0.84 mg/ml) for SC5314. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that M. alternifolia oil inhibited the growth of C. albicans. Moreover, both oils promoted significant adhesion reduction in the tested strains. These findings suggest the possibility of using these oils in prophylaxes against candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Lie Tobouti
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Conrado Pereira Rossi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Pelleschi Taborda
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Koba C, Koga C, Cho T, Kusukawa J. Determination of Candida species nestled in denture fissures. Biomed Rep 2014; 1:529-533. [PMID: 24648980 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
With the growing number of elderly individuals, Candida is occasionally recognised as a fungal cause of aspiration pneumonia. In addition, there are numerous investigational reports on oral candidiasis. However, there are currently no reports on Candida contamination of denture base materials. This study was conducted to investigate Candida species in the oral cavity, denture parts and oral lesions of older/elderly subjects with oral candidiasis. The Candida strains were isolated and the species identified. Candida was also cultured in a medium with sample of denture resin and observed under an electron microscope. The results demonstrated the presence of several Candida species in the lesions of the oral mucosa and the surface and inner portions of the dentures. The following species of Candida were detected: Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis. Using electron microscopy, the invasion of Candida was observed in the incomplete polymerized resin base material and/or through microcracks (fissures) that have a tendency to form in used dentures. It was concluded that Candida may be present on the surface as well as the deeper portions of dentures. In addition, it appeared necessary to consider denture and oral cavity cleaning and the risks of remaking old dentures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Koba
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 8300011, Japan
| | - Chihiro Koga
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Oral Diseases, Fukuoka Dental College, Kurume, Fukuoka 8140175, Japan
| | - Tamaki Cho
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Functional Bioscience, Section of Infection Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Kurume, Fukuoka 8140175, Japan
| | - Jingo Kusukawa
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 8300011, Japan
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Jayatilake JAMS. A review of the ultrastructural features of superficial candidiasis. Mycopathologia 2010; 171:235-50. [PMID: 20967501 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Commensal yeast Candida causes opportunistic infections ranging from superficial lesions to disseminated mycoses in compromised patients. Superficial candidiasis, the commonest form of candidal infections, primarily affects the mucosa and the skin where Candida lives as a commensal. Conversion of candidal commensalism into opportunism at the fungal-epithelial interface is still ill-defined. Nevertheless, fungal virulence mechanisms such as adhesion to epithelia, morphogenesis, production of secretory hydrolytic enzymes, and phenotypic switching are thought to contribute in the process of pathogenesis. On the other hand, host responses in terms of immunity and local epithelial responses are actively involved in resisting the fungal challenge at the advancing front of the infection. Ultrastructural investigations using electron microscopy along with immunohistochemistry, cytochemistry, etc. have helped better viewing of Candida-host interactions. Thus, studies on the ultrastructure of superficial candidiasis have revealed a number of fungal behaviors and associated host responses such as adhesion, morphogenesis (hyphae and appresoria formation), thigmotropism, production and distribution of extracellular enzymes, phagocytosis, and epithelial changes. The purpose of this review is to sum up most of the ultrastructural findings of Candida-host interactions and to delineate the important pathological processes underlying superficial candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A M S Jayatilake
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
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10
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Damke E, Storti-Filho A, Irie MMT, Carrara MA, Batista MR, Donatti L, Gunther LSA, Patussi EV, Svidzinski TIE, Consolaro MEL. Ultrastructural imaging of Candida albicans adhesion to rat genital epithelium through scanning and transmission electron microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2010; 16:337-345. [PMID: 20374679 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927610000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion of Candida albicans to the genital epithelium has not been fully investigated in vivo. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ultrastructural aspects of C. albicans adhesion in the lower genital system of female Wistar rats through scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The genital infection persisted until the end of the experiment, and all rats showed the same adhesion aspects. Various associated yeast/hyphae were observed in the lumen and adhered both at the vaginal and endocervical levels where the fungal filamentation process occurred. In the vaginal epithelium, closely adhered yeasts were observed as stretched strands bridging between yeasts and the epithelium surface. Different stages of the adhesion, where yeasts internalized into the epithelial cell inside a cytoplasmic vacuole, resembling endocytosis, and a wide fibrillar-floccular, glycocalyx-like layer on the yeasts were observed. On the endocervix, the adhesion occurred between the cilia. In the uterine body, only a yeast-like form was observed with superficial contact. This study reached the initial goal of demonstrating an experimental model for in vivo studies. Continuation of this line of research is important for studies of vulvovaginal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilson Damke
- Department of Clinical Analysis, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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11
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Jayatilake JAMS, Samaranayake LP, Lu Q, Jin LJ. IL-1alpha, IL-1ra and IL-8 are differentially induced by Candida in experimental oral candidiasis. Oral Dis 2007; 13:426-33. [PMID: 17577331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007.01318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-1ra and IL-8 by the oral epithelium challenged by various Candida species. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro candidiasis was induced by C. albicans wild type SC5314, its EFG1, CPH1 and secretory aspartyl proteinase (SAP) mutants and, ATCC isolates of C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. dubliniensis using a reconstituted human oral epithelium (RHOE) model. IL-1alpha, IL-1ra and IL-8 levels in culture media were quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at 12, 24 and 48 h. Fungal invasion and IL-1ra expression in RHOE were detected by periodic acid-Schiff staining and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Overall, the invasive Candida induced relatively higher levels of IL-1alpha, IL-1ra and IL-8 in the culture media than the noninvasive isolates. IL-1alpha and IL-1ra levels induced by Candida with hyphal invasion were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those induced by the isolates without hyphal invasion at 12, 24 and 48 h. Candida albicans SC5314 induced IL-1ra expression in RHOE at 12 and 24 h but not at 48 h consistent with its hyphal invasion; while the noninvasive mutants and non-albicans Candida induced IL-1ra expression at 48 h. CONCLUSIONS The cytokine expression profiles in experimental oral candidiasis may be associated with the invasive potential of Candida.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A M S Jayatilake
- Oral Bio-Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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12
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Velázquez E, del Villar M, Grondona I, Monte E, González-Villa T. Ultrastructural and chemotaxonomic analysis of a xylanolytic strain of Cryptococcus adeliensis isolated from sheep droppings in Spain. Arch Microbiol 2006; 186:195-202. [PMID: 16823550 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-006-0134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2005] [Revised: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus adeliensis was initially described as a psycrophilic species containing a single strain CBS 8351(T) isolated from decayed algae in Terre Adelie (Antartida). Later, a second strain of this species was isolated from an immunosuppressed patient affected by leukaemia in Germany and recently several strains from this species have been found in human patients and pigeon droppings of the same country. In this study, we isolated from sheep droppings in Spain a xylanolytic strain named LEVX01 that was phenotypically related to the strain CBS 8351(T) and showed a 100% similarity in the D1/D2 domain and 5.8S-ITS region sequences with respect to the remaining described strains of C. adeliensis. These findings suggest that this species has a wide geographical distribution and that the animal faeces are a common habitat for C. adeliensis. The chemotaxonomic analyses showed the absence of detectable amounts of xylose in the cell walls of the strains LEVX01 and CBS8351(T) in contrast to other Cryptococcus species. Interestingly, the ultrastructural study showed the presence of fimbriae in these two strains that could be involved in the attachment to the host cells and, as occurs in Candida albicans, they could also be a pathogenicity factor for the man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encarna Velázquez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Lab 209, Edificio Departamental de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial invasion of host epithelial cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis; however, the exact mechanism of the invasion has not been investigated. METHODS Pocket epithelium biopsies in periodontitis were analysed via scanning and transmission electron microscopy using ultra-histochemical staining with ruthenium red for glycocalyx visualization. RESULTS We demonstrated that oral bacteria adhered via fimbriae-mediated adhesion only. The bacterial internalization in periodontitis was marked by the hallmark of the fimbriae-induced zipper mechanism--the phagocytic cup formation--but we found no sign of the trigger mechanism of internalization. In addition, we frequently observed apoptosis in the phagocytizing epithelial cells. CONCLUSION Fimbriae-mediated adhesion is a prerequisite for bacterial invasion in periodontitis. This occurs by the fimbriae-induced zipper mechanism of internalization. As internalization induces apoptosis, the subsequent exfoliation might play a significant role in the clearance of periodontal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vitkov
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Saarland University, Germany.
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14
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Foldvari M, Jaafari MR, Radhi J, Segal D. Efficacy of the antiadhesin octyl O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-4)-2-O-propyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (Fimbrigal-P) in a rat oral candidiasis model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:2887-94. [PMID: 15980365 PMCID: PMC1168655 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.7.2887-2894.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherence of Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells via its fimbrial subunit requires the minimal disaccharide sequence beta-GalNAc(1-4)-beta-galactosidase in host cell receptors asialo-GM1 or asialo-GM2. This and other disaccharides and some of its synthetic derivatives have been shown to inhibit purified fimbrial or pathogen binding in vitro. This study evaluates the in vivo efficacy of the propyl derivative of this disaccharide, octyl O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-4)-2-O-propyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, or Fimbrigal-P, incorporated into a mucoadhesive polymer formulation in a rat oral candidiasis model. Colony counts of microcurette samples from the oral cavity and tongue homogenates were used to estimate the effectiveness of four treatment modalities to reduce oral fungal burden. All treatment modalities (preventative, premixing with the Candida inoculant, drinking water, and treatment) significantly reduced fungal burden compared to untreated control animals by day 9; however, the preventative and pre-mixing approaches provided a faster rate of fungal clearance. The low toxicity and immunogenicity of this synthetic carbohydrate and its stability in saliva, as demonstrated by high-performance liquid chromatography, make it a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of microbial infections in which the pathogen relies on the beta-GalNAc(1-4)-beta-galactosidase disaccharide to establish adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Foldvari
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada.
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Krautgartner WD, Vitkov L, Hannig M, Pelz K, Stoiber W. Cytochemical differences in bacterial glycocalyx. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2005; 11:2-8. [PMID: 15683566 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927605050075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To examine new cytochemical aspects of the bacterial adhesion, a strain 41452/01 of the oral commensal Streptococcus sanguis and a wild strain of Staphylococcus aureus were grown with and without sucrose supplementation for 6 days. Osmiumtetraoxyde (OsO4), uranyl acetate (UA), ruthenium red (RR), cupromeronic blue (CB) staining with critical electrolytic concentrations (CECs), and the tannic acid-metal salt technique (TAMST) were applied for electron microscopy. Cytochemically, only RR-positive fimbriae in S. sanguis were visualized. By contrast, some types of fimbriae staining were observed in S. aureus glycocalyx: RR-positive, OsO4-positive, tannophilic and CB-positive with ceasing point at 0.3 M MgCl2. The CB staining with CEC, used for the first time for visualization of glycoproteins of bacterial glycocalyx, also reveals intacellular CB-positive substances-probably the monomeric molecules, that is, subunits forming the fimbriae via extracellular assembly. Thus, glycosylated components of the biofilm matrix can be reliably related to single cells. The visualization of intracellular components by CB with CEC enables clear distinction between S. aureus and other bacteria, which do not produce CB-positive substances. The small quantities of tannophilic substances found in S. aureus makes the use of TAMST for the same purpose difficult. The present work protocol enables, for the first time, a partial cytochemical differentiation of the bacterial glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Dietrich Krautgartner
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Light Microscopy and Digital Image Acquisition, Institute of Zoology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Abstract
In this study, we examine new cytochemical aspects of the fimbria-mediated adhesion of the oral facultative pathogen Candida albicans. A wild-type strain of the yeast was grown with and without sucrose supplementation for 8 days. Osmium tetroxide, uranyl acetate (UA), ruthenium red (RR), and cupromeronic blue (CB) staining with critical electrolytic concentrations (CECs) and tannic acid-metal salt technique (TAMST) were applied to specimens separately or in combination for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination. Cytochemically, two types of fimbriae of C. albicans were distinguished: RR-positive fimbriae of polyanionic glycoconjugates and CB-positive fimbriae with a ceasing point of 0.3 M MgCl2 where no staining of sulfated carboxyl-rich and/or phospho-glycoconjugates occurred. Additionally, CB-positive intercellular fibers were observed, which seemed to be involved in intercellular adhesion. The present protocol enables, for the first time, a partial cytochemical differentiation between at least two kinds of yeast fimbriae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Dietrich Krautgartner
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Light Microscopy and Digital Image Acquisition, Institute of Zoology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2002; 19:805-12. [PMID: 12112235 DOI: 10.1002/yea.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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