1
|
Seeger DR, Golovko SA, Grove BD, Golovko MY. Cyclooxygenase inhibition attenuates brain angiogenesis and independently decreases mouse survival under hypoxia. J Neurochem 2021; 158:246-261. [PMID: 33389746 PMCID: PMC8249483 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although cyclooxygenase (COX) role in cancer angiogenesis has been studied, little is known about its role in brain angioplasticity. In the present study, we chronically infused mice with ketorolac, a non‐specific COX inhibitor that does not cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), under normoxia or 50% isobaric hypoxia (10% O2 by volume). Ketorolac increased mortality rate under hypoxia in a dose‐dependent manner. Using in vivo multiphoton microscopy, we demonstrated that chronic COX inhibition completely attenuated brain angiogenic response to hypoxia. Alterations in a number of angiogenic factors that were reported to be COX‐dependent in other models were assayed at 24‐hr and 10‐day hypoxia. Intriguingly, hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 was unaffected under COX inhibition, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (VEGFR2) and C‐X‐C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) were significantly but slightly decreased. However, a number of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were significantly reduced upon COX inhibition. We conclude that additional, angiogenic factor‐independent mechanism might contribute to COX role in brain angioplasticity, probably including mitogenic COX effect on endothelium. Our data indicate that COX activity is critical for systemic adaptation to chronic hypoxia, and BBB COX is essential for hypoxia‐induced brain angioplasticity. These data also indicate a potential risk for using COX inhibitors under hypoxia conditions in clinics. Further studies are required to elucidate a complete mechanism for brain long‐term angiogenesis regulation through COX activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drew R Seeger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Svetlana A Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Bryon D Grove
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Mikhail Y Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gkolfakis P, Tziatzios G, Papadopoulos V, Dimitriadis GD, Georgopoulos SD, Triantafyllou K. A nationwide survey of training satisfaction and employment prospects among Greek gastroenterology fellows during the economic recession. Ann Gastroenterol 2017; 30:242-249. [PMID: 28243047 PMCID: PMC5320039 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2016.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assessed Greek gastroenterology fellows' satisfaction regarding training, working conditions, quality of life and future employment perspectives. METHODS Greek gastroenterology fellows completed an anonymous multiple-choice electronic questionnaire designed to rate their satisfaction using a five-step Likert scale in two major domains: 1) fellowship program (training, working conditions, research activity, acquisition of endoscopic competencies, quality of life); and 2) professional expectations. Pareto analysis was used to determine the factors that had the most negative effect on fellows' satisfaction. RESULTS In 2016, over a two-month period, 121 invitations were distributed and 70 (58%) fellows responded. Overall, responders reported a low level of satisfaction with their training programs: the mean total satisfaction score was 42.94±11.55 (range 15-75). Pareto analysis revealed that the main factors negatively affecting satisfaction were financial remuneration, routine or menial work, and uncertainty about professional future (98.6%, 94.3% and 92.9% unfavorable answers, respectively). Of the total participants, 53% felt tired or very tired and 44.3% of them reported high levels of stress following a normal working day. Although the majority of the fellows did not regret choosing gastroenterology fellowship training, 34.4% of them would choose a different training environment, if possible. CONCLUSION Our study revealed that Greek gastroenterology fellows are dissatisfied with their training programs and with their professional perspectives. It also detected the issues that contribute most to this unfavorable outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevas Gkolfakis
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, 2 Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutics, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Attikon University General Hospital (Paraskevas Gkolfakis, Georgios Tziatzios, Vasilios Papadopoulos, George D. Dimitriadis, Konstantinos Triantafyllou)
| | - Georgios Tziatzios
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, 2 Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutics, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Attikon University General Hospital (Paraskevas Gkolfakis, Georgios Tziatzios, Vasilios Papadopoulos, George D. Dimitriadis, Konstantinos Triantafyllou)
| | - Vasilios Papadopoulos
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, 2 Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutics, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Attikon University General Hospital (Paraskevas Gkolfakis, Georgios Tziatzios, Vasilios Papadopoulos, George D. Dimitriadis, Konstantinos Triantafyllou)
| | - George D Dimitriadis
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, 2 Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutics, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Attikon University General Hospital (Paraskevas Gkolfakis, Georgios Tziatzios, Vasilios Papadopoulos, George D. Dimitriadis, Konstantinos Triantafyllou)
| | - Sotirios D Georgopoulos
- GI and Hepatology Department, Athens Medical, Paleo Faliron Hospital (Sotirios D. Georgopoulos), Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Triantafyllou
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, 2 Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutics, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Attikon University General Hospital (Paraskevas Gkolfakis, Georgios Tziatzios, Vasilios Papadopoulos, George D. Dimitriadis, Konstantinos Triantafyllou)
| |
Collapse
|