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Sevim A, Akpınar R, Öztürk SH, Yılmaz F, Kayaboynu Ü, Sevim E, Ese H, Karataş Ü, Buldağ M, Umur Ş. PCR-Based Screening of Pathogens in Bombus terrestris Populations of Turkey. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:275-282. [PMID: 38041724 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bumblebees are an important group of insects in the pollination of various vegetables, fruits, oilseeds, legumes, and the fodder crops. Compared to honeybees, they have a wider choice of hosts and a longer flight period. These bees are used especially for the pollination of plants in greenhouses and are commercially produced for this purpose. Recently, serious decreases have been occurring in bumblebee populations due to various reasons such as pathogens, and some of species are even threatened with extinction. Due to the worldwide decline in pollinator insects, determining the distribution and prevalence of bumblebee pathogens is of great importance. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the incidence and prevalence of pathogens in Turkish bumblebee populations and how much of each pathogen was in bumblebee samples. METHODS A total of 172 Bombus terrestris (Linnaeus,1758) samples (21 samples from commercial enterprises, 79 samples from greenhouses and 72 samples from nature) were randomly collected from 3 provinces (Antalya, Mersin and İzmir) where greenhouse cultivation is intensively carried out in Turkey. Eighty-nine of these samples were collected in the spring and eighty-three in the autumn. The presence of four pathogens (Nosema bombi, Crithidia bombi, Apicystis bombi, and Locustacarus buchneri) was investigated by PCR using universal primers. RESULTS The overall prevalence of Nosema bombi, Crithidia bombi, Apicystis bombi, and Locustacarus buchneri was determined as 7.55%, 9.3%, 11.62%, and 4.65%, respectively. Co-infections (5.81%) were only detected in wild-caught (nature) samples. C. bombi and A. bombi infections were detected at higher rates in the spring samples than in the autumn samples (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the spring and autumn samples with respect to the presence of N. bombi and L. buchneri (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The results obtained could be important in determining the prevalence and spread rates of the bumblebee diseases in Turkey and to determine appropriate protection measures. The information gathered should increase our knowledge about the presence of these pathogens in Turkey and could contribute to improve apiarist's practice. More studies are needed to determine the transmission pathways of these pathogens between the populations. Also, complex pathogen interactions in bumblebee populations should be considered in the future to improve bumblebee health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sevim
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, 40100, Turkey.
| | - Rahşan Akpınar
- Honeybee Diseases Laboratory, T.C Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Samsun Veterinary Control Institute, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Seyit Hasan Öztürk
- T.C Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ordu Apiculture Research Institute, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Fatih Yılmaz
- T.C Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ordu Apiculture Research Institute, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Ümit Kayaboynu
- T.C Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ordu Apiculture Research Institute, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Elif Sevim
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, 40100, Turkey
| | - Hasan Ese
- T.C Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ordu Apiculture Research Institute, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Ümit Karataş
- T.C Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ordu Apiculture Research Institute, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Mücahit Buldağ
- T.C Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ordu Apiculture Research Institute, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Şinasi Umur
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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Kubo R, Asanuma Y, Fujimoto E, Okuyama H, Ono M, Takahashi JI. Cross-mating between the alien bumblebee Bombus terrestris and two native Japanese bumblebees, B. hypocrita sapporensis and B. cryptarum florilegus, in the Nemuro Peninsula, Japan. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11506. [PMID: 37460583 PMCID: PMC10352366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid naturalization of Bombus terrestris across the Nemuro Peninsula has led to a decline in two closely related native Japanese species, namely Bombus hypocrita sapporensis and Bombus cryptarum florilegus, both belonging to the common subgenus Bombus. Although it is widely believed that cross-mating of native and non-native species is influenced by the common male sex pheromone in this region, no study has been conducted to substantiate this claim. Thus, we investigated the cross-activities of male sex pheromones between native and non-native bumblebees, as well as the frequencies of cross-mating, using chemical and DNA assays. Our gas chromatography-electroantennographic detector analyses and behavioral tests revealed the presence of sex pheromonal cross-activities between B. terrestris and the two Japanese bumblebees species. Furthermore, DNA analyses revealed the occurrence of cross-mating between native and non-native species in the Nemuro Peninsula. Overall, these results indicate the immediate need for conservation measures to safeguard Japanese bumblebee populations in the Nemuro Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Kubo
- Honeybee Science Research Center, Tamagawa University, 6-1-1, Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuine Asanuma
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo, Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Erina Fujimoto
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo, Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisashi Okuyama
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo, Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masato Ono
- Honeybee Science Research Center, Tamagawa University, 6-1-1, Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Takahashi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo, Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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Yanagisawa T, Kato Y, Inoue MN. Infection Prevalence of Microsporidia Vairimorpha ( Nosema) spp. in Japanese Bumblebees. INSECTS 2023; 14:340. [PMID: 37103155 PMCID: PMC10145284 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidia are spore-forming intracellular parasites of various invertebrates and vertebrates. Vairimorpha bombi negatively affects the fitness of bumblebees and its prevalence correlates with declining bumblebee populations. The invasive alien species Bombus terrestris colonized Japan and possibly introduced new parasites. To assess the infection prevalence of V. bombi in Japanese bumblebees and B. terrestris, we investigated V. bombi infections using PCR and microscopy. The prevalence of sporulating V. bombi infections in three Bombus s. str. species/subspecies was low, whereas that of non/low-sporulating Vairimorpha sp. infections in three Diversobombus species/subspecies was high. Invasive B. terrestris showed low prevalence of non/low-sporulating V. bombi infections and shared the same V. bombi haplotype with B. hypocrita found in Hokkaido, where B. terrestris is present, and in Honshu, where B. terrestris is absent. Although V. bombi may have been introduced with B. terrestris colonies imported from Europe, it seems to be originally distributed in Japan. Furthermore, a new Vairimorpha sp. was found in Japanese bumblebee species. V. bombi and Vairimorpha sp. showed different organ and host specificities in bumblebees. There are no reports on the specific effects of other Vairimorpha spp. on bumblebees; further studies are needed to clarify the individual characteristics of Vairimorpha spp.
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Rahmatzaei B, Hajiqanbar H, Mortazavi A, Husemann M. Global distribution and host range of the endoparasitic mite genus Locustacarus (Acari: Podapolipidae) with description of a new species from Iran parasitizing grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Syst Parasitol 2021; 98:487-501. [PMID: 34215970 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-021-09991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mites (Acari) represent important parasites for a diverse range of hosts. Within the Acari, the Prostigmata represent a diverse suborder of the order Trombidiformes with about 20 000 species, including parasitic forms on both vertebrates and invertebrates. Within the Prostigmata, the genus Locustacarus (Heterostigmata: Podapolipidae) is particularly known as an intratracheal parasite of bumblebees and grasshoppers. In a survey on prostigmatic mites (Acari: Trombidiformes: Prostigmata) associated with insects in the eastern parts of Iran, one new species of the endoparasitic Locustacarus was collected associated to the grasshopper Aiolopus thalassinus (Fabricius) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). This new species, Locustacarus aiolopi Rahmatzaei & Hajiqanbar n. sp., is described here and compared morphologically with other species of the genus. This new species represents the first record of a grasshopper-associated Locustacarus species in the Palearctic. We further provide a comprehensive review of the global distribution of this genus as well as its host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Rahmatzaei
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Hajiqanbar
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abdolazim Mortazavi
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Martin Husemann
- University of Hamburg, Center for Natural History, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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Polidori C, Sánchez-Fernández D. Environmental niche and global potential distribution of the giant resin bee Megachile sculpturalis, a rapidly spreading invasive pollinator. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Mullins JL, Strange JP, Tripodi AD. Why Are Queens Broodless? Failed Nest Initiation Not Linked to Parasites, Mating Status, or Ovary Development in Two Bumble Bee Species of Pyrobombus (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:575-581. [PMID: 31814010 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bumble bees (Bombus [Hymenoptera: Apidae]) are important pollinators for agricultural crops, which has led to their commercial domestication. Despite their importance, little is known about the reproductive biology of bumble bees native to North America. The Hunt bumble bee (Bombus huntii Greene [Hymenoptera: Apidae]) and the Vosnesensky bumble bee (Bombus vosnesenskii Radoszkowski [Hymenoptera: Apidae] are native candidates for commercial production in western North America due to their efficacy in providing commercial pollination services. Availability of pollinators native to the region in which services would be provided would minimize the likelihood of introducing exotic species and spreading novel disease. Some parasites are known to affect bumble bee reproduction, but little is known about their prevalence in North America or how they affect queen success. Only 38% of wild-caught B. huntii and 51% wild-caught B. vosnesenskii queens collected between 2015 and 2017 initiated nests in the laboratory. Our objective was to identify causal factors leading to a queen's inability to oviposit. To address this, we dissected each broodless queen and diagnosed diseases, assessed mating status, and characterized ovary development. Nematodes, arthropods, and microorganisms were detected in both species. Overall, 20% of queens were infected by parasites, with higher rates in B. vosnesenskii. Over 95% of both species were mated, and over 88% had developed ovaries. This suggests that parasitism and mating status were not primary causes of broodlessness. Although some failure to nest can be attributed to assessed factors, additional research is needed to fully understand the challenges presented by captive rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Mullins
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service-Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Logan, UT
- University of Colorado Museum of Natural History, 265 UCB-MCOL, Boulder, CO
| | - James P Strange
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service-Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Logan, UT
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 216 Kottman Hall, Columbus, OH
| | - Amber D Tripodi
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service-Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Logan, UT
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Seabra SG, Silva SE, Nunes VL, Sousa VC, Martins J, Marabuto E, Rodrigues ASB, Pina‐Martins F, Laurentino TG, Rebelo MT, Figueiredo E, Paulo OS. Genomic signatures of introgression between commercial and native bumblebees, Bombus terrestris, in western Iberian Peninsula-Implications for conservation and trade regulation. Evol Appl 2019; 12:679-691. [PMID: 30976302 PMCID: PMC6439495 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-mediated introductions of species may have profound impacts on native ecosystems. One potential impact with largely unforeseen consequences is the potential admixture of introduced with autochthonous species through hybridization. Throughout the world, bumblebees have been deliberately introduced for crop pollination with known negative impacts on native pollinators. Given the likely allochthonous origin of commercial bumblebees used in Portugal (subspecies Bombus terrestris terrestris and B. t. dalmatinus), our aim was to assess their putative introgression with the native Iberian subspecies B. terrestris lusitanicus. We analysed one mitochondrial gene, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) and genomic data involving thousands of genome-wide restriction-site-associated DNA markers (RAD-seq). In the mitochondrial COX1 analyses, we detected one relatively common haplotype in commercial bumblebees, also present in wild samples collected nearby the greenhouses where the commercial hives are used. In the RAD-seq analysis, we found a clear genetic differentiation between native and commercial lineages. Furthermore, we detected candidate hybrids in the wild, as well as putatively escaped commercial bumblebees, some of which being potentially fertile males. Although we cannot assess directly the fitness effects of introgressed alleles, there is a risk of maladaptive allele introgression to the local bumblebee subspecies, which can negatively impact autochthon populations. One immediate recommendation to farmers is for the proper disposal of hive boxes, after their use in greenhouses, so as to minimize the risk of escapees contaminating native populations. On the other hand, the feasibility of using local subspecies B. t. lusitanicus, preferably with local production, should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia G. Seabra
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Sara E. Silva
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Vera L. Nunes
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Vitor C. Sousa
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Joana Martins
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de AgronomiaUniversidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
- Present address:
SAPEC AgroLisboaPortugal
| | - Eduardo Marabuto
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Ana S. B. Rodrigues
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Natural History and Systematics (NHS) Research Group /MUHNAC ‐ Museu Nacional de História Natural e da CiênciaUniversidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Francisco Pina‐Martins
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | | | - Maria Teresa Rebelo
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Elisabete Figueiredo
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de AgronomiaUniversidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Octávio S. Paulo
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
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Tsuchida K, Yamaguchi A, Kanbe Y, Goka K. Reproductive Interference in an Introduced Bumblebee: Polyandry may Mitigate Negative Reproductive Impact. INSECTS 2019; 10:E59. [PMID: 30813290 PMCID: PMC6409605 DOI: 10.3390/insects10020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As a signature of reproductive interference (RI), we reviewed hybrid production in eusocial bumblebees in Japan, by comparing introduced Bombus terrestris with native B. ignitus in Honshu (main island of Japan) and with native B. hypocrita sapporoensis in Hokkaido (northern island of Japan). In this review, we present additional new data showing hybrid production between introduced B. terrestris and native B. ignitus in Honshu. Interspecific mating with introduced B. terrestris disrupts the reproduction of native B. h. sapporoensis and B. ignitus, which belong to the same subgenus of Bombus, through inviable egg production. This interference appears to facilitate species replacement on Hokkaido. Simultaneously, the mating frequencies for queens of B. terrestris have increased, suggesting that polyandry might evolve in response to the extent of RI between B. terrestris and B. h. sapporoensis. To suppress the population size of B. terrestris in Hokkaido, two methods have been proposed: the mass release of B. h. sapporoensis males to induce RI between the two species and the spraying of insecticides against foraging workers so that the workers will carry the insecticides back to their colonies, killing the immature bees within the colonies. A candidate insecticide type is insect growth regulator, which may disrupt larval development without any apparent effect on foraging workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Tsuchida
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yuya Kanbe
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
- Arysta Lifescience Corporation Bio Systems, Asia and Life Science Business Group 418-404 Nishihara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0832, Japan.
| | - Koichi Goka
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan.
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Strange JP, Tripodi AD. Characterizing bumble bee (Bombus) communities in the United States and assessing a conservation monitoring method. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:1061-1069. [PMID: 30805140 PMCID: PMC6374645 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus) are economically and ecologically important pollinators in agroecosystems and wildland habitats. In the Nearctic region, there are approximately 41 species, of which the IUCN lists twelve species as vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered. We conducted a standardized faunal survey to inform ongoing conservation efforts including petitions under review for the Endangered Species Act. Furthermore, we test the appropriateness of a methodology for accurately sampling bumble bee communities. LOCATION The United States of America, including 31 sites in 15 states. METHODS We surveyed 15 states in the summer of 2015 to assess community composition and relative species abundance at agricultural and seminatural sites throughout the United States. We collected approximately 100 bees, using aerial nets, from each of 31 sites and identified specimens to species, totaling 3,252 bees. We assessed our survey methodology to understand whether it accurately sampled the potential community of bumble bees at each site for utility in future monitoring efforts. RESULTS Average site species richness was 5.1 ± 2.05, and we detected 30 of the 41 species documented historically within the contiguous United States. Sampling a site beyond 100 bees rarely added additional species detections, whereas adding additional sampling sites within an ecoregion frequently increased the species richness for the ecoregion. Thirteen of the 30 species we detected each accounted for <1% of the total fauna, and two species accounted for 49.02% of all bees captured. Species richness and evenness increased with increasing latitude across communities. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Species diversity and evenness in bumble bees increases in northern latitudes and increasing elevation in the United States; however, a few common species tend to dominate communities while many species occur only in low numbers. The results of this survey effort can inform current conservation evaluations and planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Strange
- USDA‐ARS‐Pollinating Insect Biology Management and Systematics Research UnitLoganUtah
| | - Amber D. Tripodi
- USDA‐ARS‐Pollinating Insect Biology Management and Systematics Research UnitLoganUtah
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Wojcik VA, Morandin LA, Davies Adams L, Rourke KE. Floral Resource Competition Between Honey Bees and Wild Bees: Is There Clear Evidence and Can We Guide Management and Conservation? ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:822-833. [PMID: 29873687 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Supporting managed honey bees by pasturing in natural landscapes has come under review due to concerns that honey bees could negatively impact the survival of wild bees through competition for floral resources. Critique and assessment of the existing body of published literature against our criteria focussing on studies that can support best management resulted in 19 experimental papers. Indirect measures of competition examining foraging patterns and behavior yielded equivocal results. Direct measures of reproduction and growth were investigated in only seven studies, with six indicating negative impacts to wild bees from the presence of managed honey bees. Three of these studies examined fitness impacts to BombusLatreille and all three indicated reduced growth or reduced reproductive output. Because there is a severe lack of literature, yet potential that honey bee presence could negatively impact wild bees, exemplified with bumble bee studies, we advocate for further research into the fitness impacts of competition between managed and wild pollinators. Conservative approaches should be taken with respect to pasturing honey bees on natural lands with sensitive bumble bee populations. Correspondingly, forage opportunities for honey bees in managed, agricultural landscapes, should be increased in an effort to reduce potential pressure and infringement on wild bee populations in natural areas.
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Naeem M, Yuan X, Huang J, An J. Habitat suitability for the invasion of Bombus terrestris in East Asian countries: A case study of spatial overlap with local Chinese bumblebees. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11035. [PMID: 30038323 PMCID: PMC6056460 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive species such as Bombus terrestris represent a severe threat that can result in the decline of local biodiversity. We examined the habitat suitability for B. terrestris invasion in East Asian countries and the risk of habitat overlap with 24 bumblebee species from different groups in China. All East Asian countries were predicted to be susceptible to invasion by B. terrestris, with the highest habitat suitability occurring in China followed by Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Mongolia. Within China, which is a global biodiversity hotspot for bumblebees, three different regions, north-west, central to south-east and north-east, were predicted as being highly suitable for invasion. In China, the group of species closely related to B. terrestris showed higher sensitivity (89%) to habitat overlap with B. terrestris than did the group of non-closely related species (73%). The risk of overlap for the three major regional bumblebees within China decreased in the order southern region, northern region and Tibetan Plateau region. Due to the sensitivity of habitat suitability and overlap, the use of the introduced European bumblebee B. terrestris for pollination services should be discouraged in regions with overlapping habitats in China, and management strategies should be implemented to conserve the vulnerable bumblebees in all East Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem
- Key Laboratory for Insect-Pollinator Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaolong Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Insect-Pollinator Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jiaxing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Insect-Pollinator Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Jiandong An
- Key Laboratory for Insect-Pollinator Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
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Okabe K, Masuya H, Kanzaki N. Unintentional introductions of microscopic organisms associated with forest insects. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fujimoto S, Jørgensen A, Hansen JG. A molecular approach to arthrotardigrade phylogeny (Heterotardigrada, Tardigrada). ZOOL SCR 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinta Fujimoto
- Department of Zoology; Division of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
- Research Center for Marine Biology; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Kyoto University; 9 Sakamoto Asamushi Aomori 039-3501 Japan
| | - Aslak Jørgensen
- Department of Biology; August Krogh Centre; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 13; DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Jesper G. Hansen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 15; DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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Nagamitsu T, Yasuda M, Saito-Morooka F, Inoue MN, Nishiyama M, Goka K, Sugiura S, Maeto K, Okabe K, Taki H. Genetic Structure and Potential Environmental Determinants of Local Genetic Diversity in Japanese Honeybees (Apis cerana japonica). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167233. [PMID: 27898704 PMCID: PMC5127551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Declines in honeybee populations have been a recent concern. Although causes of the declines remain unclear, environmental factors may be responsible. We focused on the potential environmental determinants of local populations of wild honeybees, Apis cerana japonica, in Japan. This subspecies has little genetic variation in terms of its mitochondrial DNA sequences, and genetic variations at nuclear loci are as yet unknown. We estimated the genetic structure and environmental determinants of local genetic diversity in nuclear microsatellite genotypes of fathers and mothers, inferred from workers collected at 139 sites. The genotypes of fathers and mothers showed weak isolation by distance and negligible genetic structure. The local genetic diversity was high in central Japan, decreasing toward the peripheries, and depended on the climate and land use characteristics of the sites. The local genetic diversity decreased as the annual precipitation increased, and increased as the proportion of urban and paddy field areas increased. Positive effects of natural forest area, which have also been observed in terms of forager abundance in farms, were not detected with respect to the local genetic diversity. The findings suggest that A. cerana japonica forms a single population connected by gene flow in its main distributional range, and that climate and landscape properties potentially affect its local genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyoshi Nagamitsu
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Mika Yasuda
- Department of Forest Entomology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Maki N. Inoue
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mio Nishiyama
- Global Environment Division, National Institute of Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koichi Goka
- Global Environment Division, National Institute of Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinji Sugiura
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Maeto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kimiko Okabe
- Department of Forest Entomology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hisatomo Taki
- Department of Forest Entomology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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15
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Pirk CWW, Crewe RM, Moritz RFA. Risks and benefits of the biological interface between managed and wild bee pollinators. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian W. W. Pirk
- Social Insects Research Group Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria Pretoria0002 South Africa
| | - Robin M. Crewe
- Social Insects Research Group Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria Pretoria0002 South Africa
| | - Robin F. A. Moritz
- Social Insects Research Group Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria Pretoria0002 South Africa
- Institut für Biologie Zoologie‐Molekulare Ökologie Martin‐Luther‐Universität Halle‐Wittenberg Halle06099 Germany
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16
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Uesugi R, Sato Y, Han BY, Huang ZD, Yara K, Furuhashi K. Molecular evidence for multiple phylogenetic groups within two species of invasive spiny whiteflies and their parasitoid wasp. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 106:328-340. [PMID: 26782948 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485315001030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The invasive orange spiny whitefly (OSW) Aleurocanthus spiniferus has extended its distribution to non-native areas since the early 20th century. In a similar manner, the invasive tea spiny whitefly (TSW) A. camelliae has been expanding over East Asia in recent decades. In this study, the genetic diversity of OSW and TSW and of their important parasitoid wasp Encarsia smithi was investigated in China and Japan to enable more efficient biological control policies. We detected two phylogenetic groups (haplogroups A1 and A2) in OSW and three phylogenetic groups (haplotypes B1 and B2, and haplogroup B3) in TSW in China; however, only a single haplotype was detected in each whitefly species in Japan. Based on historical records and molecular data, OSW was considered to be native to China whereas TSW has probably expanded to China from a more southern location in the last 50 years; China appears to be the source region for OSW and TSW invading Japan. In E. smithi, two phylogenetic groups were detected in Japan: haplotype I, associated with OSW, and haplogroup II mostly associated with TSW, except in two locations. These data support the hypothesis that E. smithi parasitizing TSW in Japan did not originate from the existent population parasitizing OSW but was newly imported into Japan following the invasion of its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Uesugi
- Tea Pest Management Research Team,Department of Tea,NARO Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science (NIVTS),Kanaya-Shishidoi,Shimada,Shizuoka 428-8501,Japan
| | - Y Sato
- Tea Pest Management Research Team,Department of Tea,NARO Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science (NIVTS),Kanaya-Shishidoi,Shimada,Shizuoka 428-8501,Japan
| | - B-Y Han
- College of Life Sciences,China Jiliang University,HangZhou,Zhejiang Province 310018,People's Republic of China
| | - Z-D Huang
- Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute,No. 11 Daqiao Rd.,Huangyan District,Taizhou,Zhejiang Province 318020,People's Republic of China
| | - K Yara
- Tea Pest Management Research Team,Department of Tea,NARO Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science (NIVTS),Kanaya-Shishidoi,Shimada,Shizuoka 428-8501,Japan
| | - K Furuhashi
- Agro-Kanesho Co., Ltd.,Akasaka,Minato-ku,Tokyo 1070052,Japan
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17
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Graystock P, Blane EJ, McFrederick QS, Goulson D, Hughes WO. Do managed bees drive parasite spread and emergence in wild bees? Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2016; 5:64-75. [PMID: 28560161 PMCID: PMC5439461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bees have been managed and utilised for honey production for centuries and, more recently, pollination services. Since the mid 20th Century, the use and production of managed bees has intensified with hundreds of thousands of hives being moved across countries and around the globe on an annual basis. However, the introduction of unnaturally high densities of bees to areas could have adverse effects. Importation and deployment of managed honey bee and bumblebees may be responsible for parasite introductions or a change in the dynamics of native parasites that ultimately increases disease prevalence in wild bees. Here we review the domestication and deployment of managed bees and explain the evidence for the role of managed bees in causing adverse effects on the health of wild bees. Correlations with the use of managed bees and decreases in wild bee health from territories across the globe are discussed along with suggestions to mitigate further health reductions in wild bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Graystock
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Edward J. Blane
- Natural England, Mail Hub Block B, Whittington Road, Worcester, WR5 2LQ, UK
| | | | - Dave Goulson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
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18
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Graystock P, Jones JC, Pamminger T, Parkinson JF, Norman V, Blane EJ, Rothstein L, Wäckers F, Goulson D, Hughes WOH. Hygienic food to reduce pathogen risk to bumblebees. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 136:68-73. [PMID: 26970260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bumblebees are ecologically and economically important pollinators, and the value of bumblebees for crop pollination has led to the commercial production and exportation/importation of colonies on a global scale. Commercially produced bumblebee colonies can carry with them infectious parasites, which can both reduce the health of the colonies and spillover to wild bees, with potentially serious consequences. The presence of parasites in commercially produced bumblebee colonies is in part because colonies are reared on pollen collected from honey bees, which often contains a diversity of microbial parasites. In response to this threat, part of the industry has started to irradiate pollen used for bumblebee rearing. However, to date there is limited data published on the efficacy of this treatment. Here we examine the effect of gamma irradiation and an experimental ozone treatment on the presence and viability of parasites in honey bee pollen. While untreated pollen contained numerous viable parasites, we find that gamma irradiation reduced the viability of parasites in pollen, but did not eliminate parasites entirely. Ozone treatment appeared to be less effective than gamma irradiation, while an artificial pollen substitute was, as expected, entirely free of parasites. The results suggest that the irradiation of pollen before using it to rear bumblebee colonies is a sensible method which will help reduce the incidence of parasite infections in commercially produced bumblebee colonies, but that further optimisation, or the use of a nutritionally equivalent artificial pollen substitute, may be needed to fully eliminate this route of disease entry into factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Graystock
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK; Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - J C Jones
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - T Pamminger
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - J F Parkinson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - V Norman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - E J Blane
- Natural England, Mail Hub Block B, Whittington Road, Worcester WR5 2LQ, UK
| | - L Rothstein
- Bumblebee Conservation Trust, Cottrell Building, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - F Wäckers
- Biobest NV, Ilse Velden 18, B-2260 Westerlo, Belgium
| | - D Goulson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - W O H Hughes
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
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19
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Du Q, Bi G, Zhao E, Yang J, Zhang Z, Liu G. Complete mitochondrial genome of Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2015; 27:4455-4456. [PMID: 26437124 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1089568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, complete mitochondrial genome of the large earth bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, was first determined. The mitochondrial genome is 174 000 bp in length, and encodes 1 D-loop region, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes and 20 transfer RNA genes. Average GC content of this genome is 15%. nad6 and cob are overlapped with 12 bp, while atp8 and atp6 are overlapped with 18 bp. Phylogeny analysis indicates Bombus species exhibit closer genetic distance with Melipona species than with Apis species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Du
- a Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (MOE), College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China , Qingdao , P.R. China
| | - Guiqi Bi
- a Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (MOE), College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China , Qingdao , P.R. China
| | - Ezi Zhao
- a Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (MOE), College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China , Qingdao , P.R. China
| | - Junqing Yang
- a Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (MOE), College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China , Qingdao , P.R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (MOE), College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China , Qingdao , P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (MOE), College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China , Qingdao , P.R. China
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20
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Moreira AS, Horgan FG, Murray TE, Kakouli-Duarte T. Population genetic structure of Bombus terrestris in Europe: Isolation and genetic differentiation of Irish and British populations. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:3257-68. [PMID: 25958977 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The genetic structure of the earth bumblebee (Bombus terrestris L.) was examined across 22 wild populations and two commercially reared populations using eight microsatellite loci and two mitochondrial genes. Our study included wild bumblebee samples from six populations in Ireland, one from the Isle of Man, four from Britain and 11 from mainland Europe. A further sample was acquired from New Zealand. Observed levels of genetic variability and heterozygosity were low in Ireland and the Isle of Man, but relatively high in continental Europe and among commercial populations. Estimates of Fst revealed significant genetic differentiation among populations. Bayesian cluster analysis indicated that Irish populations were highly differentiated from British and continental populations, the latter two showing higher levels of admixture. The data suggest that the Irish Sea and prevailing south westerly winds act as a considerable geographical barrier to gene flow between populations in Ireland and Britain; however, some immigration from the Isle of Man to Ireland was detected. The results are discussed in the context of the recent commercialization of bumblebees for the European horticultural industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- António S Moreira
- Institute of Technology Carlow, Kilkenny Road, Carlow, Co. Carlow, Ireland.,Teagasc, The Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Oak Park Research Centre, Carlow, Co. Carlow, Ireland
| | - Finbarr G Horgan
- Teagasc, The Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Oak Park Research Centre, Carlow, Co. Carlow, Ireland
| | - Tomás E Murray
- Teagasc, The Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Oak Park Research Centre, Carlow, Co. Carlow, Ireland
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21
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Strange JP. Bombus huntii, Bombus impatiens, and Bombus vosnesenskii (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Pollinate Greenhouse-Grown Tomatoes in Western North America. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 108:873-879. [PMID: 26470206 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bumble bees (Bombus) are the primary pollinators of tomatoes grown in greenhouses and can significantly increase fruit weight compared with tomatoes that receive no supplemental pollination. More than a million colonies are sold worldwide annually to meet pollination needs. Due to mounting concerns over the transportation of bumble bees outside of their native ranges, several species native to western North American are currently being investigated as potential commercial pollinators. Here, two western, Bombus huntii Greene and Bombus vosnesenskii Radoszkowski, and one eastern species, Bombus impatiens Cresson, are compared for their efficacy as pollinators of greenhouse-grown tomatoes. In two experiments, colonies were placed in greenhouses and compared with control plants that received no supplemental pollination. In the first experiment, seed set was significantly increased with B. huntii pollination in one variety of cherry tomatoes. In the second experiment comparing all three bumble bee species, fruit weight was an average of 25.2 g heavier per fruit pollinated by bees versus the control, and the number of days to harvest was 2.9 d shorter for bee-pollinated fruit. In some rounds of pollination, differences were found among bumble bee species, but these were inconsistent across replicates and not statistically significant overall. Additionally, fruit weight was shown to be highly correlated to fruit diameter and seed set in all tests and, thus, is shown to be a reliable metric for assessing pollination in future studies. These results suggest that commercialization of western bumble bees is a viable alternative to the current practices of moving of nonnative bees into western North America to pollinate tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Strange
- USDA-ARS, Pollinating Insect Research Unit, 255 BNR, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5310.
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22
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Woodard SH, Lozier JD, Goulson D, Williams PH, Strange JP, Jha S. Molecular tools and bumble bees: revealing hidden details of ecology and evolution in a model system. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2916-36. [PMID: 25865395 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bumble bees are a longstanding model system for studies on behaviour, ecology and evolution, due to their well-studied social lifestyle, invaluable role as wild and managed pollinators, and ubiquity and diversity across temperate ecosystems. Yet despite their importance, many aspects of bumble bee biology have remained enigmatic until the rise of the genetic and, more recently, genomic eras. Here, we review and synthesize new insights into the ecology, evolution and behaviour of bumble bees that have been gained using modern genetic and genomic techniques. Special emphasis is placed on four areas of bumble bee biology: the evolution of eusociality in this group, population-level processes, large-scale evolutionary relationships and patterns, and immunity and resistance to pesticides. We close with a prospective on the future of bumble bee genomics research, as this rapidly advancing field has the potential to further revolutionize our understanding of bumble bees, particularly in regard to adaptation and resilience. Worldwide, many bumble bee populations are in decline. As such, throughout the review, connections are drawn between new molecular insights into bumble bees and our understanding of the causal factors involved in their decline. Ongoing and potential applications to bumble bee management and conservation are also included to demonstrate how genetics- and genomics-enabled research aids in the preservation of this threatened group.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hollis Woodard
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lozier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35401, USA
| | - David Goulson
- Evolution, Behaviour & Environment, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Paul H Williams
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - James P Strange
- USDA-ARS, Pollinating Insect Research Unit, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Shalene Jha
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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23
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24
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Manley R, Boots M, Wilfert L. Emerging viral disease risk to pollinating insects: ecological, evolutionary and anthropogenic factors. J Appl Ecol 2015; 52:331-340. [PMID: 25954053 PMCID: PMC4415536 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The potential for infectious pathogens to spillover and emerge from managed populations to wildlife communities is poorly understood, but ecological, evolutionary and anthropogenic factors are all likely to influence the initial exposure and subsequent infection, spread and impact of disease. Fast-evolving RNA viruses, known to cause severe colony losses in managed honeybee populations, deserve particular attention for their propensity to jump between host species and thus threaten ecologically and economically important wild pollinator communities. We review the literature on pollinator viruses to identify biological and anthropogenic drivers of disease emergence, highlight gaps in the literature, and discuss potential management strategies. We provide evidence that many wild pollinator species are exposed to viruses from commercial species, resulting in multiple spillover events. However, it is not clear whether species become infected as a result of spillover or whether transmission is occurring within these wild populations. Ecological traits of pollinating insects, such as overlapping ranges, niches and behaviours, clearly promote cross-species transmission of RNA viruses. Moreover, we conclude that the social behaviour and phylogenetic relatedness of social pollinators further facilitate within- and between-host transmission, leaving these species particularly vulnerable to emerging diseases. We argue that the commercial use of pollinators is a key driver of disease emergence in these beneficial insects and that this must be addressed by management and policy. Synthesis and applications. There are important knowledge gaps, ranging from disease distribution and prevalence, to pathogen life history and virulence, to the impacts of disease emergence, which need to be addressed as research priorities. It is clear that avoiding anthropogenic pathogen spillover is crucial to preventing and managing disease emergence in pollinators, with far-reaching effects on our food security, ecosystem services and biodiversity. We argue that it is crucial to prevent the introduction of diseased pollinators into natural environments, which can be achieved through improved monitoring and management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Manley
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9EF, UK
| | - Mike Boots
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9EF, UK
| | - Lena Wilfert
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9EF, UK
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25
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Commercial Bombus impatiens as reservoirs of emerging infectious diseases in central México. Biol Invasions 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-0859-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Jagersbacher-Baumann J. Traditional and geometric morphometric analyses reveal homogeneity in EuropeanScutacarus acarorumGoeze, 1780 populations (Acari: Scutacaridae: Heterostigmatina). J NAT HIST 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.974705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Graystock P, Goulson D, Hughes WO. The relationship between managed bees and the prevalence of parasites in bumblebees. PeerJ 2014; 2:e522. [PMID: 25165632 PMCID: PMC4137657 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey bees and, more recently, bumblebees have been domesticated and are now managed commercially primarily for crop pollination, mixing with wild pollinators during foraging on shared flower resources. There is mounting evidence that managed honey bees or commercially produced bumblebees may affect the health of wild pollinators such as bumblebees by increasing competition for resources and the prevalence of parasites in wild bees. Here we screened 764 bumblebees from around five greenhouses that either used commercially produced bumblebees or did not, as well as bumblebees from 10 colonies placed at two sites either close to or far from a honey bee apiary, for the parasites Apicystis bombi, Crithidia bombi, Nosema bombi, N. ceranae, N. apis and deformed wing virus. We found that A. bombi and C. bombi were more prevalent around greenhouses using commercially produced bumblebees, while C. bombi was 18% more prevalent in bumblebees at the site near to the honey bee apiary than those at the site far from the apiary. Whilst these results are from only a limited number of sites, they support previous reports of parasite spillover from commercially produced bumblebees to wild bumblebees, and suggest that the impact of stress from competing with managed bees or the vectoring of parasites by them on parasite prevalence in wild bees needs further investigation. It appears increasingly likely that the use of managed bees comes at a cost of increased parasites in wild bumblebees, which is not only a concern for bumblebee conservation, but which may impact other pollinators as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dave Goulson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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28
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Decadal trends in the pollinator assemblage of Eucryphia cordifolia in Chilean rainforests. Oecologia 2014; 176:157-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Tamukai K, Une Y, Tominaga A, Suzuki K, Goka K. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis prevalence and haplotypes in domestic and imported pet amphibians in Japan. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 109:165-175. [PMID: 24991744 DOI: 10.3354/dao02732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The international trade in amphibians is believed to have increased the spread of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the fungal pathogen responsible for chytridiomycosis, which has caused a rapid decline in amphibian populations worldwide. We surveyed amphibians imported into Japan and those held in captivity for a long period or bred in Japan to clarify the Bd infection status. Samples were taken from 820 individuals of 109 amphibian species between 2008 and 2011 and were analyzed by a nested-PCR assay. Bd prevalence in imported amphibians was 10.3% (58/561), while it was 6.9% (18/259) in those in private collections and commercially bred amphibians in Japan. We identified the genotypes of this fungus using partial DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Sequencing of PCR products of all 76 Bd-positive samples revealed 11 haplotypes of the Bd ITS region. Haplotype A (DNA Data Bank of Japan accession number AB435211) was found in 90% (52/58) of imported amphibians. The results show that Bd is currently entering Japan via the international trade in exotic amphibians as pets, suggesting that the trade has indeed played a major role in the spread of Bd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Tamukai
- Den-en-chofu Animal Hospital, 2-1-3 Denenchofu, Ota-ku, Tokyo 145-0071, Japan
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30
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Plischuk S, Pocco ME, Lange CE. The tracheal mite Locustacarus buchneri in South American native bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Parasitol Int 2013; 62:505-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Vesterlund SR, Sorvari J, Vasemägi A. Molecular identification of cryptic bumblebee species from degraded samples using PCR-RFLP approach. Mol Ecol Resour 2013; 14:122-6. [PMID: 24128053 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide decline and local extinctions of bumblebees have raised a need for fast and accurate tools for species identification. Morphological characters are often not sufficient, and molecular methods have been increasingly used for reliable identification of bumblebee species. Molecular methods often require high-quality DNA which makes them less suitable for analysis of low-quality or older samples. We modified the PCR-RFLP protocol for an efficient and cost-effective identification of four bumblebee species in the subgenus Bombus s. str. (B. lucorum, B. terrestris, B. magnus and B. cryptarum). We used a short partial mitochondrial COI fragment (446 bp) and three diagnostic restriction enzymes (Hinf I, Hinc II and Hae III) to identify species from degraded DNA material. This approach allowed us to efficiently determine the correct species from all degraded DNA samples, while only a subset of samples 64.6% (31 of 48) resulted in successful amplification of a longer COI fragment (1064 bp) using the previously described method. This protocol can be applied for conservation and management of bumblebees within this subgenus and is especially useful for fast species identification from degraded samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-R Vesterlund
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
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An impact assessment of the alien lizard Plestiodon japonicus (Scincidae, Reptilia) on a threatened island population of the native lizard P. latiscutatus at an early phase of the biological invasion. Biol Invasions 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-013-0429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Graystock P, Yates K, Evison SEF, Darvill B, Goulson D, Hughes WOH. The
T
rojan hives: pollinator pathogens, imported and distributed in bumblebee colonies. J Appl Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn Yates
- School of Biology University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | | | - Ben Darvill
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling Stirling FK9 4LA UK
| | - Dave Goulson
- School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Brighton BN1 9QG UK
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Murray TE, Coffey MF, Kehoe E, Horgan FG. Pathogen prevalence in commercially reared bumble bees and evidence of spillover in conspecific populations. BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 2013; 159:269-276. [PMID: 32287339 PMCID: PMC7124208 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2012.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, wild bumble bees (Bombus spp.) are experiencing marked declines, with potentially up to 11% of species currently under threat. Recent studies from North America suggest that disease transmission from commercially reared bumble bees to wild populations has led to marked range contractions in some species. In Europe, data on the prevalence of pathogen spillover from commercial to wild bumble bee populations is lacking, despite the widespread production and transport of hives within the EU since the early 1980s. We determined the permeability of cropping systems to commercial bumble bees, and quantified the prevalence of four pathogens in commercial Bombus terrestris hives and adjacent conspecific populations at increasing distances from greenhouses in Ireland. Commercial bumble bees collected from 31% to 97% of non-crop pollen, depending on the cropping system, and hives had markedly higher frequencies of two gut parasites, Crithidia spp. and Nosema bombi, compared to adjacent populations, but were free of tracheal mites. The highest prevalence of Crithida was observed within 2 km of greenhouses and the probability of infection declined in a host sex- and pathogen-specific manner up to 10 km. We suggest implementing measures that prevent the interaction of commercially reared and wild bumble bees by integrating the enforcement of national best management practices for users of commercial pollinators with international legislation that regulates the sanitation of commercial hives in production facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás E. Murray
- Teagasc, Oak Park Research Centre, Oak Park, Carlow, Co. Carlow, Ireland
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Biology, Department of Zoology, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mary F. Coffey
- Teagasc, Oak Park Research Centre, Oak Park, Carlow, Co. Carlow, Ireland
- University of Limerick, Department of Life Sciences, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Kehoe
- Teagasc, Advisory Office, Johnstown Castle Estate, Co. Wexford, Ireland
| | - Finbarr G. Horgan
- Teagasc, Oak Park Research Centre, Oak Park, Carlow, Co. Carlow, Ireland
- International Rice Research Institute, Crop and Environmental Sciences Division, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
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Tominaga A, Irwin KJ, Freake MJ, Suzuki K, Goka K. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis haplotypes on the hellbender Cryptobranchus alleganiensis are identical to global strains. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2013; 102:181-186. [PMID: 23446967 DOI: 10.3354/dao02561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) found on the hellbender Cryptobranchus alleganiensis in the southern US is endemic or exotic, we identified the genetic type of this fungus using partial DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. We identified 3 genetic types, which are found on Japanese amphibians other than the Japanese giant salamander Andrias japonicus, a species that belongs to the same family (Cryptobranchidae) as hellbenders. The fungus collected from hellbenders exhibited low genetic diversity and matched the common Bd genetic types which have been detected from around the world. These results support that the chytrid fungus on the hellbender is a novel pathogen, as proposed by previous studies. Although we have not observed disease symptoms directly linked to this fungus on this endangered salamander, further evaluation of the influence of this exotic fungus on this species is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tominaga
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
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36
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Inoue MN, Saito F, Tsuchida K, Goka K. Potential increase in mating frequency of queens in feral colonies of Bombus terrestris introduced into Japan. Naturwissenschaften 2012; 99:853-61. [PMID: 22976124 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-012-0967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
With the exception of several species, bumblebees are monandrous. We examined mating frequency in feral colonies of the introduced bumblebee Bombus terrestris in Japan. Using microsatellite markers, genotyping of sperm DNA stored in the spermatheca of nine queens detected multiple insemination paternities in one queen; the others were singly mated. The average effective paternity frequency estimated from the genotypes of queens and workers was 1.23; that estimated from the workers' genotype alone was 2.12. These values were greater than those of laboratory-reared colonies in the native ranges of B. terrestris. The genotypes of one or two workers did not match those of their queens or showed paternities different from those of their nestmates; this may have arisen from either queen takeover or drifting of workers. These alien workers were responsible for the heterogeneous genotype distribution within each B. terrestris colony, resulting in higher estimates of paternity frequency than of insemination frequency. The high mating frequency of introduced B. terrestris may have occurred by artificial selection through mass breeding for commercialization. Moreover, polyandrous queens may be selectively advantageous, because reproduction by such queens is less likely to be disturbed by interspecific mating than that by monandrous queens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki N Inoue
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0053, Japan.
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Inoue MN, Sunamura E, Suhr EL, Ito F, Tatsuki S, Goka K. Recent range expansion of the Argentine ant in Japan. DIVERS DISTRIB 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maki N. Inoue
- National Institute for Environmental Studies; 16-2 Onogawa; Tsukuba; Ibaraki; 305-8506; Japan
| | - Eiriki Sunamura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Yayoi, 1-1-1 Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; 113-8657; Japan
| | - Elissa L. Suhr
- Australian Centre for Biodiversity; School of Biological Sciences; Monash University; Clayton; Vic; 3800; Australia
| | - Fuminori Ito
- Laboratory of Entomology; Faculty of Agriculture; Kagawa University; Ikenobe; Miki; 761-0795; Japan
| | - Sadahiro Tatsuki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Yayoi, 1-1-1 Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; 113-8657; Japan
| | - Koichi Goka
- National Institute for Environmental Studies; 16-2 Onogawa; Tsukuba; Ibaraki; 305-8506; Japan
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Rożej E, Witaliński W, Szentgyörgyi H, Wantuch M, Moroń D, Woyciechowski M. Mite species inhabiting commercial bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) nests in Polish greenhouses. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2012; 56:271-282. [PMID: 22270110 PMCID: PMC3273685 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-012-9510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nests of social insects are usually inhabited by various mite species that feed on pollen, other micro-arthropods or are parasitic. Well-known negative effects of worldwide economic importance are caused by mites parasitizing honeybee colonies. Lately, attention has focused on the endoparasitic mite Locustacarus buchneri that has been found in commercial bumblebees. However, little is known of other mites associated with commercial bumblebee nests. Transportation of commercial bumblebee colonies with unwanted residents may introduce foreign mite species to new localities. In this study, we assessed the prevalence and species composition of mites associated with commercial bumblebee nests and determined if the mites are foreign species for Poland and for Europe. The study was conducted on 37 commercial bumblebee nests from two companies (Dutch and Israeli), originating from two greenhouses in southern Poland, and on 20 commercial bumblebee colonies obtained directly from suppliers. The species composition and abundance of mites inhabiting commercial bumblebee nests were determined. Seven mite species from three families were found in nests after greenhouse exploitation. The predominant mite species was Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acaridae) that was a 100-fold more numerous than representatives of the family Laelapidae (Hypoaspis marginepilosa, H. hyatti, H. bombicolens). Representatives of Parasitidae (Parasitellus fucorum, P. crinitus, P. ignotus) were least numerous. All identified mite species are common throughout Europe, foreign species were not found. Mites were not detected in nests obtained directly from suppliers. We conclude that probably bumblebee nests are invaded by local mite species during greenhouse exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Rożej
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Witaliński
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Hajnalka Szentgyörgyi
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marta Wantuch
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dawid Moroń
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland
| | - Michal Woyciechowski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Li J, Chen W, Wu J, Peng W, An J, Schmid-Hempel P, Schmid-Hempel R. Diversity of Nosema associated with bumblebees (Bombus spp.) from China. Int J Parasitol 2011; 42:49-61. [PMID: 22138016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bumblebees (Bombus spp.) are important pollinators of many economically important crops and microsporidia are among the most important infections of these hosts. Using molecular markers, we screened a large sample (n=1,009 bees) of workers of 27 different Bombus spp. from China (Sichuan, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia, and Gansu provinces). The results showed that 62 individuals representing 12 Bombus spp. were infected by microsporidia with an overall prevalence of 6.1%. Based on the haplotypes (ssrRNA sequences), we confirmed the presence of Nosema bombi, Nosema ceranae and (likely) Nosema thomsoni. In addition, four new putatively novel taxa were identified by phylogenetic reconstruction: Nosema A, Nosema B-complex, Nosema C-complex and Nosema D-complex. In many cases, hosts were infected by more than one Nosema taxon. Possible caveats of sequence analyses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilian Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
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40
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Meeus I, Brown MJF, De Graaf DC, Smagghe G. Effects of invasive parasites on bumble bee declines. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2011; 25:662-71. [PMID: 21771075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bumble bees are a group of pollinators that are both ecologically and economically important and declining worldwide. Numerous mechanisms could be behind this decline, and the spread of parasites from commercial colonies into wild populations has been implicated recently in North America. Commercial breeding may lead to declines because commercial colonies may have high parasite loads, which can lead to colonization of native bumble bee populations; commercial rearing may allow higher parasite virulence to evolve; and global movement of commercial colonies may disrupt spatial patterns in local adaptation between hosts and parasites. We assessed parasite virulence, transmission mode, and infectivity. Microparasites and so-called honey bee viruses may pose the greatest threat to native bumble bee populations because certain risk factors are present; for example, the probability of horizontal transmission of the trypanosome parasite Crithidia bombi is high. The microsporidian parasite Nosema bombi may play a role in declines of bumble bees in the United States. Preliminary indications that C. bombi and the neogregarine Apicystis bombi may not be native in parts of South America. We suggest that the development of molecular screening protocols, thorough sanitation efforts, and cooperation among nongovernmental organizations, governments, and commercial breeders might immediately mitigate these threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Meeus
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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41
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Global invasion by Anthidium manicatum (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): assessing potential distribution in North America and beyond. Biol Invasions 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-011-0030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Aizen MA, Lozada M, Morales CL. Comparative nectar-foraging behaviors and efficiencies of an alien and a native bumble bee. Biol Invasions 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-011-9972-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Suzuki-Ohno Y, Inoue MN, Ohno K. Applying geographic profiling used in the field of criminology for predicting the nest locations of bumble bees. J Theor Biol 2010; 265:211-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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GOKA KOICHI, YOKOYAMA JUN, UNE YUMI, KUROKI TOSHIRO, SUZUKI KAZUTAKA, NAKAHARA MIRI, KOBAYASHI AREI, INABA SHIGEKI, MIZUTANI TOMOO, HYATT ALEXD. Amphibian chytridiomycosis in Japan: distribution, haplotypes and possible route of entry into Japan. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:4757-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Uesugi R, Sasawaki T, Osakabe M. Evidence of a high level of gene flow among apple trees in Tetranychus urticae. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2009; 49:281-290. [PMID: 19421878 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-009-9267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The dispersal mechanism of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) could affect predator-prey population dynamics and the spread of acaricide resistance. To investigate the propensity for spider mite migration in the field, the genetic structure of spider mite populations was studied in two apple orchards using five microsatellite markers. Adult female mites were collected from trees separated by approximately 10-24 m along a line covering a distance of about 100 m. The genetic data suggested that a high population density increased the migration rate among the breeding colonies within a single tree. Spatial autocorrelation analysis suggested a positive genetic structure in the first distance class within the two orchards, which might have been caused by crawling or short-distance aerial dispersal. Meanwhile, mites may also have a large-scale migration system that could cause a high level of gene flow and constrained isolation-by-distance or genetic clines within the approximately 100-m range of the study sites. Therefore, mites might aerially disperse over long distances on a scale of <100 m while also taking shorter trips among nearby trees within a distance of 10-24 m in the apple orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Uesugi
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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47
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Uesugi R, Kunimoto Y, Osakabe M. The fine-scale genetic structure of the two-spotted spider mite in a commercial greenhouse. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2009; 47:99-109. [PMID: 18946715 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-008-9201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The fine-scale genetic structure of Tetranychus urticae Koch was studied to estimate local gene flow within a rose tree habitat in a commercial greenhouse using seven microsatellite markers. Two beds of rose trees with different population densities were selected and 18 consecutive quadrats of 1.2 m length were sequentially established in each bed. Heterozygote deficiency was positive within quadrats, which was most likely a result of the Wahlund effect because the mites usually form small breeding colonies. Low population density and frequent inbreeding could also accelerate genetic differentiation among the breeding colonies. A short-range (2.4-3.6 m) positive autocorrelation and clear genetic cline among quadrat populations was detected within a bed. This suggests that gene flow was limited to a short range even if population density was substantially increased. Therefore, large-scale dispersal such as aerial dispersal contributed very little to gene flow in the greenhouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Uesugi
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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48
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Reproductive disturbance of Japanese bumblebees by the introduced European bumblebee Bombus terrestris. Naturwissenschaften 2008; 96:467-75. [PMID: 19089400 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-008-0495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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49
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Kawazoe K, Kawakita A, Kameda Y, Kato M. Redundant species, cryptic host-associated divergence, and secondary shift in Sennertia mites (Acari: Chaetodactylidae) associated with four large carpenter bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopa) in the Japanese island arc. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2008; 49:503-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Otterstatter MC, Thomson JD. Does pathogen spillover from commercially reared bumble bees threaten wild pollinators? PLoS One 2008; 3:e2771. [PMID: 18648661 PMCID: PMC2464710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The conservation of insect pollinators is drawing attention because of reported declines in bee species and the 'ecosystem services' they provide. This issue has been brought to a head by recent devastating losses of honey bees throughout North America (so called, 'Colony Collapse Disorder'); yet, we still have little understanding of the cause(s) of bee declines. Wild bumble bees (Bombus spp.) have also suffered serious declines and circumstantial evidence suggests that pathogen 'spillover' from commercially reared bumble bees, which are used extensively to pollinate greenhouse crops, is a possible cause. We constructed a spatially explicit model of pathogen spillover in bumble bees and, using laboratory experiments and the literature, estimated parameter values for the spillover of Crithidia bombi, a destructive pathogen commonly found in commercial Bombus. We also monitored wild bumble bee populations near greenhouses for evidence of pathogen spillover, and compared the fit of our model to patterns of C. bombi infection observed in the field. Our model predicts that, during the first three months of spillover, transmission from commercial hives would infect up to 20% of wild bumble bees within 2 km of the greenhouse. However, a travelling wave of disease is predicted to form suddenly, infecting up to 35-100% of wild Bombus, and spread away from the greenhouse at a rate of 2 km/wk. In the field, although we did not observe a large epizootic wave of infection, the prevalences of C. bombi near greenhouses were consistent with our model. Indeed, we found that spillover has allowed C. bombi to invade several wild bumble bee species near greenhouses. Given the available evidence, it is likely that pathogen spillover from commercial bees is contributing to the ongoing decline of wild Bombus in North America. Improved management of domestic bees, for example by reducing their parasite loads and their overlap with wild congeners, could diminish or even eliminate pathogen spillover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Otterstatter
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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