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Cheng R, Luo A, Orr M, Ge D, Hou Z, Qu Y, Guo B, Zhang F, Sha Z, Zhao Z, Wang M, Shi X, Han H, Zhou Q, Li Y, Liu X, Shao C, Zhang A, Zhou X, Zhu C. Cryptic diversity begets challenges and opportunities in biodiversity research. Integr Zool 2024. [PMID: 38263700 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
How many species of life are there on Earth? This is a question that we want to know but cannot yet answer. Some scholars speculate that the number of species may reach 2.2 billion when considering cryptic diversity and that each morphology-based insect species may contain an average of 3.1 cryptic species. With nearly two million described species, such high estimates of cryptic diversity would suggest that cryptic species are widespread. The development of molecular species delimitation has led to the discovery of a large number of cryptic species, and cryptic biodiversity has gradually entered our field of vision and attracted more attention. This paper introduces the concept of cryptic species, how they evolve, and methods by which they may be discovered and confirmed, and provides theoretical and methodological guidance for the study of hidden species. A workflow of how to confirm cryptic species is provided. In addition, the importance and reliability of multi-evidence-based integrated taxonomy are reaffirmed as a way to better standardize decision-making processes. Special focus on cryptic diversity and increased funding for taxonomy is needed to ensure that cryptic species in hyperdiverse groups are discoverable and described. An increased focus on cryptic species in the future will naturally arise as more difficult groups are studied, and thereby, we may finally better understand the rules governing the evolution and maintenance of cryptic biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Arong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Orr
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Entomologie, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Deyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong'e Hou
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Qu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baocheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongli Sha
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingsong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanning Li
- Institute of Oceanography, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xingyue Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Aibing Zhang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaodong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences/International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Rutherford S, Wan JSH, Cohen JM, Benson D, Rossetto M. Looks can be deceiving: speciation dynamics of co-distributed Angophora (Myrtaceae) species in a varying landscape. Evolution 2020; 75:310-329. [PMID: 33325041 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms underlying species divergence remains a central goal in evolutionary biology. Landscape genetics can be a powerful tool for examining evolutionary processes. We used genome-wide scans to genotype samples from populations of eight Angophora species. Angophora is a small genus within the eucalypts comprising common and rare species in a heterogeneous landscape, making it an appropriate group to study speciation. We found A. hispida was highly differentiated from the other species. Two subspecies of A. costata (subsp. costata and subsp. euryphylla) formed a group, while the third (subsp. leiocarpa, which is only distinguished by its smooth fruits and provenance) was supported as a distinct pseudocryptic species. Other species that are morphologically distinct could not be genetically differentiated (e.g., A. floribunda and A. subvelutina). Distribution and genetic differentiation within Angophora were strongly influenced by temperature and humidity, as well as biogeographic barriers, particularly rivers and higher elevation regions. While extensive introgression was found between many populations of some species (e.g., A. bakeri and A. floribunda), others only hybridized at certain locations. Overall, our findings suggest multiple mechanisms drove evolutionary diversification in Angophora and highlight how genome-wide analyses of related species in a diverse landscape can provide insights into speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Rutherford
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Research Centre for Ecosystem Resilience, Australian Institute of Botanic Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - Justin S H Wan
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Research Centre for Ecosystem Resilience, Australian Institute of Botanic Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joel M Cohen
- Research Centre for Ecosystem Resilience, Australian Institute of Botanic Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - Doug Benson
- Research Centre for Ecosystem Resilience, Australian Institute of Botanic Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maurizio Rossetto
- Research Centre for Ecosystem Resilience, Australian Institute of Botanic Science, Sydney, Australia
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Parmentier T, De Laender F, Bonte D. The topology and drivers of ant-symbiont networks across Europe. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1664-1688. [PMID: 32691527 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intimate associations between different species drive community composition across ecosystems. Understanding the ecological and evolutionary drivers of these symbiotic associations is challenging because their structure eventually determines stability and resilience of the entire species network. Here, we compiled a detailed database on naturally occurring ant-symbiont networks in Europe to identify factors that affect symbiont network topology. These networks host an unrivalled diversity of macrosymbiotic associations, spanning the entire mutualism-antagonism continuum, including: (i) myrmecophiles - commensalistic and parasitic arthropods; (ii) trophobionts - mutualistic aphids, scale insects, planthoppers and caterpillars; (iii) social parasites - parasitic ant species; (iv) parasitic helminths; and (v) parasitic fungi. We dissected network topology to investigate what determines host specificity, symbiont species richness, and the capacity of different symbiont types to switch hosts. We found 722 macrosymbionts (multicellular symbionts) associated with European ants. Symbiont type explained host specificity and the average relatedness of the host species. Social parasites were associated with few hosts that were phylogenetically highly related, whereas the other symbiont types interacted with a larger number of hosts across a wider taxonomic distribution. The hosts of trophobionts were the least phylogenetically related across all symbiont types. Colony size, host range and habitat type predicted total symbiont richness: ant hosts with larger colony size, a larger distribution range or with a wider habitat range contained more symbiont species. However, we found that different sets of host factors affected diversity in the different types of symbionts. Ecological factors, such as colony size, host range and niche width predominantly determined myrmecophile species richness, whereas host phylogeny was the most important predictor of mutualistic trophobiont, social parasite and parasitic helminth species richness. Lastly, we found that hosts with a common biogeographic history support a more similar community of symbionts. Phylogenetically related hosts also shared more trophobionts, social parasites and helminths, but not myrmecophiles. Taken together, these results suggest that ecological and evolutionary processes structure host specificity and symbiont richness in large-scale ant-symbiont networks, but these drivers may shift in importance depending on the type of symbiosis. Our findings highlight the potential of well-characterized bipartite networks composed of different types of symbioses to identify candidate processes driving community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Parmentier
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium.,Research Unit of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Namur Institute of Complex Systems, and Institute of Life, Earth, and the Environment, University of Namur, Namur, 5000, Belgium
| | - Frederik De Laender
- Research Unit of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Namur Institute of Complex Systems, and Institute of Life, Earth, and the Environment, University of Namur, Namur, 5000, Belgium
| | - Dries Bonte
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
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López-García GP, Reemer M, Debandi G, Mengual X. New information about the third stage larva and larval habitat of Microdon (Chymophila) bruchi Shannon, 1927 (Diptera, Syrphidae) from Argentina. J NAT HIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1746847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo P. López-García
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de Zonas Áridas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Menno Reemer
- European Invertebrate Survey, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Guillermo Debandi
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Junín, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ximo Mengual
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz-Institut für Biodiversität der Tiere, Bonn, Germany
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Mengual X, Bot S, Chkhartishvili T, Reimann A, Thormann J, von der Mark L. Checklist of hover flies (Diptera, Syrphidae) of the Republic of Georgia. Zookeys 2020; 916:1-123. [PMID: 32189977 PMCID: PMC7062849 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.916.47824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A checklist of the Syrphidae species of the Republic of Georgia is presented. New hover fly (Diptera: Syrphidae) records from Georgia are provided as a result of field work conducted in 2018. At the same time, published syrphid records for the country are here reviewed and updated. A total of 357 species of hoverflies are now documented from Georgia, 40 of which are reported for the first time. Moreover, DNA barcodes were sequenced for 238 specimens, representing 74 species from this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximo Mengual
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz-Institut für Biodiversität der Tiere, Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany Leibniz-Institut für Biodiversität der Tiere Bonn Germany
| | - Sander Bot
- Kerklaan 30E, 9751 NN Haren, the Netherlands Unaffiliated Haren Netherlands
| | - Tinatin Chkhartishvili
- Insititute of Zoology, Ilia State University, Chavchavadze Avenue 32, 0179, Tbilisi, Georgia Ilia State University Tbilisi Georgia
| | - André Reimann
- Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum für Tierkunde, Königsbrücker Landstraße 159, D-01109, Dresden, Germany Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Jana Thormann
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz-Institut für Biodiversität der Tiere, Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany Leibniz-Institut für Biodiversität der Tiere Bonn Germany
| | - Laura von der Mark
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz-Institut für Biodiversität der Tiere, Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany Leibniz-Institut für Biodiversität der Tiere Bonn Germany
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6
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Mat Jaafar TNA, Taylor MI, Mohd Nor SA, Bruyn MD, Carvalho GR. Comparative genetic stock structure in three species of commercially exploited Indo-Malay Carangidae (Teleosteii, Perciformes). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 96:337-349. [PMID: 31721192 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We examine genetic structuring in three commercially important species of the teleost family Carangidae from Malaysian waters: yellowtail scad Atule mate, bigeye scad Selar crumenophthalmus and yellowstripe scad Selaroides leptolepis, from the Indo-Malay Archipelago. In view of their distribution across contrasting habitats, we tested the hypothesis that pelagic species display less genetic divergence compared with demersal species, due to their potential to undertake long-distance migrations in oceanic waters. To evaluate population genetic structure, we sequenced two mitochondrial (mt)DNA [650 bp of cytochrome oxidase I (coI), 450 bp of control region (CR)] and one nuclear gene (910 bp of rag1) in each species. One hundred and eighty samples from four geographical regions within the Indo-Malay Archipelago including a population of yellowtail from Kuwait were examined. Findings revealed that the extent of genetic structuring among populations in the semi-pelagic and pelagic, yellowtail and bigeye were lower than demersal yellowstripe, consistent with the hypothesis that pelagic species display less genetic divergence compared with demersal species. The yellowtail phylogeny identified three distinct clades with bootstrap values of 86%-99% in mtDNA and 63%-67% in rag1. However, in bigeye, three clades were also observed from mtDNA data while only one clade was identified in rag1 dataset. In yellowstripe, the mtDNA tree was split into three closely related clades and two clades in rag1 tree with bootstraps value of 73%-99% and 56% respectively. However, no geographic structure appears in both mtDNA and rag1 datasets. Hierarchical molecular variance analysis (AMOVA), pair wise FST comparisons and the nearest-neighbour statistic (Snn ) showed significant genetic differences among Kuwait and Indo-Malay yellowtail. Within the Indo-Malay Archipelago itself, two distinct mitochondrial lineages were detected in yellowtail suggesting potential cryptic species. Findings suggests varying degrees of genetic structuring, key information relevant to management of exploited stocks, though more rapidly evolving genetic markers should be used in future to better delimit the nature and dynamics of putative stock boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tun N A Mat Jaafar
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Martin I Taylor
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Siti A Mohd Nor
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mark de Bruyn
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Gary R Carvalho
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
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7
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Momigliano P, Jokinen H, Calboli F, Aro E, Merilä J. Cryptic temporal changes in stock composition explain the decline of a flounder ( Platichthys spp.) assemblage. Evol Appl 2019; 12:549-559. [PMID: 30828373 PMCID: PMC6383698 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Unobserved diversity, such as undetected genetic structure or the presence of cryptic species, is of concern for the conservation and management of global biodiversity in the face of threatening anthropogenic processes. For instance, unobserved diversity can lead to overestimation of maximum sustainable yields and therefore to overharvesting of the more vulnerable stock components within unrecognized mixed-stock fisheries. We used DNA from archival (otolith) samples to reconstruct the temporal (1976-2011) genetic makeup of two mixed-stock flounder fisheries in the Åland Sea (AS) and the Gulf of Finland (GoF). Both fisheries have hitherto been managed as a single stock of European flounders (Platichthys flesus), but were recently revealed to target two closely related species: the pelagic-spawning P. flesus and the newly described, demersal-spawning P. solemdali. While the AS and GoF fisheries were assumed to consist exclusively of P. solemdali, P. flesus dominated the GoF flounder assemblage (87% of total) in 1983, had disappeared (0%) by 1993, and remained in low proportions (10%-11%) thereafter. In the AS, P. solemdali dominated throughout the sampling period (>70%), and P. flesus remained in very low proportions after 1983. The disappearance of P. flesus from the GoF coincides in time with a dramatic (~60%) decline in commercial landings and worsening environmental conditions in P. flesus' northernmost spawning ground, the Eastern Gotland Basin, in the preceding 4-6 years. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that P. flesus in the GoF is a sink population relying on larval subsidies from southern spawning grounds and the cause of their disappearance is a cessation of larval supply. Our results highlight the importance of uncovering unobserved genetic diversity and studying spatiotemporal changes in the relative contribution of different stock components, as well as the underlying environmental causes, to manage marine resources in the age of rapid anthropogenic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Momigliano
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Research Program in Organismal and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Henri Jokinen
- Tvärminne Zoological StationUniversity of HelsinkiHankoFinland
| | - Federico Calboli
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Research Program in Organismal and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Eero Aro
- Finnish Game and Fisheries Research InstituteHelsinkiFinland
- Present address:
Puolipäivänkatu 4 A 6, FI‐00160HelsinkiFinland
| | - Juha Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Research Program in Organismal and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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Arrigoni R, Berumen ML, Stolarski J, Terraneo TI, Benzoni F. Uncovering hidden coral diversity: a new cryptic lobophylliid scleractinian from the Indian Ocean. Cladistics 2018; 35:301-328. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Arrigoni
- Red Sea Research Center Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal 23955‐6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael L. Berumen
- Red Sea Research Center Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal 23955‐6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaroslaw Stolarski
- Institute of Paleobiology Polish Academy of Sciences Twarda 51/55 Warsaw PL‐00‐818 Poland
| | - Tullia I. Terraneo
- Red Sea Research Center Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal 23955‐6900 Saudi Arabia
- College of Marine and Environmental Science James Cook University Townsville QLD 4811 Australia
| | - Francesca Benzoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences University of Milano‐Bicocca Piazza della Scienza 2 Milano 20126 Italy
- UMR ENTROPIE (IRD, Université de La Réunion, CNRS) Laboratoire d'excellence‐CORAIL Centre IRD de Nouméa 101 Promenade Roger Laroque, BP A5 Noumea Cedex 98848 New Caledonia
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Shokri Bousjein N, Gardner MG, Schwarz MP. Small effective population sizes of bee social parasites compared to their hosts raise important questions for evolutionary arms race. J Zool (1987) 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. G. Gardner
- Biological Sciences Flinders University Adelaide SA Australia
- Evolutionary Biology Unit South Australian Museum Adelaide SA Australia
| | - M. P. Schwarz
- Biological Sciences Flinders University Adelaide SA Australia
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10
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Grosemans T, Morris K, Thomas WK, Rigaux A, Moens T, Derycke S. Mitogenomics reveals high synteny and long evolutionary histories of sympatric cryptic nematode species. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1854-70. [PMID: 26933490 PMCID: PMC4760989 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Species with seemingly identical morphology but with distinct genetic differences are abundant in the marine environment and frequently co-occur in the same habitat. Such cryptic species are typically delineated using a limited number of mitochondrial and/or nuclear marker genes, which do not yield information on gene order and gene content of the genomes under consideration. We used next-generation sequencing to study the composition of the mitochondrial genomes of four sympatrically distributed cryptic species of the Litoditis marina species complex (PmI, PmII, PmIII, and PmIV). The ecology, biology, and natural occurrence of these four species are well known, but the evolutionary processes behind this cryptic speciation remain largely unknown. The gene order of the mitochondrial genomes of the four species was conserved, but differences in genome length, gene length, and codon usage were observed. The atp8 gene was lacking in all four species. Phylogenetic analyses confirm that PmI and PmIV are sister species and that PmIII diverged earliest. The most recent common ancestor of the four cryptic species was estimated to have diverged 16 MYA. Synonymous mutations outnumbered nonsynonymous changes in all protein-encoding genes, with the Complex IV genes (coxI-III) experiencing the strongest purifying selection. Our mitogenomic results show that morphologically similar species can have long evolutionary histories and that PmIII has several differences in genetic makeup compared to the three other species, which may explain why it is better adapted to higher temperatures than the other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Grosemans
- Marine Biology Section Biology Department Faculty of Science University of Ghent Krijgslaan 281 (S8) 9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Krystalynne Morris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Hubbard Center for Genome Studies University of New Hampshire 35 Colovos Road Durham New Hampshire 03824
| | - William Kelley Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Hubbard Center for Genome Studies University of New Hampshire 35 Colovos Road Durham New Hampshire 03824
| | - Annelien Rigaux
- Marine Biology Section Biology Department Faculty of Science University of Ghent Krijgslaan 281 (S8) 9000 Gent Belgium; CeMoFe University of Ghent Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 359000 Gent Belgium
| | - Tom Moens
- Marine Biology Section Biology Department Faculty of Science University of Ghent Krijgslaan 281 (S8) 9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Sofie Derycke
- Marine Biology Section Biology Department Faculty of Science University of Ghent Krijgslaan 281 (S8) 9000 Gent Belgium; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS) OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny Vautierstraat 291000 Brussels Belgium
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11
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Barley AJ, Monnahan PJ, Thomson RC, Grismer LL, Brown RM. Sun skink landscape genomics: assessing the roles of micro-evolutionary processes in shaping genetic and phenotypic diversity across a heterogeneous and fragmented landscape. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:1696-712. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Barley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | - Patrick J. Monnahan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | - Robert C. Thomson
- Department of Biology; University of Hawai'i at Mānoa; Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - L. Lee Grismer
- Department of Biology; La Sierra University; Riverside CA 92515 USA
| | - Rafe M. Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence KS 66045 USA
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Ramírez-López I, Villegas-Ríos M, Salas-Lizana R, Garibay-Orijel R, Alvarez-Manjarrez J. Thelephora versatilis and Thelephora pseudoversatilis: two new cryptic species with polymorphic basidiomes inhabiting tropical deciduous and sub-perennial forests of the Mexican Pacific coast. Mycologia 2014; 107:346-58. [PMID: 25550304 DOI: 10.3852/14-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Thelephora is a genus of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes with basidiomes of varied shape which has been poorly studied in tropical ecosystems. In this paper, we present Thelephora versatilis and Thelephora pseudoversatilis, two new species collected in the same localities of deciduous and sub-perennial tropical forests of Jalisco, Mexico. Basidiomes of both species are brownish gray to violet brown with clavarioid-mesopodal, sub-resupinate or completely resupinate growth forms. In turn, phylogenetic analyses using nrDNA ITS sequences showed that these species are not closed related, nevertheless they are part of a well-supported clade conformed by several species of Thelephora, Tomentella and some undescribed Thelephorales. Morphological segregation of these species was attained by analyzing spore and hyphae characters using a wide sample. Significant statistical differences between the new species were observed regarding spore size, spine size and context hyphae width. This work exemplifies the relevance of integrating both morphological and molecular data, as well of the use of an appropriate sample size in order to discriminate among morphological cryptic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzel Ramírez-López
- Laboratorios de Micología, Depto. de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, México D.F
| | - Margarita Villegas-Ríos
- Laboratorios de Micología, Depto. de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, México D.F.
| | - Rodolfo Salas-Lizana
- Laboratorios de Micología, Depto. de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, México D.F
| | - Roberto Garibay-Orijel
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, México D.F
| | - Julieta Alvarez-Manjarrez
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, México D.F
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Song JH, Ahn KJ. Species delimitation in theAleochara fucicolaspecies complex (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) and its phylogenetic relationships. ZOOL SCR 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hun Song
- Department of Biology; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 305-764 South Korea
| | - Kee-Jeong Ahn
- Department of Biology; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 305-764 South Korea
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14
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Mills PJ, Cook LG. Rapid chromosomal evolution in a morphologically cryptic radiation. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 77:126-35. [PMID: 24680740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cryptic species occur within most of the major taxonomic divisions, and a current challenge is to determine why some lineages have more cryptic species than others. It is expected that cryptic species are more common in groups where there are life histories or genetic architectures that promote speciation in the absence of apparent morphological differentiation. Chromosomal rearrangements have the potential to lead to post-zygotic isolation and might be an important factor leading to cryptic species. Here we investigate the potential role of chromosomal change in driving speciation in the karyotypically diverse scale insect genus Apiomorpha, focussing on four species placed in the same species group (the A. minor species group Gullan, 1984). Using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data, we find that Apiomorpha minor is not monophyletic and consists of at least nine cryptic species. Diploid chromosome counts range from 2n=4 to 2n=84 across the four currently recognized species, and some of the chromosomal variation exists in the absence of other genetic or host use differences, consistent with karyotypic changes being involved in lineage divergence and the generation of cryptic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J Mills
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Lyn G Cook
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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15
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Barley AJ, White J, Diesmos AC, Brown RM. THE CHALLENGE OF SPECIES DELIMITATION AT THE EXTREMES: DIVERSIFICATION WITHOUT MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE IN PHILIPPINE SUN SKINKS. Evolution 2013; 67:3556-72. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Barley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence Kansas 66045
| | - Jordan White
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence Kansas 66045
| | | | - Rafe M. Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence Kansas 66045
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16
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Witek M, Casacci LP, Barbero F, Patricelli D, Sala M, Bossi S, Maffei M, Woyciechowski M, Balletto E, Bonelli S. Interspecific relationships in co-occurring populations of social parasites and their host ants. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Witek
- Museum and Institute of Zoology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Wilcza 64; 00-679; Warszawa; Poland
| | - Luca Pietro Casacci
- Zoology Unit; Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; University of Turin; Via Accademia Albertina 13; 10123; Torino; Italy
| | - Francesca Barbero
- Zoology Unit; Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; University of Turin; Via Accademia Albertina 13; 10123; Torino; Italy
| | - Dario Patricelli
- Zoology Unit; Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; University of Turin; Via Accademia Albertina 13; 10123; Torino; Italy
| | - Marco Sala
- Zoology Unit; Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; University of Turin; Via Accademia Albertina 13; 10123; Torino; Italy
| | - Simone Bossi
- Plant Physiology Unit; Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; University of Turin; Innovation Centre, Via Quarello 11 A−1; 10135; Torino; Italy
| | - Massimo Maffei
- Plant Physiology Unit; Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; University of Turin; Innovation Centre, Via Quarello 11 A−1; 10135; Torino; Italy
| | - Michal Woyciechowski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 7; 30-387; Kraków; Poland
| | - Emilio Balletto
- Zoology Unit; Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; University of Turin; Via Accademia Albertina 13; 10123; Torino; Italy
| | - Simona Bonelli
- Zoology Unit; Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; University of Turin; Via Accademia Albertina 13; 10123; Torino; Italy
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17
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Arribas P, Andújar C, Sánchez-Fernández D, Abellán P, Millán A. Integrative taxonomy and conservation of cryptic beetles in the Mediterranean region (Hydrophilidae). ZOOL SCR 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Bennett GM, O’Grady PM. Host–plants shape insect diversity: Phylogeny, origin, and species diversity of native Hawaiian leafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Nesophrosyne). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 65:705-17. [PMID: 22884527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Langmore NE, Maurer G, Adcock GJ, Kilner RM. Socially acquired host-specific mimicry and the evolution of host races in Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo Chalcites basalis. Evolution 2008; 62:1689-1699. [PMID: 18419751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coevolution between parasites and their hosts typically leads to increasing specialization on host species by the parasite. Where multiple hosts are parasitized, specialization on each host can result in genetic divergence within the parasite population to create host races, and, ultimately, new species. We investigate how host-specific traits arise in Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo Chalcites basalis nestlings. Newly hatched cuckoos evict host young from the nest, yet in the absence of a model they accurately mimic the different begging calls of a primary host (superb fairy-wren, Malurus cyaneus) and a secondary host (buff-rumped thornbill, Acanthiza reguloides). Using cross-fostering experiments, we show that begging calls are modified after parasitism, through experience. Further, we demonstrate the mechanism by which mimetic calls are acquired. All cuckoo nestlings initially produced the call of their primary host. When cross-fostered as eggs to a secondary host, calls increased in variability and were rapidly modified to resemble those of the secondary host through shaping by host parents. We suggest that plasticity in the development of host-specific traits after parasitism is likely to reduce selection for host race formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi E Langmore
- School of Botany & Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, Australia.
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20
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Schönrogge K, Gardner MG, Elmes GW, Napper EKV, Simcox DJ, Wardlaw JC, Breen J, Barr B, Knapp JJ, Pickett JA, Thomas JA. Host propagation permits extreme local adaptation in a social parasite of ants. Ecol Lett 2006; 9:1032-40. [PMID: 16925652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Red Data Book hoverfly species Microdon mutabilis is an extreme specialist that parasitises ant societies. The flies are locally adapted to a single host, Formica lemani, more intimately than was thought possible in host-parasite systems. Microdon egg survival plummeted in F. lemani colonies > 3 km away from the natal nest, from c. 96% to 0% to < 50%, depending on the hoverfly population. This is reflected in the life-time dispersal of females, measured at < 2 m, resulting in oviposition back into the same ant nests for generation after generation. To counter destabilizing effects on the host, Microdon manipulates the social dynamics of F. lemani by feeding selectively on ant eggs and small larvae, which causes surviving larvae to switch development into queens. Infested colonies rear double the number of new queens, thus propagating the vulnerable local genotype and compensating for damage to the host colonies. The consequences of such extreme host specificity for insect conservation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schönrogge
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, CEH Dorset, Winfrith Technology Centre, Dorchester DT2 8XE, UK.
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