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Prokop J, Rosová K, Leipner A, Sroka P. Thoracic and abdominal outgrowths in early pterygotes: a clue to the common ancestor of winged insects? Commun Biol 2023; 6:1262. [PMID: 38087009 PMCID: PMC10716172 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the fundamental questions in insect evolution is the origin of their wings and primary function of ancestral wing precursors. Recent phylogenomic and comparative morphological studies broadly support a terrestrial ancestor of pterygotes, but an aquatic or semiaquatic ancestor cannot be ruled out. Here new features of the branchial system of palaeodictyopteran larvae of several different instars of Katosaxoniapteron brauneri gen. et sp. nov. (Eugereonoidea) from the late Carboniferous collected at Piesberg (Germany) are described, which consist of delicate dorsolateral and lamellate caudal abdominal gills that support an aquatic or at least semiaquatic lifestyle for these insects. Moreover, the similar form and surface microstructures on the lateral abdominal outgrowths and thoracic wing pads indicate that paired serial outgrowths on segments of both tagmata presumably functioned as ancestral type of gills resembling a protopterygote model. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the wing sheaths of later stage damselfly larvae in hypoxic conditions have a respiratory role similar to abdominal tracheal gills. Hence, the primary function and driving force for the evolution of the precursors of wing pads and their abdominal homologues could be respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Prokop
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Rosová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Angelika Leipner
- Museum Schölerberg, Klaus-Strick-Weg 10, 49082, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Pavel Sroka
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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2
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Chukewad YM, James J, Singh A, Fuller S. RoboFly: An Insect-Sized Robot With Simplified Fabrication That Is Capable of Flight, Ground, and Water Surface Locomotion. IEEE T ROBOT 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/tro.2021.3075374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Honeybees display a unique biolocomotion strategy at the air-water interface. When water's adhesive force traps them on the surface, their wetted wings lose ability to generate aerodynamic thrust. However, they adequately locomote, reaching a speed up to 3 body lengths·s-1 Honeybees use their wetted wings as hydrofoils for their water surface propulsion. Their locomotion imparts hydrodynamic momentum to the surrounding water in the form of asymmetric waves and a deeper water jet stream, generating ∼20-μN average thrust. The wing kinematics show that the wing's stroke plane is skewed, and the wing supinates and pronates during its power and recovery strokes, respectively. The flow under a mechanical model wing mimicking the motion of a bee's wing further shows that nonzero net horizontal momentum is imparted to the water, demonstrating net thrust. Moreover, a periodic acceleration and deceleration of water are observed, which provides additional forward movement by "recoil locomotion." Their water surface locomotion by hydrofoiling is kinematically and dynamically distinct from surface skimming [J. H. Marden, M. G. Kramer, Science 266, 427-430 (1994)], water walking [J. W. M. Bush, D. L. Hu, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 38, 339-369 (2006)], and drag-based propulsion [J. Voise, J. Casas, J. R. Soc. Interface 7, 343-352 (2010)]. It is postulated that the ability to self-propel on a water surface may increase the water-foraging honeybee's survival chances when they fall on the water.
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Prokop J, Krzemińska E, Krzemiński W, Rosová K, Pecharová M, Nel A, Engel MS. Ecomorphological diversification of the Late Palaeozoic Palaeodictyopterida reveals different larval strategies and amphibious lifestyle in adults. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190460. [PMID: 31598291 PMCID: PMC6774989 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Late Palaeozoic insect superorder Palaeodictyopterida exhibits a remarkable disparity of larval ecomorphotypes, enabling these animals to occupy diverse ecological niches. The widely accepted hypothesis presumed that their immature stages only occupied terrestrial habitats, although authors more than a century ago hypothesized they had specializations for amphibious or even aquatic life histories. Here, we show that different species had a disparity of semiaquatic or aquatic specializations in larvae and even the supposed retention of abdominal tracheal gills by some adults. While a majority of mature larvae in Palaeodictyoptera lack unambiguous lateral tracheal gills, some recently discovered early instars had terminal appendages with prominent lateral lamellae like in living damselflies, allowing support in locomotion along with respiratory function. These results demonstrate that some species of Palaeodictyopterida had aquatic or semiaquatic larvae during at least a brief period of their post-embryonic development. The retention of functional gills or gill sockets by adults indicates their amphibious lifestyle and habitats tightly connected with a water environment as is analogously known for some modern Ephemeroptera or Plecoptera. Our study refutes an entirely terrestrial lifestyle for all representatives of the early diverging pterygote group of Palaeodictyopterida, a greatly varied and diverse lineage which probably encompassed many different biologies and life histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Prokop
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-128 00, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ewa Krzemińska
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wiesław Krzemiński
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kateřina Rosová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-128 00, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Pecharová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-128 00, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - André Nel
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 – CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, Entomologie 75005, Paris, France
| | - Michael S. Engel
- Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1501 Crestline Drive – Suite 140, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA
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Veale AJ, Foster BJ, Dearden PK, Waters JM. Genotyping-by-sequencing supports a genetic basis for wing reduction in an alpine New Zealand stonefly. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16275. [PMID: 30389951 PMCID: PMC6215011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wing polymorphism is a prominent feature of numerous insect groups, but the genomic basis for this diversity remains poorly understood. Wing reduction is a commonly observed trait in many species of stoneflies, particularly in cold or alpine environments. The widespread New Zealand stonefly Zelandoperla fenestrata species group (Z. fenestrata, Z. tillyardi, Z. pennulata) contains populations ranging from fully winged (macropterous) to vestigial-winged (micropterous), with the latter phenotype typically associated with high altitudes. The presence of flightless forms on numerous mountain ranges, separated by lowland fully winged populations, suggests wing reduction has occurred multiple times. We use Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) to test for genetic differentiation between fully winged (n = 62) and vestigial-winged (n = 34) individuals, sampled from a sympatric population of distinct wing morphotypes, to test for a genetic basis for wing morphology. While we found no population genetic differentiation between these two morphotypes across 6,843 SNP loci, we did detect several outlier loci that strongly differentiated morphotypes across independent tests. These findings indicate that small regions of the genome are likely to be highly differentiated between morphotypes, suggesting a genetic basis for wing reduction. Our results provide a clear basis for ongoing genomic analysis to elucidate critical regulatory pathways for wing development in Pterygota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Veale
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
- Department of Environmental and Animal Sciences, Unitec, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Brodie J Foster
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Peter K Dearden
- Genomics Aotearoa and Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan M Waters
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
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Yanoviak SP, Dudley R. Jumping and the aerial behavior of aquatic mayfly larvae (Myobaetis ellenae, Baetidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2018; 47:370-374. [PMID: 28684306 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mayfly larvae generally are aquatic, but some madicolous taxa (i.e., living in thin water films) crawl over rocks within streams and waterfalls. When startled, these larvae can break the water film, jump, and enter an aerial phase of locomotion. Because mayfly larvae have been suggested as potential exemplars for the origin of insect wings as tracheal gills, and furthermore represent the most basal extant lineage of pterygotes, we analyzed jumping behavior and free-fall trajectories for one such species of mayfly (Myobaetis ellenae, Baetidae) in Costa Rica. Jumping was commonplace in this taxon, but was undirected and was characterized by body spinning at high angular velocities. No aerodynamic role for the tracheal gills was evident. By contrast, jumping by a sympatric species of bristletail (Meinertellus sp., Archaeognatha) consistently resulted in head-first and stable body postures during aerial translation. Although capable of intermittently jumping into the air, the mayfly larvae could neither control nor target their aerial behavior. By contrast, a stable body posture during jumps in adult bristletails, together with the demonstrated capacity for directed aerial descent in arboreal representatives of this order, support ancestrally terrestrial origins for insect flight within the behavioral context of either jumping or falling from heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Yanoviak
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 139 Life Sciences Building, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.
| | - Robert Dudley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
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Alexander DE. A century and a half of research on the evolution of insect flight. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2018; 47:322-327. [PMID: 29169955 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The gill and paranotal lobe theories of insect wing evolution were both proposed in the 1870s. For most of the 20th century, the paranotal lobe theory was more widely accepted, probably due to the fundamentally terrestrial tracheal respiratory system; in the 1970s, some researchers advocated for an elaborated gill ("pleural appendage") theory. Lacking transition fossils, neither theory could be definitively rejected. Winged insects are abundant in the fossil record from the mid-Carboniferous, but insect fossils are vanishingly rare earlier, and all earlier fossils are from primitively wingless insects. The enigmatic, isolated mandibles of Rhyniognatha (early Devonian) hint that pterygotes may have been present much earlier, but the question remains open. In the late 20th century, researchers used models to study the interaction of body and protowing size on solar warming and gliding abilities, and stability and glide effectiveness of many tiny adjustable winglets versus a single, large pair of immobile winglets. Living stoneflies inspired the surface-skimming theory, which provides a mechanism to bridge between aquatic gills and flapping wings. The serendipitously discovered phenomenon of directed aerial descent suggests a likely route to the early origin of insect flight. It provides a biomechanically feasible sequence from guided falls to fully-powered flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Alexander
- University of Kansas, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Rm. 2041 Lawrence, KS 66045-7534, USA.
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8
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Guillermo-Ferreira R, Appel E, Urban P, Bispo PC, Gorb SN. The unusual tracheal system within the wing membrane of a dragonfly. Biol Lett 2017; 13:rsbl.2016.0960. [PMID: 28515332 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Some consider that the first winged insects had living tissue inside the wing membrane, resembling larval gills or developing wing pads. However, throughout the developmental process of the wing membrane of modern insects, cells and tracheoles in the lumen between dorsal and ventral cuticle disappear and both cuticles become fused. This process results in the rather thin rigid stable structure of the membrane. The herewith described remarkable case of the dragonfly Zenithoptera lanei shows that in some highly specialized wings, the membrane can still be supplemented by tracheae. Such a characteristic of the wing membrane presumably represents a strong specialization for the synthesis of melanin-filled nanolayers of the cuticle, nanospheres inside the wing membrane and complex arrangement of wax crystals on the membrane surface, all responsible for unique structural coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esther Appel
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Paulina Urban
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Pitágoras C Bispo
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University, Assis, Brazil
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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9
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Haug JT, Haug C, Garwood RJ. Evolution of insect wings and development - new details from Palaeozoic nymphs. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 91:53-69. [PMID: 25400084 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nymphal stages of Palaeozoic insects differ significantly in morphology from those of their modern counterparts. Morphological details for some previously reported species have recently been called into question. Palaeozoic insect nymphs are important, however - their study could provide key insights into the evolution of wings, and complete metamorphosis. Here we review past work on these topics and juvenile insects in the fossil record, and then present both novel and previously described nymphs, documented using new imaging methods. Our results demonstrate that some Carboniferous nymphs - those of Palaeodictyopteroidea - possessed movable wing pads and appear to have been able to perform simple flapping flight. It remains unclear whether this feature is ancestral for Pterygota or an autapomorphy of Palaeodictyopteroidea. Further characters of nymphal development which were probably in the ground pattern of Pterygota can be reconstructed. Wing development was very gradual (archimetaboly). Wing pads did not protrude from the tergum postero-laterally as in most modern nymphs, but laterally, and had well-developed venation. The modern orientation of wing pads and the delay of wing development into later developmental stages (condensation) appears to have evolved several times independently within Pterygota: in Ephemeroptera, Odonatoptera, Eumetabola, and probably several times within Polyneoptera. Selective pressure appears to have favoured a more pronounced metamorphosis between the last nymphal and adult stage, ultimately reducing exploitation competition between the two. We caution, however, that the results presented herein remain preliminary, and the reconstructed evolutionary scenario contains gaps and uncertainties. Additional comparative data need to be collected. The present study is thus seen as a starting point for this enterprise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim T Haug
- Functional Morphology, Department of Biology II, GeoBio-Center, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carolin Haug
- Functional Morphology, Department of Biology II, GeoBio-Center, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Russell J Garwood
- The Manchester X-Ray Imaging Facility, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M139PL, U.K.,School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M139PL, U.K
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Marden JH. REPLY TO “COMMENT ON MARDEN (2013) REGARDING THE INTERPRETATION OF THE EARLIEST TRACE FOSSIL OF A WINGED INSECT”. Evolution 2013; 67:2150-3. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James H. Marden
- Department of Biology; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania 16802
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11
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Huang D, Nel A, Cai C, Lin Q, Engel MS. Amphibious flies and paedomorphism in the Jurassic period. Nature 2013; 495:94-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nature11898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Marden JH. Reanalysis and experimental evidence indicate that the earliest trace fossil of a winged insect was a surface-skimming neopteran. Evolution 2012; 67:274-80. [PMID: 23289577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A recent description and analysis of an imprint fossil from the Carboniferous concluded that it was made by a mayfly landing in sediment at the edge of water. Here, I reanalyze that trace fossil and supply experimental evidence regarding wing traces and behavior. The thorax of the trace maker lacked structures characteristic of mayflies, but closely matches a modern neopteran insect family (Taeniopterygidae, Plecoptera) little changed from Early Permian fossils. Edges of the folded wings of live Taeniopteryx leave marks on sediment closely matching marks in the trace fossil. Faint marks lateral to and beyond the reach of meso- and metathoracic legs match the location where wings of surface-skimming Taeniopteryx stoneflies lightly touch the sediment when these insects skim onto wet ground at shorelines. Dimensions of the thorax of the trace indicate relatively weak flight ability compared to fossils from the Early Permian, making doubtful the hypothesis that the trace maker was flight capable. Ultimately, this fossil best fits a scenario in which a neopteran insect skimmed across the surface of water, then folded its wings. Surface skimming as a precursor to the evolution of flight in insects is supported by this fossil evidence of skimming behavior in a Carboniferous insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Marden
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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13
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Dudley R, Yanoviak SP. Animal aloft: the origins of aerial behavior and flight. Integr Comp Biol 2011; 51:926-36. [PMID: 21558180 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icr002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse taxa of animals exhibit remarkable aerial capacities, including jumping, mid-air righting, parachuting, gliding, landing, controlled maneuvers, and flapping flight. The origin of flapping wings in hexapods and in 3 separate lineages of vertebrates (pterosaurs, bats, and birds) greatly facilitated subsequent diversification of lineages, but both the paleobiological context and the possible selective pressures for the evolution of wings remain contentious. Larvae of various arboreal hemimetabolous insects, as well as many adult canopy ants, demonstrate the capacity for directed aerial descent in the absence of wings. Aerial control in the ancestrally wingless archaeognathans suggests that flight behavior preceded the origins of wings in hexapods. In evolutionary terms, the use of winglets and partial wings to effect aerial righting and maneuvers could select for enhanced appendicular motions, and ultimately lead to powered flight. Flight behaviors that involve neither flapping nor wings are likely to be much more widespread than is currently recognized. Further characterization of the sensory and biomechanical mechanisms used by these aerially capable taxa can potentially assist in reconstruction of ancestral winged morphologies and facilitate our understanding of the origins of flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dudley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Lin CP, Chen MY, Huang JP. The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenomics of a damselfly, Euphaea formosa support a basal Odonata within the Pterygota. Gene 2010; 468:20-9. [PMID: 20699111 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the first complete mitochondrial genome of a damselfly, Euphaea formosa (Insecta: Odonata: Zygoptera), and reconstructed a phylogeny based on thirteen protein-coding genes of mitochondrial genomes in twenty-five representative hexapods to examine the relationships among the basal Pterygota. The damselfly's mitochondrial genome is a circular molecule of 15,700bp long, and contains the entire set of thirty-seven genes typically found in insects. The gene arrangement, nucleotide composition, and codon usage pattern of the mitochondrial genome are similar across the three odonate species, suggesting a conserved genome evolution within the Odonata. The presence of the intergenic spacer s5 likely represents a synapomorphy for the dragonflies (Anisoptera). Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses of both nucleotide and amino acid sequences cannot support the three existing phylogenetic hypotheses of the basal Pterygota (Palaeoptera, Metapterygota, and Chiastomyaria). In contrast, the phylogenetic results indicate an alternative hypothesis of a strongly supported basal Odonata and a sister relationship of the Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. The unexpected sister Ephemeroptera+Plecoptera clade, which contradicts with the widely accepted hypothesis of a monophyletic Neoptera, requires further analyses with additional mitochondrial genome sampling at the base of the Neoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ping Lin
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Holzenthal RW, Robertson DR, Pauls SU, Mendez PK. Taxonomy and systematics: contributions to benthology andJ-NABS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1899/08-065.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph W. Holzenthal
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave., 219 Hodson Hall, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Desiree R. Robertson
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave., 219 Hodson Hall, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Steffen U. Pauls
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave., 219 Hodson Hall, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Patina K. Mendez
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave., 219 Hodson Hall, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 USA
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16
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McCulloch GA, Wallis GP, Waters JM. Do insects lose flight before they lose their wings? Population genetic structure in subalpine stoneflies. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:4073-87. [PMID: 19754508 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Dudley R, Byrnes G, Yanoviak SP, Borrell B, Brown RM, McGuire JA. Gliding and the Functional Origins of Flight: Biomechanical Novelty or Necessity? ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dudley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Greg Byrnes
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Stephen P. Yanoviak
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, and Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Vero Beach, Florida 32962
| | - Brendan Borrell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Rafe M. Brown
- Natural History Museum, Biodiversity Research Center, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Jimmy A. McGuire
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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18
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Krogh A, Weis-Fogh T. INSECT FLIGHT TAKES OFF. J Exp Biol 2004; 207:3251-2. [PMID: 15326201 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Gillis GB. ROW, ROW, ROW YOUR WINGS. J Exp Biol 2003. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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