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Transcriptomics for Drought Stress Mediated by Biological Processes in-relation to Key Regulated Pathways in Gossypium darwinii. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:11341-11350. [PMID: 35907118 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07774-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wild cotton Gossypium darwinii, an allotetraploid harbours important traits useful for tolerating abiotic stress, i.e., drought, salt and good genetic stability, hence these characteristics can be transferred to cultivated cotton for genetic improvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we analyzed the RNA-seq transcriptomes from leaves of G. darwinii seedlings with and without drought stress. A total of 86.7 million valid reads with an average length of 95.79 bp were generated from the two samples and 58,960 transcripts with a length of more than 500 bp were assembled. We searched the known proteins on the strength of sequence similarity; these transcripts were annotated with COG, KEGG and GO functional categories. According to gene expression abundance RPKM value, we carried out RT-qPCR analysis to determine the expression pattern of the obtained transcription factors. RESULTS A total of 58,960 genes was differentially expressed (DEG), with 32,693 and 25,919 genes found to be upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Through gene ontology and KEGG pathways, the upregulated genes were found to associate with all the GO terms, molecular functions (MF), biological process (BP) and cellular components (CC), which are highly linked to enhancing drought stress tolerance. CONCLUSION The study provides an in-depth knowledge of regulation of pathways and genes involved in photosynthesis during drought stress in G. darwinii. These pathways and genes were found to be significantly downregulated and this information could be further utilized by cotton breeders in developing a more drought tolerant cotton germplasm.
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Kumar D, Kirti PB. Pathogen-induced SGT1 of Arachis diogoi induces cell death and enhanced disease resistance in tobacco and peanut. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:73-84. [PMID: 25236372 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have identified a transcript derived fragment (TDF) corresponding to SGT1 in a study of differential gene expression on the resistant wild peanut, Arachis diogoi, upon challenge from the late leaf spot pathogen, Phaeoisariopsis personata, and cloned its full-length cDNA followed by subsequent validation through q-PCR. Sodium nitroprusside, salicylic acid, ethephon and methyl jasmonate induced the expression of AdSGT1, while the treatment with abscisic acid did not elicit its up-regulation. AdSGT1 is localized to both nucleus and cytoplasm. Its overexpression induced hypersensitive-like cell death in tobacco under transient conditional expression using the estradiol system, and this conditional expression of AdSGT1 was also associated with the up-regulation of NtHSR203J, HMGR and HIN1, which have been shown to be associated with hypersensitive response in tobacco in earlier studies. Expression of the cDNA in a susceptible cultivated peanut variety enhanced its resistance against the late leaf spot pathogen, Phaeoisariopsis personata, while the heterologous expression in tobacco enhanced its resistance against Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, Alternaria alternata var. nicotianae and Rhizoctonia solani. Constitutive expression in peanut was associated with the co-expression of resistance-related genes, CC-NB-LRR and some protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Kumar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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3
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Mazzucotelli E, Belloni S, Marone D, De Leonardis A, Guerra D, Di Fonzo N, Cattivelli L, Mastrangelo A. The e3 ubiquitin ligase gene family in plants: regulation by degradation. Curr Genomics 2011; 7:509-22. [PMID: 18369404 DOI: 10.2174/138920206779315728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/22/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of protein expression and activity has been for long time considered only in terms of transcription/translation efficiency. In the last years, the discovery of post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation mechanisms pointed out that the key factor in determining transcript/protein amount is the synthesis/degradation ratio, together with post-translational modifications of proteins. Polyubiquitinaytion marks target proteins directed to degradation mediated by 26S-proteasome. Recent functional genomics studies pointed out that about 5% of Arabidopsis genome codes for proteins of ubiquitination pathway. The most of them (more than one thousand genes) correspond to E3 ubiquitin ligases that specifically recognise target proteins. The huge size of this gene family, whose members are involved in regulation of a number of biological processes including hormonal control of vegetative growth, plant reproduction, light response, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and DNA repair, indicates a major role for protein degradation in control of plant life.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mazzucotelli
- C.R.A.-Experimental Institute for Cereal Research, Section of Foggia, S.S. 16 km 675, 71100 Foggia, Italy
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4
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Gene expression profiling of phytoplasma-infected Madagascar periwinkle leaves using differential display. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:2993-3000. [PMID: 20127177 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-9964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are small (0.2-0.8 μm), wall-less, pleiomorphic prokaryotes responsible of numerous economically important plant diseases. They are characterized by a very small genome and are obligate parasites of phloem tissues and some insects that act as vectors of infection. To investigate molecular mechanisms involved in pathogenesis, the differential display technique was here applied to identify plant genes whose transcription was significantly altered in leaves of Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don) infected by 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri'. We detected, reamplified, cloned, and sequenced 16 putative differentially expressed cDNA fragments. Northern blot analysis revealed that seven of the 16 genes identified were up-regulated following phytoplasma infection, while three genes were down-regulated. The remaining six genes did not show significant changes in the level of expression. Identified genes are mainly involved in plant defence/stress responses, protein metabolism and transport, transcriptional regulation, vesicle trafficking, and carbohydrate metabolism. The possible role played by these genes in the phytoplasma infection is discussed.
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Tör M, Lotze MT, Holton N. Receptor-mediated signalling in plants: molecular patterns and programmes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:3645-54. [PMID: 19628572 PMCID: PMC2766824 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A highly evolved surveillance system in plants is able to detect a broad range of signals originating from pathogens, damaged tissues, or altered developmental processes, initiating sophisticated molecular mechanisms that result in defence, wound healing, and development. Microbe-associated molecular pattern molecules (MAMPs), damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), virulence factors, secreted proteins, and processed peptides can be recognized directly or indirectly by this surveillance system. Nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat proteins (NB-LRR) are intracellular receptors and have been targeted by breeders for decades to elicit resistance to crop pathogens in the field. Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) or receptor like proteins (RLPs) are membrane bound signalling molecules with an extracellular receptor domain. They provide an early warning system for the presence of potential pathogens and activate protective immune signalling in plants. In addition, they act as a signal amplifier in the case of tissue damage, establishing symbiotic relationships and effecting developmental processes. The identification of several important ligands for the RLK-type receptors provided an opportunity to understand how plants differentiate, how they distinguish beneficial and detrimental stimuli, and how they co-ordinate the role of various types of receptors under varying environmental conditions. The diverse roles of extra-and intracellular plant receptors are examined here and the recent findings on how they promote defence and development is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Tör
- Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne Campus, UK.
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6
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Cooper AJ, Latunde-Dada AO, Woods-Tör A, Lynn J, Lucas JA, Crute IR, Holub EB. Basic compatibility of Albugo candida in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica juncea causes broad-spectrum suppression of innate immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:745-56. [PMID: 18624639 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-6-0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A biotrophic parasite often depends on an intrinsic ability to suppress host defenses in a manner that will enable it to infect and successfully colonize a susceptible host. If the suppressed defenses otherwise would have been effective against alternative pathogens, it follows that primary infection by the "suppressive" biotroph potentially could enhance susceptibility of the host to secondary infection by avirulent pathogens. This phenomenon previously has been attributed to true fungi such as rust (basidiomycete) and powdery mildew (ascomycete) pathogens. In our study, we observed broad-spectrum suppression of host defense by the oomycete Albugo candida (white blister rust) in the wild crucifer Arabidopsis thaliana and a domesticated relative, Brassica juncea. A. candida subsp. arabidopsis suppressed the "runaway cell death" phenotype of the lesion mimic mutant lsd1 in Arabidopsis thaliana in a sustained manner even after subsequent inoculation with avirulent Hyaloperonospora arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana downy mildew). In sequential inoculation experiments, we show that preinfection by virulent Albugo candida can suppress disease resistance in cotyledons to several downy mildew pathogens, including contrasting examples of genotype resistance to H. arabidopsis in Arabidopsis thaliana that differ in the R protein and modes of defense signaling used to confer the resistance; genotype specific resistance in B. juncea to H. parasitica (Brassica downy mildew; isolates derived from B. juncea); species level (nonhost) resistance in both crucifers to Bremia lactucae (lettuce downy mildew) and an isolate of the H. parasitica race derived from Brassica oleracea; and nonhost resistance in B. juncea to H. arabidopsis. Broad-spectrum powdery mildew resistance conferred by RPW8 also was suppressed in Arabidopsis thaliana to two morphotypes of Erysiphe spp. following pre-infection with A. candida subsp. arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Cooper
- Warwick-HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwickshire, CV35 9EF, U.K
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Kavitha PG, Thomas G. Defence transcriptome profiling of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith by mRNA differential display. J Biosci 2008; 33:81-90. [PMID: 18376073 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-008-0002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Soft rot is a serious disease in ginger (Zingiber of?cinale Roscoe),imposing a considerable economic loss annually in all ginger-producing countries. In this study,mRNA differential display was employed to identify genes whose expression was altered in a soft rot-resistant accession of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith,a wild relative of ginger, in response to Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp.,which is the principal causative agent of soft-rot disease in ginger. Analysis using 68 primer combinations identified 70 differentially expressed transcript-derived fragments (TDFs),of which 34 TDFs were selected for further analysis following reverse northern screening. Cloning and sequence characterization of the 34 TDFs yielded a total of 54 distinct clones. Functional categorization of these clones revealed seven categories,of which the defence/stress/signalling group was the largest,with clones homologous to genes known to be actively involved in various pathogenesis-related functions in other plant species.The significance of these genes in relation to the resistance response in Z.zerumbet is discussed. This study has provided a pool of candidate genes for detailed molecular dissection of the defence mechanisms in Z.zerumbet and for accessing wild genetic resources for the transgenic improvement of ginger.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Kavitha
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, India
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Tian M, Win J, Song J, van der Hoorn R, van der Knaap E, Kamoun S. A Phytophthora infestans cystatin-like protein targets a novel tomato papain-like apoplastic protease. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 143:364-77. [PMID: 17085509 PMCID: PMC1761951 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.090050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
There is emerging evidence that the proteolytic machinery of plants plays important roles in defense against pathogens. The oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, the agent of the devastating late blight disease of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and potato (Solanum tuberosum), has evolved an arsenal of protease inhibitors to overcome the action of host proteases. Previously, we described a family of 14 Kazal-like extracellular serine protease inhibitors from P. infestans. Among these, EPI1 and EPI10 bind and inhibit the pathogenesis-related (PR) P69B subtilisin-like serine protease of tomato. Here, we describe EPIC1 to EPIC4, a new family of P. infestans secreted proteins with similarity to cystatin-like protease inhibitor domains. Among these, the epiC1 and epiC2 genes lacked orthologs in Phytophthora sojae and Phytophthora ramorum, were relatively fast-evolving within P. infestans, and were up-regulated during infection of tomato, suggesting a role during P. infestans-host interactions. Biochemical functional analyses revealed that EPIC2B interacts with and inhibits a novel papain-like extracellular cysteine protease, termed Phytophthora Inhibited Protease 1 (PIP1). Characterization of PIP1 revealed that it is a PR protein closely related to Rcr3, a tomato apoplastic cysteine protease that functions in fungal resistance. Altogether, this and earlier studies suggest that interplay between host proteases of diverse catalytic families and pathogen inhibitors is a general defense-counterdefense process in plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoying Tian
- Department of Plant Pathology , The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
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Michel K, Abderhalden O, Bruggmann R, Dudler R. Transcriptional changes in powdery mildew infected wheat and Arabidopsis leaves undergoing syringolin-triggered hypersensitive cell death at infection sites. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 62:561-78. [PMID: 16941219 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-006-9045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici, the causal agent of powdery mildew in wheat, is an obligate biotrophic fungus that exclusively invades epidermal cells. As previously shown, spraying of a solution of syringolin A, a circular peptide derivative secreted by the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, triggers hypersensitive cell death at infection sites in powdery mildew infected wheat. Thus, the fungus is essentially eradicated. Here we show that syringolin A also triggers hypersensitive cell death in Arabidopsis infected with the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe cichoracearum. To monitor transcriptional changes associated with this effect, we cloned 307 cDNA clones representing 158 unigenes from powdery mildew infected, syringolin A sprayed wheat leaves by a suppression subtractive hybridization cloning procedure. These cDNAs were microarrayed onto glass slides together with 1088 cDNA-AFLP clones from powdery mildew-infected wheat. Microarray hybridization experiments were performed with probes derived from leaves, epidermal tissue, and mesophyll preparations of mildewed or uninfected wheat plants after syringolin A or control treatment. Similar experiments were performed in Arabidopsis using the Affymetrix ATH1 whole genome GeneChip. The results indicate a conserved mode of action of syringolin A as similar gene groups are induced in both species. Prominent groups include genes associated with the proteasomal degradation pathway, mitochondrial and other heat shock genes, genes involved in mitochondrial alternative electron pathways, and genes encoding glycolytic and fermentative enzymes. Surprisingly, in both species the observed transcriptional response to syringolin A was considerably weaker in infected plants as compared to uninfected plants. The results lead to the working hypothesis that cell death observed at infection sites may result from a parasite-induced suppression of the transcriptional response and thus to insufficient production of protective proteins necessary for the recovery of these cells from whatever insult is imposed by syringolin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Michel
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8000 Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Holub EB. Evolution of parasitic symbioses between plants and filamentous microorganisms. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 9:397-405. [PMID: 16714140 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Innate defense in wild plant populations is an invaluable resource for understanding how sustainable disease control can be achieved in crops through research that is rooted in molecular and evolutionary biology. Much progress has been made from molecular research into pathogen detection and defense induction. Bacterial pathology of the wild species Arabidopsis thaliana is at the forefront in revealing parallels with animal innate immunity against infectious diseases. In plants, unlike in animals, however, expansion in biodiversity has been mirrored by tremendous diversification in filamentous parasites. The fungal and oomycete pathology of Arabidopsis is exposing opportunities to investigate the molecular bases of compatibility, plant-driven speciation of parasites, and molecular epidemiology. Such research might reveal evidence that an arms race did occur in the evolution of plant-parasite symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Holub
- Warwick-HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne CV35 9EF, UK.
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Grenville-Briggs LJ, van West P. The biotrophic stages of oomycete-plant interactions. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2005; 57:217-43. [PMID: 16002014 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(05)57007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Grenville-Briggs
- Aberdeen Oomycete Group, College of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
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12
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Huitema E, Vleeshouwers VGAA, Cakir C, Kamoun S, Govers F. Differences in intensity and specificity of hypersensitive response induction in Nicotiana spp. by INF1, INF2A, and INF2B of Phytophthora infestans. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2005; 18:183-93. [PMID: 15782632 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-18-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Elicitins form a family of structurally related proteins that induce the hypersensitive response (HR) in plants, particularly Nicotiana spp. The elicitin family is composed of several classes. Most species of the plant-pathogenic oomycete genus Phytophthora produce the well-characterized 10-kDa canonical elicitins (class I), such as INF1 of the potato and tomato pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Two genes, inf2A and inf2B, encoding a distinct class (class III) of elicitin-like proteins, also occur in P. infestans. Unlike secreted class I elicitins, class III elicitins are thought to be cell-surface-anchored polypeptides. Molecular characterization of the inf2 genes indicated that they are widespread in Phytophthora spp. and occur as a small gene family. In addition, Southern blot and Northern blot hybridizations using gene-specific probes showed that inf2A and inf2B genes and transcripts can be detected in 17 different P. infestans isolates. Functional secreted expression in plant cells of the elicitin domain of the infl and inf2 genes was conducted using a binary Potato virus X (PVX) vector (agroinfection) and Agrobacterium tumefaciens transient transformation assays (agroinfiltration), and resulted in HR-like necrotic symptoms and induction of defense response genes in tobacco. However, comparative analyses of elicitor activity of INF1, INF2A, and INF2B revealed significant differences in intensity, specificity, and consistency of HR induction. Whereas INF1 induced the HR in Nicotiana benthamiana, INF2A induced weak symptoms and INF2B induced no symptoms on this plant. Nonetheless, similar to INF1, HR induction by INF2A in N. benthamiana required the ubiquitin ligase-associated protein SGT1. Overall, these results suggest that variation in the resistance of Nicotiana spp. to P. infestans is shadowed by variation in the response to INF elicitins. The ability of tobacco, but not N. benthamiana, to respond to INF2B could explain differences in resistance to P. infestans observed for these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Huitema
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, USA
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Tör M, Brown D, Cooper A, Woods-Tör A, Sjölander K, Jones JDG, Holub EB. Arabidopsis downy mildew resistance gene RPP27 encodes a receptor-like protein similar to CLAVATA2 and tomato Cf-9. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 135:1100-12. [PMID: 15155873 PMCID: PMC514143 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.037770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Revised: 02/06/2004] [Accepted: 02/11/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis Ler-RPP27 gene confers AtSgt1b-independent resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica) isolate Hiks1. The RPP27 locus was mapped to a four-bacterial artificial chromosome interval on chromosome 1 from genetic analysis of a cross between the enhanced susceptibility mutant Col-edm1 (Col-sgt1) and Landsberg erecta (Ler-0). A Cf-like candidate gene in this interval was PCR amplified from Ler-0 and transformed into mutant Col-rpp7.1 plants. Homozygous transgenic lines conferred resistance to Hiks1 and at least four Ler-0 avirulent/Columbia-0 (Col-0) virulent isolates of downy mildew pathogen. A full-length RPP27 cDNA was isolated, and analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences showed that the gene encodes a receptor-like protein (RLP) with a distinct domain structure, composed of a signal peptide followed by extracellular Leu-rich repeats, a membrane spanning region, and a short cytoplasmic carboxyl domain. RPP27 is the first RLP-encoding gene to be implicated in disease resistance in Arabidopsis, enabling the deployment of Arabidopsis techniques to investigate the mechanisms of RLP function. Homology searches of the Arabidopsis genome, using the RPP27, Cf-9, and Cf-2 protein sequences as a starting point, identify 59 RLPs, including the already known CLAVATA2 and TOO MANY MOUTHS genes. A combination of sequence and phylogenetic analysis of these predicted RLPs reveals conserved structural features of the family.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/metabolism
- Arabidopsis/microbiology
- Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics
- Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Plant/chemistry
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Genetic Complementation Test
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Peronospora/growth & development
- Phylogeny
- Plant Diseases/genetics
- Plant Diseases/microbiology
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Tör
- Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom.
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14
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Holub EB, Cooper A. Matrix, reinvention in plants: how genetics is unveiling secrets of non-host disease resistance. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2004; 9:211-214. [PMID: 15130544 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Holub
- Sustainable Disease Resistance Team, Horticulture Research International, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne CV35 9EF, UK.
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15
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Ekengren SK, Liu Y, Schiff M, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Martin GB. Two MAPK cascades, NPR1, and TGA transcription factors play a role in Pto-mediated disease resistance in tomato. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 36:905-17. [PMID: 14675454 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The tomato Pto kinase confers resistance to the causative agent of bacterial speck disease, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, by recognizing the pathogen effector proteins AvrPto or AvrPtoB. Pto-mediated resistance requires multiple signal transduction pathways and has been shown to activate many defense responses including an oxidative burst, rapid changes in the expression of over 400 genes, and localized cell death. We have tested the role in Pto-mediated resistance in tomato of a set of 21 genes from other species known to be involved in defense-related signaling. Expression of each gene was suppressed by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and the effect on disease symptoms and bacterial growth during the tomato-Pseudomonas incompatible interaction was determined. We found that Pto-mediated resistance was compromised by silencing of genes encoding two mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinases, MEK1 and MEK2, two MAP kinases, NTF6 and wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK), a key regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), NPR1, and two transcription factors, TGA1a and TGA2.2. A lesser impact on Pto-mediated resistance was observed in plants silenced for RAR1 and COI1. The identification of nine genes that play a role in resistance to bacterial speck disease both advances our knowledge of Pto signal transduction and demonstrates the conservation of many defense signaling components among diverse plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia K Ekengren
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801, USA
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