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Axton ER, Cristobal E, Choi J, Miranda CL, Stevens JF. Metabolomics-Driven Elucidation of Cellular Nitrate Tolerance Reveals Ascorbic Acid Prevents Nitroglycerin-Induced Inactivation of Xanthine Oxidase. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1085. [PMID: 30319419 PMCID: PMC6167911 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) has found widespread use for the treatment of angina pectoris, a pathological condition manifested by chest pain resulting from insufficient blood supply to the heart. Metabolic conversion of GTN, a nitric oxide (NO) pro-drug, into NO induces vasodilation and improves blood flow. Patients develop tolerance to GTN after several weeks of continuous use, limiting the potential for long-term therapy. The mechanistic cause of nitrate tolerance is relatively unknown. We developed a cell culture model of nitrate tolerance that utilizes stable isotopes to measure metabolism of 15N3-GTN into 15N-nitrite. We performed global metabolomics to identify the mechanism of GTN-induced nitrate tolerance and to elucidate the protective role of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Metabolomics analyses revealed that GTN impaired purine metabolism and depleted intracellular ATP and GTP. GTN inactivated xanthine oxidase (XO), an enzyme that is critical for the metabolic bioactivation of GTN into NO. Ascorbic acid prevented inactivation of XO, resulting in increased NO production from GTN. Our studies suggest that ascorbic acid has the ability to prevent nitrate tolerance by protecting XO, but not aldehyde dehydrogenase (another GTN bioactivating enzyme), from GTN-induced inactivation. Our findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the previously observed beneficial effects of ascorbic acid in nitrate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Rose Axton
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.,Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Eleonso Cristobal
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Cristobal L Miranda
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jan Frederik Stevens
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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Wang Q, Ting WL, Yang H, Wong PTH. High doses of simvastatin upregulate dopamine D1 and D2 receptor expression in the rat prefrontal cortex: possible involvement of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 144:933-9. [PMID: 15711596 PMCID: PMC1576073 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate whether or not long-term statin treatment causes upregulation of D1 and D2 receptor gene expression with concomitant increase in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in Sprague-Dawley rats. Serum triglyceride levels were dose dependently reduced in the simvastatin-treated rats reaching statistical significance at the highest dose (49% reduction), while pravastatin caused similar effects (52%) at the same dose. Cholesterol levels remained unchanged in both groups at all doses. Simvastatin, 10 or 30 mg kg(-1) day(-1), increased D1 and D2 receptor expressions in the prefrontal cortex. Similar upregulation was observed neither with simvastatin in the striatum nor with pravastatin in both brain regions. Simvastatin (10 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) also increased eNOS expression in the prefrontal cortex but not neuronal NOS or inducible NOS. D1 receptor activation by chloro-APB (5 microM) increased cAMP levels in synaptosomes prepared from the prefrontal cortex of control and simvastatin-treated rats by 88 and 285%, respectively. This effect was markedly attenuated by the selective D1 antagonist SCH-23390 (25 microM). D2 receptor activation by quinpirole (5 microM) had no effect on the basal cAMP levels in synaptosomes prepared from the prefrontal cortex of control and simvastatin-treated rats, while the same concentration of quinpirole completely abolished the D1 receptor-mediated increase. These results suggest that lipophilic statins can alter dopaminergic functions in the prefrontal cortex possibly via a central mechanism. The possibility of a nitric oxide mechanism involving eNOS requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD2, 18 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Wee Lee Ting
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD2, 18 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Hongyuan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD2, 18 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Peter T-H Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD2, 18 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Author for correspondence:
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Bouley R, Pastor-Soler N, Cohen O, McLaughlin M, Breton S, Brown D. Stimulation of AQP2 membrane insertion in renal epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo by the cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor sildenafil citrate (Viagra). Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 288:F1103-12. [PMID: 15644488 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00337.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasopressin-stimulated insertion of the aquaporin 2 (AQP2) water channel into the plasma membrane of kidney collecting duct principal cells is a key event in the urinary concentrating mechanism. The paradigm for vasopressin-receptor signaling involves cAMP-mediated protein kinase A activation, which results in the functionally critical phosphorylation of AQP2 on amino acid serine 256. We previously showed that a parallel cGMP-mediated signaling pathway also leads to AQP2 membrane insertion in AQP2-transfected LLC-PK1 (LLC-AQP2) cells and in outer medullary collecting duct principal cells in situ (Bouley R, Breton S, Sun T, McLaughlin M, Nsumu NN, Lin HY, Ausiello DA, and Brown D. J Clin Invest 106: 1115-1126, 2000). In the present report, we show by immunofluorescence microscopy, and Western blotting of plasma membrane fractions, that 45-min exposure of LLC-AQP2 cells to the cGMP phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors sildenafil citrate (Viagra) or 4-{[3',4'-methylene-dioxybenzyl]amino}-6-methoxyquinazoline elevates intracellular cGMP levels and results in the plasma membrane accumulation of AQP2; i.e., they mimic the vasopressin effect. Importantly, our data also show that acute exposure to PDE5 inhibitors for 60 min induces apical accumulation of AQP2 in kidney medullary collecting duct principal cells both in tissue slices incubated in vitro as well as in vivo after intravenous injection of Viagra into rats. These data suggest that AQP2 membrane insertion can be induced independently of vasopressin-receptor activation by activating a parallel cGMP-mediated signal transduction pathway with cGMP PDE inhibitors. These results provide proof-of-principle that pharmacological activation of vasopressin-independent, cGMP signaling pathways could aid in the treatment of those forms of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus that are due to vasopressin-2 receptor dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bouley
- Program in Membrane Biology and Renal Unit, Rm. 8207, Massachusetts General Hospital East, 149 13th St.. Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Stern JM, Chen J, Silver RB, Poppas DP, Vaughan ED, Felsen D. Effect of UUO on D1aR expression reveals a link among dopamine, transforming growth factor-β, and nitric oxide. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004; 286:F509-15. [PMID: 14612384 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00253.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and nitric oxide (NO) are important in the pathophysiology of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Dopamine (DA) is a vasoactive renal mediator active at the D1Areceptor (D1AR), which has not been studied in UUO; therefore, we examined the interactions among DA, TGF-β, and NO in UUO. In vivo, UUO was carried out in rats with or without concurrent treatment with 1D11, a monoclonal antibody to TGF-β, for 14 days. In vitro, NRK-52E cells (normal rat kidney tubules) were treated with DA, and NO and TGF-β release were examined. UUO resulted in a 70% decrease in the expression of renal D1AR, confirmed by both Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. 1D11 treatment restored expression to 60% of control values. DA treatment decreased NRK-52E release of TGF-β by 80%; conversely, DA significantly increased NO release from NRK-52E cells. These results suggest that DA modulates the release of cytokines, which are involved in the fibrotic and apoptotic sequelae of UUO, and that these effects are independent of DA's known vasoactive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Stern
- Department of Urology, New York Presbyterian Children's Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical School, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Contreras F, Fouillioux C, Bolívar A, Simonovis N, Hernández-Hernández R, Armas-Hernandez MJ, Velasco M. Dopamine, hypertension and obesity. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16 Suppl 1:S13-7. [PMID: 11986886 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine, a neurotransmitter, precursor of noradrenaline, is responsible for cardiovascular and renal actions, such as increase in myocardial contractility and cardiac output, without changes in heart rate, producing passive and active vasodilatation, diuresis and natriuresis. These cardiovascular and renal actions take place through the interaction with dopamine receptors, D(1), D(2), D(3), D(4), and D(5). Recent findings point to the possibility of D(6) and D(7)receptors. Dopamine is known to influence the control of arterial pressure by influencing the central and peripheral nervous system and target organs such as kidneys and adrenal glands, in some types of hypertension. Although dopamine and its derivatives have been shown to have antihypertensive effects, these are still being studied; therefore it is important to explain some physiological and pharmacological aspects of dopamine, its receptors, and the clinical uses it could have in the treatment of arterial hypertension and more recently in obesity, based on evidence proving a clear association between obesity and the decrease in the expression of D(2) receptors in the brain of obese persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Contreras
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, José María Vargas School of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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