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Li H, Chen T, Wang Z, Li Y, Lu Y, Jin X, Xu N, Liu J. Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed C-H Activation/[5 + 2] Cascade Annulation of Aroyl Hydrazides with Iodonium Ylides for the Synthesis of Seven-Membered Dibenzodiazepinediones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:13412-13417. [PMID: 39213646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
A novel Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H activation/[5 + 2] cascade annulation of aroyl hydrazides with iodonium ylides is accomplished, in which diverse seven-membered dibenzodiazepinediones were afforded in moderate to excellent yields. This annulation reaction features an ideal functional group tolerance and a wide substrate scope. Large-scale and derivatization reactions were conducted to demonstrate the potential utility of this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Innovation Team of Optical Functional Molecular Devices, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for the Natural Products Chemistry and Functional Molecular Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Innovation Team of Optical Functional Molecular Devices, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for the Natural Products Chemistry and Functional Molecular Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Innovation Team of Optical Functional Molecular Devices, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for the Natural Products Chemistry and Functional Molecular Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Innovation Team of Optical Functional Molecular Devices, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for the Natural Products Chemistry and Functional Molecular Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Carbon Nanomaterials, Nano Innovation Institute (NII), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Xinxin Jin
- Innovation Team of Optical Functional Molecular Devices, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for the Natural Products Chemistry and Functional Molecular Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Innovation Team of Optical Functional Molecular Devices, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for the Natural Products Chemistry and Functional Molecular Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Jinglin Liu
- Innovation Team of Optical Functional Molecular Devices, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for the Natural Products Chemistry and Functional Molecular Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
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Li B, Chen C, Jia J, He L. Research progress on antineoplastic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of seven-membered heterocyclic derivatives. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5076-5096. [PMID: 35345989 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220328123953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Seven-membered heterocyclic compounds are important drug scaffolds, because of their unique chemical structures. They widely exist in natural products and show a variety of biological activities. They have commonly been used in central nervous system drugs in the past 30 years. In the past decade, there are many studies on the activities of antitumor, antibacterial, etc. Herein, we summarize the research advances in different kinds of seven-membered heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur heteroatoms with antitumor, antisepsis, and anti-inflammation activities in the past ten years, which is expected to be beneficial to the development and design of novel drugs for the corresponding indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingjing Jia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ling He
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Dingemanse J, Nicolas LB, van Bortel L. Effect of Multiple-Dose Diltiazem on the Pharmacokinetics of the Renin Inhibitor ACT-077825. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2013; 2:113-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Dingemanse
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd; Gewerbestrasse; Allschwil; Switzerland
| | | | - Luc van Bortel
- Drug Research Unit Ghent; Ghent University Hospital; De Pintelaan; Ghent; Belgium
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Rowland Yeo K, Walsky R, Jamei M, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Tucker G. Prediction of time-dependent CYP3A4 drug–drug interactions by physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling: Impact of inactivation parameters and enzyme turnover. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 43:160-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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TAKAHASHI K, NAGAO Y, ADACHI Y, MORIMOTO T, ICHIHASHI N, TSUBOYAMA T, OMORI T, SATO T. Changes in the Dose of Benzodiazepines and Falls in Elderly Inpatients in an Acute-care Hospital. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3820/jjpe.16.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanae TAKAHASHI
- Research and Development Initiative Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa NAGAO
- Department of Quality and Patient Safety, Nagoya University Hospital, Japan
| | - Yuki ADACHI
- Department of Nursing, Kyoto University Hospital, Japan
| | - Takeshi MORIMOTO
- Center for Medical Education, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Noriaki ICHIHASHI
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Tadao TSUBOYAMA
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Takashi OMORI
- Faculty of Culture and Information Science, Doshisha University, Japan
| | - Tosiya SATO
- Department of Biostatistics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Japan
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Wang YH. Confidence Assessment of the Simcyp Time-Based Approach and a Static Mathematical Model in Predicting Clinical Drug-Drug Interactions for Mechanism-Based CYP3A Inhibitors. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:1094-104. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.032177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Boyce R, Collins C, Horn J, Kalet I. Computing with evidence Part I: A drug-mechanism evidence taxonomy oriented toward confidence assignment. J Biomed Inform 2009; 42:979-89. [PMID: 19435613 PMCID: PMC2783801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We present a new evidence taxonomy that, when combined with a set of inclusion criteria, enable drug experts to specify what their confidence in a drug mechanism assertion would be if it were supported by a specific set of evidence. We discuss our experience applying the taxonomy to representing drug-mechanism evidence for 16 active pharmaceutical ingredients including six members of the HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitor family (statins). All evidence was collected and entered into the Drug-Interaction Knowledge Base (DIKB); a system that can provide customized views of a body of drug-mechanism knowledge to users who do not agree about the inferential value of particular evidence types. We provide specific examples of how the DIKB's evidence model can flag when a particular use of evidence should be re-evaluated because its related conjectures are no longer valid. We also present the algorithm that the DIKB uses to identify patterns of evidence support that are indicative of fallacious reasoning by the evidence-base curators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Boyce
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, VALE M, PA 15260, USA.
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Zhao P. The use of hepatocytes in evaluating time-dependent inactivation of P450 in vivo. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 4:151-64. [PMID: 18330044 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.2.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Time-dependent inactivation (TDI) of P450 is an important mechanism of drug interactions. The quantitative in vitro - in vivo correlation of TDI using systems such as human liver microsomes requires a comprehensive understanding of in vitro kinetics, pharmacokinetics, inhibition mechanisms, and homeostasis of the enzyme being inactivated. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of hepatocytes in predicting TDI. METHODS The theoretical basis of in vitro - in vivo correlation of TDI and the progress in using microsomes and hepatocytes to predict TDI in vivo are reviewed. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Factors that may impact prediction accuracy, such as nonspecific binding, metabolism of inactivator, active transport, and sequential inhibitory metabolites, can be assessed by performing 'in vitro-in vitro' correlation between microsomes and hepatocytes. Together with microsomal data and the aid of computer modeling and simulation, hepatocytes provide a powerful tool to optimize the integrated approaches aimed at quantitatively predicting TDI in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhao
- Sonus Pharmaceuticals, Bothell, WA 98021, USA.
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Williams S, Wynn G, Cozza K, Sandson NB. Cardiovascular Medications. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2007; 48:537-47. [DOI: 10.1176/appi.psy.48.6.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ohno Y, Hisaka A, Suzuki H. General Framework for the Quantitative Prediction of CYP3A4-Mediated Oral Drug Interactions Based on the AUC Increase by Coadministration of??Standard Drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 2007; 46:681-96. [PMID: 17655375 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200746080-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 is the most prevalent metabolising enzyme in the human liver and is also a target for various drug interactions of significant clinical concern. Even though there are numerous reports regarding drug interactions involving CYP3A4, it is far from easy to estimate all potential interactions, since too many drugs are metabolised by CYP3A4. For this reason, a comprehensive framework for the prediction of CYP3A4-mediated drug interactions would be of considerable clinical importance. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to provide a robust and practical method for the prediction of drug interactions mediated by CYP3A4 using minimal in vivo information from drug-interaction studies, which are often carried out early in the course of drug development. DATA SOURCES The analysis was based on 113 drug-interaction studies reported in 78 published articles over the period 1983-2006. The articles were used if they contained sufficient information about drug interactions. Information on drug names, doses and the magnitude of the increase in the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) were collected. METHODS The ratio of the contribution of CYP3A4 to oral clearance (CR(CYP)(3A4)) was calculated for 14 substrates (midazolam, alprazolam, buspirone, cerivastatin, atorvastatin, ciclosporin, felodipine, lovastatin, nifedipine, nisoldipine, simvastatin, triazolam, zolpidem and telithromycin) based on AUC increases observed in interaction studies with itraconazole or ketoconazole. Similarly, the time-averaged apparent inhibition ratio of CYP3A4 (IR(CYP)(3A4)) was calculated for 18 inhibitors (ketoconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, telithromycin, clarithromycin, saquinavir, nefazodone, erythromycin, diltiazem, fluconazole, verapamil, cimetidine, ranitidine, roxithromycin, fluvoxamine, azithromycin, gatifloxacin and fluoxetine) primarily based on AUC increases observed in drug-interaction studies with midazolam. The increases in the AUC of a substrate associated with coadministration of an inhibitor were estimated using the equation 1/(1 - CR(CYP)(3A4) x IR(CYP)(3A4)), based on pharmacokinetic considerations. RESULTS The proposed method enabled predictions of the AUC increase by interactions with any combination of these substrates and inhibitors (total 251 matches). In order to validate the reliability of the method, the AUC increases in 60 additional studies were analysed. The method successfully predicted AUC increases within 67-150% of the observed increase for 50 studies (83%) and within 50-200% for 57 studies (95%). Midazolam is the most reliable standard substrate for evaluation of the in vivo inhibition of CYP3A4. The present analysis suggests that simvastatin, lovastatin and buspirone can be used as alternatives. To evaluate the in vivo contribution of CYP3A4, ketoconazole or itraconazole is the selective inhibitor of choice. CONCLUSION This method is applicable to (i) prioritize clinical trials for investigating drug interactions during the course of drug development and (ii) predict the clinical significance of unknown drug interactions. If a drug-interaction study is carefully designed using appropriate standard drugs, significant interactions involving CYP3A4 will not be missed. In addition, the extent of CYP3A4-mediated interactions between many other drugs can be predicted using the current method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Ohno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tokyo Hospital Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Galetin A, Burt H, Gibbons L, Houston JB. PREDICTION OF TIME-DEPENDENT CYP3A4 DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS: IMPACT OF ENZYME DEGRADATION, PARALLEL ELIMINATION PATHWAYS, AND INTESTINAL INHIBITION. Drug Metab Dispos 2005; 34:166-75. [PMID: 16221752 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.105.006874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4 often results in clinically significant drug-drug interactions. In the current study, 37 in vivo cases of irreversible inhibition were collated, focusing on macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin) and diltiazem as inhibitors. The interactions included 17 different CYP3A substrates showing up to a 7-fold increase in AUC (13.5% of studies were in the range of potent inhibition). A systematic analysis of the impact of CYP3A4 degradation half-life (mean t1/2deg = 3 days, ranging from 1 to 6 days) on the prediction of the extent of interaction for compounds with a differential contribution from CYP3A4 to the overall elimination (defined by fmCYP3A4) was performed. Although the prediction accuracy was very sensitive to the CYP3A4 degradation rate for substrates mainly eliminated by this enzyme fm(CYP3A4 >or= 0.9), minimal effects are observed when CYP3A4 contributes less than 50% to the overall elimination in cases when the parallel elimination pathway is not subject to inhibition. Use of the mean CYP3A4 t1/2deg (3 days), average unbound systemic plasma concentration of the inhibitor, and the corresponding fm(CYP3A4) resulted in 89% of studies predicted within 2-fold of the in vivo value. The impact of the interaction in the gut wall was assessed by assuming maximal intestinal inhibition of CYP3A4. Although a reduced number of false-negative predictions was observed, there was an increased number of overpredictions, and generally, a loss of prediction accuracy was observed. The impact of the possible interplay between CYP3A4 and efflux transporters on the intestinal interaction requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Galetin
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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Zhou S, Yung Chan S, Cher Goh B, Chan E, Duan W, Huang M, McLeod HL. Mechanism-based inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 by therapeutic drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 2005; 44:279-304. [PMID: 15762770 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200544030-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Consistent with its highest abundance in humans, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A is responsible for the metabolism of about 60% of currently known drugs. However, this unusual low substrate specificity also makes CYP3A4 susceptible to reversible or irreversible inhibition by a variety of drugs. Mechanism-based inhibition of CYP3A4 is characterised by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH)-, time- and concentration-dependent enzyme inactivation, occurring when some drugs are converted by CYP isoenzymes to reactive metabolites capable of irreversibly binding covalently to CYP3A4. Approaches using in vitro, in silico and in vivo models can be used to study CYP3A4 inactivation by drugs. Human liver microsomes are always used to estimate inactivation kinetic parameters including the concentration required for half-maximal inactivation (K(I)) and the maximal rate of inactivation at saturation (k(inact)). Clinically important mechanism-based CYP3A4 inhibitors include antibacterials (e.g. clarithromycin, erythromycin and isoniazid), anticancer agents (e.g. tamoxifen and irinotecan), anti-HIV agents (e.g. ritonavir and delavirdine), antihypertensives (e.g. dihydralazine, verapamil and diltiazem), sex steroids and their receptor modulators (e.g. gestodene and raloxifene), and several herbal constituents (e.g. bergamottin and glabridin). Drugs inactivating CYP3A4 often possess several common moieties such as a tertiary amine function, furan ring, and acetylene function. It appears that the chemical properties of a drug critical to CYP3A4 inactivation include formation of reactive metabolites by CYP isoenzymes, preponderance of CYP inducers and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, and occurrence of clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions with coadministered drugs. Compared with reversible inhibition of CYP3A4, mechanism-based inhibition of CYP3A4 more frequently cause pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions, as the inactivated CYP3A4 has to be replaced by newly synthesised CYP3A4 protein. The resultant drug interactions may lead to adverse drug effects, including some fatal events. For example, when aforementioned CYP3A4 inhibitors are coadministered with terfenadine, cisapride or astemizole (all CYP3A4 substrates), torsades de pointes (a life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia associated with QT prolongation) may occur.However, predicting drug-drug interactions involving CYP3A4 inactivation is difficult, since the clinical outcomes depend on a number of factors that are associated with drugs and patients. The apparent pharmacokinetic effect of a mechanism-based inhibitor of CYP3A4 would be a function of its K(I), k(inact) and partition ratio and the zero-order synthesis rate of new or replacement enzyme. The inactivators for CYP3A4 can be inducers and P-gp substrates/inhibitors, confounding in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. The clinical significance of CYP3A inhibition for drug safety and efficacy warrants closer understanding of the mechanisms for each inhibitor. Furthermore, such inactivation may be exploited for therapeutic gain in certain circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Zhao P, Kunze KL, Lee CA. EVALUATION OF TIME-DEPENDENT INACTIVATION OF CYP3A IN CRYOPRESERVED HUMAN HEPATOCYTES. Drug Metab Dispos 2005; 33:853-61. [PMID: 15743977 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.104.002832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Irreversible CYP3A inhibition by drugs constitutes one of the major causes of inhibition-based drug interactions. We evaluated time-dependent inactivation of CYP3A in cryopreserved human hepatocytes for six structurally diverse compounds known to exhibit this property. Inactivation kinetic parameters were also determined using human liver microsomes. Except for diclofenac, which did not cause CYP3A inactivation either in microsomes or in hepatocytes at concentrations up to 100 microM, time-dependent inactivation was observed in hepatocytes for amprenavir, diltiazem, erythromycin, raloxifene, and troleandomycin. The observed inactivation potency in hepatocytes (observed IC50) was compared with the potency predicted using microsomal parameters (predicted IC50). Despite satisfactory prediction for troleandomycin (1.35 and 2.14 microM for the predicted and observed IC50, respectively), over-prediction of inactivation was observed for raloxifene, amprenavir, and erythromycin (observed IC50 values 6.2-, 55-, and 7.8-fold higher, respectively, than the predicted IC50). By contrast, the observed IC50 for diltiazem in hepatocytes was approximately 4-fold lower than the IC50 predicted from microsomal data (under-prediction). After correcting for factors including nonspecific binding and inactivator consumption, prediction was significantly improved for raloxifene (the observed IC50 then became 2-fold higher than the predicted IC50) and for amprenavir to a lesser extent. A specific P-glycoprotein inhibitor, 4-(6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)-N-[2-(3.4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-amine (CP-100356), modulated the observed CYP3A inactivation potency by erythromycin and troleandomycin. In summary, these studies reveal three important factors that must be considered when microsomal inactivation parameters are used to predict inhibition-based drug interactions in intact cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhao
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10724 Science Center Dr., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Dorne JLCM, Walton K, Renwick AG. Human variability in CYP3A4 metabolism and CYP3A4-related uncertainty factors for risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41:201-24. [PMID: 12480298 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CYP3A4 constitutes the major liver cytochrome P450 isoenzyme and is responsible for the oxidation of more than 50% of all known drugs. Human variability in kinetics for this pathway has been quantified using a database of 15 compounds metabolised extensively (>60%) by this CYP isoform in order to develop CYP3A4-related uncertainty factors for the risk assessment of environmental contaminants handled via this route. Data were analysed from published pharmacokinetic studies (after oral and intravenous dosing) in healthy adults and other subgroups using parameters relating primarily to chronic exposure [metabolic and total clearances, area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC)] and acute exposure (Cmax). Interindividual variability in kinetics was greater for the oral route (46%, 12 compounds) than for the intravenous route (32%, 14 compounds). The physiological and molecular basis for the difference between these two routes of exposure is discussed. In relation to the uncertainty factors used for risk assessment, the default kinetic factor of 3.16 would be adequate for adults, whereas a CYP3A4-related factor of 12 would be required to cover up to 99% of neonates, which have lower CYP3A4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L C M Dorne
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, University of Southampton, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
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Ogihara T, Hiwada K, Morimoto S, Matsuoka H, Matsumoto M, Takishita S, Shimamoto K, Shimada K, Abe I, Ouchi Y, Tsukiyama H, Katayama S, Imai Y, Suzuki H, Kohara K, Okaishi K, Mikami H. Guidelines for treatment of hypertension in the elderly--2002 revised version. Hypertens Res 2003; 26:1-36. [PMID: 12661910 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.26.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Ogihara
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Yuan R, Flockhart DA, Balian JD. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Consequences of Metabolism‐Based Drug Interactions with Alprazolam, Midazolam, and Triazolam. J Clin Pharmacol 1999. [DOI: 10.1177/009127009903901102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rae Yuan
- Department of Office of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), Rockville, Maryland
| | - David A. Flockhart
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
| | - John D. Balian
- Department of Office of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), Rockville, Maryland
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Wang JS, Wen X, Backman JT, Taavitsainen P, Neuvonen PJ, Kivistö KT. Midazolam alpha-hydroxylation by human liver microsomes in vitro: inhibition by calcium channel blockers, itraconazole and ketoconazole. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1999; 85:157-61. [PMID: 10563513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1999.tb00085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of five calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, isradipine, mibefradil, nifedipine and verapamil) and three azole antifungal agents (itraconazole, hydroxyitraconazole and ketoconazole) on the alpha-hydroxylation of midazolam, a probe drug for CYP3A4-mediated interactions in humans, were studied in vitro using human liver microsomes. IC50 and Ki values were determined for each inhibitor. The kinetics of the formation of alpha-hydroxymidazolam were best described by simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The estimated values of Vmax and Km were 696 pmol min.-(1) mg(-1) and 7.46 micromol l(-1), respectively. All the compounds studied inhibited midazolam alpha-hydroxylation activity in a concentration-dependent manner, but there were marked differences in their relative inhibitory potency. Ketoconazole was the most potent inhibitor of midazolam alpha-hydroxylation (IC50 0.12 micromol l (-1)), being 10 times more potent than itraconazole (IC50 1.2 micromol l(-1)). The inhibitory effect of hydroxyitraconazole (IC50 2.3 micromol l (-1) was almost as large as that of itraconazole. Among the calcium channel blockers, mibefradil was the most potent inhibitor of the alpha-hydroxylation of midazolam, with an IC50 value (1.6 micromol l (-1)) similar to that of itraconazole. The other calcium channel blockers were much weaker inhibitors than mibefradil: verapamil exhibited a modest inhibitory effect with an IC50 of 23 micromol l(-1), while isradipine, nifedipine and diltiazem, with IC50 values ranging from 57 to >100 micromol l (-1), were weak inhibitors. This rank order of potency against the alpha-hydroxylation Qf midazolam was verified by the Ki values. With the exception of diltiazem, these in vitro results conform with the observed interaction potential of these agents with midazolam and many other CYP3A4 substrates in vivo in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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