1
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Fuchs C, Stalnaker KJ, Dalgard CL, Sukumar G, Hupalo D, Dreyfuss JM, Pan H, Wang Y, Pham L, Wu X, Jozic I, Anderson RR, Cho S, Meyerle JH, Tam J. Plantar Skin Exhibits Altered Physiology, Constitutive Activation of Wound-Associated Phenotypes, and Inherently Delayed Healing. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1633-1648.e14. [PMID: 38237729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Wound research has typically been performed without regard for where the wounds are located on the body, despite well-known heterogeneities in physical and biological properties between different skin areas. The skin covering the palms and soles is highly specialized, and plantar ulcers are one of the most challenging and costly wound types to manage. Using primarily the porcine model, we show that plantar skin is molecularly and functionally more distinct from nonplantar skin than previously recognized, with unique gene and protein expression profiles, broad alterations in cellular functions, constitutive activation of many wound-associated phenotypes, and inherently delayed healing. This unusual physiology is likely to play a significant but underappreciated role in the pathogenesis of plantar ulcers as well as the last 25+ years of futility in therapy development efforts. By revealing this critical yet unrecognized pitfall, we hope to contribute to the development of more effective therapies for these devastating nonhealing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Fuchs
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine J Stalnaker
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gauthaman Sukumar
- The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Hupalo
- The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan M Dreyfuss
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hui Pan
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Linh Pham
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xunwei Wu
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ivan Jozic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillp Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - R Rox Anderson
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sunghun Cho
- Department of Dermatology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Department of Dermatology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jon H Meyerle
- Department of Dermatology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Department of Dermatology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua Tam
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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2
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Hayes J, Higgins CA. Plantar Skin: A Callus Design? J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1427-1429. [PMID: 38739059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Hayes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire A Higgins
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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3
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Nanda A, Chang YH, Cheng HC, Lai IT, Al-Lafi A, McGrath JA, Hsu CK. Autosomal recessive plantar keratoderma with ragged periungual hyperkeratosis caused by a homozygous missense variant in KRT16. Br J Dermatol 2024; 190:588-590. [PMID: 38170465 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, we report a consanguineous Kuwaiti pedigree with pseudo-dominant inheritance of a recessive KRT16 variant in which homozygotes had focal nonepidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma accompanied by ragged periungual hyperkeratosis. The key value of this submission is that we believe we have identified the first autosomal recessive inherited skin disorder resulting from pathogenic variants in the keratin 16 gene, KRT16. Our findings expand both the genetic basis and phenotypic expression of inherited KRT16-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Nanda
- As'ad Al-Hamad Dermatology Center, Kuwait
| | - Yi-Han Chang
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine
| | - Hui-Ching Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine
| | - I Tzu Lai
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine
| | | | - John A McGrath
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Chao-Kai Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine
- International Research Center of Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine; National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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4
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Cohen E, Johnson CN, Wasikowski R, Billi AC, Tsoi LC, Kahlenberg JM, Gudjonsson JE, Coulombe PA. Significance of stress keratin expression in normal and diseased epithelia. iScience 2024; 27:108805. [PMID: 38299111 PMCID: PMC10828818 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A group of keratin intermediate filament genes, the type II KRT6A-C and type I KRT16 and KRT17, are deemed stress responsive as they are induced in keratinocytes of surface epithelia in response to environmental stressors, in skin disorders (e.g., psoriasis) and in carcinomas. Monitoring stress keratins is widely used to identify keratinocytes in an activated state. Here, we analyze single-cell transcriptomic data from healthy and diseased human skin to explore the properties of stress keratins. Relative to keratins occurring in healthy skin, stress-induced keratins are expressed at lower levels and show lesser type I-type II pairwise regulation. Stress keratins do not "replace" the keratins expressed during normal differentiation nor reflect cellular proliferation. Instead, stress keratins are consistently co-regulated with genes with roles in differentiation, inflammation, and/or activation of innate immunity at the single-cell level. These findings provide a roadmap toward explaining the broad diversity and contextual regulation of keratins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Cohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Craig N. Johnson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rachael Wasikowski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Allison C. Billi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lam C. Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J. Michelle Kahlenberg
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Johann E. Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pierre A. Coulombe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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5
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Pondeljak N, Lugović-Mihić L, Tomić L, Parać E, Pedić L, Lazić-Mosler E. Key Factors in the Complex and Coordinated Network of Skin Keratinization: Their Significance and Involvement in Common Skin Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:236. [PMID: 38203406 PMCID: PMC10779394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The epidermis serves many vital roles, including protecting the body from external influences and healing eventual injuries. It is maintained by an incredibly complex and perfectly coordinated keratinization process. In this process, desquamation is essential for the differentiation of epidermal basal progenitor cells into enucleated corneocytes, which subsequently desquamate through programmed death. Numerous factors control keratinocyte differentiation: epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-α, keratinocyte growth factor, interleukins IL-1-β and IL-6, elevated vitamin A levels, and changes in Ca2+ concentration. The backbone of the keratinocyte transformation process from mitotically active basal cells into fully differentiated, enucleated corneocytes is the expression of specific proteins and the creation of a Ca2+ and pH gradient at precise locations within the epidermis. Skin keratinization disorders (histologically characterized predominantly by dyskeratosis, parakeratosis, and hyperkeratosis) may be categorized into three groups: defects in the α-helical rod pattern, defects outside the α-helical rod domain, and disorders of keratin-associated proteins. Understanding the process of keratinization is essential for the pathogenesis of many dermatological diseases because improper desquamation and epidermopoiesis/keratinization (due to genetic mutations of factors or due to immune pathological processes) can lead to various conditions (ichthyoses, palmoplantar keratodermas, psoriasis, pityriasis rubra pilaris, epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, and others).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Pondeljak
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, General Hospital, 44000 Sisak, Croatia; (N.P.); (L.T.); (E.L.-M.)
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Liborija Lugović-Mihić
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Lucija Tomić
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, General Hospital, 44000 Sisak, Croatia; (N.P.); (L.T.); (E.L.-M.)
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ena Parać
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Lovre Pedić
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Elvira Lazić-Mosler
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, General Hospital, 44000 Sisak, Croatia; (N.P.); (L.T.); (E.L.-M.)
- School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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6
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Yang X, Qu K, Liu J, Qi X, Li F, Zhang J, Huang B, Lei C. A missense mutation (rs209302038) of KRT9 gene associated with heat stress in Chinese cattle. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:1876-1882. [PMID: 35323100 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2053697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Type I keratin 9 encoded by the KRT9 gene serves an important special function either in the mature palmar and plantar skin tissue. The changes in skin conditions and thickening of the outer layer of the skin may be affected by environmental variables. A missense mutation rs209302038 (NC_037346.1: g.41782870 G > A) was detected in KRT9, which changing the isoleucine into valine. This study aimed to identify the frequency of allele in this locus in Chinese indigenous cattle, and analyze the connection with heat stress. Our results indicated that the frequency of allele A gradually decreases from south to north, while the frequency of G allele showed the opposite pattern. Further analysis of the association of the different genotypes with three climate factors, which showed that the genotypes (GG, GA, AA) were significantly related to climatic conditions (p < 0.01). Therefore, we speculated that the mutation of the rs209302038 in Chinese indigenous cattle might be a genetic marker to detect heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Yang
- Life Science College, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Kaixing Qu
- Academy of Science and Technology, Chuxiong Normal University, Chuxiong, China
| | - Jianyong Liu
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, China
| | - Xinglei Qi
- Biyang Xianan Cattle Technology and Development Company Ltd, Biyang, China
| | - Fuqiang Li
- Hunan Tianhua Industrial Corporation Ltd, Lianyuan, China
| | - Jicai Zhang
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, China
| | - Bizhi Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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7
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Transcriptional heterogeneity in human diabetic foot wounds. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.16.528839. [PMID: 36824808 PMCID: PMC9949055 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.16.528839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Wound repair requires the coordination of multiple cell types including immune cells and tissue resident cells to coordinate healing and return of tissue function. Diabetic foot ulceration is a type of chronic wound that impacts over 4 million patients in the US and over 7 million worldwide (Edmonds et al., 2021). Yet, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that go awry in these wounds are not fully understood. Here, by profiling chronic foot ulcers from non-diabetic (NDFUs) and diabetic (DFUs) patients using single-cell RNA sequencing, we find that DFUs display transcription changes that implicate reduced keratinocyte differentiation, altered fibroblast function and lineages, and defects in macrophage metabolism, inflammation, and ECM production compared to NDFUs. Furthermore, analysis of cellular interactions reveals major alterations in several signaling pathways that are altered in DFUs. These data provide a view of the mechanisms by which diabetes alters healing of foot ulcers and may provide therapeutic avenues for DFU treatments.
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8
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Wiedemann J, Billi AC, Bocci F, Kashgari G, Xing E, Tsoi LC, Meller L, Swindell WR, Wasikowski R, Xing X, Ma F, Gharaee-Kermani M, Kahlenberg JM, Harms PW, Maverakis E, Nie Q, Gudjonsson JE, Andersen B. Differential cell composition and split epidermal differentiation in human palm, sole, and hip skin. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111994. [PMID: 36732947 PMCID: PMC9939370 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.111994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmoplantar skin is structurally and functionally unique, but the transcriptional programs driving this specialization are unclear. Here, we use bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing of human palm, sole, and hip skin to describe the distinguishing characteristics of palmoplantar and non-palmoplantar skin while also uncovering differences between palmar and plantar sites. Our approach reveals an altered immune environment in palmoplantar skin, with downregulation of diverse immunological processes and decreased immune cell populations. Further, we identify specific fibroblast populations that appear to orchestrate key differences in cell-cell communication in palm, sole, and hip. Dedicated keratinocyte analysis highlights major differences in basal cell fraction among the three sites and demonstrates the existence of two spinous keratinocyte populations constituting parallel, site-selective epidermal differentiation trajectories. In summary, this deep characterization of highly adapted palmoplantar skin contributes key insights into the fundamental biology of human skin and provides a valuable data resource for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Wiedemann
- Mathematical, Computational and Systems Biology (MCSB) Program, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Allison C Billi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Federico Bocci
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ghaidaa Kashgari
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Enze Xing
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Leo Meller
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - William R Swindell
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jewish Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rachael Wasikowski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xianying Xing
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mehrnaz Gharaee-Kermani
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J Michelle Kahlenberg
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Paul W Harms
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Johann E Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Bogi Andersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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9
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Comparative Analysis of Type I Keratin Expression By Nail Consistency: An Immunohistochemistry Study. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2022; 30:298-303. [PMID: 35384880 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000001011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The nail plate is one of the essential structures of the nail apparatus and is highly keratinized, making it difficult to handle this tissue experimentally. Different types of nail consistency were identified by applying distal pressure to the nail plate. To analyze the relationship between the keratins expressed in the nail plate and nail consistency, we chose a sample of 32 adult individuals (age 49.81±3.21 y) with the same number of each sex, who had a similar percentage of nail consistency types (56.25% hard consistency nails and 43.75% soft consistency nails). Immunohistochemical analyses showed that hard consistency nails contain more keratin 17 than soft consistency nails (P=0.026). These novel results allow nail consistency to be defined by the differential expression of keratins in the nail plate, and have potential clinical implications for the diagnosis of possible nail disorders and/or systemic disease.
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10
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Smith SG, Yokich MK, Beaudette SM, Brown SHM, Bent LR. Cutaneous Sensitivity Across Regions of the Foot Sole and Dorsum are Influenced by Foot Posture. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:744307. [PMID: 35096786 PMCID: PMC8792506 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.744307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the processing of tactile information is crucial for the development of biofeedback interventions that target cutaneous mechanoreceptors. Mechanics of the skin have been shown to influence cutaneous tactile sensitivity. It has been established that foot skin mechanics are altered due to foot posture, but whether these changes affect cutaneous sensitivity are unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential effect of posture-mediated skin deformation about the ankle joint on perceptual measures of foot skin sensitivity. Participants (N = 20) underwent perceptual skin sensitivity testing on either the foot sole (N = 10) or dorsum (N = 10) with the foot positioned in maximal dorsiflexion/toe extension, maximal plantarflexion/toe flexion, and a neutral foot posture. Perceptual tests included touch sensitivity, stretch sensitivity, and spatial acuity. Regional differences in touch sensitivity were found across the foot sole (p < 0.001) and dorsum (p < 0.001). Touch sensitivity also significantly increased in postures where the skin was compressed (p = 0.001). Regional differences in spatial acuity were found on the foot sole (p = 0.002) but not dorsum (p = 0.666). Spatial acuity was not significantly altered by posture across the foot sole and dorsum, other than an increase in sensitivity at the medial arch in the dorsiflexion posture (p = 0.006). Posture*site interactions were found for stretch sensitivity on the foot sole and dorsum in both the transverse and longitudinal directions (p < 0.005). Stretch sensitivity increased in postures where the skin was pre-stretched on both the foot sole and dorsum. Changes in sensitivity across locations and postures were believed to occur due to concurrent changes in skin mechanics, such as skin hardness and thickness, which follows our previous findings. Future cutaneous biofeedback interventions should be applied with an awareness of these changes in skin sensitivity, to maximize their effectiveness for foot sole and dorsum input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone G.V.S. Smith
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Maiya K. Yokich
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn M. Beaudette
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen H. M. Brown
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Leah R. Bent
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Leah R. Bent,
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11
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Ho M, Thompson B, Fisk JN, Nebert DW, Bruford EA, Vasiliou V, Bunick CG. Update of the keratin gene family: evolution, tissue-specific expression patterns, and relevance to clinical disorders. Hum Genomics 2022; 16:1. [PMID: 34991727 PMCID: PMC8733776 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-021-00374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filament (IntFil) genes arose during early metazoan evolution, to provide mechanical support for plasma membranes contacting/interacting with other cells and the extracellular matrix. Keratin genes comprise the largest subset of IntFil genes. Whereas the first keratin gene appeared in sponge, and three genes in arthropods, more rapid increases in keratin genes occurred in lungfish and amphibian genomes, concomitant with land animal-sea animal divergence (~ 440 to 410 million years ago). Human, mouse and zebrafish genomes contain 18, 17 and 24 non-keratin IntFil genes, respectively. Human has 27 of 28 type I "acidic" keratin genes clustered at chromosome (Chr) 17q21.2, and all 26 type II "basic" keratin genes clustered at Chr 12q13.13. Mouse has 27 of 28 type I keratin genes clustered on Chr 11, and all 26 type II clustered on Chr 15. Zebrafish has 18 type I keratin genes scattered on five chromosomes, and 3 type II keratin genes on two chromosomes. Types I and II keratin clusters-reflecting evolutionary blooms of keratin genes along one chromosomal segment-are found in all land animal genomes examined, but not fishes; such rapid gene expansions likely reflect sudden requirements for many novel paralogous proteins having divergent functions to enhance species survival following sea-to-land transition. Using data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, tissue-specific keratin expression throughout the human body was reconstructed. Clustering of gene expression patterns revealed similarities in tissue-specific expression patterns for previously described "keratin pairs" (i.e., KRT1/KRT10, KRT8/KRT18, KRT5/KRT14, KRT6/KRT16 and KRT6/KRT17 proteins). The ClinVar database currently lists 26 human disease-causing variants within the various domains of keratin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Ho
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., LCI 501, PO Box 208059, New Haven, CT, 06520-8059, USA
| | - Brian Thompson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Jeffrey Nicholas Fisk
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Daniel W Nebert
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Elspeth A Bruford
- HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC), EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Christopher G Bunick
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., LCI 501, PO Box 208059, New Haven, CT, 06520-8059, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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12
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A computational model of the epidermis with the deformable dermis and its application to skin diseases. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13234. [PMID: 34168195 PMCID: PMC8225835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin barrier is provided by the organized multi-layer structure of epidermal cells, which is dynamically maintained by a continuous supply of cells from the basal layer. The epidermal homeostasis can be disrupted by various skin diseases, which often cause morphological changes not only in the epidermis but in the dermis. We present a three-dimensional agent-based computational model of the epidermis that takes into account the deformability of the dermis. Our model can produce a stable epidermal structure with well-organized layers. We show that its stability depends on the cell supply rate from the basal layer. Modeling the morphological change of the dermis also enables us to investigate how the stiffness of the dermis affects the structure and barrier functions of the epidermis. Besides, we show that our model can simulate the formation of a corn (clavus) by assuming hyperproliferation and rapid differentiation. We also provide experimental data for human corn, which supports the model assumptions and the simulation result.
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13
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Chao-Chu J, Murtough S, Zaman N, Pennington DJ, Blaydon DC, Kelsell DP. iRHOM2: A Regulator of Palmoplantar Biology, Inflammation, and Viral Susceptibility. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:722-726. [PMID: 33080304 PMCID: PMC7568177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The palmoplantar epidermis is a specialized area of the skin that undergoes high levels of mechanical stress. The palmoplantar keratinization and esophageal cancer syndrome, tylosis with esophageal cancer, is linked to mutations in RHBDF2 encoding the proteolytically inactive rhomboid protein, iRhom2. Subsequently, iRhom2 was found to affect palmoplantar thickening to modulate the stress keratin response and to mediate context-dependent stress pathways by p63. iRhom2 is also a direct regulator of the sheddase, ADAM17, and the antiviral adaptor protein, stimulator of IFN genes. In this perspective, the pleiotropic functions of iRhom2 are discussed with respect to the skin, inflammation, and the antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Chao-Chu
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Murtough
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Najwa Zaman
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Pennington
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana C Blaydon
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David P Kelsell
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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14
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iRhom2: An Emerging Adaptor Regulating Immunity and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186570. [PMID: 32911849 PMCID: PMC7554728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rhomboid family are evolutionary conserved intramembrane proteases. Their inactive members, iRhom in Drosophila melanogaster and iRhom1 and iRhom2 in mammals, lack the catalytic center and are hence labelled “inactive” rhomboid family members. In mammals, both iRhoms are involved in maturation and trafficking of the ubiquitous transmembrane protease a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) 17, which through cleaving many biologically active molecules has a critical role in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Notch signaling. Accordingly, with iRhom2 having a profound influence on ADAM17 activation and substrate specificity it regulates these signaling pathways. Moreover, iRhom2 has a role in the innate immune response to both RNA and DNA viruses and in regulation of keratin subtype expression in wound healing and cancer. Here we review the role of iRhom2 in immunity and disease, both dependent and independent of its regulation of ADAM17.
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15
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Liu M, Zhang J, Wang Y, Xin C, Ma J, Xu S, Wang X, Gao J, Zhang X, Yang S. Non‑invasive proteome‑wide quantification of skin barrier‑related proteins using label‑free LC‑MS/MS analysis. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2227-2235. [PMID: 32186761 PMCID: PMC7115193 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of epidermal proteins are closely related to skin barrier function, the abnormalities of which can lead to specific skin diseases. These proteins must be quantified to further investigate the changes in the skin barrier between healthy and disease states. However, the non-invasive and proteome-wide quantification of skin proteins without any labelling steps remains a challenge. In this study, 3M medical adhesive tapes were used to obtain skin samples from volunteers. Proteins were extracted from fresh skin samples and digested with trypsin. Each tryptic peptide was analysed in three replicates using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis and label-free quantification. The data were searched against the Human Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) to match with known proteins. Using this method, 1,157 skin proteins recorded in the UniProt were quantified. A total of 50 identical proteins were identified in the three replicate analyses of all samples with no significant differences in abundance. The results provided an objective metric for further study of skin ageing and various skin diseases. Specifically, the non-invasive proteome-wide method used in this study can be applied to future studies of skin diseases related to barrier destruction by monitoring the changes in the levels of epidermal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yaochi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Cong Xin
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Shuangjun Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Jinping Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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16
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Ajisafe T, Gilson A, Garcia T, DeAnda N. Obesity, but not overweight, is associated with plantar light touch sensation in children aged 8 to 16 years: A cross-sectional study. Obes Sci Pract 2020; 6:107-116. [PMID: 32128248 PMCID: PMC7042024 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased foot-ground contact loading engenders adaptive glabrous skin thickening and can decrease mechanoreceptor acuity and alter plantar cutaneous sensation. There has not been any research on whether overweight and obesity are similarly associated with normal plantar cutaneous sensation scores in children. This study investigated the associations between normal plantar cutaneous sensation scores and weight status (i.e., healthy weight, overweight, and obesity) in a sample of youth. METHODS Plantar sensation was tested among 122 participants aged 8 to 16 years (10.3 ± 1.8 years; 140.0 ± 11.2 cm; 44.2 ± 16.0 kg) across the forefoot, midfoot, and rearfoot using Semmes-Weinstein pressure aesthesiometry (0.07 g and 0.4 g monofilaments). Weight status was determined using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. Age- and sex-adjusted models were used to explore the relationships between normal plantar sensation scores and weight status. Significant two-tailed tests were set at p < .05. RESULTS Only obesity was inversely associated with normal plantar sensation scores on the left (β = -.241; p = .009) and right (β = -.222; p = .018) forefeet, left (β = -.322; p = .001) and right (β = -.253; p = .007) midfeet, and left (β = -.286; p = .002) and right (β = -.228; p = .014) wholefeet (relative to healthy weight) when using the 0.07 g monofilament. There was no association between obesity and plantar sensation when using the 0.4 g monofilament. CONCLUSIONS Obesity is associated with diminished light touch plantar sensation. Considering previously reported higher mechanical loading and the fact that Merkel cells and the Aβfibers that innervate them are superficial to the hypodermis, adaptive glabrous skin thickening (rather than fat pad thickness) may underlie this association. Contrary to previous suggestions, overweight is not associated with decreased plantar cutaneous sensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyin Ajisafe
- Department of KinesiologyTexas A&M UniversityCorpus ChristiTexas
| | - Andrea Gilson
- Department of KinesiologyTexas A&M UniversityCorpus ChristiTexas
| | - Theresa Garcia
- College of Nursing and Health SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCorpus ChristiTexas
| | - Noe DeAnda
- Department of KinesiologyTexas A&M UniversityCorpus ChristiTexas
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17
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Boyle CJ, Plotczyk M, Villalta SF, Patel S, Hettiaratchy S, Masouros SD, Masen MA, Higgins CA. Morphology and composition play distinct and complementary roles in the tolerance of plantar skin to mechanical load. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaay0244. [PMID: 31633031 PMCID: PMC6785259 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plantar skin on the soles of the feet has a distinct morphology and composition that is thought to enhance its tolerance to mechanical loads, although the individual contributions of morphology and composition have never been quantified. Here, we combine multiscale mechanical testing and computational models of load bearing to quantify the mechanical environment of both plantar and nonplantar skin under load. We find that morphology and composition play distinct and complementary roles in plantar skin's load tolerance. More specifically, the thick stratum corneum provides protection from stress-based injuries such as skin tears and blisters, while epidermal and dermal compositions provide protection from deformation-based injuries such as pressure ulcers. This work provides insights into the roles of skin morphology and composition more generally and will inform the design of engineered skin substitutes as well as the etiology of skin injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Boyle
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Sharad Patel
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Shehan Hettiaratchy
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Surgery, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Marc A. Masen
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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18
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Vela-Romera A, Carriel V, Martín-Piedra MA, Aneiros-Fernández J, Campos F, Chato-Astrain J, Prados-Olleta N, Campos A, Alaminos M, Garzón I. Characterization of the human ridged and non-ridged skin: a comprehensive histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 151:57-73. [PMID: 30099600 PMCID: PMC6328512 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the human skin is directly dependent on its location and the mechanical forces to which it is subjected. In the present work, we have performed a comprehensive analysis of the human ridged and non-ridged skin to identify the differences and similarities between both skin types. For this purpose, human skin samples were obtained from dorsal hand skin (DHS), palmar hand skin (PHS), dorsal foot skin (DFS) and plantar foot skin (PFS) from the same cadaveric donors. Histological, histochemical and semiquantitative and quantitative immunohistochemical analyses were carried out to evaluate the epidermis, dermis and basement membrane. Results show that the epithelial layer of ridged skin had larger cell number and size than non-ridged skin for most strata. Melanocytes and Langerhans cells were more abundant in non-ridged skin, whereas Merkel cells were preferentially found in ridged skin. The expression pattern of CK5/6 was slightly differed between non-ridged and ridged skin. Involucrin expression was slightly more intense in non-ridged skin than in ridged skin. Collagen was more abundant in foot skin dermis than in hand skin, and in ridged skin as compared to non-ridged skin. Elastic fibers were more abundant in DHS. Biglycan was more abundant in foot skin than in hand skin. No differences were found for blood and lymphatic vessels. The basement membrane laminin was preferentially found in foot skin. These results revealed important differences at the epithelial, dermal and basement membrane levels that could contribute to a better knowledge of the human skin histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vela-Romera
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, Torre A, Planta 5, 18016, Granada, Spain.,PhD Program in Biomedicine, Escuela de Posgrado, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - V Carriel
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, Torre A, Planta 5, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - M A Martín-Piedra
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, Torre A, Planta 5, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | | | - F Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, Torre A, Planta 5, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - J Chato-Astrain
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, Torre A, Planta 5, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - N Prados-Olleta
- Orthopedic Surgery Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain.,Department of Surgery, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - A Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, Torre A, Planta 5, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - M Alaminos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, Torre A, Planta 5, 18016, Granada, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
| | - I Garzón
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, Torre A, Planta 5, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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19
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Rice RH, Durbin-Johnson BP, Mann SM, Salemi M, Urayama S, Rocke DM, Phinney BS, Sundberg JP. Corneocyte proteomics: Applications to skin biology and dermatology. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:931-938. [PMID: 30033667 PMCID: PMC6415749 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomics now permit analysis of complex cellular structures. Application to epidermis and its appendages (nail plate, hair shaft) has revealed a wealth of information about their protein profiles. The results confirm known site-specific differences in levels of certain keratins and add great depth to our knowledge of site specificity of scores of other proteins, thereby connecting anatomy and pathology. An example is the evident overlap in protein profiles of hair shaft and nail plate, helping rationalize their sharing of certain dystrophic syndromes distinct from epidermis. In addition, interindividual differences in protein level are manifest as would be expected. This approach permits characterization of altered profiles as a result of disease, where the magnitude of perturbation can be quantified and monitored during treatment. Proteomic analysis has also clarified the nature of the isopeptide cross-linked residual insoluble material after vigorous extraction with protein denaturants, nearly intractable to analysis without fragmentation. These structures, including the cross-linked envelope of epidermal corneocytes, are comprised of hundreds of protein constituents, evidence for strengthening the terminal structure complementary to disulphide bonding. Along with other developing technologies, proteomic analysis is anticipated to find use in disease risk stratification, detection, diagnosis and prognosis after the discovery phase and clinical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Blythe P. Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Selena M. Mann
- Forensic Science Program, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Shiro Urayama
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - David M. Rocke
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, CA
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20
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Wiener DJ, Basak O, Asra P, Boonekamp KE, Kretzschmar K, Papaspyropoulos A, Clevers H. Establishment and characterization of a canine keratinocyte organoid culture system. Vet Dermatol 2018; 29:375-e126. [PMID: 29963730 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perturbations of epidermal and follicular homeostasis have been attributed to a variety of skin diseases affecting dogs. The availability of an in vitro system to investigate these diseases is important to understand underlying pathomechanisms. OBJECTIVES To establish an accurate and reliable in vitro 3D system of canine keratinocyte organoids to lay the basis for studying functional defects in interfollicular epidermis (IFE) and hair follicle (HF) morphogenesis, reconstitution and differentiation that lead to alopecic and epidermal diseases. ANIMALS Skin biopsies were obtained from freshly euthanized dogs of different breeds with no skin abnormalities. METHODS Cells derived from microdissected IFE and HFs were seeded in Matrigel and keratinocyte organoids were grown and characterized using immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR and RNA sequencing. RESULTS Both organoid lines develop into a basal IFE-like cell type. Gene and protein expression analysis revealed high mRNA and protein levels of keratins 5 and 14, IFE differentiation markers and intercellular molecules. Key markers of HF stem cells were lacking. Withdrawal of growth factors resulted in upregulation of markers such as KRT16, Involucrin, KRT17 and SOX9, showing the potential of the organoids to develop towards more differentiated tissue. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Our 3D in vitro culture system provides the basis to explore epidermal function, to investigate the culture conditions necessary for the development of organoids with a HF signature and to address cutaneous disorders in dogs. However, for induction of HF signatures or hair growth, addition of different growth factors or co-culture with dermal papilla will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique J Wiener
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 14, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Onur Basak
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, CG, 3584, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Priyanca Asra
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, CG, 3584, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kim E Boonekamp
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, CG, 3584, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kai Kretzschmar
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, CG, 3584, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Angelos Papaspyropoulos
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, CG, 3584, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, CG, 3584, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Centre for Pediatric Oncology, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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21
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Petrović A, Petrović V, Jovanović D, Antović A, Milić M, Kocić H. LIGHT - MICROSCOPIC AND MORP HOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF ARGYROPHILIC NUCLEOL AR ORGANIZING REGION S IN DEEP EPIDERMAL RIDGES OF HUMAN THICK SKIN. ACTA MEDICA MEDIANAE 2018. [DOI: 10.5633/amm.2018.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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22
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Immunohistochemical distribution of Ki67 in epidermis of thick glabrous skin of human digits. Arch Dermatol Res 2017; 310:85-93. [PMID: 29119273 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-017-1793-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The glabrous skin on the flexor sides of hands and feet, compared to other integument regions, has thicker epidermis and more complex pattern of epidermal ridges, wherefore in microscopy is denominated as thick skin. The epidermis of this skin type has individually unique and permanent superficial patterns, called dermatoglyphics, which are maintained by regenerative potential of deep epidermal rete ridges, that interdigitate with adjacent dermis. Using light microscopy, we analyzed cadaveric big toes thick skin samples, described histology of deep epidermal ridges (intermediate, limiting, and transverse), and quantitatively evidenced their pattern of proliferation by immunohistochemical assessment of Ki67. Immunohistochemical distribution of Ki67 was confined to basal and suprabasal layers, with pattern of distribution specific for intermediate, limiting and transverse ridges that gradually transform within epidermal height. Deep epidermal ridges, interdigitating with dermal papillae, participate in construction of intricate epidermal base, whose possible role in epidermal regeneration was also discussed. Having a prominent morphology, this type of epidermis offers the best morphological insight in complexities of skin organization, and its understanding could challenge and improve currently accepted models of epidermal organization.
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23
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Porter RM, Bravo AA, Smith FJ. Management of Plantar Keratodermas Lessons from Pachyonychia Congenita. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2017; 107:428-435. [PMID: 29077501 DOI: 10.7547/16-043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Plantar keratodermas can arise due to a variety of genetically inherited mutations. The need to distinguish between different plantar keratoderma disorders is becoming increasingly apparent because there is evidence that they do not respond identically to treatment. Diagnosis can be aided by observation of other clinical manifestations, such as palmar keratoderma, more widespread hyperkeratosis of the epidermis, hair and nail dystrophies, or erythroderma. However, there are frequent cases of plantar keratoderma that occur in isolation. This review focuses on the rare autosomal dominant keratin disorder pachyonychia congenita, which presents with particularly painful plantar keratoderma for which there is no specific treatment. Typically, patients regularly trim/pare/file/grind their calluses and file/grind/clip their nails. Topical agents, including keratolytics (eg, salicylic acid, urea) and moisturizers, can provide limited benefit by softening the skin. For some patients, retinoids help to thin calluses but may lead to increased pain. This finding has stimulated a drive for alternative treatment options, from gene therapy to alternative nongenetic methods that focus on novel findings regarding the pathogenesis of pachyonychia congenita and the function of the underlying genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frances J.D. Smith
- Pachyonychia Congenita Project, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee Scotland
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24
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WNT10A mutation causes ectodermal dysplasia by impairing progenitor cell proliferation and KLF4-mediated differentiation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15397. [PMID: 28589954 PMCID: PMC5467248 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human WNT10A mutations are associated with developmental tooth abnormalities and adolescent onset of a broad range of ectodermal defects. Here we show that β-catenin pathway activity and adult epithelial progenitor proliferation are reduced in the absence of WNT10A, and identify Wnt-active self-renewing stem cells in affected tissues including hair follicles, sebaceous glands, taste buds, nails and sweat ducts. Human and mouse WNT10A mutant palmoplantar and tongue epithelia also display specific differentiation defects that are mimicked by loss of the transcription factor KLF4. We find that β-catenin interacts directly with region-specific LEF/TCF factors, and with KLF4 in differentiating, but not proliferating, cells to promote expression of specialized keratins required for normal tissue structure and integrity. Our data identify WNT10A as a critical ligand controlling adult epithelial proliferation and region-specific differentiation, and suggest downstream β-catenin pathway activation as a potential approach to ameliorate regenerative defects in WNT10A patients. Human WNT10A mutations are associated with dental defects and adult onset ectodermal dysplasia. Xu et al. show that WNT10A-activated ß-catenin plays dual roles in adult epithelial progenitor proliferation and differentiation by complexing with KLF4 in differentiating, but not proliferating, cells.
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To Control Site-Specific Skin Gene Expression, Autocrine Mimics Paracrine Canonical Wnt Signaling and Is Activated Ectopically in Skin Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 186:1140-50. [PMID: 27105735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite similar components, the heterogeneity of skin characteristics across the human body is enormous. It is classically believed that site-specific fibroblasts in the dermis control postnatal skin identity by modulating the behavior of the surface-overlying keratinocytes in the epidermis. To begin testing this hypothesis, we characterized the gene expression differences between volar (ventral; palmoplantar) and nonvolar (dorsal) human skin. We show that KERATIN 9 (KRT9) is the most uniquely enriched transcript in volar skin, consistent with its etiology in genetic diseases of the palms and soles. In addition, ectopic KRT9 expression is selectively activated by volar fibroblasts. However, KRT9 expression occurs in the absence of all fibroblasts, although not to the maximal levels induced by fibroblasts. Through gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments, we demonstrate that the mechanism is through overlapping paracrine or autocrine canonical WNT-β-catenin signaling in each respective context. Finally, as an in vivo example of ectopic expression of KRT9 independent of volar fibroblasts, we demonstrate that in the human skin disease lichen simplex chronicus, WNT5a and KRT9 are robustly activated outside of volar sites. These results highlight the complexities of site-specific gene expression and its disruption in skin disease.
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Maruthappu T, Chikh A, Fell B, Delaney PJ, Brooke MA, Levet C, Moncada-Pazos A, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Blaydon D, Waseem A, Leigh IM, Freeman M, Kelsell DP. Rhomboid family member 2 regulates cytoskeletal stress-associated Keratin 16. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14174. [PMID: 28128203 PMCID: PMC5290154 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin 16 (K16) is a cytoskeletal scaffolding protein highly expressed at pressure-bearing sites of the mammalian footpad. It can be induced in hyperproliferative states such as wound healing, inflammation and cancer. Here we show that the inactive rhomboid protease RHBDF2 (iRHOM2) regulates thickening of the footpad epidermis through its interaction with K16. K16 expression is absent in the thinned footpads of irhom2-/- mice compared with irhom2+/+mice, due to reduced keratinocyte proliferation. Gain-of-function mutations in iRHOM2 underlie Tylosis with oesophageal cancer (TOC), characterized by palmoplantar thickening, upregulate K16 with robust downregulation of its type II keratin binding partner, K6. By orchestrating the remodelling and turnover of K16, and uncoupling it from K6, iRHOM2 regulates the epithelial response to physical stress. These findings contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying hyperproliferation of the palmoplantar epidermis in both physiological and disease states, and how this 'stress' keratin is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiviyani Maruthappu
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Anissa Chikh
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Benjamin Fell
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Paul J. Delaney
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Matthew A. Brooke
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Clemence Levet
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | | | | | - Diana Blaydon
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Ahmad Waseem
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Irene M. Leigh
- Centre for Centre Molecular Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Matthew Freeman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - David P. Kelsell
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel London E1 2AT, UK
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Physical Training and Activity in People With Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Paradigm Shift. Phys Ther 2017; 97:31-43. [PMID: 27445060 PMCID: PMC6256941 DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20160124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) occurs in more than 50% of people with diabetes and is an important risk factor for skin breakdown, amputation, and reduced physical mobility (ie, walking and stair climbing). Although many beneficial effects of exercise for people with diabetes have been well established, few studies have examined whether exercise provides comparable benefits to people with DPN. Until recently, DPN was considered to be a contraindication for walking or any weight-bearing exercise because of concerns about injuring a person's insensitive feet. These guidelines were recently adjusted, however, after research demonstrated that weight-bearing activities do not increase the risk of foot ulcers in people who have DPN but do not have severe foot deformity. Emerging research has revealed positive adaptations in response to overload stress in these people, including evidence for peripheral neuroplasticity in animal models and early clinical trials. This perspective article reviews the evidence for peripheral neuroplasticity in animal models and early clinical trials, as well as adaptations of the integumentary system and the musculoskeletal system in response to overload stress. These positive adaptations are proposed to promote improved function in people with DPN and to foster the paradigm shift to including weight-bearing exercise for people with DPN. This perspective article also provides specific assessment and treatment recommendations for this important, high-risk group.
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Liao C, Xie G, Zhu L, Chen X, Li X, Lu H, Xu B, Ramot Y, Paus R, Yue Z. p53 Is a Direct Transcriptional Repressor of Keratin 17: Lessons from a Rat Model of Radiation Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:680-689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Alibardi L. The Process of Cornification Evolved From the Initial Keratinization in the Epidermis and Epidermal Derivatives of Vertebrates: A New Synthesis and the Case of Sauropsids. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 327:263-319. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Keratins comprise the type I and type II intermediate filament-forming proteins and occur primarily in epithelial cells. They are encoded by 54 evolutionarily conserved genes (28 type I, 26 type II) and regulated in a pairwise and tissue type-, differentiation-, and context-dependent manner. Keratins serve multiple homeostatic and stress-enhanced mechanical and nonmechanical functions in epithelia, including the maintenance of cellular integrity, regulation of cell growth and migration, and protection from apoptosis. These functions are tightly regulated by posttranslational modifications as well as keratin-associated proteins. Genetically determined alterations in keratin-coding sequences underlie highly penetrant and rare disorders whose pathophysiology reflects cell fragility and/or altered tissue homeostasis. Moreover, keratin mutation or misregulation represents risk factors or genetic modifiers for several acute and chronic diseases. This chapter focuses on keratins that are expressed in skin epithelia, and details a number of basic protocols and assays that have proven useful for analyses being carried out in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengrong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Abigail Zieman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pierre A Coulombe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Fischer H, Langbein L, Reichelt J, Buchberger M, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Keratins K2 and K10 are essential for the epidermal integrity of plantar skin. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 81:10-6. [PMID: 26603179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND K1 and K2 are the main type II keratins in the suprabasal epidermis where each of them heterodimerizes with the type I keratin K10 to form intermediate filaments. In regions of the ears, tail, and soles of the mouse, only K2 is co-expressed with K10, suggesting that these keratins suffice to form a mechanically resilient cytoskeleton. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of the suppression of both main keratins, K2 and K10, in the suprabasal plantar epidermis of the mouse. METHODS Krt2(-/-) Krt10(-/-) mice were generated by crossing Krt2(-/-) and Krt10(-/-) mice. Epidermal morphology of soles of hind-paws was examined macroscopically and histologically. Immunofluorescence analysis and quantitative PCR analysis were performed to analyze the expression of keratins in sole skin of wildtype and Krt2(-/-) Krt10(-/-) mice. Highly abundant proteins of the sole stratum corneum were determined by electrophoretic and chromatographic separation and subsequent mass spectrometry. RESULTS K2 and K10 are the most prominent suprabasal keratins in normal mouse soles with the exception of the footpads where K1, K9 and K10 predominate. Mice lacking both K2 and K10 were viable and developed epidermal acanthosis and hyperkeratosis in inter-footpad epidermis of the soles. The expression of keratins K1, K9 and K16 was massively increased at the RNA and protein levels in the soles of Krt2(-/-) Krt10(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the loss of the main cytoskeletal components of plantar epidermis, i.e. K2 and K10, can be only partly compensated by the upregulation of other keratins. The thickening of the epidermis in the soles of Krt2(-/-) Krt10(-/-) mice may serve as a model for pathomechanistic aspects of palmoplantar keratoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lutz Langbein
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Reichelt
- Institute of Cellular Medicine and North East England Stem Cell Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Divison of Experimental Dermatology and EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maria Buchberger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Langbein L, Eckhart L, Fischer H, Rogers MA, Praetzel-Wunder S, Parry DAD, Kittstein W, Schweizer J. Localisation of keratin K78 in the basal layer and first suprabasal layers of stratified epithelia completes expression catalogue of type II keratins and provides new insights into sequential keratin expression. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:735-50. [PMID: 26340985 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Among the 26 human type II keratins, K78 is the only one that has not yet been explored with regard to its expression characteristics. Here, we show that, at both the transcriptional and translational levels, K78 is strongly expressed in the basal and parabasal cell layers with decreasing intensity in the lower suprabasal cells of keratinising and non-keratinising squamous epithelia and keratinocyte cultures. The same pattern has been detected at the transcriptional level in the corresponding mouse epithelia. Murine K78 protein, which contains an extraordinary large extension of its tail domain, which is unique among all known keratins, is not detectable by the antibody used. Concomitant studies in human epithelia have confirmed K78 co-expression with the classical basal keratins K5 and K14. Similarly, K78 co-expression with the differentiation-related type I keratins K10 (epidermis) and K13 (non-keratinising epithelia) occurs in the parabasal cell layer, whereas that of the corresponding type II keratins K1 (epidermis) and K4 (non-keratinising epithelia) unequivocally starts subsequent to the respective type I keratins. Our data concerning K78 expression modify the classical concept of keratin pair K5/K14 representing the basal compartment and keratin pairs K1/K10 or K4/K13 defining the differentiating compartment of stratified epithelia. Moreover, the K78 expression pattern and the decoupled K1/K10 and K4/K13 expression define the existence of a hitherto unperceived early differentiation stage in the parabasal layer characterized by K78/K10 or K78/K13 expression.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Embryonic Development
- Epidermis/metabolism
- Epithelium/metabolism
- Evolution, Molecular
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Loci
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Keratins, Type II/chemistry
- Keratins, Type II/genetics
- Keratins, Type II/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Transport
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Langbein
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, A110, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael A Rogers
- Department of Molecular Genetics of the German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silke Praetzel-Wunder
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, A110, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David A D Parry
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences and Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Hashmi F, Nester C, Wright C, Newton V, Lam S. Characterising the biophysical properties of normal and hyperkeratotic foot skin. J Foot Ankle Res 2015; 8:35. [PMID: 26269720 PMCID: PMC4533794 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-015-0092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plantar foot skin exhibits unique biophysical properties that are distinct from skin on other areas of the body. This paper characterises, using non-invasive methods, the biophysical properties of foot skin in healthy and pathological states including xerosis, heel fissures, calluses and corns. METHODS Ninety three people participated. Skin hydration, elasticity, collagen and elastin fibre organisation and surface texture was measured from plantar calluses, corns, fissured heel skin and xerotic heel skin. Previously published criteria were applied to classify the severity of each skin lesion and differences in the biophysical properties compared between each classification. RESULTS Calluses, corns, xerotic heel skin and heel fissures had significantly lower levels of hydration; less elasticity and greater surface texture than unaffected skin sites (p < 0.01). Some evidence was found for a positive correlation between hydration and elasticity data (r ≤ 0.65) at hyperkeratotic sites. Significant differences in skin properties (with the exception of texture) were noted between different classifications of skin lesion. CONCLUSIONS This study provides benchmark data for healthy and different severities of pathological foot skin. These data have applications ranging from monitoring the quality of foot skin, to measuring the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farina Hashmi
- School of Health Sciences, Centre for Health Sciences Research, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher Nester
- Foot and Ankle Research Programme, Centre for Health Sciences Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Ciaran Wright
- School of Health Sciences, Centre for Health Sciences Research, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Veronica Newton
- School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Sharon Lam
- Reckitt Benckiser, Dansom Lane, Hull, UK
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Investigation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Keratinocytes as an In Vitro Research Model for Mechanical Stress Dynamic Response. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 11:460-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Loss of Keratin K2 Expression Causes Aberrant Aggregation of K10, Hyperkeratosis, and Inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2579-2588. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Haworth S, Knepil G. Re: Digital compression of facial arteries facilitates cutaneous nasal surgery. Br J Dermatol 2014; 169:1357. [PMID: 23746310 PMCID: PMC3967071 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Haworth
- Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester, GL1 3NN, U.K.
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Higgins E, Capra M, Schwartz M, Smith F, McLean W, Irvine A. Resolution of the plantar hyperkeratosis of pachyonychia congenita during chemotherapy for Ewing sarcoma. Br J Dermatol 2013; 169:1357-60. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Higgins
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin Dublin Ireland
| | - M. Capra
- Department of Oncology Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin Dublin Ireland
| | - M.E. Schwartz
- Pachyonychia Congenita Project Salt Lake City UT U.S.A
| | - F.J.D. Smith
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic Medicine College of Life Sciences and College of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing University of Dundee Dundee DD1 5EH U.K
| | - W.H.I. McLean
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic Medicine College of Life Sciences and College of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing University of Dundee Dundee DD1 5EH U.K
| | - A.D. Irvine
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin Dublin Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Clinical Medicine Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
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Keratin 9 is required for the structural integrity and terminal differentiation of the palmoplantar epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:754-763. [PMID: 23962810 PMCID: PMC3923277 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Keratin 9 (K9) is a type I intermediate filament protein whose expression is confined to the suprabasal layers of the palmoplantar epidermis. Although mutations in the K9 gene are known to cause epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma, a rare dominant-negative skin disorder, its functional significance is poorly understood. To gain insight into the physical requirement and importance of K9, we generated K9-deficient (Krt9−/−) mice. Here, we report that adult Krt9−/−mice develop calluses marked by hyperpigmentation that are exclusively localized to the stress-bearing footpads. Histological, immunohistochemical, and immunoblot analyses of these regions revealed hyperproliferation, impaired terminal differentiation, and abnormal expression of keratins K5, K14, and K2. Furthermore, the absence of K9 induces the stress-activated keratins K6 and K16. Importantly, mice heterozygous for the K9-null allele (Krt9+/−) show neither an overt nor histological phenotype, demonstrating that one Krt9 allele is sufficient for the developing normal palmoplantar epidermis. Together, our data demonstrate that complete ablation of K9 is not tolerable in vivo and that K9 is required for terminal differentiation and maintaining the mechanical integrity of palmoplantar epidermis.
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Jiang S, Wu J, Yang Y, Liu J, Ding Y, Ding M. Proteomic analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica patients. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:1081-6. [PMID: 22895575 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare the 2-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis pattern of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and control individuals, to identify the proteins with differential expression and to examine their significance. CSF samples from the three groups were collected and total protein was isolated and quantified using the Bradford method. 2D electrophoresis of the samples was conducted using equal amounts of CSF. In the CSF 2D gel electrophoresis map, 118 points were obtained from the MS group, 155 points from the NMO group and 350 points from the normal control group. Non-matching proteins appeared in 14 spots in the MS group and in 45 spots in the NMO group, and were also expressed in the 2D electrophoresis pattern of the normal control group. Four differential proteins were identified through the HD-MS/MS and MASCOT network search. Pre-albumin (PA) was found only in the CSF 2D gel electrophoresis map of the MS patients. Keratin 1 was expressed in the normal control group, but not in the MS group. The difference in the expression of keratin 9 in the MS group was twice that in the normal control group. The expression of keratin 1, keratin 9 and transferrin in the NMO group was twice that in the normal control group. The expression of PA was found only in the CSF 2D gel electrophoresis map of the MS patients, and not in the NMO group. Keratin 1 was expressed in the NMO group, but not in the MS group. The expression of a variety of proteins in the 2D electrophoresis pattern of CSF was significantly different in the MS, NMO and control groups. PA, keratin 1, transferrin and keratin 9 are identified as significantly differentially expressed proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoufeng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, PR China.
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Bose A, Teh MT, Hutchison IL, Wan H, Leigh IM, Waseem A. Two mechanisms regulate keratin K15 expression in keratinocytes: role of PKC/AP-1 and FOXM1 mediated signalling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38599. [PMID: 22761689 PMCID: PMC3384677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Keratin 15 (K15) is a type I keratin that is used as a marker of stem cells. Its expression is restricted to the basal layer of stratified epithelia, and the bulge in hair follicles. However, in certain clinical situations including oral lichen planus, K15 is induced in suprabasal layers, which is inconsistent with the role of a stem cell marker. This study provides insights into the mechanisms of K15 expression in the basal and differentiating keratinocytes. Methodology/Principal Findings Human keratinocytes were differentiated by three different methods; suspension in methylcellulose, high cell density and treatment with phorbol ester. The expression of mRNA was determined by quantitative PCR and protein by western blotting and immunostaining. Keratinocytes in suspension suppressed β1-integrin expression, induced differentiation-specific markers and K15, whereas FOXM1 (a cell cycle regulated protein) and K14 were downregulated. Rescuing β1-integrin by either fibronectin or the arginine-glycine-aspartate peptide suppressed K15 but induced K14 and FOXM1 expression. Specific inhibition of PKCδ, by siRNA, and AP-1 transcription factor, by TAM67 (dominant negative c-Jun), suppressed K15 expression, suggesting that PKC/AP-1 pathway plays a role in the differentiation-specific expression of K15. The basal cell-specific K15 expression may involve FOXM1 because ectopic expression of the latter is known to induce K15. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we have identified a single FOXM1 binding motif in the K15 promoter. Conclusions/Significance The data suggests that K15 is induced during terminal differentiation mediated by the down regulation of β1-integrin. However, this cannot be the mechanism of basal/stem cell-specific K15 expression in stratified epithelia, because basal keratinocytes do not undergo terminal differentiation. We propose that there are two mechanisms regulating K15 expression in stratified epithelia; differentiation-specific involving PKC/AP-1 pathway, and basal-specific mediated by FOXM1, and therefore the use of K15 expression as a marker of stem cells must be viewed with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Bose
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muy-Teck Teh
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain L. Hutchison
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hong Wan
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Irene M. Leigh
- Division of Cancer, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmad Waseem
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Leslie Pedrioli DM, Fu DJ, Gonzalez-Gonzalez E, Contag CH, Kaspar RL, Smith FJ, Irwin McLean W. Generic and Personalized RNAi-Based Therapeutics for a Dominant-Negative Epidermal Fragility Disorder. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1627-35. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Harris K, Hull PR, Hansen CD, Smith FJD, McLean WHI, Arbiser JL, Leachman SA. Transgrediens pachyonychia congenita (PC): case series of a nonclassical PC presentation. Br J Dermatol 2012; 166:124-8. [PMID: 21790523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pachyonychia congenita (PC) is a rare keratin disorder that typically presents with nail dystrophy and focal plantar keratoderma. We present seven cases of PC with transgrediens involvement of the dorsal feet. OBJECTIVES To document the extension of their disease to the dorsum of the feet in patients with mutation-confirmed PC, to report the natural history of PC with such transgrediens involvement, to generate hypotheses regarding aetiology, and to suggest prevention and treatment modalities. METHODS Genetically confirmed cases of PC with transgrediens foot involvement were verified through the International Pachyonychia Congenita Research Registry (IPCRR) and characterized via telephone survey and photography. RESULTS Seven patients with PC in the IPCRR were confirmed to have transgrediens lesions on the dorsal feet (six KRT6A mutations; one KRT16 mutation). Six cases had pre-existing nontransgrediens keratoderma and all cases reported standing, wearing shoes, foot moisture, and/or infection as exacerbating or predisposing factors. Improvement, reported in six cases, was attributed to use of antibiotics or gentian violet, or improved footwear. CONCLUSIONS Transgrediens involvement of the dorsal feet is a rare manifestation of mutation-confirmed PC and may be more common in patients who carry a KRT6A mutation. Trauma, friction, infection and wound healing may exacerbate or predispose toward transgrediens lesions. It remains to be proven whether transgrediens-associated infection is causal or represents a primary or secondary process. Patients with PC who develop transgrediens lesions may benefit from fungal and bacterial cultures, followed by appropriate antimicrobial treatments. Efforts to decrease skin friction and moisture may also improve and/or prevent transgrediens spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Harris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope, Rm 5242, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Coulombe PA, Lee CH. Defining keratin protein function in skin epithelia: epidermolysis bullosa simplex and its aftermath. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:763-75. [PMID: 22277943 PMCID: PMC3279600 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a rare genetic condition typified by superficial bullous lesions following incident frictional trauma to the skin. Most cases of EBS are due to dominantly acting mutations in keratin 14 (K14) or K5, the type I and II intermediate filament (IF) proteins that copolymerize to form a pancytoplasmic network of 10 nm filaments in basal keratinocytes of epidermis and related epithelia. Defects in K5-K14 filament network architecture cause basal keratinocytes to become fragile, and account for their rupture upon exposure to mechanical trauma. The discovery of the etiology and pathophysiology of EBS was intimately linked to the quest for an understanding of the properties and function of keratin filaments in skin epithelia. Since then, continued cross-fertilization between basic science efforts and clinical endeavors has highlighted several additional functional roles for keratin proteins in the skin, suggested new avenues for effective therapies for keratin-based diseases, and expanded our understanding of the remarkable properties of the skin as an organ system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre A Coulombe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Uitto J, Christiano AM, McLean WHI, McGrath JA. Novel molecular therapies for heritable skin disorders. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:820-8. [PMID: 22158553 PMCID: PMC3572786 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tremendous progress has been made in the past two decades in molecular genetics of heritable skin diseases, and pathogenic mutations have been identified in as many as 500 distinct human genes. This progress has resulted in improved diagnosis with prognostic implications, has refined genetic counseling, and has formed the basis for prenatal and presymptomatic testing and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. However, there has been relatively little progress in developing effective and specific treatments for these often devastating diseases. However, very recently, a number of novel molecular strategies, including gene therapy, cell-based approaches, and protein replacement therapy, have been explored for the treatment of these conditions. This overview will focus on the prototypic heritable blistering disorders, epidermolysis bullosa, and related keratinopathies, in which significant progress has been made recently toward treatment, and it will illustrate how some of the translational research therapies have already entered the clinical arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jouni Uitto
- Departments of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jefferson Medical College, and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
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Keratin 16-null mice develop palmoplantar keratoderma, a hallmark feature of pachyonychia congenita and related disorders. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1384-91. [PMID: 22336941 PMCID: PMC3326191 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Keratin 16 (KRT16 in human, Krt16 in mouse), a type I intermediate filament protein, is constitutively expressed in epithelial appendages and is induced in the epidermis upon wounding and other stressors. Mutations altering the coding sequence of KRT16 cause Pachyonychia Congenita (PC), a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by hypertrophic nail dystrophy, oral leukokeratosis, and palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK). PPK associated with PC are extremely painful and compromise patient mobility, making them the most debilitating PC symptom. In this study, we show that, although inherited in a recessive fashion, the inactivation of Krt16 in mice consistently causes oral lesions as well as PPK-like hyperkeratotic calluses on Krt16−/− front and hind paws, which severely compromise the animals’ ability to walk. Our findings call into question the view that PC-related PPK arise exclusively as a gain-of-function on the account of dominantly acting mutated keratins, and highlight the key role of modifiers in the clinical heterogeneity of PC symptoms.
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Vandebergh W, Bossuyt F. Radiation and Functional Diversification of Alpha Keratins during Early Vertebrate Evolution. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 29:995-1004. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msr269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Hayashi M, Nakano H, Sawamura D, Suzuki T. Case of epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma with knuckle pads. J Dermatol 2011; 39:84-7. [PMID: 21463360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kurokawa I, Takahashi K, Moll I, Moll R. Expression of keratins in cutaneous epithelial tumors and related disorders - distribution and clinical significance. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:217-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
The nail plate is the permanent product of the nail matrix. Its normal appearance and growth depend on the integrity of several components: the surrounding tissues or perionychium and the bony phalanx that are contributing to the nail apparatus or nail unit. The nail is inserted proximally in an invagination practically parallel to the upper surface of the skin and laterally in the lateral nail grooves. This pocket-like invagination has a roof, the proximal nail fold and a floor, the matrix from which the nail is derived. The germinal matrix forms the bulk of the nail plate. The proximal element forms the superficial third of the nail whereas the distal element provides its inferior two-thirds. The ventral surface of the proximal nail fold adheres closely to the nail for a short distance and forms a gradually desquamating tissue, the cuticle, made of the stratum corneum of both the dorsal and the ventral side of the proximal nail fold. The cuticle seals and therefore protects the ungual cul-de-sac. The nail plate is bordered by the proximal nail fold which is continuous with the similarly structured lateral nail fold on each side. The nail bed extends from the lunula to the hyponychium. It presents with parallel longitudinal rete ridges. This area, by contrast to the matrix has a firm attachment to the nail plate and nail avulsion produces a denudation of the nail bed. Colourless, but translucent, the highly vascular connective tissue containing glomus organs transmits a pink colour through the nail. Among its multiple functions, the nail provides counterpressure to the pulp that is essential to the tactile sensation involving the fingers and to the prevention of the hypertrophy of the distal wall tissue, produced after nail loss of the great toe nail.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A R de Berker
- Bristol Dermatology Centre, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
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Bowden PE, Henderson H, Reilly JD. Defining the complex epithelia that comprise the canine claw with molecular markers of differentiation. Vet Dermatol 2010; 20:347-59. [PMID: 20178471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Canine claws are complex epithelial structures resembling the mammalian hair fibre, and human nail plate, in terms of tissue-specific differentiation. They are composed of several distinct epithelial cell lineages undergoing either hard or soft keratinization. The claw plate has three distinct regions: stratum externum, stratum medium (SM) and stratum internum and the underside and tip are cushioned by a soft keratinizing epithelium, the sole. We have examined keratin expression in the canine claw and associated epithelia. Digits from German shepherd dogs were decalcified, processed and sectioned by sledge microtome. Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin or treated with specific antibodies to various keratins (immunohistochemistry). Proteins were extracted from claw components and analysed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. The keratinized canine claw plate expressed hair-specific keratins (type I, K25-K38 and type II, K71-K86) but only the inner region of the SM contained K6- and K16-positive tubules, soft epithelia running through the hard keratinized claw plate. The soft keratinaceous sole epithelium expressed keratins K5, K6, K14, K16 and K17 and contained cells with abundant envelopes. The canine claw had two slippage zones, the inner claw bed, between the claw plate and ungula process, which expressed K17 and the region between the inner and outer claw sheath, equivalent to the hair follicle companion layer, which expressed K6, K77, K16 and K17. In conclusion, several different cell types have been defined in the canine claw presenting a complex mechanism of cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Bowden
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK. :
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