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Allavena G, Del Bello B, Tini P, Volpi N, Valacchi G, Miracco C, Pirtoli L, Maellaro E. Trehalose inhibits cell proliferation and amplifies long‐term temozolomide‐ and radiation‐induced cytotoxicity in melanoma cells: A role for autophagy and premature senescence. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:11708-11721. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Allavena
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine University of Siena Siena Italy
| | - Barbara Del Bello
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine University of Siena Siena Italy
| | - Paolo Tini
- Unit of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Siena Siena Italy
- Sbarro Health Research Organization, Temple University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Nila Volpi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience University of Siena Siena Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
- Department of Animal Sciences Plants for Human Health Institute, NC State University Kannapolis North Carolina
| | - Clelia Miracco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience University of Siena Siena Italy
- Unit of Pathological Anatomy, University Hospital of Siena Siena Italy
| | - Luigi Pirtoli
- Unit of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Siena Siena Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience University of Siena Siena Italy
- Department of Biology College of Science and Technology, Temple University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Emilia Maellaro
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine University of Siena Siena Italy
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Abstract
It is well known that a decreased expression or inhibited activity of telomerase in cancer cells is accompanied by an increased sensitivity to some drugs (e.g., doxorubicin, cisplatin, or 5-fluorouracil). However, the mechanism of the resistance resulting from telomerase alteration remains elusive. There are theories claiming that it might be associated with telomere shortening, genome instability, hTERT translocation, mitochondria functioning modulation, or even alterations in ABC family gene expression. However, association of those mechanisms, i.e., drug resistance and telomerase alterations, is not fully understood yet. We review the current theories on the aspect of the role of telomerase in cancer cells resistance to therapy. We believe that revealing/unravelling this correlation might significantly contribute to an increased efficiency of cancer cells elimination, especially the most difficult ones, i.e., drug resistant.
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The pharmacological impact of ATP-binding cassette drug transporters on vemurafenib-based therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2014; 4:105-11. [PMID: 26579371 PMCID: PMC4590304 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer and one of the most common cancers in the world. Advanced melanoma is often resistant to conventional therapies and has high potential for metastasis and low survival rates. Vemurafenib is a small molecule inhibitor of the BRAF serine-threonine kinase recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration to treat patients with metastatic and unresectable melanomas that carry an activating BRAF (V600E) mutation. Many clinical trials evaluating other therapeutic uses of vemurafenib are still ongoing. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are membrane proteins with important physiological and pharmacological roles. Collectively, they transport and regulate levels of physiological substrates such as lipids, porphyrins and sterols. Some of them also remove xenobiotics and limit the oral bioavailability and distribution of many chemotherapeutics. The overexpression of three major ABC drug transporters is the most common mechanism for acquired resistance to anticancer drugs. In this review, we highlight some of the recent findings related to the effect of ABC drug transporters such as ABCB1 and ABCG2 on the oral bioavailability of vemurafenib, problems associated with treating melanoma brain metastases and the development of acquired resistance to vemurafenib in cancers harboring the BRAF (V600E) mutation.
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Key Words
- ABC transporter
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- CNS, central nervous system
- CSCs, cancer stem cells
- Drug resistance
- GI, gastrointestinal
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MDR, multidrug resistance
- Melanoma
- NBDs, nucleotide-binding domains
- P-glycoprotein
- PFS, longer progression-free survival
- PKIs, protein kinase inhibitors
- TKIs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors
- TMDs, transmembrane domains
- Vemurafenib
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Shimanovsky A, Jethava A, Dasanu CA. Immune alterations in malignant melanoma and current immunotherapy concepts. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13:1413-27. [PMID: 23930800 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.827658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive, immunogenic tumor that has the ability to modulate the immune system to its own advantage. Patients with melanoma present numerous cellular immune defects and cytokine abnormalities, all leading to suppression of the host anti-tumor immune response. Innovative treatment strategies can be achieved through employing our knowledge of the melanoma-induced immune alterations. AREAS COVERED The authors review comprehensively the immune abnormalities in individuals with melanoma, and provide a summary of currently available melanoma immunotherapy agents that are currently on the market or undergoing clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against the CTLA-4, is one of the current forefront treatment strategies in malignant melanoma. Novel immunomodulating agents have shown clear activity in patients with malignant melanoma. These include anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-1 ligand antibodies that may soon become important items in the anti-melanoma armamentarium. Combinations of different immunotherapy agents, between themselves or with other agents, are currently being studied in an attempt to further enhance the antineoplastic effect in patients with malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Shimanovsky
- University of Connecticut Health Science Center, Department of Medicine , Farmington, 21 Temple Street # 501, Hartford, CT 06103 , USA
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Maslin B, Alexandrescu DT, Ichim TE, Dasanu CA. Newer developments in the immunotherapy of malignant melanoma. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2013; 20:3-10. [DOI: 10.1177/1078155212472702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with malignant melanoma present a variety of immune abnormalities including but not limited to cellular immune dysfunction, antigen presentation deficits, and cytokine production defects. Therefore, enhancing the immune system potential represents an appealing avenue for melanoma therapy. The authors review the immune therapies currently in clinical use as well as the most promising immunotherapy candidates. Ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody against the CTLA-4, was approved for the therapy of advanced melanoma in 2011. In addition, sizeable anti-melanoma activity has recently been shown with the use of other agents including anti-PD-1/anti-PD-1 ligand antibodies. Consequently, these experimental immunotherapy agents may soon become important items in the anti-melanoma armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Maslin
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Constantin A Dasanu
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, St. Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
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Interferon alpha on expression of hTERT mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with chronic hepatitis B. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:920146. [PMID: 21647411 PMCID: PMC3102520 DOI: 10.1155/2011/920146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell division is closely related to telomerase activity (hTERT mRNA). Lower expression of lymphocitic hTERT mRNA may easily cause cell aging, which is not beneficial to maintaining a durable lymphocyte division. To date, there is no study to investigate IFNα therapy on hTERT mRNA expression in PBMCs of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We quantitatively detected hTERT mRNA from study subjects and made each hTERT mRNA normalized (NhTERT mRNA). Mean NhTERT mRNA level was lower in either CHB group, but it significantly increased in IFNα-treated group compared with CHB control group, and a longer duration of IFNα therapy could increase the level. Moreover, the mean NhTERT mRNA in subgroup with HBeAg loss was significantly higher than that in subgroup without. NhTERT mRNA was markedly correlated with CD3+ T lymphocyte count and CD4+/CD8+ ratio. The results showed that IFNα therapy could upregulate the expression of hTERT mRNA in PBMCs.
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Alexandrescu DT, Ichim TE, Riordan NH, Marincola FM, Di Nardo A, Kabigting FD, Dasanu CA. Immunotherapy for melanoma: current status and perspectives. J Immunother 2010; 33:570-90. [PMID: 20551839 PMCID: PMC3517185 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181e032e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is an important modality in the therapy of patients with malignant melanoma. As our knowledge about this disease continues to expand, so does the immunotherapeutic armamentarium. Nevertheless, successful preclinical models do not always translate into clinically meaningful results. The authors give a comprehensive analysis of most recent advances in the immune anti-melanoma therapy, including interleukins, interferons, other cytokines, adoptive immunotherapy, biochemotherapy, as well as the use of different vaccines. We also present the fundamental concepts behind various immune enhancement strategies, passive immunotherapy, as well as the use of immune adjuvants. This review brings into discussion the results of newer and older clinical trials, as well as potential limitations and drawbacks seen with the utilization of various immune therapies in malignant melanoma. Development of novel therapeutic approaches, along with optimization of existing therapies, continues to hold a great promise in the field of melanoma therapy research. Use of anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 antibodies, realization of the importance of co-stimulatory signals, which translated into the use of agonist CD40 monoclonal antibodies, as well as activation of innate immunity through enhanced expression of co-stimulatory molecules on the surface of dendritic cells by TLR agonists are only a few items on the list of recent advances in the treatment of melanoma. The need to engineer better immune interactions and to boost positive feedback loops appear crucial for the future of melanoma therapy, which ultimately resides in our understanding of the complexity of immune responses in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doru T Alexandrescu
- Division of Dermatology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Liu JP, Chen SM, Cong YS, Nicholls C, Zhou SF, Tao ZZ, Li H. Regulation of telomerase activity by apparently opposing elements. Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9:245-56. [PMID: 20362078 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres, the ends of chromosomes, undergo frequent remodeling events that are important in cell development, proliferation and differentiation, and neoplastic immortalization. It is not known how the cellular environment influences telomere remodeling, stability, and lengthening or shortening. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex that maintains and lengthens telomeres in the majority of cancers. Recent studies indicate that a number of factors, including hormones, cytokines, ligands of nuclear receptor, vitamins and herbal extracts have significantly influence telomerase activity and, in some instances, the remodeling of telomeres. This review summarizes the advances in understanding of the positive and negative regulation by extracellular factors of telomerase activity in cancer, stem cells and other systems in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ping Liu
- Molecular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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Interferon-inducible IFI16, a negative regulator of cell growth, down-regulates expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8569. [PMID: 20052289 PMCID: PMC2797294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased levels of interferon (IFN)-inducible IFI16 protein (encoded by the IFI16 gene located at 1q22) in human normal prostate epithelial cells and diploid fibroblasts (HDFs) are associated with the onset of cellular senescence. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the IFI16 protein contributes to cellular senescence-associated cell growth arrest remain to be elucidated. Here, we report that increased levels of IFI16 protein in normal HDFs and in HeLa cells negatively regulate the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene. Methodology/Principal Findings We optimized conditions for real-time PCR, immunoblotting, and telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assays to detect relatively low levels of hTERT mRNA, protein, and telomerase activity that are found in HDFs. Using the optimized conditions, we report that treatment of HDFs with inhibitors of cell cycle progression, such as aphidicolin or CGK1026, which resulted in reduced steady-state levels of IFI16 mRNA and protein, was associated with increases in hTERT mRNA and protein levels and telomerase activity. In contrast, knockdown of IFI16 expression in cells increased the expression of c-Myc, a positive regulator of hTERT expression. Additionally, over-expression of IFI16 protein in cells inhibited the c-Myc-mediated stimulation of the activity of hTERT-luc-reporter and reduced the steady-state levels of c-Myc and hTERT. Conclusions/Significance These data demonstrated that increased levels of IFI16 protein in HDFs down-regulate the expression of hTERT gene. Our observations will serve basis to understand how increased cellular levels of the IFI16 protein may contribute to certain aging-dependent diseases.
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Sikora AG, Jaffarzad N, Hailemichael Y, Gelbard A, Stonier SW, Schluns KS, Frasca L, Lou Y, Liu C, Andersson HA, Hwu P, Overwijk WW. IFN-alpha enhances peptide vaccine-induced CD8+ T cell numbers, effector function, and antitumor activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7398-407. [PMID: 19494262 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFNs, including IFN-alpha, enhance Ag presentation and promote the expansion, survival, and effector function of CD8(+) CTL during viral infection. Because these are ideal characteristics for a vaccine adjuvant, we examined the efficacy and mechanism of exogenous IFN-alpha as an adjuvant for antimelanoma peptide vaccination. We studied the expansion of pmel-1 transgenic CD8(+) T cells specific for the gp100 melanocyte differentiation Ag after vaccination of mice with gp100(25-33) peptide in IFA. IFN-alpha synergized with peptide vaccination in a dose-dependent manner by boosting relative and absolute numbers of gp100-specific T cells that suppressed B16 melanoma growth. IFN-alpha dramatically increased the accumulation of gp100-specific, IFN-gamma-secreting, CD8(+) T cells in the tumor through reduced apoptosis and enhanced proliferation of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells. IFN-alpha treatment also greatly increased the long-term maintenance of pmel-1 CD8(+) T cells with an effector memory phenotype, a process that required expression of IFN-alpha receptor on the T cells and IL-15 in the host. These results demonstrate the efficacy of IFN-alpha as an adjuvant for peptide vaccination, give insight into its mechanism of action, and provide a rationale for clinical trials in which vaccination is combined with standard-of-care IFN-alpha therapy for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Sikora
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Conesa CM, Sánchez NÁ, Ortega VV, Reverte JG, Carpe FP, Aranda MC. In vitro and in vivo effect of IFNα on B16F10 melanoma in two models: Subcutaneous (C57BL6J mice) and lung metastasis (Swiss mice). Biomed Pharmacother 2009; 63:305-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2008.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Zimmerer JM, Lesinski GB, Ruppert AS, Radmacher MD, Noble C, Kendra K, Walker MJ, Carson WE. Gene expression profiling reveals similarities between the in vitro and in vivo responses of immune effector cells to IFN-alpha. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:5900-6. [PMID: 18794103 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The precise molecular targets of IFN-alpha therapy in the context of malignant melanoma are unknown but seem to involve signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 signal transduction within host immune effector cells. We hypothesized that the in vitro transcriptional response of patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to IFN-alpha would be similar to the in vivo response to treatment with high-dose IFN-alpha. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The gene expression profiles of PBMCs and immune cell subsets treated in vitro with IFN-alpha were evaluated, as were PBMCs obtained from melanoma patients receiving adjuvant IFN-alpha. RESULTS Twenty-seven genes were up-regulated in PBMCs from normal donors after treatment with IFN-alpha in vitro for 18 hours (>2-fold, P < 0.001). A subset of these genes (in addition to others) was significantly expressed in IFN-alpha-treated T cells, natural killer cells, and monocytes. Analysis of gene expression within PBMCs from melanoma patients (n = 13) receiving high-dose IFN-alpha-2b (20 MU/m(2) i.v.) revealed significant up-regulation (>2-fold) of 21 genes (P < 0.001). Also, the gene expression profile of in vitro IFN-alpha-stimulated patient PBMCs was similar to that of PBMCs obtained from the same patient after IFN-alpha therapy. CONCLUSIONS This report is the first to describe the transcriptional response of T cells, natural killer cells, and monocytes to IFN-alpha and characterize the transcriptional profiles of PBMCs from melanoma patients undergoing IFN-alpha immunotherapy. In addition, it was determined that microarray analysis of patient PBMCs after in vitro stimulation with IFN-alpha may be a useful predictor of the in vivo response of immune cells to IFN-alpha immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Zimmerer
- Integrated Biological Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Evaluation of caspase-3 and caspase-8 deregulation in tongue squamous cell carcinoma, based on immunohistochemistry and computerised image analysis. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2008; 122:1213-8. [PMID: 18501034 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215108002636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the potential role of caspase-3 and caspase-8 protein expression in the biological behaviour of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted immunohistochemical analyses of 87 specimens of primary tongue squamous cell carcinoma, using monoclonal anti-caspase-3 and anti-caspase-8 antibodies. A digital image analysis assay was also performed in order to evaluate the results. RESULTS Reduced expression of caspase-8 and -3 proteins was observed in 30/87 (34.5 per cent) and 79/87 (90.5 per cent) cases, respectively. Cox regression analysis showed no prognostic significance for the association between overall protein expression of either marker and survival probability (p = 0.174 for caspase-3; p = 0.608 for caspase-8). Interestingly, the size of the examined tumours was strongly correlated with survival status (p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous deregulation of caspase-8 and -3 is a frequent event in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Activation of caspase-3, which is predominantly down-regulated, may be a crucial process for induction of apoptosis and response to therapeutic strategies.
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Li J, Abraham S, Cheng L, Witzmann FA, Koch M, Xie J, Rahman M, Mohammed SI. Proteomic-based approach for biomarkers discovery in early detection of invasive urothelial carcinoma. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:78-89. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zimmerer JM, Lesinski GB, Radmacher MD, Ruppert A, Carson WE. STAT1-dependent and STAT1-independent gene expression in murine immune cells following stimulation with interferon-alpha. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1845-52. [PMID: 17503042 PMCID: PMC11030667 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0329-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The precise molecular targets of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) therapy of melanoma are unknown but likely involve signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) signal transduction within host immune effector cells. We hypothesized that microarray analysis could be utilized to identify candidate molecular targets important for mediating the anti-tumor effect of exogenously administered IFN-alpha. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS To identify the STAT1-dependent genes regulated by IFN-alpha, the gene expression profile of splenocytes from wild type (WT) and STAT1(-/-) mice was characterized. RESULTS This analysis identified 30 genes that required STAT1 signal transduction for optimal expression in response to IFN-alpha (p < 0.001). These genes include granzyme b (Gzmb), interferon regulatory factor 7 (Irf7), Fas death domain-associated protein (Daxx), and lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus C (Ly6c). The expression of 20 genes was found to be suppressed in the presence of STAT1 including chemokine ligand 2 (Ccl2), Ccl5, and Ccl7. Nineteen genes were significantly upregulated in murine splenocytes following treatment with IFN-alpha regardless of the presence of STAT1 including CD86, lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus A (Ly6a), and Tap binding protein (Tapbp). The expression of representative IFN-responsive genes was confirmed at the transcriptional level by Real Time PCR. CONCLUSION This report is the first to demonstrate that STAT1-mediated signal transduction plays a major role in the transcriptional response of murine immune cells to IFNalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Zimmerer
- Integrated Biological Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- Human Cancer Genetics Program Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Gregory B. Lesinski
- Human Cancer Genetics Program Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Michael D. Radmacher
- Center for Biostastistics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Amy Ruppert
- Center for Biostastistics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - William E. Carson
- Human Cancer Genetics Program Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, N924 Doan Hall, 410 West 10th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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Del Bello B, Moretti D, Gamberucci A, Maellaro E. Cross-talk between calpain and caspase-3/-7 in cisplatin-induced apoptosis of melanoma cells: a major role of calpain inhibition in cell death protection and p53 status. Oncogene 2006; 26:2717-26. [PMID: 17130844 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of different proteolytic systems, in particular calpains and effector caspases, in apoptotic cell death is still controversial. In this paper, we show that during cisplatin-induced apoptosis of human metastatic melanoma cells, calpain activation, as measured in intact cells by two different fluorescent substrates, is an early event, taking place well before caspase-3/-7 activation, and progressively increasing during 48 h of treatment. Such activation appears to be independent from any intracellular calcium imbalance; in fact, an increase of cytosolic calcium along with emptying of the reticular stores occur only at very late stages, uniquely in frankly apoptotic, detached cells. Calpain activation proves to be an early and crucial event in the apoptotic machinery, as demonstrated by the significant protection of cell death in samples co-treated with the calpain inhibitors, MDL 28170, calpeptin and PD 150606, where a variable but significant reduction of both caspase-3/-7 activity and cell detachment is observed. Consistently, such a protective effect can be at least partially due to the impairment of cisplatin-induced p53 activation, occurring early in committed, preapoptotic cells. Furthermore, in late apoptotic cells, calpain activity is also responsible for the formation of a novel p53 proteolytic fragment (approximately 26 kDa), whose function is so far to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Del Bello
- Department of Physiopathology and Experimental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Brin E, Atencio I, Helmich BK, Maneval D, Laface D. Adenovirus delivery provides extended interferon-alpha exposure and augments treatment of metastatic carcinoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 13:664-75. [PMID: 16514422 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons (e.g. IFNalpha2b) have been successfully used to treat a variety of hematological malignancies, but have not been efficacious for treatment of most solid tumors. We tested the hypothesis that delivery of type I interferon utilizing recombinant adenovirus (rAd) vectors may improve treatment efficacy of metastatic carcinomas by providing increased interferon exposure resulting from continuous transgene expression. Treatment of mice with a rAd-vector expressing hybrid-IFN (rAd-IFNalpha2alpha1) inhibited 4T1 mammary carcinoma tumor growth and induced tumor regression in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, rAd-IFNalpha2alpha1 treatment reduced hepatic and pulmonary metastatic burden. A comparison of local and systemic routes of administration demonstrated that intratumoral delivery of rAd-IFNalpha2alpha1 was sufficient for inhibition of tumor growth. Moreover, it reduced toxicity associated with high-dose systemic IFNalpha2alpha1 exposure. Interestingly, antitumor activity following intratumoral treatment was due, in part, to the immunostimulatory capacity of the rAd vector component. Furthermore, systemic administration of rAd-IFNalpha2alpha1 potentiated the immunotherapeutic effect induced by local intralesional delivery of empty-rAd vector. These results suggest continuous interferon-alpha exposure may provide improved antitumor responses for metastatic carcinomas. Additionally, immunostimulatory responses induced by rAd-IFNalpha2alpha1 may mitigate the immune-evasive tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Brin
- Canji Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
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Pokrovskaja K, Panaretakis T, Grandér D. Alternative signaling pathways regulating type I interferon-induced apoptosis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2006; 25:799-810. [PMID: 16375608 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2005.25.799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines that exert multiple effects on normal and tumor cells. These effects are supposedly mediated through the stimulation of several signal transduction pathways by type I IFNs. These include the well-studied canonical Jak-Stat pathway, largely responsible for the antiviral and growth-inhibitory activities of IFNs, as well as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, whose importance in IFN-induced biologic outcomes has not been precisely established. One of the effects of type I IFNs on tumor cells is the induction of programmed cell death, apoptosis, which has been studied extensively over the last decade and has been suggested to be an important effector mechanism for IFN's antitumor effects in the treatment of cancer. The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the recent data in the field of type I IFN-induced apoptosis, with special emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and on the role of alternative noncanonical signaling pathways stimulated by type I IFNs in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Pokrovskaja
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Hospital and Institute, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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