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Li K, Deng Z, Lei C, Ding X, Li J, Wang C. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Tumorigenesis and Progression. Cells 2024; 13:441. [PMID: 38474405 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress refers to the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the endogenous antioxidant defense system. Its involvement in cell senescence, apoptosis, and series diseases has been demonstrated. Advances in carcinogenic research have revealed oxidative stress as a pivotal pathophysiological pathway in tumorigenesis and to be involved in lung cancer, glioma, hepatocellular carcinoma, leukemia, and so on. This review combs the effects of oxidative stress on tumorigenesis on each phase and cell fate determination, and three features are discussed. Oxidative stress takes part in the processes ranging from tumorigenesis to tumor death via series pathways and processes like mitochondrial stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and ferroptosis. It can affect cell fate by engaging in the complex relationships between senescence, death, and cancer. The influence of oxidative stress on tumorigenesis and progression is a multi-stage interlaced process that includes two aspects of promotion and inhibition, with mitochondria as the core of regulation. A deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the effects of oxidative stress on tumorigenesis is conducive to exploring more tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Li
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Zhangyuzi Deng
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Chunran Lei
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Xiaoqing Ding
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Changshan Wang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
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Mao Z, Gray ALH, Gross MD, Thyagarajan B, Bostick RM. Associations of DNA Base Excision Repair and Antioxidant Enzyme Genetic Risk Scores with Biomarker of Systemic Inflammation. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:897907. [PMID: 36338835 PMCID: PMC9632613 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.897907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: Inflammation is implicated in the etiology of various aging-related diseases. Numerous dietary and lifestyle factors contribute to chronic systemic inflammation; genetic variation may too. However, despite biological plausibility, little is known about associations of antioxidant enzyme (AE) and DNA base excision repair (BER) genotypes with human systemic inflammation. Methods: We genotyped 22 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 3 AE genes, and 79 SNPs in 14 BER genes to develop inflammation-specific AE and BER genetic risk scores (GRS) in two pooled cross-sectional studies (n = 333) of 30-74-year-old White adults without inflammatory bowel disease, familial adenomatous polyposis, or a history of cancer or colorectal adenoma. Of the genotypes, based on their associations with a biomarker of systemic inflammation, circulating high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentrations, we selected 2 SNPs of 2 genes (CAT and MnSoD) for an AE GRS, and 7 SNPs of 5 genes (MUTYH, SMUG1, TDG, UNG, and XRCC1) for a BER GRS. A higher GRS indicates a higher balance of variant alleles directly associated with hsCRP relative to variant alleles inversely associated with hsCRP. We also calculated previously-reported, validated, questionnaire-based dietary (DIS) and lifestyle (LIS) inflammation scores. We used multivariable general linear regression to compare mean hsCRP concentrations across AE and BER GRS categories, individually and jointly with the DIS and LIS. Results: The mean hsCRP concentrations among those in the highest relative to the lowest AE and BER GRS categories were, proportionately, 13.9% (p = 0.30) and 57.4% (p = 0.009) higher. Neither GRS clearly appeared to modify the associations of the DIS or LIS with hsCRP. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that genotypes of DNA BER genes collectively may be associated with systemic inflammation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziling Mao
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Abigail L. H. Gray
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Myron D. Gross
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN, United States
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN, United States
| | - Roberd M. Bostick
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Jeyabalan S, Muralidharan A, Scott JJX, Joseph L. Effect of homoharringtonine as a combined regimen for acute myeloid leukemia. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jpp.jpp_52_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Wang W, Yamaguchi S, Koyama M, Tian S, Ino A, Miyatake K, Nakamura K. LC-MS/MS Analysis of Choline Compounds in Japanese-Cultivated Vegetables and Fruits. Foods 2020; 9:foods9081029. [PMID: 32752118 PMCID: PMC7466321 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Choline is an essential nutrient and choline esters are potential functional food ingredients. We aimed to analyze the choline compound content in 19 cultivated fruits and vegetables and identify those with high acetylcholine content. We utilized liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry to quantify choline compounds according to the standard addition method. Choline compounds were extracted from lyophilized fruit/vegetable powders and passed through a weakly acidic cation exchange column, resulting in a concentrated solution of choline compounds. The compounds were separated on a pentafluorophenyl column and then analyzed using positive mode electrospray ionization. Results showed that acetylcholine and choline were the primary choline compounds in all agricultural products; propionylcholine and butyrylcholine were minor compounds in 17 and 12 agricultural products, respectively. The acetylcholine concentration was 2900-fold higher in eggplants (6.12 mg/100 g fresh weight [FW]) than in other agricultural products (average: 2.11 × 10−3 mg/100 g FW). The concentration of acetylcholine differed only 2-fold between eggplant cultivars with the highest (′Higomurasaki′: 5.53 mg/100 g FW) and lowest (′Onaga nasu′: 2.79 mg/100 g FW) concentrations. The half-life of acetylcholine in eggplants was approximately 16 days, which is longer the shelf life of eggplants. Thus, eggplants can be a good source of acetylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Wang
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304, Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan; (W.W.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shohei Yamaguchi
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304, Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan; (W.W.); (S.Y.)
| | - Masahiro Koyama
- Wellnas Co., Ltd., Toranomon Masters Building 6F, 1-12-14, Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001, Japan;
| | - Su Tian
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China;
| | - Aya Ino
- Kochi Agricultural Research Center, 1100 Hataeda, Nankoku, Kochi 783-0023, Japan;
| | - Koji Miyatake
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, NARO, 360 Kusawa, Ano-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-2392, Japan;
| | - Kozo Nakamura
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304, Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan; (W.W.); (S.Y.)
- Institute of Agriculture, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, 8304, Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-265-77-1638
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Zhang J, Geng H, Liu L, Zhang H. Synergistic cytotoxicity of homoharringtonine and etoposide in acute myeloid leukemia cells involves disrupted antioxidant defense. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:1023-1032. [PMID: 30774430 PMCID: PMC6349074 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s187597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Cytotoxicity induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic drugs used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This study aimed to investigate whether ROS contributes to cytotoxicity in AML cells when treated with homoharringtonine (HHT) and etoposide (ETP) in combination. Methods AML cell lines THP1 and HL60 and primary AML cells from patients were treated with HHT and ETP alone or in combination, and cell viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion test, and apoptosis was analyzed by annexin-V/propidium iodide double staining as well as Western blot for measuring expression of cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3. Intracellular ROS level was detected by DCFH-DA fluorescence assay, and N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) was used to scavenge intracellular ROS. Retroviral infection was applied to mediate stable overexpression in AML cells. Results We show that HHT and ETP exhibit synergistic cytotoxicity in AML cell lines and primary AML cells in vitro, and meanwhile, HHT causes elevated ROS generation in ETP-treated AML cells. We next reveal that the elevated ROS is a critical factor for the synergistic cytotoxicity, since ROS scavenge by NAC remarkably diminishes this effect. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that HHT causes elevated ROS generation by disabling thioredoxin-mediated antioxidant defense. Finally, similar to HHT treatment, depletion of thioredoxin sensitizes AML to ETP treatment. Conclusion These results provide the foundation for augmenting the efficacy of ETP in treating AML with HHT, and also highlight the importance of targeting ROS in improving treatment outcome in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, Shandong Province, China,
| | - Huayun Geng
- Department of Hematology, Dongchangfu People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, Shandong Province, China,
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, Shandong Province, China,
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Tseng HY, Chen YA, Jen J, Shen PC, Chen LM, Lin TD, Wang YC, Hsu HL. Oncogenic MCT-1 activation promotes YY1-EGFR-MnSOD signaling and tumor progression. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e313. [PMID: 28394354 PMCID: PMC5520490 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells often produce high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and display an increased ROS scavenging system. However, the molecular mechanism that balances antioxidative and oxidative stress in cancer cells is unclear. Here, we determined that oncogenic multiple copies in T-cell malignancy 1 (MCT-1) activity promotes the generation of intracellular ROS and mitochondrial superoxide. Overexpression of MCT-1 suppresses p53 accumulation but elevates the manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) level via the YY1-EGFR signaling cascade, which protects cells against oxidative damage. Conversely, restricting ROS generation and/or targeting YY1 in lung cancer cells effectively inhibits the EGFR-MnSOD signaling pathway and cell invasiveness induced by MCT-1. Significantly, MCT-1 overexpression in lung cancer cells promotes tumor progression, necrosis and angiogenesis, and increases the number of tumor-promoting M2 macrophages and cancer-associated fibroblasts in the microenvironment. Clinical evidence further confirms that high expression of MCT-1 is associated with an increase in YY1, EGFR and MnSOD expression, accompanied by tumor recurrence, poor overall survival and EGFR mutation status in patients with lung cancers. Together, these data indicate that the MCT-1 oncogenic pathway is implicated in oxidative metabolism and lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Tseng
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Y-A Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - J Jen
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - P-C Shen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - L-M Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - T-D Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Y-C Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - H-L Hsu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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Drigeard Desgarnier MC, Fournier F, Droit A, Rochette PJ. Influence of a pre-stimulation with chronic low-dose UVB on stress response mechanisms in human skin fibroblasts. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173740. [PMID: 28301513 PMCID: PMC5354420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to solar ultraviolet type B (UVB), through the induction of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD), is the major risk factor for cutaneous cancer. Cells respond to UV-induced CPD by triggering the DNA damage response (DDR) responsible for signaling DNA repair, programmed cell death and cell cycle arrest. Underlying mechanisms implicated in the DDR have been extensively studied using single acute UVB irradiation. However, little is known concerning the consequences of chronic low-dose of UVB (CLUV) on the DDR. Thus, we have investigated the effect of a CLUV pre-stimulation on the different stress response pathways. We found that CLUV pre-stimulation enhances CPD repair capacity and leads to a cell cycle delay but leave residual unrepaired CPD. We further analyzed the consequence of the CLUV regimen on general gene and protein expression. We found that CLUV treatment influences biological processes related to the response to stress at the transcriptomic and proteomic levels. This overview study represents the first demonstration that human cells respond to chronic UV irradiation by modulating their genotoxic stress response mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Catherine Drigeard Desgarnier
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Fournier
- Centre de Protéomique, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Médicine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Centre de Protéomique, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Médicine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick J. Rochette
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie et ORL - Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Li ZH, Meng DS, Li YY, Lu LC, Yu CP, Zhang Q, Guan HY, Li CW, Yang X, Fu RQ. Hypericin damages the ectatic capillaries in a Roman cockscomb model and inhibits the growth of human endothelial cells more potently than hematoporphyrin does through induction of apoptosis. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:1368-75. [PMID: 25065502 DOI: 10.1111/php.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypericin (HY) is a promising photosensitizer (PS) for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Port-wine stains (PWSs) are congenital superficial dermal capillary malformations. In this study, we evaluated the photocytotoxic effects of HY for PDT in human vascular endothelial cells and a chicken cockscomb model. HY significantly inhibited the growth of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), as determined by colorimetric assays and morphological observation, and flow cytometry assays indicated induction of apoptosis and collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, HY more effectively inhibited growth of and induced apoptosis in HUVECs compared with hematoporphyrin (HP). Further experiments performed in a Roman chicken cockscomb model also showed a clear photocytotoxic effect on the cockscomb dermal capillary upon intravenous injection of HY. This effect may be due to the role of HY in the induction of apoptosis. Transmission electron microscopical analysis showed mitochondrial morphological changes such as incomplete ridges and swelling, and immunohistochemical assays showed an increase in the release of cytochrome c. In conclusion, HY exhibited a greater photocytotoxic activity than did HP toward the growth of endothelial cells and may thus represent a potent PS for PWS PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-heng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Ahmetov II, Naumov VA, Donnikov AE, Maciejewska-Karłowska A, Kostryukova ES, Larin AK, Maykova EV, Alexeev DG, Fedotovskaya ON, Generozov EV, Jastrzębski Z, Zmijewski P, Kravtsova OA, Kulemin NA, Leonska-Duniec A, Martykanova DS, Ospanova EA, Pavlenko AV, Podol'skaya AA, Sawczuk M, Alimova FK, Trofimov DY, Govorun VM, Cieszczyk P. SOD2 gene polymorphism and muscle damage markers in elite athletes. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:948-55. [PMID: 24865797 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.928410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Exercise-induced oxidative stress is a state that primarily occurs in athletes involved in high-intensity sports when pro-oxidants overwhelm the antioxidant defense system to oxidize proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. During exercise, oxidative stress is linked to muscle metabolism and muscle damage, because exercise increases free radical production. The T allele of the Ala16Val (rs4880 C/T) polymorphism in the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) gene has been reported to reduce SOD2 efficiency against oxidative stress. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that the SOD2 TT genotype would be underrepresented in elite athletes involved in high-intensity sports and associated with increased values of muscle and liver damage biomarkers. The study involved 2664 Caucasian (2262 Russian and 402 Polish) athletes. SOD2 genotype and allele frequencies were compared to 917 controls. Muscle and liver damage markers [creatine kinase (CK), creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] were examined in serum from 1444 Russian athletes. The frequency of the SOD2 TT genotype (18.6%) was significantly lower in power/strength athletes (n = 524) compared to controls (25.0%, p = 0.0076) or athletes involved in low-intensity sports (n = 180; 33.9%, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the SOD2 T allele was significantly associated with increased activity of CK (females: p = 0.0144) and creatinine level (females: p = 0.0276; males: p = 0.0135) in athletes. Our data show that the SOD2 TT genotype might be unfavorable for high-intensity athletic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Ahmetov
- Sport Technology Research Centre, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism , Kazan , Russian Federation
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Chokas AL, Bickford JS, Barilovits SJ, Rogers RJ, Qiu X, Newsom KJ, Beachy DE, Nick HS. A TEAD1/p65 complex regulates the eutherian-conserved MnSOD intronic enhancer, eRNA transcription and the innate immune response. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:1205-16. [PMID: 24953189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a critical anti-oxidant enzyme, detoxifies the mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species, superoxide, elicited through normal respiration or the inflammatory response. Proinflammatory stimuli induce MnSOD gene expression through a eutherian-conserved, intronic enhancer element. We identified two prototypic enhancer binding proteins, TEAD1 and p65, that when co-expressed induce MnSOD expression comparable to pro-inflammatory stimuli. TEAD1 causes the nuclear sequestration of p65 leading to a novel TEAD1/p65 complex that associates with the intronic enhancer and is necessary for cytokine induction of MnSOD. Unlike typical NF-κB-responsive genes, the induction of MnSOD does not involve p50. Beyond MnSOD, the TEAD1/p65 complex regulates a subset of genes controlling the innate immune response that were previously viewed as solely NF-κB-dependent. We also identified an enhancer-derived RNA (eRNA) that is induced by either proinflammatory stimuli or the TEAD1/p65 complex, potentially linking the intronic enhancer to intra- and interchromosomal gene regulation through the inducible eRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Chokas
- Departments of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Justin S Bickford
- Departments of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sarah J Barilovits
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Richard J Rogers
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Xiaolei Qiu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kimberly J Newsom
- Departments of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Dawn E Beachy
- Departments of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Harry S Nick
- Departments of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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LIU LIYA, SHEN ALING, CHEN YOUQIN, WEI LIHUI, LIN JIUMAO, SFERRA THOMASJ, HONG ZHENFENG, PENG JUN. Patrinia scabiosaefolia induces mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in a mouse model of colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:897-903. [PMID: 23754194 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Lin W, Zhao J, Cao Z, Zhuang Q, Zheng L, Cai Q, Chen D, Wang L, Hong Z, Peng J. Livistona chinensis seed suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth through promotion of mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1859-66. [PMID: 23467659 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Livistona chinensis seed has been used for centuries to clinically treat various types of cancer. However, the precise mechanism of its anticancer activity remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of the ethanol extract of Livistona chinensis seed (EELC) against tumor growth using a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mouse xenograft model and an HCC cell line, HepG2, and investigated the molecular mechanisms mediating its biological activities. We found that EELC inhibited HCC growth both in vivo and in vitro, without apparent signs of toxicity. In addition, EELC treatment resulted in the induction of HCC cell apoptosis. Moreover, EELC-induced apoptosis was accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and increase in the pro-apoptotic Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Our findings suggest that promotion of mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in cancer cells may be one of the mechanisms by which the Livistona chinensis seed is effective in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, PR China
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WU GUANGWEN, CHU JIANFENG, HUANG ZHENGRONG, YE JINXIA, CHEN PANYU, ZHENG CHUNSONG, LI XIHAI, LIU XIANXIANG, WU MINGXIA. Xiao Jin Wan, a traditional Chinese herbal formula, inhibits proliferation via arresting cell cycle progression at the G2/M phase and promoting apoptosis via activating the mitochondrial-dependent pathway in U-2OS human osteosarcoma cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:1070-80. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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La Regina G, Bai R, Rensen WM, Di Cesare E, Coluccia A, Piscitelli F, Famiglini V, Reggio A, Nalli M, Pelliccia S, Pozzo ED, Costa B, Granata I, Porta A, Maresca B, Soriani A, Iannitto ML, Santoni A, Li J, Cona MM, Chen F, Ni Y, Brancale A, Dondio G, Vultaggio S, Varasi M, Mercurio C, Martini C, Hamel E, Lavia P, Novellino E, Silvestri R. Toward highly potent cancer agents by modulating the C-2 group of the arylthioindole class of tubulin polymerization inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:123-49. [PMID: 23214452 PMCID: PMC3563301 DOI: 10.1021/jm3013097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
New arylthioindole derivatives having different cyclic substituents at position 2 of the indole were synthesized as anticancer agents. Several compounds inhibited tubulin polymerization at submicromolar concentration and inhibited cell growth at low nanomolar concentrations. Compounds 18 and 57 were superior to the previously synthesized 5. Compound 18 was exceptionally potent as an inhibitor of cell growth: it showed IC₅₀ = 1.0 nM in MCF-7 cells, and it was uniformly active in the whole panel of cancer cells and superior to colchicine and combretastatin A-4. Compounds 18, 20, 55, and 57 were notably more potent than vinorelbine, vinblastine, and paclitaxel in the NCI/ADR-RES and Messa/Dx5 cell lines, which overexpress P-glycoprotein. Compounds 18 and 57 showed initial vascular disrupting effects in a tumor model of liver rhabdomyosarcomas at 15 mg/kg intravenous dosage. Derivative 18 showed water solubility and higher metabolic stability than 5 in human liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe La Regina
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Ruoli Bai
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Whilelmina Maria Rensen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), CNR National Research Council of Italy, c/o Sapienza Università di Roma, Via degli Apuli 4, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Erica Di Cesare
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), CNR National Research Council of Italy, c/o Sapienza Università di Roma, Via degli Apuli 4, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Coluccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Piscitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Valeria Famiglini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessia Reggio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Marianna Nalli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Sveva Pelliccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, I-80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Da Pozzo
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Costa
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Granata
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione Biomedica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Amalia Porta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione Biomedica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Bruno Maresca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione Biomedica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Alessandra Soriani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 324, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Iannitto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 324, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), CNR National Research Council of Italy, c/o Sapienza Università di Roma, Via degli Apuli 4, I-00185 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 324, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Junjie Li
- Theragnostic Laboratory, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlein Miranda Cona
- Theragnostic Laboratory, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Feng Chen
- Theragnostic Laboratory, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yicheng Ni
- Theragnostic Laboratory, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea Brancale
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Giulio Dondio
- NiKem Research Srl, Via Zambeletti 25, I-20021 Baranzate, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Mario Varasi
- European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, I-20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Ciro Mercurio
- Genextra Group, DAC SRL, Via Adamello 16, I-20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Patrizia Lavia
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), CNR National Research Council of Italy, c/o Sapienza Università di Roma, Via degli Apuli 4, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, I-80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Romano Silvestri
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
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15
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ZHENG HAIYIN, XU WEI, LIN JIUMAO, PENG JUN, HONG ZHENFENG. Qianliening capsule treats benign prostatic hyperplasia via induction of prostatic cell apoptosis. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:848-54. [PMID: 23314795 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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16
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Caputo F, Vegliante R, Ghibelli L. Redox modulation of the DNA damage response. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1292-306. [PMID: 22846600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lesions to DNA trigger the DNA-damage response (DDR), a complex, multi-branched cell-intrinsic process targeted to DNA repair, or elimination of the damaged cells by apoptosis. DDR aims at reducing permanence of mutated cells, decreasing the risk of tumor development: the more stringent the response, the lower the likelihood that sub-lethally damaged, unrepaired cells survive and proliferate. Accordingly, leakage often occurs in tumor cells with compromised DDR, accumulating mutations and accelerating tumor progression. Oxidations mediate DNA damage upon different insults such as UV, X and γ radiation, pollutants, poisons, or endogenous disequilibria, producing different types of lesions that trigger DDR, which can be alleviated by antioxidants. But reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the enzymes involved in their production or scavenging, also participate in DDR signaling, modulating the activity of key enzymes, and regulating the stringency of DDR. Accordingly, antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase play intimate and complex roles in tumor development, exceeding the basal roles of preventing the initial DNA damage. Likewise, it is emerging that dietary antioxidants help controlling tumor onset and progression by preventing DNA damage and by acting on cell cycle checkpoints, opening a novel and promising frontier to anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Caputo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Universita' di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
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17
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Lee J, Hwang JS, Hwang IS, Cho J, Lee E, Kim Y, Lee DG. Coprisin-induced antifungal effects in Candida albicans correlate with apoptotic mechanisms. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:2302-11. [PMID: 22542795 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Coprisin is a 43-mer defensin-like peptide from the dung beetle, Copris tripartitus. Here, we investigated the induction of apoptosis by coprisin in Candida albicans cells. Coprisin exerted antifungal and fungicidal activity without any hemolytic effect. Confocal microscopy indicated that coprisin accumulated in the nucleus of cells. The membrane studies, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, calcein-leakage, and giant unilamellar vesicle assays, confirmed that coprisin did not disrupt the fungal plasma membrane at all. Moreover, the activity of coprisin was energy- and salt-dependent. Next, we investigated whether coprisin induced apoptosis in C. albicans. Annexin V-FITC staining and TUNEL assay showed that coprisin was involved with both the early and the late stages of apoptosis. Coprisin also increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species level, and hydroxyl radicals were included at high levels among the species. The effect of thiourea as a hydroxyl radical scavenger further confirmed the existence of the hydroxyl radicals. Furthermore, coprisin induced mitochondrial membrane potential dysfunction, cytochrome c release, and activation of metacaspases. In summary, this study suggests that coprisin could be a model molecule for a large family of novel antimicrobial peptides possessing apoptotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juneyoung Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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18
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Liu H, Bao W, Lin M, Niu H, Rikihisa Y. Ehrlichia type IV secretion effector ECH0825 is translocated to mitochondria and curbs ROS and apoptosis by upregulating host MnSOD. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:1037-50. [PMID: 22348527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis infects monocytes/macrophages and causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis. To determine the role of type IV secretion (T4S) system in infection, candidates for T4S effectors were identified by bacterial two-hybrid screening of E. chaffeensis hypothetical proteins with positively charged C-terminus using E. chaffeensis VirD4 as bait. Of three potential T4S effectors, ECH0825 was highly upregulated early during exponential growth in a human monocytic cell line. ECH0825 was translocated from the bacterium into the host-cell cytoplasm and localized to mitochondria. Delivery of anti-ECH0825 into infected host cells significantly reduced bacterial infection. Ectopically expressed ECH0825 also localized to mitochondria and inhibited apoptosis of transfected cells in response to etoposide treatment. In double transformed yeast, ECH0825 localized to mitochondria and inhibited human Bax-induced apoptosis. Mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) was increased over ninefold in E. chaffeensis-infected cells, and the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infected cells was significantly lower than that in uninfected cells. Similarly, MnSOD was upregulated and the ROS level was reduced in ECH0825-transfected cells. These data suggest that, by upregulating MnSOD, ECH0825 prevents ROS-induced cellular damage and apoptosis to allow intracellular infection. This is the first example of host ROS levels linked to a bacterial T4S effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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19
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Kamiński MM, Röth D, Sass S, Sauer SW, Krammer PH, Gülow K. Manganese superoxide dismutase: a regulator of T cell activation-induced oxidative signaling and cell death. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:1041-52. [PMID: 22429591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) are indispensible for T cell activation-induced expression of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and CD95 ligand (CD95L, FasL/Apo-1L) genes, and in turn, for CD95L-mediated activation-induced cell death (AICD). Here, we show that manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD/SOD2), a major mitochondrial antioxidative enzyme, constitutes an important control switch in the process of activation-induced oxidative signal generation in T cells. Analysis of the kinetics of T cell receptor (TCR)-triggered ROS production revealed a temporal association between higher MnSOD abundance/activity and a shut-down phase of oxidative signal generation. Transient or inducible MnSOD overexpression abrogated T cell activation-triggered mitochondrial ROS production as well as NF-κB- and AP-1-mediated transcription. Consequently, lowered expression of IL-2 and CD95L genes resulted in decreased IL-2 secretion and CD95L-dependent AICD. Moreover, upregulation of the mitochondrial MnSOD level is dependent on oxidation-sensitive transcription and not on the increase of mitochondrial mass. Thus, MnSOD-mediated negative feedback regulation of activation-induced mitochondrial ROS generation exemplifies a process of retrograde mitochondria-to-nucleus communication. Our finding underlines the critical role for MnSOD and mitochondria in the regulation of human T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Mikołaj Kamiński
- Division of Immunogenetics (D030), Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany.
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20
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Lin JM, Wei LH, Chen YQ, Liu XX, Hong ZF, Sferra TJ, Peng J. Pien Tze Huang induced apoptosis in human colon cancer HT-29 cells is associated with regulation of the Bcl-2 family and activation of caspase 3. Chin J Integr Med 2011; 17:685-90. [PMID: 21910070 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-011-0846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the cellular effects of Pien Tze Huang (PZH) in the HT-29 human colon carcinoma cell line. METHODS The viability of HT-29 cells was determined by MTT assay. A fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis with annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) and JC-1 staining were performed to determine cell apoptosis and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, respectively. Activation of caspase 3 was evaluated by a colorimetric assay. The mRNA expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS PZH, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, reduced viability and induced apoptosis of HT-29 cells. Moreover, PZH treatment resulted in the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspase 3, and an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. CONCLUSION PZH inhibits the growth of HT-29 cells by inducing cancer cell apoptosis via regulation of the Bcl-2 family and activation of caspase 3, which may, in part, explain its anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-mao Lin
- Fujian Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China
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Hempel N, Carrico PM, Melendez JA. Manganese superoxide dismutase (Sod2) and redox-control of signaling events that drive metastasis. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2011; 11:191-201. [PMID: 21434856 DOI: 10.2174/187152011795255911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase (Sod2) has emerged as a key enzyme with a dual role in tumorigenic progression. Early studies were primarily directed at defining the tumor suppressive function of Sod2 based on its low level expression in many tumor types. It is now commonly held that loss of Sod2 expression is likely an early event in tumor progression allowing for further propagation of the tumorigenic phenotype resulting from steady state increases in free radical production. Increases in free radical load have also been linked to defects in mitochondrial function and metastatic disease progression. It was initially believed that Sod2 loss may propagate metastatic disease progression, in reality both epidemiologic and experimental evidence indicate that Sod2 levels increase in many tumor types as they progress from early stage non-invasive disease to late stage metastatic disease. Sod2 overexpression in many instances enhances the metastatic phenotype that is reversed by efficient H(2)O(2) scavenging. This review evaluates the many sequelae associated with increases in Sod2 that impinge on the metastatic phenotype. The ability to use Sod2 to modulate the cellular redox-environment has allowed for the identification of redox-responsive signaling events that drive malignancy, such as invasion, migration and prolonged tumor cell survival. Further studies of these redox-driven events will help in the development of targeted therapeutic strategies to efficiently restrict redox-signaling essential for malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Hempel
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany NY 12208, USA
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Kim TI, Kim H, Lee DJ, Choi SI, Kang SW, Kim EK. Altered mitochondrial function in type 2 granular corneal dystrophy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:684-92. [PMID: 21699880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 granular corneal dystrophy (GCD2) is caused by point mutation R124H in the transforming growth factor-β-induced gene (TGFBI) and is characterized by age-dependent progression of corneal deposits. Mitochondrial features in heterozygous GCD2 and normal corneal tissues was evaluated using electron microscopy. Primary corneal fibroblasts of homozygous and normal corneas were cultured to passage 4 or 8. Keratocytes of normal corneal tissue are narrow, and details of their intracellular organelles are difficult to distinguish. Keratocytes of heterozygous GCD2 tissues exhibited many degenerative mitochondria. MitoTracker and cytochrome c staining demonstrated increased mitochondrial activity in mutated cells at early passages. Decreases in depolarized mitochondria, cellular proliferation, and expression of complexes I to V and increases in apoptotic change were observed in late-passage mutant fibroblasts. PGC-1α, ANT-1, p-Akt, and p-mTOR but not NF-κB expression demonstrated a passage-dependent decrease in all cells. Increased passage- or mutation-related intracellular reactive oxygen species and delayed proliferation of methanethiosulfonate (MTS) were recovered using application of antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole. Mitochondrial features and function were altered in mutated GCD2 keratocytes, in particular in older cells. Alteration of mitochondrial function is critical for understanding the pathogenesis of GCD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-im Kim
- Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, the Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Yen HC, Li SH, Majima HJ, Huang YH, Chen CP, Liu CC, Tu YC, Chen CW. Up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes and coenzyme Q10 in a human oral cancer cell line with acquired bleomycin resistance. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:707-16. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.572969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chuan Yen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science
| | - Sin-Hua Li
- Department and Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science
- Division of Biochemistry and Cellular Molecular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan (Republic of China)
| | - Hideyuki J. Majima
- Department of Oncology and Department of Space Environmental Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Huang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science
| | - Chiu-Ping Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science
| | - Chia-Chi Liu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science
| | - Ya-Chi Tu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science
| | - Chih-Wei Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science
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Hillegass JM, Shukla A, MacPherson MB, Lathrop SA, Alexeeva V, Perkins TN, van der Vliet A, Vacek PM, Gunter ME, Mossman BT. Mechanisms of oxidative stress and alterations in gene expression by Libby six-mix in human mesothelial cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 2010; 7:26. [PMID: 20831825 PMCID: PMC2945990 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-7-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposures to an amphibole fiber in Libby, Montana cause increases in malignant mesothelioma (MM), a tumor of the pleural and peritoneal cavities with a poor prognosis. Affymetrix microarray/GeneSifter analysis was used to determine alterations in gene expression of a human mesothelial cell line (LP9/TERT-1) by a non-toxic concentration (15×10(6) μm2/cm2) of unprocessed Libby six-mix and negative (glass beads) and positive (crocidolite asbestos) controls. Because manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD; SOD2) was the only gene upregulated significantly (p < 0.05) at both 8 and 24 h, we measured SOD protein and activity, oxidative stress and glutathione (GSH) levels to better understand oxidative events after exposure to non-toxic (15×10(6) μm2/cm2) and toxic concentrations (75×10(6) μm2/cm2) of Libby six-mix. RESULTS Exposure to 15×10(6) μm2/cm2 Libby six-mix elicited significant (p < 0.05) upregulation of one gene (SOD2; 4-fold) at 8 h and 111 gene changes at 24 h, including a 5-fold increase in SOD2. Increased levels of SOD2 mRNA at 24 h were also confirmed in HKNM-2 normal human pleural mesothelial cells by qRT-PCR. SOD2 protein levels were increased at toxic concentrations (75×10(6) μm2/cm2) of Libby six-mix at 24 h. In addition, levels of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD; SOD1) protein were increased at 24 h in all mineral groups. A dose-related increase in SOD2 activity was observed, although total SOD activity remained unchanged. Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) fluorescence staining and flow cytometry revealed a dose- and time-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by LP9/TERT-1 cells exposed to Libby six-mix. Both Libby six-mix and crocidolite asbestos at 75×10(6) μm2/cm2 caused transient decreases (p < 0.05) in GSH for up to 24 h and increases in gene expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in LP9/TERT-1 and HKNM-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Libby six-mix causes multiple gene expression changes in LP9/TERT-1 human mesothelial cells, as well as increases in SOD2, increased production of oxidants, and transient decreases in intracellular GSH. These events are not observed at equal surface area concentrations of nontoxic glass beads. Results support a mechanistic basis for the importance of SOD2 in proliferation and apoptosis of mesothelial cells and its potential use as a biomarker of early responses to mesotheliomagenic minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedd M Hillegass
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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25
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Starvation-dependent differential stress resistance protects normal but not cancer cells against high-dose chemotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:8215-20. [PMID: 18378900 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Strategies to treat cancer have focused primarily on the killing of tumor cells. Here, we describe a differential stress resistance (DSR) method that focuses instead on protecting the organism but not cancer cells against chemotherapy. Short-term starved S. cerevisiae or cells lacking proto-oncogene homologs were up to 1,000 times better protected against oxidative stress or chemotherapy drugs than cells expressing the oncogene homolog Ras2(val19). Low-glucose or low-serum media also protected primary glial cells but not six different rat and human glioma and neuroblastoma cancer cell lines against hydrogen peroxide or the chemotherapy drug/pro-oxidant cyclophosphamide. Finally, short-term starvation provided complete protection to mice but not to injected neuroblastoma cells against a high dose of the chemotherapy drug/pro-oxidant etoposide. These studies describe a starvation-based DSR strategy to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy and suggest that specific agents among those that promote oxidative stress and DNA damage have the potential to maximize the differential toxicity to normal and cancer cells.
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26
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Mohr A, Büneker C, Gough RP, Zwacka RM. MnSOD protects colorectal cancer cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis by inhibition of Smac/DIABLO release. Oncogene 2007; 27:763-74. [PMID: 17653087 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) has been shown to have two faces with regard to its role in tumor development. On the one side, it is well documented that overexpression of MnSOD slows down cancer cell growth, whereas on the other side MnSOD also has a metastasis-promoting activity. We set out to examine the role of MnSOD in tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis, thought to be a first-line tumor surveillance mechanism and failure to undergo apoptosis might contribute to metastasis formation. We show that overexpression of MnSOD at moderate levels is able to protect cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis. While caspase-8 activation and Bid cleavage were not affected by MnSOD, we detected a marked decrease in caspase-3 activation pointing to a mitochondrial resistance mechanism. Indeed, we found that MnSOD-overexpressing cells showed reduced cytochrome c and no Smac/DIABLO release into the cytosol. The resulting lack of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) inhibition by cytosolic Smac/DIABLO most likely caused the TRAIL resistance as RNAi against XIAP-rescued caspase-3 activity and TRAIL sensitivity. Our results show that reactive oxygen species are involved in TRAIL-induced Smac/DIABLO release and in TRAIL-triggered apoptosis. Hence, high levels of MnSOD, which decompose and neutralize these reactive oxygen species, might contribute to metastasis formation by allowing disseminated tumor cells to escape from TRAIL-mediated tumor surveillance. As part of TRAIL regimens, adjuvant treatment with XIAP inhibitors in the form of Smac/DIABLO mimetics or MnSOD inhibitors might be able to break TRAIL resistance of malignant tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mohr
- National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, Molecular Therapeutics Group, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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27
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McLornan DP, McMullin MF, Johnston P, Longley DB. Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in acute myeloid leukaemia. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 3:363-77. [PMID: 17539744 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.3.3.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukaemia is a major obstacle to a successful outcome for many patients. Often, there is resistance against a broad range of drugs due to multiple, simultaneously active processes. These mechanisms include effects on drug influx and efflux, drug activation/inactivation, DNA repair mechanisms, altered response of end targets, an altered haematopoietic microenvironment and dysfunctional apoptotic pathways. This article reviews the factors that determine leukaemic cell chemosensitivity and discusses the potential for rationally guided therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal P McLornan
- Medical Research Council Clinical Research Fellow, Queen's University Belfast, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
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28
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Kagan V, Tyurina Y, Bayir H, Chu C, Kapralov A, Vlasova I, Belikova N, Tyurin V, Amoscato A, Epperly M, Greenberger J, DeKosky S, Shvedova A, Jiang J. The “pro-apoptotic genies” get out of mitochondria: Oxidative lipidomics and redox activity of cytochrome c/cardiolipin complexes. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 163:15-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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29
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Kachadourian R, Day BJ. Flavonoid-induced glutathione depletion: potential implications for cancer treatment. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:65-76. [PMID: 16781454 PMCID: PMC3983951 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Revised: 02/19/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability of a number of flavonoids to induce glutathione (GSH) depletion was measured in lung (A549), myeloid (HL-60), and prostate (PC-3) human tumor cells. The hydroxychalcone (2'-HC) and the dihydroxychalcones (2',2-, 2',3-, 2',4-, and 2',5'-DHC) were the most effective in A549 and HL-60 cells, depleting more than 50% of intracellular GSH within 4 h of exposure at 25 microM. In contrast, the flavones chrysin and apigenin were the most effective in PC-3 cells, depleting 50-70% of intracellular GSH within 24 h of exposure at 25 microM. In general, these flavonoids were more effective than three classical substrates of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MK-571, indomethacin, and verapamil). Prototypic flavonoids (2',5'-DHC and chrysin) were subsequently tested for their abilities to potentiate the toxicities of prooxidants (etoposide, rotenone, 2-methoxyestradiol, and curcumin). In A549 cells, 2',5'-DHC potentiated the cytotoxicities of rotenone, 2-methoxyestradiol, and curcumin, but not etoposide. In HL-60 and PC-3 cells, chrysin potentiated the cytotoxicity of curcumin, cytotoxicity that was attenuated by the catalytic antioxidant manganese(III) meso-tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin (MnTE-2-PyP). Assessments of mitochondrial GSH levels mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release showed that the potentiation effects induced by 2',5'-DHC and chrysin involve mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy Kachadourian
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Brian J. Day
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Immunology, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Medicine, K715A, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, CO 80206, USA. Fax: +1 303 270 2168. (B.J. Day)
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Bayir H, Fadeel B, Palladino MJ, Witasp E, Kurnikov IV, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Amoscato AA, Jiang J, Kochanek PM, DeKosky ST, Greenberger JS, Shvedova AA, Kagan VE. Apoptotic interactions of cytochrome c: redox flirting with anionic phospholipids within and outside of mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2006; 1757:648-59. [PMID: 16740248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the (re)discovery of cytochrome c (cyt c) in the early 1920s and subsequent detailed characterization of its structure and function in mitochondrial electron transport, it took over 70 years to realize that cyt c plays a different, not less universal role in programmed cell death, apoptosis, by interacting with several proteins and forming apoptosomes. Recently, two additional essential functions of cyt c in apoptosis have been discovered that are carried out via its interactions with anionic phospholipids: a mitochondria specific phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL), and plasma membrane phosphatidylserine (PS). Execution of apoptotic program in cells is accompanied by substantial and early mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Because antioxidant enhancements protect cells against apoptosis, ROS production was viewed not as a meaningless side effect of mitochondrial disintegration but rather playing some - as yet unidentified - role in apoptosis. This conundrum has been resolved by establishing that mitochondria contain a pool of cyt c, which interacts with CL and acts as a CL oxygenase. The oxygenase is activated during apoptosis, utilizes generated ROS and causes selective oxidation of CL. The oxidized CL is required for the release of pro-apoptotic factors from mitochondria into the cytosol. This redox mechanism of cyt c is realized earlier than its other well-recognized functions in the formation of apoptosomes and caspase activation. In the cytosol, released cyt c interacts with another anionic phospholipid, PS, and catalyzes its oxidation in a similar oxygenase reaction. Peroxidized PS facilitates its externalization essential for the recognition and clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Redox catalysis of plasma membrane PS oxidation constitutes an important redox-dependent function of cyt c in apoptosis and phagocytosis. Thus, cyt c acts as an anionic phospholipid specific oxygenase activated and required for the execution of essential stages of apoptosis. This review is focused on newly discovered redox mechanisms of complexes of cyt c with anionic phospholipids and their role in apoptotic pathways in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bayir
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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31
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Park SY, Lee KH, Kang D, Lee KH, Ha EH, Hong YC. Effect of genetic polymorphisms of MnSOD and MPO on the relationship between PAH exposure and oxidative DNA damage. Mutat Res 2006; 593:108-15. [PMID: 16084535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of genetic polymorphisms on the oxidative damage caused by PAH exposure, we measured urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels to determine exposure and oxidative injury in university students. After examining myeloperoxidase (MPO) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) genotypes by PCR and RFLP, we evaluated the effects of these polymorphisms on the relationship between the urinary levels of 1-OHP and 8-OHdG. No significant relation was observed between log 1-OHP and 8-OHdG concentrations in the whole study group (p=0.182), or between urinary 8-OHdG levels and polymorphisms of MnSOD or MPO (p=0.539 and 0.993, respectively). However, significant differences of regression coefficient were found for the relation between urinary log 1-OHP and urinary 8-OHdG concentrations in the presence of different MnSOD or MPO genotypes by multiple regression after controlling for age, sex, body mass index, cotinine, and smoking. In those with the MnSOD Val/Ala or Ala/Ala genotypes this regression coefficient was 1.480 (p=0.040), whereas for the MnSOD Val/Val genotype it was 0.088 (p=0.859). The higher regression coefficient was obtained for the subject group with the MnSOD Val/Ala or Ala/Ala genotype in combination with the MPO G/G genotype (p=0.012). We suggest that the oxidative injury caused by PAH exposure is modulated by genetic polymorphisms such as MnSOD and MPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Yeon Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
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32
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Gago-Dominguez M, Castelao JE, Pike MC, Sevanian A, Haile RW. Role of Lipid Peroxidation in the Epidemiology and Prevention of Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:2829-39. [PMID: 16364997 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently proposed a common mechanistic pathway by which obesity and hypertension lead to increased renal cell cancer risk. Our hypothesis posits lipid peroxidation, which is a principal mechanism in rodent renal carcinogenesis, as an intermediate step that leads to a final common pathway shared by numerous observed risks (including obesity, hypertension, smoking, oophorectomy/hysterectomy, parity, preeclampsia, diabetes, and analgesics) or protective factors (including oral contraceptive use and alcohol) for renal cell cancer [Cancer Causes Control 2002;13:287-93]. During this exercise, we have noticed how certain risk factors for renal cell carcinoma are protective for breast cancer and how certain protective factors for renal cell carcinoma increase risk for breast cancer. Parity and oophorectomy, for example, are positively associated with renal cell carcinoma but are negatively associated with breast cancer. Similarly, obesity and hypertension are positively associated with renal cell carcinoma, but obesity is negatively associated with breast cancer in premenopausal women and hypertension during pregnancy is negatively associated with breast cancer. Furthermore, alcohol intake, negatively associated with renal cell carcinoma, is also positively associated with breast cancer. We propose here the possibility that lipid peroxidation may represent a protective mechanism in breast cancer. Although this runs counter to the conventional view that lipid peroxidation is a process that is harmful and carcinogenic, we present here the chemical and biological rationale, based on epidemiologic and biochemical data, which may deserve further consideration and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gago-Dominguez
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9181, USA.
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33
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Guo WX, Pye QN, Williamson KS, Stewart CA, Hensley KL, Kotake Y, Floyd RA, Broyles RH. Mitochondrial dysfunction in choline deficiency-induced apoptosis in cultured rat hepatocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 39:641-50. [PMID: 16085182 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Revised: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our recent studies have demonstrated that generation of ROS is associated with choline deficiency (CD)-induced apoptosis in CWSV-1 cells, an immortalized rat hepatocyte that becomes tumorigenic by stepwise culturing in decreasing levels of choline. In the present study, we investigated the effect of CD on loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), using the JC-1 probe by FASCAN assay. Our data demonstrate that MMP in CD-cultured cells was decreased in a time- and dose-dependent manner and that significant disruption occurred at 24 h, relative to high choline (HC, 70 microM) cultured cells. In order to investigate further the relationship among the CD-induced ROS, MMP collapse, and apoptosis, we examined the effects of different inhibitors on ROS production, MMP disruption, and apoptosis in CD or HC-cultured CWSV-1 cells. These data indicate that the disruption of MMP is an upstream event in CD-induced apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in mediating CD-induced apoptosis in CWSV-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xing Guo
- Free Radical Biology & Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, MB21, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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34
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Huang HL, Wu SL, Liao HF, Jiang CM, Huang RL, Chen YY, Yang YC, Chen YJ. Induction of apoptosis by three marine algae through generation of reactive oxygen species in human leukemic cell lines. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:1776-81. [PMID: 15740073 DOI: 10.1021/jf049445n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the antitumor effect of marine algae extracts on human hepatoma and leukemia cells. Ethyl acetate extracts from Colpomenia sinuosa (Cs-EA), Halimeda discoidae (Hd-EA), and Galaxaura oblongata (Go-EA) directly inhibited the growth of human hepatoma HuH-7 cells and leukemia U937 and HL-60 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Specifically, these algae extracts induced apoptosis of U937 and HL-60 cells as evaluated by detection of hypodiploid cells using flow cytometry and observation of condensed and fragmented nuclei in algae extract-treated cells. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion, were increased about 2-3-fold in U937 cells treated with Cs-EA for 3-5 h. Interestingly, antioxidant N-acetylcysteine effectively blocked Cs-EA-, Hd-EA-, and Go-EA-induced apoptosis, suggesting that ROS is a key mediator in the apoptotic signaling pathway. In conclusion, our results show that algae extracts induce apoptosis in human leukemia cells through generation of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Lan Huang
- Department of Medical Research and of Radiation Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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35
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Ambrosone CB, Ahn J, Singh KK, Rezaishiraz H, Furberg H, Sweeney C, Coles B, Trovato A. Polymorphisms in Genes Related to Oxidative Stress ( MPO, MnSOD, CAT) and Survival After Treatment for Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.1105.65.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The proximate cause of cancer cell death by radiation therapy and a number of therapeutic agents is through generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in DNA damage as well as mitochondrial membrane disruption, triggering the apoptotic cascade. Because mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase catalyzes conversion of superoxide radicals to H2O2, with catalase neutralizing H2O2 and myeloperoxidase converting H2O2 to highly reactive hypochlorous acid, we hypothesized that gene variants could impact the efficacy of treatment for breast cancer and improve survival. Women who were treated with radiation and/or chemotherapy for incident breast cancer at the Arkansas Cancer Research Center from 1985 to 1996 were identified. DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded normal tissue (n = 279), and MnSOD, CAT, and MPO genotypes were determined using mass spectrometry. Cox proportional hazards models were adjusted for age, race, stage with node status, and estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status. Women who were homozygous for MPO G alleles, associated with increased transcription, had better survival (hazard ratio, 0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.38-0.95; P = 0.03) than those with common alleles. Both CAT TT and MnSOD CC genotypes were associated with nonsignificant reduced hazard of death. When we combined genotypes associated with higher levels of reactive oxygen species for MnSOD and MPO, women with MnSOD CC and MPO GG genotypes had a 3-fold decrease in hazard of death (hazard ratio, 0.33; 95% confidence interval, 0.13-0.80; P = 0.01). These data indicate that gene variants that impact oxidative stress modify prognosis after treatment for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiyoung Ahn
- 1Epidemiology, Departments of
- 4Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | | | - Helena Furberg
- 5Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Carol Sweeney
- 6Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Health Research Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Brian Coles
- 7Division of Molecular Epidemiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas; and
| | - Andrew Trovato
- 8Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
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36
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Kagan VE, Borisenko GG, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Jiang J, Potapovich AI, Kini V, Amoscato AA, Fujii Y. Oxidative lipidomics of apoptosis: redox catalytic interactions of cytochrome c with cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:1963-85. [PMID: 15544916 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Revised: 08/24/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The primary life-supporting function of cytochrome c (cyt c) is control of cellular energetic metabolism as a mobile shuttle in the electron transport chain of mitochondria. Recently, cyt c's equally important life-terminating function as a trigger and regulator of apoptosis was identified. This dreadful role is realized through the relocalization of mitochondrial cyt c to the cytoplasm where it interacts with Apaf-1 in forming apoptosomes and mediating caspase-9 activation. Although the presence of heme moiety of cyt c is essential for the latter function, cyt c's redox catalytic features are not required. Lately, two other essential functions of cyt c in apoptosis, that may rely heavily on its redox activity have been suggested. Both functions are directed toward oxidation of two negatively charged phospholipids, cardiolipin (CL) in the mitochondria and phosphatidylserine (PS) in the plasma membrane. In both cases, oxidized phospholipids seem to be essential for the transduction of two distinctive apoptotic signals: one is participation of oxidized CL in the formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore that facilitates release of cyt c into the cytosol and the other is the contribution of oxidized PS to the externalization and recognition of PS (and possibly oxidized PS) on the cell surface by specialized receptors of phagocytes. In this review, we present a new concept that cyt c actuates both of these oxidative roles through a uniform mechanism: its specific interactions with each of these phospholipids result in the conversion and activation of cyt c, transforming it from an innocuous electron transporter into a calamitous peroxidase capable of oxidizing the activating phospholipids. We also show that this new concept is compatible with a leading role for reactive oxygen species in the execution of the apoptotic program, with cyt c as the main executioner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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37
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Kinnula VL, Crapo JD. Superoxide dismutases in malignant cells and human tumors. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 36:718-44. [PMID: 14990352 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2003] [Revised: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 12/12/2003] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen metabolites have multifactorial effects on the regulation of cell growth and the capacity of malignant cells to invade. Overexpression of the superoxide dismutases (SODs) in vitro increases cell differentiation, decreases cell growth and proliferation, and can reverse a malignant phenotype to a nonmalignant one. The situation in vivo is more complex due to multiple interactions of tumor cells with their environment. Numerous in vivo studies show that the superoxide dismutases can be highly expressed in aggressive human solid tumors. Furthermore, high SOD has occasionally been associated with a poor prognosis and with resistance to cytotoxic drugs and radiation. Most of the apparent conflicts between the above in vitro and in vivo observations can be reconciled by considering the net redox status of tumor cells in different environments. Administering high concentrations of SOD to cells in vitro is usually associated with a non- or less malignant phenotype, whereas secondary induction of SOD in tumors in vivo can be associated with an aggressive malignant transformation probably due to the altered (oxidative) redox state in the malignant cells. This concept suggests that for many types of tumors antioxidants could be used to diminish the invasive capability of malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuokko L Kinnula
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-0029 Helsinki, Finland.
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38
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Li N, Ragheb K, Lawler G, Sturgis J, Rajwa B, Melendez JA, Robinson JP. DPI induces mitochondrial superoxide-mediated apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34:465-77. [PMID: 12566072 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)01325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The iodonium compounds diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) and diphenyliodonium (IDP) are well-known phagocyte NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors. However, it has been shown that at high concentrations they can inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory chain as well. Since inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain has been shown to induce superoxide production and apoptosis, we investigated the effect of iodonium compounds on mitochondria-derived superoxide and apoptosis. Mitochondrial superoxide production was measured on both cultured cells and isolated rat-heart submitochondrial particles. Mitochondria function was examined by monitoring mitochondrial membrane potential. Apoptotic pathways were studied by measuring cytochrome c release and caspase 3 activation. Apoptosis was characterized by detecting DNA fragmentation on agarose gel and measuring propidium iodide- (PI-) stained subdiploid cells using flow cytometry. Our results showed that DPI could induce mitochondrial superoxide production. The same concentration of DPI induced apoptosis by decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential and releasing cytochrome c. Addition of antioxidants or overexpression of MnSOD significantly reduced DPI-induced mitochondrial damage, cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and apoptosis. These observations suggest that DPI can induce apoptosis via induction of mitochondrial superoxide. DPI-induced mitochondrial superoxide production may prove to be a useful model to study the signaling pathways of mitochondrial superoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianyu Li
- Purdue University, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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39
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Suresh A, Guedez L, Moreb J, Zucali J. Overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase promotes survival in cell lines after doxorubicin treatment. Br J Haematol 2003; 120:457-63. [PMID: 12580960 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) has been postulated as one possible mechanism of protection from oxidative damage and free radicals. Doxorubicin treatment induces oxygen free radicals, leading to cytotoxicity and myelosuppression. The present study was performed to determine whether over-expression of MnSOD may play a role in resistance to doxorubicin. Retroviral constructs having the human MNSOD gene in the sense orientation and the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (NEOR) as a selectable marker were transduced into the human melanoma cell line A375 and the human histiocytic lymphoma cell line U937. Stably transduced A375 and U937 cells were subjected to 10-100 ng/ml doxorubicin for 24 h and compared with doxorubicin-treated A375 and U937 cells transduced with vector only. A colony forming assay was used to determine cell viability in semi-solid medium. Results demonstrated that wild-type A375 and U937 cells display low levels of endogenous MnSOD mRNA and protein, and are sensitive to doxorubicin treatment. In contrast, A375 and U937 cells transduced with the MNSOD gene consistently demonstrate increased colony formation in the presence of increasing concentrations of doxorubicin. MnSOD-transduced A375 and U937 cells also demonstrate increased MnSOD mRNA and protein levels when compared with wild type or those cells transduced with vector only. These results indicate that overexpression of MnSOD can enhance resistance to doxorubicin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaparthy Suresh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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40
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Yamada T, Goto M, Punj V, Zaborina O, Kimbara K, Das Gupta TK, Chakrabarty AM. The bacterial redox protein azurin induces apoptosis in J774 macrophages through complex formation and stabilization of the tumor suppressor protein p53. Infect Immun 2002; 70:7054-62. [PMID: 12438386 PMCID: PMC133031 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.12.7054-7062.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two redox proteins, azurin and cytochrome c(551) elaborated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, demonstrate significant cytotoxic activity towards macrophages. Azurin can enter macrophages, localize in the cytosol and nuclear fractions, and induce apoptosis. Two redox-negative mutants of azurin have less cytotoxicity than does wild-type (wt) azurin. Azurin has been shown to form a complex with the tumor suppressor protein p53, a known inducer of apoptosis, thereby stabilizing it and enhancing its intracellular level. A higher level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated during treatment of macrophages with wt azurin, correlates with its cytotoxicity. Treatment with some ROS-removing antioxidants greatly reduces azurin-mediated cytotoxicity, thus demonstrating a novel virulence property of this bacterial redox protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Yamada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago 60612, USA
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41
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Damdimopoulos AE, Miranda-Vizuete A, Pelto-Huikko M, Gustafsson JA, Spyrou G. Human mitochondrial thioredoxin. Involvement in mitochondrial membrane potential and cell death. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:33249-57. [PMID: 12080052 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203036200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trx) are a class of small multifunctional redox-active proteins found in all organisms. Recently, we reported the cloning of a mitochondrial thioredoxin, Trx2, from rat heart. To investigate the biological role of Trx2 we have isolated the human homologue, hTrx2, and generated HEK-293 cells overexpressing Trx2 (HEK-Trx2). Here, we show that HEK-Trx2 cells are more resistant toward etoposide. In addition, HEK-Trx2 are more sensitive toward rotenone, an inhibitor of complex I of the respiratory chain. Finally, overexpression of Trx2 confers an increase in mitochondrial membrane potential, DeltaPsi(m). Treatment with oligomycin could both reverse the effect of rotenone and decrease the membrane potential suggesting that Trx2 interferes with the activity of ATP synthase. Taken together, these results suggest that Trx2 interacts with specific components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and plays an important role in the regulation of the mitochondrial membrane potential.
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Custódio JBA, Cardoso CMP, Almeida LM. Thiol protecting agents and antioxidants inhibit the mitochondrial permeability transition promoted by etoposide: implications in the prevention of etoposide-induced apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact 2002; 140:169-84. [PMID: 12076523 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Etoposide (VP-16) is known to promote cell apoptosis either in cancer or in normal cells as a side effect. This fact is preceded by the induction of several mitochondrial events, including increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio followed by cytochrome c release and consequent activation of caspase-9 and -3, reduction of ATP levels, depolarization of membrane potential (DeltaPsi) and rupture of the outer membrane. These events are apoptotic factors essentially associated with the induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). VP-16 has been shown to stimulate the Ca2+-dependent MPT induction similarly to prooxidants and to promote apoptosis by oxidative stress mechanisms, which is prevented by glutathione (GSH) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the effects of antioxidants and thiol protecting agents on MPT promoted by VP-16, attempting to identify the underlying mechanisms on VP-16-induced apoptosis. The increased sensitivity of isolated mitochondria to Ca2+-induced swelling, Ca2+ release, depolarization of DeltaPsi and uncoupling of respiration promoted by VP-16, which are prevented by cyclosporine A proving that VP-16 induces the MPT, are also efficiently prevented by ascorbate, the primary reductant of the phenoxyl radicals produced by VP-16. The thiol reagents GSH, dithiothreitol and N-ethylmaleimide, which have been reported to prevent the MPT induction, also protect this event promoted by VP-16. The inhibition of the VP-16-induced MPT by antioxidants agrees with the prevention of etoposide-induced apoptosis by GSH and NAC and suggests the generation of oxidant species as a potential mechanism underlying the MPT that may trigger the release of mitochondrial apoptogenic factors responsible for apoptotic cascade activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José B A Custódio
- Laboratório de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Couraça dos Apóstolos, 51, Portugal.
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Bruserud Ø, Glenjen N, Gjertsen BT, Herfindal L, Døskeland SO. Use of marine toxins in combination with cytotoxic drugs for induction of apoptosis in acute myelogenous leukaemia cells. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2002; 2:197-210. [PMID: 11849119 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2.2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Intensive chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) results in an overall long-term disease-free survival of < 50%. This percentage reflects an improved survival for certain subsets of patients with low-risk cytogenetic abnormalities after treatment with high-dose cytarabine, whereas lower long-term survival is seen for other patients and especially for the large group of elderly patients. New treatment strategies are therefore considered in AML and one approach is to target the regulation of apoptosis in AML cells with new pharmacological agents. Regulation of apoptosis seems to be clinically important in AML as intracellular levels of apoptosis-regulating mediators can be used as predictors of prognosis in AML. It is also well documented that cytotoxic drugs exert important antileukaemic effects through induction of apoptosis. Marine toxins represent new pharmacological agents with proapoptotic effects and should be considered for combination therapy with cytotoxic drugs. These agents are already useful laboratory tools for in vitro studies of AML cells but it is still too early to conclude whether they will become useful in clinical therapy. One of the major problems to be investigated is the toxicity of combination therapy, although this may be solved by the coupling of toxins to antibodies or growth factors with a preferential binding to AML cells. Other problems that have to be addressed are the possible effect of the toxins' tumour promoting effects on chemosensitivity in relapsed AML and the possibility of cross-resistance between cytotoxic drugs and toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Bruserud
- Division for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
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Sentürker S, Tschirret-Guth R, Morrow J, Levine R, Shacter E. Induction of apoptosis by chemotherapeutic drugs without generation of reactive oxygen species. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 397:262-72. [PMID: 11795881 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies in a variety of cell types have suggested that cancer chemotherapy drugs induce tumor cell apoptosis in part by inducing formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using human B lymphoma cells as the targets, we have found that apoptosis can be induced in the absence of any detectable oxidative stress. Apoptosis was induced with the chemotherapy drugs VP-16 and cisplatin. To determine whether oxidants are formed as part of the drug-induced apoptotic process, intracellular markers of oxidative stress were examined. These included measurement of (1) protein carbonyl groups by Western blot immunoassay, (2) protein methionine sulfoxide residues by amino acid analysis, (3) protein sulfhydryl oxidation by Western blot immunoassay, (4) F2-isoprostanes by GC/MS, and (5) intracellular ROS production using the oxidant-sensitive dyes DCFDA and dihydrorhodamine 123. Apoptosis was quantified using fluorescence microscopy to assess nuclear morphology. The results show that VP-16 and cisplatin induce extensive apoptosis in the absence of any detectable protein or lipid oxidation, measured in both the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments of the cell. In contrast, H2O2, which kills the cells by nonapoptotic pathways, caused increases in both protein and lipid oxidation. Three different antioxidant compounds (N-acetyl cysteine, Tempol, and MnTBAP) failed to inhibit VP-16-induced apoptosis, while inhibiting H2O2-induced cell death. Only N-acetyl cysteine inhibited cisplatin-induced cell death and this is attributed to its known ability to react directly with and inactivate cisplatin before it enters the cell. The results demonstrate that, at least in B lymphoma cells, chemotherapy-induced apoptosis occurs using a mechanism that does not involve oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Sentürker
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Hileman EA, Achanta G, Huang P. Superoxide dismutase: an emerging target for cancer therapeutics. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2001; 5:697-710. [PMID: 12540279 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.5.6.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a critical enzyme responsible for the elimination of superoxide radicals and is considered to be a key anti-oxidant in aerobic cells. Cellular consumption of oxygen is essential for oxidative phosphorylation during ATP generation in the mitochondria, yet this cellular metabolism also leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including the superoxide radical (O(2)(*)(-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Accumulation of ROS results in cellular oxidative stress and, if not corrected, can lead to the damage of important biomolecules such as membrane lipids, proteins and DNA. Prolonged accumulation of high levels of free radicals in cells may cause irreversible cellular injury and ultimately result in cell death. Since SOD is the key enzyme in the first metabolic step of superoxide elimination, deficiency in SOD or inhibition of the enzyme activity may cause severe accumulation of O(2)(*)(-) in cells and lead to cell death. Thus, inhibition of SOD may provide a novel way to kill cancer cells. Due to dysfunction in the regulation of cell growth, cancer cells are active in energy metabolism, and thus produce high levels of O(2)(*)(-) and other ROS and are under constant oxidative stress. This may render the malignant cells more dependent on SOD to eliminate the toxic superoxide radicals and thus potentially more sensitive to SOD inhibitors. It is a plausible hypothesis that inhibition of SOD may preferentially kill malignant cells through a free radical-mediated mechanism. This article will review evidence that suggests SOD as an emerging therapeutic target for cancer treatment. The relevant clinical implications and potential risk will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Hileman
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Koistinen P, Siitonen T, Mäntymaa P, Savolainen ER. p53 and redox state in etoposide-induced acute myeloblastic leukemia cell death. Leuk Res 2001; 25:1099-105. [PMID: 11684284 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(01)00076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether p53, being a redox-sensitive protein, has a role in the responsiveness of AML cells to etoposide. Two subclones of the OCI/AML-2 cell line, the etoposide-sensitive (ES) and the etoposide-resistant (ER), were used as models. Sensitivity to etoposide was measured by trypan blue and annexin V assays. Etoposide-induced peroxide formation was associated with the induction of cell death. Evident expression of mutated p53 was observed in both subclones in basal growth conditions as analysed by Western blotting and flow cytometry. After etoposide exposure for up to 24 hours, some nuclear accumulation of p53 was observed in the ER subclone, as analysed by Western blotting. The conformation of p53, however, was not changed from mutated toward wild-type during exposure in either of the subclones as analysed by flow cytometry. In conclusion, etoposide-induced change in cellular redox state was associated with apoptosis, but was not a sufficient stimulus for p53 to make its conformation active. Thus, mutated p53 seems to have no role in etoposide-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Koistinen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Kajaanintie 50, FIN-90220 Oulu, Finland.
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Davis CA, Monnier JM, Nick HS. A coding region determinant of instability regulates levels of manganese superoxide dismutase mRNA. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:37317-26. [PMID: 11489890 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104378200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria-localized manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), serves a key cytoprotective role against reactive oxygen species arising from a variety of cellular processes and immunological stresses. Previous data from our laboratory suggest that the regulation of the rat MnSOD gene may occur not only at the transcriptional but quite possibly at the post-transcriptional level. To verify this hypothesis, we have attempted to identify regions within the rat MnSOD cDNA that may be functionally involved in regulating the stability of the mRNA. Using a c-fos-based promoter activation system, we have identified an approximately 280-nucleotide fragment within the MnSOD mRNA coding region that, when fused to a rabbit beta-globin gene, destabilizes the normally stable beta-globin mRNA. This cis-directed destabilization phenomenon confers its effects independent of position and stimulus. Most importantly, the MnSOD coding region determinant functions when placed in the 3'-untranslated region of the beta-globin transcript, demonstrating its activity in the absence of ribosome transit. We feel that these data provide a mechanistic basis for both the basal and stimulus-dependent post-transcriptional regulation of MnSOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Pham NA, Hedley DW. Respiratory chain-generated oxidative stress following treatment of leukemic blasts with DNA-damaging agents. Exp Cell Res 2001; 264:345-52. [PMID: 11262191 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2000.5148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs in diverse life forms during programmed cell death and appears to be a significant mediator since a wide range of manipulations that enhance cellular antioxidant systems are protective. Using a recently developed flow cytometry technique to assess respiratory chain function, we have investigated the mechanism of reactive oxygen generation in OCI/AML-2 leukemic blasts following treatment with cytosine arabinoside, etoposide, and gamma-irradiation. Increases in mitochondrially generated reactive oxygen were seen using all three agents, in association with hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Increased reactive oxygen occurred when mitochondria were energized using substrates for either complex I or complex II, indicating that the likely source is complex III (cytochrome c reductase). These findings are consistent with impaired adenine nucleotide exchange across the mitochondrial membrane, recently proposed to be an important event during the early stages of apoptosis induction (M. G. Vander Heiden et al., 1999, Mol. Cell 3, 159-167). Elevations of the antioxidants glutathione and thioredoxin occurred in association with this oxidative stress, likely the result of feedback mechanisms based on redox-sensitive transcription factors. Since glutathione and thioredoxin can protect from drug-induced apoptosis, their upregulation in response to respiratory chain-generated reactive oxygen might represent a cellular adaptation to DNA damage that promotes cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Pham
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Ontario Cancer Institute/ Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
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Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is essential for life as dramatically illustrated by the neonatal lethality of mice that are deficient in MnSOD. In addition, mice expressing only 50% of the normal compliment of MnSOD demonstrate increased susceptibility to oxidative stress and severe mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from elevation of reactive oxygen species. Thus, it is important to know the status of both MnSOD protein levels and activity in order to assess its role as an important regulator of cell biology. Numerous studies have shown that MnSOD can be induced to protect against pro-oxidant insults resulting from cytokine treatment, ultraviolet light, irradiation, certain tumors, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and ischemia/reperfusion. In addition, overexpression of MnSOD has been shown to protect against pro-apoptotic stimuli as well as ischemic damage. Conversely, several studies have reported declines in MnSOD activity during diseases including cancer, aging, progeria, asthma, and transplant rejection. The precise biochemical/molecular mechanisms involved with this loss in activity are not well understood. Certainly, MnSOD gene expression or other defects could play a role in such inactivation. However, based on recent findings regarding the susceptibility of MnSOD to oxidative inactivation, it is equally likely that post-translational modification of MnSOD may account for the loss of activity. Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that MnSOD is tyrosine nitrated and inactivated during human kidney allograft rejection and human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. We have determined that peroxynitrite (ONOO- ) is the only known biological oxidant competent to inactivate enzymatic activity, to nitrate critical tyrosine residues, and to induce dityrosine formation in MnSOD. Tyrosine nitration and inactivation of MnSOD would lead to increased levels of superoxide and concomitant increases in ONOO- within the mitochondria which, could lead to tyrosine nitration/oxidation of key mitochondrial proteins and ultimately mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. This article assesses the important role of MnSOD activity in various pathological states in light of this potentially lethal positive feedback cycle involving oxidative inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Macmillan-Crow
- Pharmacology; University of Alabama at Birmingham 1900 8th Avenue, South Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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