1
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Herzig MC, Christy BA, Montgomery RK, Cantu-Garza C, Barrera GD, Lee JH, Mucha N, Talackine JR, Abaasah IA, Bynum JA, Cap AP. Short-term assays for mesenchymal stromal cell immunosuppression of T-lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1225047. [PMID: 37822938 PMCID: PMC10562633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1225047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Trauma patients are susceptible to coagulopathy and dysfunctional immune responses. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are at the forefront of the cellular therapy revolution with profound immunomodulatory, regenerative, and therapeutic potential. Routine assays to assess immunomodulation activity examine MSC effects on proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and take 3-7 days. Assays that could be done in a shorter period of time would be beneficial to allow more rapid comparison of different MSC donors. The studies presented here focused on assays for MSC suppression of mitogen-stimulated PBMC activation in time frames of 24 h or less. Methods Three potential assays were examined-assays of apoptosis focusing on caspase activation, assays of phosphatidyl serine externalization (PS+) on PBMCs, and measurement of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) levels using rapid ELISA methods. All assays used the same initial experimental conditions: cryopreserved PBMCs from 8 to 10 pooled donors, co-culture with and without MSCs in 96-well plates, and PBMC stimulation with mitogen for 2-72 h. Results Suppression of caspase activity in activated PBMCs by incubation with MSCs was not robust and was only significant at times after 24 h. Monitoring PS+ of live CD3+ or live CD4+/CD3+ mitogen-activated PBMCs was dose dependent, reproducible, robust, and evident at the earliest time point taken, 2 h, although no increase in the percentage of PS+ cells was seen with time. The ability of MSC in co-culture to suppress PBMC PS+ externalization compared favorably to two concomitant assays for MSC co-culture suppression of PBMC proliferation, at 72 h by ATP assay, or at 96 h by fluorescently labeled protein signal dilution. TNFα release by mitogen-activated PBMCs was dose dependent, reproducible, robust, and evident at the earliest time point taken, with accumulating signal over time. However, suppression levels with MSC co-culture was reliably seen only after 24 h. Discussion Takeaways from these studies are as follows: (1) while early measures of PBMC activation is evident at 2-6 h, immunosuppression was only reliably detected at 24 h; (2) PS externalization at 24 h is a surrogate assay for MSC immunomodulation; and (3) rapid ELISA assay detection of TNFα release by PBMCs is a robust and sensitive assay for MSC immunomodulation at 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryanne C. Herzig
- Blood and Shock Research, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Barbara A. Christy
- Blood and Shock Research, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Robbie K. Montgomery
- Blood and Shock Research, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Carolina Cantu-Garza
- Blood and Shock Research, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gema D. Barrera
- Blood and Shock Research, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ji H. Lee
- Blood and Shock Research, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nicholas Mucha
- Blood and Shock Research, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Talackine
- Blood and Shock Research, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Isaac A. Abaasah
- Blood and Shock Research, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - James A. Bynum
- Blood and Shock Research, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Andrew P. Cap
- Blood and Shock Research, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
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Thitilertdecha P, Tantithavorn V, Poungpairoj P, Onlamoon N. Synergistic immunosuppressive effect of hispidulin and nepetin mixtures on human T lymphocytes. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2022; 44:693-703. [PMID: 35549795 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2077216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clerodendrum petasites S. Moore predominantly contains hispidulin (His) and nepetin (Nep) which are immunosuppressive potentials. Although the effect of individual compounds was previously confirmed, a cumulative suppression of these flavonoid mixtures is unknown. This study thus investigated their inhibitory effects and cytotoxicity on T cells by using His:Nep ratios following a naturally-occurring dose (3:1) and optimized doses (1:1 and 1:3). MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-CD3/28 stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with individual compounds and their mixtures. Changes in early cell activation markers in activated T cells and apoptosis were analyzed by a flow cytometer. RESULTS Mixtures at 3:1 suppressed CD69 and CD25 expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in a dose-dependent manner. At the highest concentration of 200 µM His +66.7 µM Nep, over 90% inhibition was observed for CD25 expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, whereas a lesser effect was observed for CD69 expression. A dose-dependent inhibition was still observed when using 1:1 and 1:3 ratios. Interestingly, 80-97% inhibition were observed in CD69 and CD25 expression without inducing cell death after treated with the highest doses of each ratio (66.7 µM His +200 µM Nep and 200 µM His +200 µM Nep). These mixtures were also exhibited a better suppression than individual compounds. CONCLUSIONS The optimized mixture of His and Nep at 66.7:200 µM is suggested for further study due to a greater suppressive effect than a single compound or a naturally-occurring dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premrutai Thitilertdecha
- Siriraj Research Group in Immunobiology and Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Varangkana Tantithavorn
- Siriraj Research Group in Immunobiology and Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poonsin Poungpairoj
- Siriraj Research Group in Immunobiology and Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattawat Onlamoon
- Siriraj Research Group in Immunobiology and Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, Thailand
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3
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Vuković B, Cvetić Ž, Bendelja K, Barbir R, Milić M, Dobrošević B, Šerić V, Vinković Vrček I. In vitro study on the immunomodulatory effects of differently functionalized silver nanoparticles on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:817-831. [PMID: 34476609 PMCID: PMC8412400 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with the immune system has not yet been sufficiently elucidated even though they belong to the most investigated and exploited group of nanomaterials. This study aimed to evaluate immunomodulatory effect of four different AgNPs on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs). Fresh hPBMCs were exposed to the small sized (~ 10 nm) AgNPs immediately after isolation from the whole blood of healthy volunteers. The study considered coating-, time- and dose-dependent response of hPBMSc and stimulation of both early and intermediate activation of lymphocytes and monocytes using flow cytometry. The AgNPs differed in surface charge and were stabilised with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), poly-L-lysine (PLL), bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium (AOT) or blood serum albumin (BSA). Response of hPBMCs to coating agents and ionic Ag form was evaluated to distinguish their effect from the AgNPs action as they may be released from the nanosurface. There was no significant effect of any tested AgNPs on relative count of hPBMCs subpopulations. The T-cells and monocytes were not activated after treatment with AgNPs, but the highest concentration of PLL- and BSA-AgNPs decreased density of CD4 and CD8 markers on T-helper and T-cytotoxic cells, respectively. The same AgNPs activated B- and NK-cells. Ionic Ag activated T-, B- and NK-cells, but at very higher concentration, whereas only PLL exhibited immunomodulatory activity. This study evidenced immunomodulatory activity of AgNPs that may be fine-tuned by the design of their surface functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vuković
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Željko Cvetić
- Center for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krešo Bendelja
- Center for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rinea Barbir
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Milić
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Blaženka Dobrošević
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vatroslav Šerić
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Vinković Vrček
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Nunes JM, Furtado MN, de Morais Nunes ER, Sucupira MCA, Diaz RS, Janini LMR. Modulation of epigenetic factors during the early stages of HIV-1 infection in CD4 + T cells in vitro. Virology 2018; 523:41-51. [PMID: 30077875 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have related epigenetic mechanisms to HIV-1 latency. However, the epigenetic modifications of the host cell genome involved in the early stages of HIV-1 infection remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate epigenetic factors that are regulated at the beginning of HIV-1 infection in activated and resting CD4+ T cells. We analyzed the gene expression of 84 epigenetic targets, global DNA methylation, and HIV-1 replication kinetics for 36 h after infecting CD4+ T cells obtained from the blood of twelve healthy donors. The epigenetic targets aurora kinase B (AURKB), aurora kinase C (AURKC) and DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B), and the global DNA methylation profile are regulated during HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T cells, and this regulation can be influenced by the activation state of the cell at the time of infection. Approaches that affect the expression of these epigenetic targets could help current strategies to suppress HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Meneses Nunes
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Nadiege Furtado
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Edsel Renata de Morais Nunes
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Cecilia Araripe Sucupira
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Sobhie Diaz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Mário Ramos Janini
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Retrovirology, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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5
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Gao C, Song Q, Zhang M, Li J, Yi M, Dong J. A method for expansion of T cells from cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2018; 54:549-554. [PMID: 30112696 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-018-0278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
T cells have been successfully applied to cancer immunotherapy. However, a challenge is an expansion of T cells from cynomolgus monkey, which is a valuable non-human primate model for T cell therapy transferring to the clinic. Here, we compared several strategies to expand cynomolgus monkey T cell and developed an appropriate method. Our study demonstrated that 100 ng/ml CD3 mAb + 1% PHA+ 1000 U/ml IL2 therapy significantly expanded peripheral blood CD3+ T cells without compromising T cell phenotype in vitro. The results of this study could be used for T cell remodeling, which has significant therapeutic potential in Chimeric Antigen Receptor-T (CAR-T) cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Change Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Qian Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yunnan Cancer Hospital & The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Yunnan Cancer Hospital & The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Jian Li
- Kunming Biological Diversity Regional Center of Instruments, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Miao Yi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yunnan Cancer Hospital & The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Jian Dong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yunnan Cancer Hospital & The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China.
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6
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CD32 expression is associated to T-cell activation and is not a marker of the HIV-1 reservoir. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2739. [PMID: 30013105 PMCID: PMC6048139 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05157-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD32 has been shown to be preferentially expressed in latently HIV-1-infected cells in an in vitro model of quiescent CD4 T cells. Here we show that stimulation of CD4+ T cells with IL-2, IL-7, PHA, and anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies induces T-cell proliferation, co-expression of CD32 and the activation of the markers HLA-DR and CD69. HIV-1 infection increases CD32 expression. 79.2% of the CD32+/CD4+ T cells from HIV+ individuals under antiretroviral treatment were HLA-DR+. Resting CD4+ T cells infected in vitro generally results in higher integration of provirus. We observe no difference in provirus integration or replication-competent inducible latent HIV-1 in CD32+ or CD32− CD4+ T cells from HIV+ individuals. Our results demonstrate that CD32 expression is a marker of CD4+ T cell activation in HIV+ individuals and raises questions regarding the immune resting status of CD32+ cells harboring HIV-1 proviruses. CD32 has been previously shown to be expressed preferentially by CD4 T cells latently harbouring HIV-1. Here the authors show that CD32 expression in CD4 T cells is associated with T cell activation, is up-regulated by HIV-1 infection and importantly does not appear to represent an enriched cellular niche for latent HIV-1.
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7
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Fraiberk M, Hájková M, Krulová M, Kojzarová M, Drda Morávková A, Pšikal I, Forstová J. Exploitation of stable nanostructures based on the mouse polyomavirus for development of a recombinant vaccine against porcine circovirus 2. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184870. [PMID: 28922413 PMCID: PMC5602543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a suitable vaccine antigen against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), the causative agent of post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome, which causes significant economic losses in swine breeding. Chimeric antigens containing PCV2b Cap protein sequences based on the mouse polyomavirus (MPyV) nanostructures were developed. First, universal vectors for baculovirus-directed production of chimeric MPyV VLPs or pentamers of the major capsid protein, VP1, were designed for their exploitation as vaccines against other pathogens. Various strategies were employed based on: A) exposure of selected immunogenic epitopes on the surface of MPyV VLPs by insertion into a surface loop of the VP1 protein, B) insertion of foreign protein molecules inside the VLPs, or C) fusion of a foreign protein or its part with the C-terminus of VP1 protein, to form giant pentamers of a chimeric protein. We evaluated these strategies by developing a recombinant vaccine against porcine circovirus 2. All candidate vaccines induced the production of antibodies against the capsid protein of porcine circovirus after immunization of mice. The candidate vaccine, Var C, based on fusion of mouse polyomavirus and porcine circovirus capsid proteins, could induce the production of antibodies with the highest PCV2 neutralizing capacity. Its ability to induce the production of neutralization antibodies was verified after immunization of pigs. The advantage of this vaccine, apart from its efficient production in insect cells and easy purification, is that it represents a DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) vaccine, which also induces an immune response against the mouse polyoma VP1 protein and is thus able to distinguish between vaccinated and naturally infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fraiberk
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jitka Forstová
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
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8
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Chen R, Xiang F, Hu J, Cao X, Tan X, Jia P, Zhang T, Song N, Fang Y, Ding X, Zou J. Factors associated with the elevated percentage of CD4CD69 T cells in maintained hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail 2017; 39:547-554. [PMID: 28726529 PMCID: PMC6014306 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2017.1349672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: CD4 T-cell abnormality, influencing the outcome of the maintained hemodialysis (MHD), is common in patients on dialysis. We try to find out factors associated with the activated CD4 T cells, CD4CD69 T cells, to improve the dialysis quality. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the change of CD4CD69 in MHD patients and healthy controls in our hospital from September 2015 to May 2016. A total of 164 MHD patients and 24 healthy controls were included according to the criteria. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models after correlation analysis were executed to discover the related factors of CD4CD69 T-cell posterior to the division of the CD4CD69 T cell according to its median. Results: The lymphocytes were lower, but the percentage of CD4CD69 T cells was higher in MHD patients compared with healthy controls, even after the propensity score matching based on age and sex. The percentage of CD4 T cells showed no significant difference between the two groups. Further multivariate logistic regression models revealed that CD4CD69 T cell was independently associated with serum total protein (OR 95%CI: 0.830[0.696, 0.990], p = .038), transferrin (OR 95%CI: 3.072[1.131, 8.342], p = .028) and magnesium (OR 95%CI: 16.960[1.030, 279.275], p = .048). Conclusion: The percentage of CD4CD69 T cells, activated CD4 T cells, elevated in hemodialysis patients despite the decrease in lymphocytes. The elevated CD4CD69 T cells were independently associated with serum total protein negatively, but transferrin and magnesium positively. Strengthening nutrition, reducing the concentration of transferrin and magnesium might be beneficial to reduce the activation of CD4 T cells and improve the outcome of MHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyi Chen
- a Division of Nephrology , Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis , Shanghai , China.,c Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification of Shanghai , Shanghai , China
| | - Fangfang Xiang
- a Division of Nephrology , Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis , Shanghai , China.,c Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification of Shanghai , Shanghai , China
| | - Jiachang Hu
- a Division of Nephrology , Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis , Shanghai , China.,c Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification of Shanghai , Shanghai , China
| | - Xuesen Cao
- a Division of Nephrology , Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis , Shanghai , China.,c Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification of Shanghai , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiao Tan
- a Division of Nephrology , Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis , Shanghai , China.,c Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification of Shanghai , Shanghai , China
| | - Ping Jia
- a Division of Nephrology , Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis , Shanghai , China.,c Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification of Shanghai , Shanghai , China
| | - Ting Zhang
- a Division of Nephrology , Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis , Shanghai , China.,c Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification of Shanghai , Shanghai , China
| | - Nana Song
- a Division of Nephrology , Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis , Shanghai , China.,c Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification of Shanghai , Shanghai , China
| | - Yi Fang
- a Division of Nephrology , Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis , Shanghai , China.,c Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification of Shanghai , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- a Division of Nephrology , Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis , Shanghai , China.,c Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification of Shanghai , Shanghai , China
| | - Jianzhou Zou
- a Division of Nephrology , Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis , Shanghai , China.,c Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification of Shanghai , Shanghai , China
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9
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Chronic hepatitis C virus infection triggers spontaneous differential expression of biosignatures associated with T cell exhaustion and apoptosis signaling in peripheral blood mononucleocytes. Apoptosis 2015; 20:466-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Matic J, Deeg J, Scheffold A, Goldstein I, Spatz JP. Fine tuning and efficient T cell activation with stimulatory aCD3 nanoarrays. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:5090-7. [PMID: 24111628 PMCID: PMC3834297 DOI: 10.1021/nl4022623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Anti-CD3 (aCD3) nanoarrays fabricated by self-assembled nanopatterning combined with site-directed protein immobilization techniques represent a novel T cell stimulatory platform that allows tight control over ligand orientation and surface density. Here, we show that activation of primary human CD4+ T cells, defined by CD69 upregulation, IL-2 production and cell proliferation, correlates with aCD3 density on nanoarrays. Immobilization of aCD3 through nanopatterning had two effects: cell activation was significantly higher on these surfaces than on aCD3-coated plastics and allowed unprecedented fine-tuning of T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Matic
- Department
of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, University of
Heidelberg, INF 253, Germany
| | - Janosch Deeg
- Department
of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, University of
Heidelberg, INF 253, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Department
of Cellular Immunology, Clinics for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German
Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Itamar Goldstein
- Immunology
Core Laboratory, Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel
Hashomer 52621, Israel
- Sackler
Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Joachim P. Spatz
- Department
of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Biophysical Chemistry, University of
Heidelberg, INF 253, Germany
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11
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Velozo LSM, Martino T, Vigliano MV, Pinto FA, Silva GP, Justo MDGA, Sabino KCC, Coelho MGP. Pterodon polygalaeflorusEssential Oil Modulates Acute Inflammation and B and T Lymphocyte Activation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2013; 41:545-63. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x13500390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The increased life expectancy of the population has led to increasing incidences of cancer, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Thus the continuous search for new drugs is necessary because ineffectiveness and adverse effects have been described for standard drugs. Essential oils are important sources of bioactive metabolites and several clinical trials have been developed using them. The Pterodon genus has been used in traditional medicine to treat rheumatic disorders, thus this work investigated the properties of essential oil from Pterodon polygalaeflorus fruits (EsOPpg) on acute inflammation and lymphocyte activation. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and its components were identified by GC/MS. The anti-inflammatory response was assessed using the air pouch model. Antinociceptive potential was evaluated using the writhing model. Lymphocyte phenotyping, cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. EsOPpg promoted a reduction in leukocyte counts and protein concentration in the exudate, and reduced vasodilatation and inflammatory cell infiltrate in air pouch tissue. No antinociceptive effect was demonstrated for the doses tested. EsOPpg inhibited lymphocyte proliferation, arresting the cell cycle in G1phase, and induced apoptosis in these cells. EsOPpg downregulated both the total number of CD8+T cells and the activated subpopulation (CD8+CD69+), while promoting upregulation of the total number of CD19+and CD19+CD69+B cells. In conclusion, Pterodon polygalaeflorus essential oil diminished the acute inflammatory response and inhibited lymphocyte proliferation, reducing neutrophil recruitment into the cavity and air pouch tissue and promoting distinct modulations of the activation level of each lymphocyte subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leosvaldo S. M. Velozo
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Natural Products, Biochemistry Department, Biology Institute, Biomedical Center – Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago Martino
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Natural Products, Biochemistry Department, Biology Institute, Biomedical Center – Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana V. Vigliano
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Natural Products, Biochemistry Department, Biology Institute, Biomedical Center – Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabiana A. Pinto
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Natural Products, Biochemistry Department, Biology Institute, Biomedical Center – Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Girlaine P. Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Natural Products, Biochemistry Department, Biology Institute, Biomedical Center – Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria da Graça A. Justo
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Natural Products, Biochemistry Department, Biology Institute, Biomedical Center – Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Kátia C. C. Sabino
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Natural Products, Biochemistry Department, Biology Institute, Biomedical Center – Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marsen G. P. Coelho
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Natural Products, Biochemistry Department, Biology Institute, Biomedical Center – Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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12
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Abdullah M, Chai PS, Chong MY, Tohit ERM, Ramasamy R, Pei CP, Vidyadaran S. Gender effect on in vitro lymphocyte subset levels of healthy individuals. Cell Immunol 2011; 272:214-9. [PMID: 22078320 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Differences in gender immune response have resulted in differences in immune protection and susceptibility to inflammatory diseases. Cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are widely used in immunomodulation studies, yet the influence of gender is usually not considered. We examined the effect of in vitro culture and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation on PBMC lymphocyte subsets using flowcytometry. Full blood counts of whole blood showed higher levels of lymphocyte in male subjects. Lymphocyte subsets enumeration revealed higher NK cell counts in males and higher B cells in females. Cultured PBMC resulted in significant increases in B and total T cell percentages among females and NK cells among males. PHA stimulated significantly increased percentages of NK and total T cells in males and total activated T cells (CD69+) in females. Our results showed significant gender differences in lymphocyte subsets in cultured conditions. This may affect experimental outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Abdullah
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
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13
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Pitsios C, Dimitrakopoulou A, Tsalimalma K, Kordossis T, Choremi‐Papadopoulou H. Expression of CD69 on T‐cell subsets in HIV‐1 disease. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 68:233-41. [DOI: 10.1080/00365510701630227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Stone KD, Feldman HA, Huisman C, Howlett C, Jabara HH, Bonilla FA. Analysis of in vitro lymphocyte proliferation as a screening tool for cellular immunodeficiency. Clin Immunol 2009; 131:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Bonilla FA. Interpretation of lymphocyte proliferation tests. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 101:101-4. [PMID: 18681092 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60842-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Bonilla
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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16
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Reading C, Dowding C, Schramm B, Garsd A, Onizuka-Handa N, Stickney D, Frincke J. Improvement in immune parameters and human immunodeficiency virus-1 viral response in individuals treated with 16alpha-bromoepiandrosterone (HE2000). Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12:1082-8. [PMID: 17002607 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the safety, tolerance, immunological effect and anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity of sub-cutaneously administered HE2000 (16alpha-bromoepiandrosterone) as monotherapy in treatment-naïve patients with HIV-1. Twenty-four patients received five sequential daily doses of 50 or 100 mg of HE2000 or placebo every 6 weeks for up to three courses, and were followed thereafter for 3 months. HE2000 was safe, with transient injection site reactions being the main side-effect. Peripheral blood samples, collected serially, were analysed for changes in immune cell phenotypes. Significant increases were observed in the numbers of circulating dendritic cells, early activated (CD69+ CD25-) CD8 T-cells and T-NK cells after administration of 50-mg doses of HE2000 (p < 0.05). Gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was analysed by real-time RT-PCR. Before treatment, HIV-1-infected patients had significantly elevated transcripts for a number of inflammatory mediators (p < 0.012). After 50 mg or 100 mg HE2000, but not after placebo, there were significant sustained decreases in IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and Cox-2 transcripts (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in CD4 cell numbers, although patients receiving 50-mg doses demonstrated a significant decrease in viral load (- 0.6 log; p < 0.01). Anti-HIV-1 T-cell responses were analysed serially using GAG-peptides to stimulate cytoplasmic IFN-gamma responses. After three courses, the 50-mg dose group demonstrated a significant increase in CD8 T-cell response against two distinct GAG peptide pools (p < 0.03). These findings suggest that immune-based therapies may be able to impact viral load by decreasing inflammation and/or stimulating CD8 T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reading
- Hollis Eden Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.
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17
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Winek J, Mueller A, Csernok E, Gross WL, Lamprecht P. Frequency of proteinase 3 (PR3)-specific autoreactive T cells determined by cytokine flow cytometry in Wegener's granulomatosis. J Autoimmun 2004; 22:79-85. [PMID: 14709416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2003.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown proliferation to Wegener's autoantigen, proteinase 3 (PR3). We tested immunogenicity of PR3-derived peptides and determined frequencies of PR3-specific T cells using cytokine flow cytometry in Wegener's granulomatois (WG). METHODS Peripheral blood T-cell responses were measured after stimulation with previously described PR3-derived peptides. PBMC were stimulated with PR3-derived peptides or control stimuli for up to 10 days. Cells were stained with antibodies against CD4 or CD8, CD69 and intracellular TNF-alpha and analyzed by flow cytometry. PR3-specific T cells were counted as the percentage of CD69(+)TNF-alpha(+)double positive T cells after stimulation. RESULTS Frequencies of PR3-specific peripheral blood T cells after short-term stimulation (<or=0.4%) were lower compared to frequencies of PR3-specific CD4(+)T cells (0.64+/-0.09%, mean+/-SEM) and PR3-specific CD8(+)T cells (0.65+/-0.18%) after 10 days of stimulation in WG. There were no differences of the frequency of PR3-specific T cells between WG and healthy controls after stimulation with other peptides. The frequency of PR3-specific CD8(+)T cells stimulated with a preferentially HLA-A*0201 binding PR3-peptide sequence was higher compared to the frequency of T cells stimulated with a HLA-B*0702 binding PR3-peptide in one WG patient whose HLA type was known (A2B7). CONCLUSION Low frequencies of TNF-alpha(+)PR3-specific T cells can be detected in individual WG patients and controls using cytokine flow cytometry. The pattern and time course of cytokine production in response to PR3 peptides needs to be further elucidated. Additional factors such as the influence of proinflammatory or regulatory T cells might be important for the induction of autoimmunity in WG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Winek
- Third Department of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Plocka 26, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Lin SJ, Chao HC, Chang KW, Yan DC. Effect of interleukin 15 and interleukin 2 on anti-CD3-induced T-cell activation and apoptosis in children with common variable immunodeficiency. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003; 91:65-70. [PMID: 12877452 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defective T-cell function and susceptibility to apoptosis following activation may contribute to the immunodeficiency observed in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients. Interleukin (IL) 2 benefits CVID children by boosting T-cell function. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of another IL-2 common gamma-chain signaling cytokine, IL-15, on T-cell activation and apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from children with CVID compared with IL-2. METHODS Five children treated at the Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, during 1998 to 2002 who fulfilled World Health Organization criteria for CVID and 8 age-matched, healthy controls were enrolled. The PBMCs were stimulated with anti-CD3 in the presence or absence of IL-2 and IL-15 for 4 days, followed by 24-hour incubation with anti-Fas to induce apoptosis. Surface expression of CD69, CD25, and CD95 (Fas) on CD3+ T cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. The degree of apoptosis was evaluated by propidium iodide-phycoerythrin/annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate flow cytometric staining. RESULTS Following anti-CD3 activation, CD69 and CD25 expression of CVID CD3+ PBMCs was enhanced to levels comparable to controls. Exogenous IL-15 resulted in further enhancement of anti-CD3-induced CD69 expression to a greater extent than that achieved with IL-2. A greater degree of apoptosis was found in CVID patients than controls following anti-CD3 stimulation (P = 0.001). IL-15 but not IL-2 further increased anti-CD3-induced apoptosis in control PBMCs (P = 0.001). In contrast, the degree of anti-CD3-induced apoptosis in CVID PBMCs was unaffected by IL-15 or IL-2. Addition of anti-Fas to cultures prestimulated with anti-CD3 further increased the apoptosis in control PBMCs but had no effect on apoptosis of CVID PBMCs. CONCLUSION Comparable anti-CD3-induced activation and enhanced apoptosis were observed in PBMCs from children with CVID compared with controls. The degree of apoptosis in CVID PBMCs was not affected by exogenous IL-15 or anti-Fas, suggesting a preactivated status in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syh-Jae Lin
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.
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19
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Perez OD, Nolan GP. Simultaneous measurement of multiple active kinase states using polychromatic flow cytometry. Nat Biotechnol 2002; 20:155-62. [PMID: 11821861 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0202-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular assays of signaling systems have been limited by an inability to correlate functional subsets of cells in complex populations on the basis of active kinase states. Such correlations could be important in distinguishing changes in signaling status that arise in rare cell subsets during functional activation or in disease manifestation. Here we demonstrate the ability to simultaneously detect activated kinase members of the mitogen-activated protein kinases family (p38 MAPK, p44/42 MAPK, JNK/SAPK), members of cell survival pathways (AKT/PKB), and members of T-cell activation pathways (TYK2), among others, in subpopulations of complex cell populations by multiparameter flow-cytometric analysis. We demonstrate the utility of these probes in identifying distinct signaling cascades for (1) both artificial and physiological stimulatory conditions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), (2) cytokine stimulation in human memory and naïve lymphocyte subsets as identified by five differentiation markers, and (3) ordering of kinase activation in potential signaling hierarchies. Polychromatic flow-cytometric active kinase measurements demonstrate that multidimensional analysis of signaling pathways can provide functional signaling pathway assessment on a single-cell level and allow for potential correlation with biological and clinical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar D Perez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5175, USA
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20
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Nielsen SD, Jeppesen DL, Kolte L, Clark DR, Sørensen TU, Dreves AM, Ersbøll AK, Ryder LP, Valerius NH, Nielsen JO. Impaired progenitor cell function in HIV-negative infants of HIV-positive mothers results in decreased thymic output and low CD4 counts. Blood 2001; 98:398-404. [PMID: 11435309 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.2.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematologic and immunologic functions were examined in 19 HIV-negative infants of HIV-positive mothers and 19 control infants of HIV-negative mothers. Control infants were selected to match for gestational age, weight, and mode of delivery. Cord blood was obtained from all infants and used for flow cytometric determination of lymphocyte subsets, including the naive CD4 count. Furthermore, to determine thymic output, cord blood mononuclear cells were used for determination of T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs). Evaluation of progenitor cell function was done by means of colony-forming cell assay and fetal thymic organ cultures (FTOCs). Lower naive CD4 counts (459.3 +/- 68.9 vs 1128.9 +/- 146.8 cells/microL, P <.001) and reduced thymic output in infants of HIV-positive mothers were found (frequency of CD4(+) cells with TRECs was 3.6% +/- 0.7% compared with 14.3% +/- 2.2% in controls, P <.001). In combination with lower red blood cell counts in infants of HIV-positive mothers, this finding suggested impairment of progenitor cell function. Indeed, progenitors from infants of HIV-positive mothers had decreased cloning efficiency (15.7% +/- 2.6% vs 55.8% +/- 15.9%, P =.009) and seemed to generate fewer T cells in FTOCs. In conclusion, lower numbers of naive CD4(+) cells and reduced thymic output in HIV-negative infants of HIV-positive mothers may be due to impaired progenitor cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Department of Pediatrics, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
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21
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De Martino M, Rossi ME, Azzari C, Gelli MG, Chiarelli F, Galli L, Vierucci A. Viral load and CD69 molecule expression on freshly isolated and cultured mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes of children with perinatal HIV-1 infection. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 117:513-6. [PMID: 10469055 PMCID: PMC1905369 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.01011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 in adults changes the proportion of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes expressing the CD69 activation molecule, but little is known about this molecule expression on lymphocytes of HIV-1-infected (HIV-1+) children. Freshly isolated CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes co-expressing CD69 were investigated cross-sectionally (adopting a MoAb double-staining technique) in 24 HIV-1+ children with severe disease and given anti-retroviral therapy and in 24 age-matched healthy children. CD69 results in HIV-1+ children were correlated with plasma HIV-1 RNA load prospectively determined. HIV-1+ compared with healthy children had higher frequencies of freshly isolated CD3+CD69+ (2.4 +/- 2.2% versus 0.9 +/- 0.5%; P = 0.002) and CD8+CD69+ (1.5 +/- 1.1% versus 0. 5 +/- 0.2%; P < 0.0001) lymphocytes. The frequencies of CD4+CD69+ and CD19+CD69+ lymphocytes were similar. High viral load correlated with an elevated proportion of freshly isolated CD3+CD69+ and CD8+CD69+ lymphocytes. HIV-1+ children showed reduced frequencies of PHA-stimulated CD3+CD69+ (60.7 +/- 7.6% versus 86.1 +/- 7.6%; P < 0. 001), CD4+CD69+ (73.6 +/- 18.2% versus 92.6 +/- 5.1%; P < 0.001), and CD8+CD69+ (51.0 +/- 19.1% versus 65.3 +/- 15.4%; P = 0.007) lymphocytes. Virologic worsening within 6 months correlated with a low proportion of PHA-stimulated CD3+CD69+ and CD8+CD69+ lymphocytes. CD69 molecule expression reflected the coexistence of immune activation and immune deficiency in HIV-1 infection. Changes partly differed from those observed in HIV-1+ adults. CD8+CD69+ (but not CD4+CD69+) lymphocyte proportion correlated with virologic course, and an impaired ability of CD8+ lymphocytes to express CD69 upon PHA stimulation preceded a virologic worsening.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Martino
- Department of Medicine, Section of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.
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