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Nicolàs LSDS, Czarnowicki T, Akdis M, Pujol RM, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Leung DYM, Guttman-Yassky E, Santamaria-Babí LF. CLA+ memory T cells in atopic dermatitis: CLA+ T cells and atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2024; 79:15-25. [PMID: 37439317 DOI: 10.1111/all.15816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Circulating skin-homing cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA)+ T cells constitute a small subset of human memory T cells involved in several aspects of atopic dermatitis: Staphylococcus aureus related mechanisms, the abnormal Th2 immune response, biomarkers, clinical aspects of the patients, pruritus, and the mechanism of action of targeted therapies. Superantigens, IL-13, IL-31, pruritus, CCL17 and early effects on dupilumab-treated patients have in common that they are associated with the CLA+ T cell mechanisms in atopic dermatitis patients. The function of CLA+ T cells corresponds with the role of T cells belonging to the skin-associated lymphoid tissue and could be a reason why they reflect different mechanisms of atopic dermatitis and many other T cell mediated skin diseases. The goal of this review is to gather all this translational information of atopic dermatitis pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Sans-de San Nicolàs
- Immunologia Translacional, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Parc Científic de Barcelona (PCB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tali Czarnowicki
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos-Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Ramon M Pujol
- Departament de Dermatologia, Hospital del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Donald Y M Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Luis F Santamaria-Babí
- Immunologia Translacional, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Parc Científic de Barcelona (PCB), Barcelona, Spain
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Czarnowicki T, Santamaria-Babí LF, Guttman-Yassky E. Circulating CLA + T cells in atopic dermatitis and their possible role as peripheral biomarkers. Allergy 2017; 72:366-372. [PMID: 27861978 DOI: 10.1111/all.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA+ ) T cells are specialized for skin homing and represent the main T-cell population in atopic dermatitis (AD) lesions. CLA+ is expressed on the surface of circulating CD45RO+ memory T cells and most skin-infiltrating T cells. Mechanistic studies and thus treatment advancements are limited by the need of large number of skin biopsies. Circulating CLA+ T cells may be a reliable surrogate marker of the inflammatory events occurring in the skin, and thus, the evaluation of CLA+ T cells in the blood may eliminate the need for skin biopsies. Preliminary work in AD has established that disease-associated T-cell abnormalities can be approached by either a study of skin lesions or activated CLA+ T-cell subsets in peripheral blood. Future studies in adults and children, across different skin disorders, correlating blood and skin phenotypes and determining skin-homing T-cell functional properties are needed to establish whether CLA+ memory subsets can be used as biomarkers and a substitute for skin biopsies. This review summarizes the latest advancements reached on circulating CLA+ in AD and the great potential they harbor in understanding AD mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Czarnowicki
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology; The Rockefeller University; New York NY USA
| | - L. F. Santamaria-Babí
- Translational Immunology; Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology, and Immunology; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - E. Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology; The Rockefeller University; New York NY USA
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Preclinical evaluation of an mRNA HIV vaccine combining rationally selected antigenic sequences and adjuvant signals (HTI-TriMix). AIDS 2017; 31:321-332. [PMID: 27677160 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of a prophylactic vaccine against HIV-1 has so far not been successful. Therefore, attention has shifted more and more toward the development of novel therapeutic vaccines. Here, we evaluated a new mRNA-based therapeutic vaccine against HIV-1-encoding activation signals (TriMix: CD40L + CD70 + caTLR4) combined with rationally selected antigenic sequences [HIVACAT T-cell immunogen (HTI)] sequence: comprises 16 joined fragments from Gag, Pol, Vif, and Nef). METHODS For this purpose, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-1-infected individuals on cART, lymph node explants from noninfected humans, and splenocytes from immunized mice were collected and several immune functions were measured. RESULTS Electroporation of immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells from HIV-infected patients with mRNA encoding HTI + TriMix potently activated dendritic cells which resulted in upregulation of maturation markers and cytokine production and T-cell stimulation, as evidenced by enhanced proliferation and cytokine secretion (IFN-γ). Responses were HIV specific and were predominantly targeted against the sequences included in HTI. These findings were confirmed in human lymph node explants exposed to HTI + TriMix mRNA. Intranodal immunizations with HTI mRNA in a mouse model increased antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. The addition of TriMix further enhanced cytotoxic responses. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that uptake of mRNA, encoding strong activation signals and a potent HIV antigen, confers a T-cell stimulatory capacity to dendritic cells and enhances their ability to stimulate antigen-specific immunity. These findings may pave the way for therapeutic HIV vaccine strategies based on antigen-encoding RNA to specifically target antigen-presenting cells.
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Lam EPS, Kariyawasam HH, Rana BMJ, Durham SR, McKenzie ANJ, Powell N, Orban N, Lennartz-Walker M, Hopkins C, Ying S, Rimmer J, Lund VJ, Cousins DJ, Till SJ. IL-25/IL-33-responsive TH2 cells characterize nasal polyps with a default TH17 signature in nasal mucosa. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:1514-24. [PMID: 26684290 PMCID: PMC4852988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) in Western countries is characterized by eosinophilia, IgE production, and TH2 cytokine expression. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells from polyps produce IL-5 and IL-13 in response to IL-25 and IL-33, although the relevance of this axis to local mucosal T-cell responses is unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the role of the IL-25/IL-33 axis in local mucosal T-cell responses in patients with CRSwNP. METHODS Polyp tissue and blood were obtained from patients undergoing nasal polypectomy. Control nasal biopsy specimens and blood were obtained from healthy volunteers. Tissue was cultured in a short-term explant model. T-cell surface phenotype/intracellular cytokines were assessed by means of flow cytometry. T-cell receptor variable β-chain analysis was performed with the immunoSEQ assay. Microarrays were performed for gene expression analysis. RESULTS IL-25 receptor (IL-17RB)-expressing TH2 effector cells were identified in nasal polyp tissue but not the healthy nasal mucosa or periphery. IL-17RB(+)CD4(+) polyp-derived TH2 cells coexpressed ST2 (IL-33 receptor) and responded to IL-25 and IL-33 with enhanced IL-5 and IL-13 production. Within IL-17RB(+)CD4(+) T cells, several identical T-cell receptor variable β-chain complementarity-determining region 3 sequences were identified in different subjects, suggesting clonal expansion driven by a common antigen. Abundant IL-17-producing T cells were observed in both healthy nasal mucosal and polyp populations, with TH17-related genes the most overexpressed compared with peripheral blood T cells. CONCLUSION IL-25 and IL-33 can interact locally with IL-17RB(+)ST2(+) polyp T cells to augment TH2 responses in patients with CRSwNP. A local TH17 response might be important in healthy nasal mucosal immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P S Lam
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harsha H Kariyawasam
- Allergy and Medical Rhinology Section, Royal National Throat Nose Ear Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Batika M J Rana
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Durham
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew N J McKenzie
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Powell
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology and Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nara Orban
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Lennartz-Walker
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Hopkins
- Department of ENT, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sun Ying
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Rimmer
- Allergy and Medical Rhinology Section, Royal National Throat Nose Ear Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie J Lund
- Allergy and Medical Rhinology Section, Royal National Throat Nose Ear Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Cousins
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, NIHR Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Till
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.
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Scala E, Abeni D, Palazzo P, Liso M, Pomponi D, Lombardo G, Picchio MC, Narducci MG, Russo G, Mari A. Specific IgE toward Allergenic Molecules Is a New Prognostic Marker in Patients with Sézary Syndrome. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012; 157:159-67. [DOI: 10.1159/000327553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Ohshima M, Miyake M, Takeda M, Kamijima M, Sakamoto T. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B causes proliferation of sensory C-fibers and subsequent enhancement of neurogenic inflammation in rat skin. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:862-9. [PMID: 21252260 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiq128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) may be associated with the exacerbation of atopic dermatitis. We investigated whether SEB causes proliferation of sensory C-fibers and subsequent enhancement of plasma leakage induced by sensorineural stimulation in rat skin. METHODS SEB was applied intracutaneously to the abdomen of preweaning and adult rats. Evans blue dye leakage into the skin induced by topical 10% formalin was measured as an index of neurogenic skin vascular permeability. Local expression of substance P, tachykinin NK1 receptors, and nerve growth factor was assessed immunohistochemically. In addition, we assessed the effects of topical tacrolimus on these skin responses induced by SEB. RESULTS Increased neurogenic skin plasma leakage was seen 7 days after SEB treatment in 2 different age groups. Innervation of substance P-immunoreactive nerves and expression of tachykinin NK1 receptors and nerve growth factor were also promoted by SEB, peaking at 7 days, 7 days, and 56 h after SEB treatment, respectively. Tacrolimus markedly inhibited these skin changes. CONCLUSIONS SEB increased the innervation of sensory C-fibers and tachykinin NK1 receptors in rat skin, probably because of upregulated production of neurotrophins, including nerve growth factor, leading to enhancement of neurogenic skin inflammation. T cell activation induced by SEB may initiate these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihoko Ohshima
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Scala E, Abeni D, Pomponi D, Narducci MG, Lombardo GA, Mari A, Frontani M, Picchio MC, Pilla MA, Caprini E, Russo G. The role of 9-O-acetylated ganglioside D3 (CD60) and {alpha}4{beta}1 (CD49d) expression in predicting the survival of patients with Sezary syndrome. Haematologica 2010; 95:1905-12. [PMID: 20663947 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.026260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sézary syndrome is a rare and very aggressive leukemic variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma characterized by extensive skin involvement and a malignant circulating CD4(+) T-cell clone which homes to the skin, over-expresses CD60, and lacks CD7, CD26 and CD49d. So far prognostic markers in this disease are limited to treatment with systemic steroids, age, serum lactate dehydrogenase, and a white blood cell count of 20×10(9)/L or higher: no other biological marker with prognostic value, especially related to malignant cells, has been described. DESIGN AND METHODS We used flow activated cell sorting analysis to compare the distribution of the T-cell receptor-Vβ repertoire and several surface molecules (CD7, CD26, CD49d and CD60) within the circulating CD4(+) T-cell population in 62 patients with Sézary syndrome, 180 with mycosis fungoides, 6 with B-cell lymphomas, and 19 with chronic eczema. We calculated the 5-year overall survival of patients with Sézary syndrome after first hospital admission using Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimates and hazard ratios from the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS We found that both higher number of CD60(+) and lower number of CD49d(+) cells within circulating CD4(+) T cells at disease presentation were significantly associated with a lower probability of survival. An exceedingly high risk of death was observed for patients with a combination of a high proportion of CD4(+)CD60(+) cells (≥ 0.5×10(9)/L) and low proportion of CD4(+)CD49d(+) cells (<0.5×10(9)/L) (hazard ratio = 12.303, 95% confidence interval 1.5-95.9; P<0.02). In addition, a skewed usage of T-cell receptor-Vβ subfamilies was observed in the circulating T-cell clone for 61.9% of all patients with Sézary syndrome, T-cell receptor-Vβ 2 and 5.1 subfamilies being the most frequently represented (42.8%), followed by T-cell receptor-Vβ 12 and 13.1. CONCLUSIONS In this study we showed that up-regulation of CD60 and down-regulation of CD49d on circulating CD4(+) T cells are two useful markers for predicting a very poor outcome in patients with Sézary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Scala
- Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Via dei Monti di Creta 104, I-00167 Rome, Italy.
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Orfali RL, Sato MN, Takaoka R, Azor MH, Rivitti EA, Hanifin JM, Aoki V. Atopic dermatitis in adults: evaluation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells proliferation response toStaphylococcus aureusenterotoxins A and B and analysis of interleukin-18 secretion. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:628-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sub-optimal dose of Sodium Antimony Gluconate (SAG)-diperoxovanadate combination clears organ parasites from BALB/c mice infected with antimony resistant Leishmania donovani by expanding antileishmanial T-cell repertoire and increasing IFN-γ to IL-10 ratio. Exp Parasitol 2009; 122:145-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sieling PA, Legaspi A, Ochoa MT, Rea TH, Modlin RL. Regulation of human T-cell homing receptor expression in cutaneous bacterial infection. Immunology 2007; 120:518-25. [PMID: 17343614 PMCID: PMC2265905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the regulation of T-cell homing receptors in infectious disease by evaluating the cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA) in human leprosy. We found that CLA-positive cells were enriched in the infectious lesions associated with restricting the growth of the pathogen Mycobacterium leprae, as assessed by the clinical course of infection. Moreover, CLA expression on T cells isolated from the peripheral blood of antigen-responsive tuberculoid leprosy patients increased in the presence of M. leprae (2.4-fold median increase; range 0.8-6.1, n = 17), but not in unresponsive lepromatous leprosy patients (1.0-fold median increase; range 0.1-2.2, n = 10; P < 0.005). Mycobacterium leprae specifically up-regulated the skin homing receptor, CLA, but not alpha(4)/beta(7), the intestinal homing receptor, which decreased on T cells of patients with tuberculoid leprosy after antigen stimulation (2.2-fold median decrease; range 1.6-3.4, n = 3). Our data indicate that CLA expression is regulated during the course of leprosy infection and suggest that T-cell responsiveness to a microbial antigen directs antigen-specific T cells to the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Sieling
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Batzer G, Lam DP, Paulus P, Boasen J, Ng N, Horner AA. Using house dust extracts to understand the immunostimulatory activities of living environments. Immunobiology 2007; 212:491-8. [PMID: 17544833 PMCID: PMC1950943 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory and epidemiological studies have provided indirect but compelling evidence that toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways play an important role in host responsiveness to ambient immunostimulatory factors. Nonetheless, direct evidence is limited. This paper will present our experience investigating the innate immunostimulatory activities of sterile house dust extracts (HDEs). In initial studies, bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDDCs) were cultured with HDEs, and cytokine production and co-stimulatory molecule expression were evaluated. In additional experiments, the TLR dependence of these responses was determined. HDEs induced concentration-dependent BMDDC activation. Moreover, the relative bioactivities of HDEs correlated with their endotoxin content. Finally, HDE-mediated responses were found to be partially dependent on TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 and almost completely dependent on MyD88. These investigations provide the first direct evidence that TLR signaling pathways play a key role in innate responsiveness to non-infectious factors ubiquitous in living environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Batzer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0663, USA
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, fluctuating skin disease that is often associated with atopic conditions such as asthma and IgE-mediated food allergy and whose skin lesions are characterized by a Th-2 cell-mediated response to environmental antigens. The increasing prevalence and severity of atopic diseases including AD over the last three decades has been attributed to decreased exposure to microorganisms during early life, which may result in an altered Th-1/Th-2-balance and/or reduced T cell regulation of the immune response. Patients with AD exhibit defects in innate and acquired immune responses resulting in a heightened susceptibility to bacterial, fungal and viral infections, most notably colonization by S. aureus. Toxins produced by S. aureus exacerbate disease activity by both the induction of toxin-specific IgE and the activation of various cell types including Th-2 cells, eosinophils and keratinocytes. Allergens expressed by the yeast Malazessia furfur, a component of normal skin flora, have also been implicated in disease pathogenesis in a subset of AD patients. Microorganisms play an influential role in AD pathogenesis, interacting with disease susceptibility genes to cause initiation and/or exacerbation of disease activity.
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Nakagawa S, Kushiya K, Taneike I, Imanishi K, Uchiyama T, Yamamoto T. Specific inhibitory action of anisodamine against a staphylococcal superantigenic toxin, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), leading to down-regulation of cytokine production and blocking of TSST-1 toxicity in mice. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 12:399-408. [PMID: 15753253 PMCID: PMC1065205 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.3.399-408.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), produced by Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus), is a superantigenic toxin responsible for toxic shock syndrome as well as neonatal TSS-like exanthematous disease. TSST-1 exhibits its deleterious effects by leading to the abnormal proliferation of, e.g., Vbeta2+ T cells and overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines. In the present study we examined the inhibitory effect of a Chinese herbal extract, anisodamine, on TSST-1 using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Anisodamine inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines better than interleukin-10 (an anti-inflammatory cytokine). The inhibitory effect of anisodamine was greater than that of any tropane alkaloid examined. Anisodamine acted directly on both monocytes and T cells in human PBMCs, and the effect was confirmed at the transcriptional level. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation was also demonstrated. In contrast, no significant inhibition of Vbeta2+ T-cell proliferation was observed. In mice injected with TSST-1, anisodamine treatment significantly decreased serum proinflammatory cytokine levels and prevented TSST-1-induced death. These results suggest that anisodamine specifically acts against the production of cytokines (inflammatory cytokines in particular) and not against Vbeta2+ T-cell proliferation and that anisodamine may have a beneficial effect on TSST-1-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Nakagawa
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Disease Control and International Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 757 Ichibanchou, Asahimachidori, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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Bang K, Lund M, Mogensen SC, Thestrup-Pedersen K. In vitro culture of skin-homing T lymphocytes from inflammatory skin diseases. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:391-7. [PMID: 15854134 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We, in this study, describe how T lymphocytes in a skin biopsy can proliferate in vitro for up to 3 months by using T-cell growth factors - interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-4 yielding approximately 100-160 million T lymphocytes within 1 month. We established cell lines from three tuberculin skin tests, four positive patch tests, 15 of 16 biopsies from atopic dermatitis (AD), 15 of 19 biopsies from mycosis fungoides (MF), 12 of 24 biopsies from psoriasis vulgaris, which was significantly less than AD (P < 0.05), and with a reduced cumulative number of lymphocytes (P < 0.05). Omitting IL-2 and IL-4 led to immediate halt of proliferation. Blood mononuclear cells from patients and biopsies from healthy persons never gave cell lines. All cells were T lymphocytes expressing CD45RO+, HLA-DR+ and CD150. The CD7 expression was significantly increased in cell lines from AD (P < 0.05). T-cell receptor beta-chain studies by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that all T lymphocytes had access to the skin compartment. Single-stranded conformational analysis showed clonally expanded T cells numbering between 40 and 60 clones. After approximately 2 months of growth, the mean CD4+ : CD8+ ratio was for AD 1.20, MF 0.65 and psoriasis 0.85. Patients with AD treated with cyclosporin-A had almost no growth of CD8+ cells in vitro. Our findings indicate a changed homeostasis among skin-homing lymphocytes for in vitro culture. Our culture system of skin-homing T lymphocytes leads to a prominent cellular expansion allowing for a range of studies of in vivo activated skin T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bang
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Chen L, Martinez O, Venkataramani P, Lin SX, Prabhakar BS, Chan LS. Correlation of disease evolution with progressive inflammatory cell activation and migration in the IL-4 transgenic mouse model of atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 139:189-201. [PMID: 15654817 PMCID: PMC1809278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration in the skin. In order to assess the roles of inflammatory cells in this disease, we analysed the activation status and surface markers of various leucocytes in the IL-4 transgenic mouse model of atopic dermatitis, by flow cytometry, immuofluorescence microscopy, and T cell proliferation assays. The studies were performed with a nontransgenic mouse control and transgenic mice at three disease stages: before disease onset, early skin disease, and late skin disease, so that we can delineate the immunological sequence of events. As the skin disease evolves, the skin draining lymph node cells from IL-4-Tg mice show a spontaneous proliferation and a progressively enhanced proliferative response to stimulants including anti-CD3, Con A, PHA, and Staphylococcus enterotoxins A and B. As the disease evolves, the percent of lymphoid organ T cells expressing activation molecules (CD44 and CD69) and costimulatory molecules (ICOS and PD-1) are progressively increased; the percent and total number of T cells are reduced in an incremental manner in the secondary lymphoid organs while the number of T cells infiltrating the skin increases in an incremental fashion; the total number of dendritic antigen presenting cells, macrophages, and NK cells gradually increases in the lymphoid organs. Collectively, our results suggest that there is a continued and progressive migration of activated inflammatory cells from the secondary lymphoid organs into the skin where they participate in immune responses resulting in the pathology associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Vonderheid EC, Boselli CM, Conroy M, Casaus L, Espinoza LC, Venkataramani P, Bigler RD, Hou JS. Evidence for Restricted Vβ Usage in the Leukemic Phase of Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124:651-61. [PMID: 15737208 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies directed against the beta chain of the T cell receptor (anti-Vbeta antibodies) are useful to identify the Vbeta repertoire of T cells in various diseases and to quantify numbers of Vbeta-bearing T cells. The goals of this study were to identify Vbeta+ cases of leukemic phase cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) and to compare the percentage of positive calls with other measures of blood tumor burden, i.e., lymphocyte subsets with a CD4+CD7- and CD4+CD26- phenotype and Sezary cell counts. Thirty-three of 49 (67%) cases of leukemic CTCL reacted with an anti-Vbeta antibody. When combined with reports from the literature, the frequency of Vbeta5 (probably Vbeta5.1) usage was relatively high when compared with Vbeta2 that is also frequently expressed by normal CD4+ T cells. The percentage of Vbeta+ cells correlated to the percentage of CD4+CD7- and CD4+CD26- cells for cases in which the neoplastic cells were deficient in expression of CD7 and CD26, respectively, but not the Sezary cell count. We hypothesize that the increased Vbeta5.1 usage in CTCL may be the result of depletion of Vbeta2 and other Vbeta-bearing T cells by staphylococcal superantigens prior to neoplastic transformation, resulting in a relative increase in the frequency of Vbeta5.1 usage in CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Vonderheid
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Sharp MJ, Rowe J, Kusel M, Sly PD, Holt PG. Specific patterns of responsiveness to microbial antigens staphylococcal enterotoxin B and purified protein derivative by cord blood mononuclear cells are predictive of risk for development of atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33:435-41. [PMID: 12680857 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mononuclear cells from children with active atopic dermatitis (AD) have been reported to be hyper-responsive to certain microbial stimuli, in particular staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). However, it is not known whether this responsiveness is acquired during disease development, or is inherent. We investigated this question in a cohort of children at high risk of atopy followed prospectively from birth to age 3 years. We asked whether their cord blood mononuclear cell (CBMC) cytokine responses to SEB, to an unrelated microbial stimulus purified protein derivative (PPD), or to common allergens, were predictive of risk for subsequent AD development during infancy. METHODS Children at high risk of developing atopy were randomly selected from an ongoing prospective cohort. Cord blood was collected at birth. The children were seen at 6 months, 1, 2 and 3 years and examined for the development of AD. IFN-gamma, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 production by CBMC cultured in the presence of SEB, PPD, PHA, house dust mite (HDM) allergen, ovalbumin (OVA) and cat allergen was determined. RESULTS SEB-induced IL-5 production by CBMC was elevated in children who developed AD at 6 months (P = 0.01) and 2 years (P = 0.009). PPD-induced IL-5 responses were also elevated in CBMC from children who developed AD at 6 months, 2 years and 3 years (P = 0.05, P = 0.06 and P = 0.06, respectively), as were PPD-induced IL-10 responses (P = 0.05 at 1 years, P = 0.007 at 2 years, P = 0.003 at 3 years) and corresponding IFN-gamma responses (P = 0.05 at 6 months, P = 0.003 at 2 years, P = 0.0004 at 3 years). Increased IL-10 responses to HDM allergen were also observed throughout the observation period in CBMC from children who developed AD. CONCLUSION Children who develop infantile AD appear to have a predisposition to respond to SEB in a Th2-dominant manner involving selective stimulation of IL-5 production. The increased IL-10 and IFN-gamma induced in response to PPD by children with AD may point to additional intrinsic differences in responses to microbial stimuli between those at high vs. those at low risk for AD, which merit more detailed investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Sharp
- TVW Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and Centre for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
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Bunikowski R, Mielke M, Bräutigam M, Renz H, Wahn U. Effect of oral cyclosporin A in children with Staphylococcus aureus-colonized vs S aureus-infected severe atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2003; 14:55-9. [PMID: 12603712 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3038.2003.02105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is frequently associated with skin colonization or infection with Staphylococcus aureus strains producing exotoxins. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of oral cyclosporin A (CsA) on disease severity and bacterial counts in colonized and infected patients. Eleven children with severe AD (SCORAD index >50, mean objective SCORAD score >40) were treated for 8 weeks with 2.5-5 mg/kg CsA. In five patients, the skin was only colonized with S. aureus whereas the remaining six patients presented clinically relevant suppurative S. aureus skin infections characterized by small pustules, crustings, pus and increased pruritus in the presence of S. aureus as determined by contact sampling and culture which regularly resulted in the indication for antibiotic treatment. Clinical and microbiological investigations were performed before and after CsA therapy. Clinical signs and symptoms of AD improved in all patients with a reduction in mean SCORAD index from 74 to 29 (p < 0.001). However, disease severity and bacterial counts were more reduced by CsA in the colonized patients compared with the patients with clinical overt infections. In conclusion, treatment with CsA resulted in an improvement of clinical symptoms in children suffering from severe AD. However, anti-infective treatment administered before immunomodulatory therapy is likely to be decisive for the long-term therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Bunikowski
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Brandt K, van der Bosch J, Fliegert R, Gehring S. TSST-1 induces Th1 or Th2 differentiation in naïve CD4+ T cells in a dose- and APC-dependent manner. Scand J Immunol 2002; 56:572-9. [PMID: 12472668 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2002.01170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Superantigens are potent activators of the immune system, causing a variety of diseases, ranging from food poisoning to septic shock. Here, we examined the effects of different toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) concentrations on the activation, proliferation and synthesis of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in purified naïve human CD4+ T cells in a serum-free in vitro system. TSST-1 given in low doses (1-10 pg/ml) generates a pronounced T helper 2 (Th2)-like cytokine profile, characterized by elevated IL-4-expressing T-cell populations and reduced IFN-gamma-producing populations, whereas higher doses (100 pg/ml) induce a Th1-like profile, with increased expression of IFN-gamma and reduced expression of IL-4. These patterns were even more pronounced by adding exogenous cytokines like IL-12 and IL-4 and by the type of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Thus, B cells induced Th2 shifts, whereas monocytes favoured Th1 induction. Moreover, IL-12 in conditions with B cells counteracted their Th2 bias. Interestingly, in purified naïve T-cell cultures, containing a small population of HLA-DR+ T cells, Th1/Th2 differentiation can be induced by TSST-1 too. There, Th-cell polarization is strongly dependent on TSST-1 concentration, indicating that this is a key parameter in regulating the differentiation of T cells. In conclusion, our data show that Th1/Th2 differentiation of TSST-1-stimulated naïve T cells is controlled by the type of APCs, and in APC-depleted cultures, it depends on the presence of HLA-DR+ cells and TSST-1 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brandt
- Division of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Medical Clinic Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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21
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Abstract
Patients with HIV infection exhibit a wide range of skin pathology, including bacterial, fungal, and viral infections, skin tumors, inflammatory and eczematous eruptions, and drug rashes. HIV-infected adults commonly develop a condition that strongly resembles atopic dermatitis and is sometimes called "atopic-like dermatitis"; moreover, atopic dermatitis and other atopic disorders have been described as common manifestations of pediatric HIV infection. Conditions such as sinusitis, asthma, and hyper-IgE syndrome, and laboratory abnormalities, eg, elevated IgE levels, eosinophilia, and possible Th1-Th2 imbalances, suggest a predilection for atopic disorders in these patients. It is of interest to examine the immune perturbations intrinsic to HIV infection, and their possible role in triggering atopic dermatitis, and to consider whether other abnormalities, such as xerosis, bacterial or viral superantigens, or epidermal barrier disruption with altered presentation of cutaneous aeroallergens, might play a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Rudikoff
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1048, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Davison SC, Allen MH, Mallon E, Barker JN. Contrasting patterns of streptococcal superantigen-induced T-cell proliferation in guttate vs. chronic plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145:245-51. [PMID: 11531786 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcal infection is strongly associated with guttate psoriasis (GP) and may also exacerbate chronic plaque psoriasis (CPP), possibly through the release of superantigenic toxins. OBJECTIVES To investigate superantigen-induced generation of cutaneous lymphocyte associated antigen (CLA) -positive lymphocytes in GP compared with CPP. METHODS Peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) expression of CLA and T-cell receptor Vbeta chain was assessed in patients with CPP and with active and resolved GP. Expression of superantigen-reactive Vbeta families was compared with in vitro superantigen-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation. RESULTS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with active GP showed a twofold increased proliferation after stimulation with streptococcal pyogenic toxins A and streptococcal pyogenic toxins C compared with controls (P < 0.01), whereas the response to the staphylococcal toxins and mitogenic stimulation was the same in all groups. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from patients with active GP showed increased use of the superantigen-reactive families Vbeta2 (P < 0.01) and Vbeta17 (P < 0.05), which was not evident in the other patient groups or controls. This pattern of Vbeta expression was only observed in CLA-positive T cells. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between Vbeta2 expression and enhanced proliferation after stimulation with SPEA (r = 0.82, P < 0.01) and SPEC (r = 0.74, P < 0.05) in active GP. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the concept that streptococcal infection precipitates acute GP at least in part through superantigen driven generation of Vbeta-restricted CLA-positive skin homing lymphocytes, whereas we could find no evidence for a similar mechanism occurring in the maintenance of stable CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Davison
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, UK
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Arkwright PD, Cookson BD, Haeney MR, Sanyal D, Potter MR, David TJ. Children with atopic dermatitis who carry toxin-positive Staphylococcus aureus strains have an expansion of blood CD5- B lymphocytes without an increase in disease severity. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 125:184-9. [PMID: 11529907 PMCID: PMC1906122 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxin-positive strains of Staphylococcus aureus (T + S. aureus) are present on the skin of some but not all patients with atopic dermatitis. Many staphylococcal toxins are superantigens, which can stimulate the immune response and thus may potentially lead to the very high levels of IgE characteristic of this condition, as well as exacerbating the clinical disease. The aim of this study was to determine whether the presence of T + S. aureus on the skin of children with atopic dermatitis was associated with in vivo evidence of a heightened humoral immune response, higher IgE levels and more severe clinical disease. Toxin gene expression in S. aureus isolated from the eczematous lesions of 28 children with atopic dermatitis was assessed by PCR. Clinical and immune data were also collected from this cohort. Thirteen of the 28 children (46%) were colonized with T + S. aureus strains. The presence of T + S. aureus was associated with a significant expansion in peripheral blood CD5- B cells (P = 0.01), and the more toxin types identified the greater the B-cell expansion (P = 0.002). However, in this cohort of children with atopic dermatitis, despite th in vivo expansion of B cells in children harbouring T + S. aureus, there was no associated increase in IgE levels or in clinical disease severity scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Arkwright
- Academic Unit of Child Health, University of Manchester, Booth Hall Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK.
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