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Zhao E, Yu Q, Wang M, Wang Z, Jiang B, Ma X, Zhou B, Dai Q, Li J, Wang S, Chen F, Yang X. Value of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial fibrillary acidic protein for detecting depression in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Neurosci Lett 2024; 825:137687. [PMID: 38403261 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infection with helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is associated with depression, and depression can affect the outcome of H. pylori treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the value of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for predicting depression in H. pylori-positive patients. METHOD A total of 82H. pylori-positive and 82H. pylori-negative patients were recruited for this study. All patients underwent neuropsychological and gastrointestinal assessments and blood sampling. BDNF and GFAP levels were measured in serum. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) model was used to determine a composite marker. RESULTS H. pylori-positive patients showed significantly increased serum GFAP levels and significantly decreased serum BDNF levels compared to H. pylori-negative patients. Among H. pylori-positive patients, serum levels of gastrin 17 (G-17), pepsinogen (PG) I/PGII, BDNF, and GFAP, as well as Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) scores, were significantly correlated with Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-24) overall scores and factor scores. Interactions between serum BDNF/GFAP and gastrointestinal serum indices or GSRS scores were significantly associated with HAMD-24 scores in H. pylori-positive patients. The LASSO model indicated that the combination of serum BDNF, GFAP, and G-17 and GSRS scores could identify H. pylori-positive patients with depression with an area under the curve of 0.879. CONCLUSION Circulating changes in BDNF and GFAP were associated with the occurrence of depression in H. pylori-positive patients. A composite marker including neural and gastrointestinal function-related indices may be of value for identifying depression among H. pylori-positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xishan People's Hospital of Wuxi City, Wuxi 214105, China.
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Meilei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xishan People's Hospital of Wuxi City, Wuxi 214105, China
| | - Zhengqiu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xishan People's Hospital of Wuxi City, Wuxi 214105, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xishan People's Hospital of Wuxi City, Wuxi 214105, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xishan People's Hospital of Wuxi City, Wuxi 214105, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xishan People's Hospital of Wuxi City, Wuxi 214105, China
| | - Qingyong Dai
- Department of Neurology, Xishan People's Hospital of Wuxi City, Wuxi 214105, China
| | - Jinyu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xishan People's Hospital of Wuxi City, Wuxi 214105, China
| | - Shiming Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xishan People's Hospital of Wuxi City, Wuxi 214105, China
| | - Fengjuan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xishan People's Hospital of Wuxi City, Wuxi 214105, China.
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xishan People's Hospital of Wuxi City, Wuxi 214105, China.
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Liu H, Zheng W, Zhang L, Lin T, Tang Y, Hu L. Effect of Helicobacter pylori-Associated Chronic Gastritis on Autonomous Activity and Sleep Quality in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:785105. [PMID: 35185560 PMCID: PMC8856107 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.785105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many reports have shown that patients with Hp-associated chronic gastritis exhibit anxiety and poor sleep quality. However, less is known about the effects and specific manifestations of Hp-associated chronic gastritis on autonomous activity and sleep quality in animals. Here, we investigated the effect of Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-associated chronic gastritis on autonomous activity and sleep quality in mice. To do this, a Hp-associated chronic gastritis mouse model was first established, then analyzed for autonomous activity, relative to controls, for 15 min using an autonomous activity tester. Next, sleep quality of mice was detected by sodium pentobarbital-induced sleep experiment and results compared between groups. The results showed that male mice in the model group exhibited higher activity counts but lower forelimb lift counts, relative to those in the control group, although there were no significant differences (all p > .05). Conversely, female mice in the model group recorded lower activity counts, albeit at no significant difference (p > .05), and significantly lower counts of forelimb lift (p < .05), relative to those in the control group. Notably, male mice in the model group had longer sleep latency and shorter sleep duration than those in the control group, albeit at no significant differences (all p > .05). On the other hand, female mice in the model group recorded significantly longer sleep latency as well as shorter sleep duration compared to those in the control group (all p < .01). We conclude that Hp-associated chronic gastritis exerts certain effects on autonomous activity and sleep quality of mice in a gender-dependent manner. Notably, female mice with Hp-associated chronic gastritis had lower activity and forelimb lift counts, as well as prolonged sleep latency, and shortened sleep duration. These effects were all statistically significant except for activity counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Liu
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wenlong Zheng
- Shangyou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tangtang Lin
- First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yang Tang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ling Hu
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ling Hu,
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The Associations of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Eye Disorders: Potential Insights into Pathogenesis and Treatment. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-021-00215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients are at significantly increased risks for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidities. Recently, there has been heightened interest in the association of OSA with numerous ocular diseases and possible improvement of these conditions with the initiation of OSA treatment. We reviewed the current evidence with an emphasis on the overlapping pathogeneses of both diseases.
Recent Findings
Currently available literature points to a substantial association of OSA with ocular diseases, ranging from those involving the eyelid to optic neuropathies and retinal vascular diseases. Since the retina is one of the highest oxygen-consuming tissues in the body, the intermittent hypoxia and hypercapnia ensuing in OSA can have deleterious effects on ocular function and health. Tissue hypoxia, autonomic dysfunction, microvascular dysfunction, and inflammation all play important roles in the pathogenesis of both OSA and ocular diseases. Whether OSA treatment is capable of reversing the course of associated ocular diseases remains to be determined. It is anticipated that future therapeutic approaches will target the common underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms and promote favorable effects on the treatment of known associated ocular diseases.
Summary
Emerging evidence supports the association of ocular diseases with untreated OSA. Future studies focusing on whether therapeutic approaches targeting the common pathophysiologic mechanisms will be beneficial for the course of both diseases are warranted.
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Banawan LAH, Daabis RGA, Elsheikh WH, Tolba MM, Youssef AM. The prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori infection in patients with obstructive sleep apnea having metabolic syndrome and its relation to both disorders. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF BRONCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.4103/ejb.ejb_54_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Wasilewska J, Klukowski M, Debkowska K, Kilon J, Citko D, Flisiak M, Oleksinska M, Kaczmarski M. Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence in children with sleep-disordered breathing. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 87:208-12. [PMID: 27368473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is considered to be a factor involved in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). This cross-sectional study examined the seroprevalence of HP in children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in respect to OSAS severity and in reference to other common pediatric medical conditions. METHODS Overnight polysomnography with pH-metry (PSG) was performed at a Sleep Laboratory (in the years 2008-2011). OSAS severity was determined based on Obstructive Apnea Index (OAI). Subjects were classified into primary snoring group (OAI < 1/hours), mild - moderate OSAS (OAI: 1-5/hour), and severe OSAS (OAI: ≥5/hour). HP IgG was tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the SDB (n = 115) and reference (n = 387) groups [reference group consisted of 4 subgroups based on ICD-10 diagnoses encompassing conditions affecting the skin, respiratory system, food hypersensitivity, and gastrointestinal tract]. Analyses were performed by nonparametric statistical tests. RESULTS HP seropositivity was 10.4% (12/115) in the SDB group and 11.6% (45/387) in the reference group. HP positive and negative subjects did not differ in PSG, acid gastro-esophageal reflux index nor in age, sex, nutritional status (BMI-z score), and hematological indices in the SDB group. Seropositivity was found in 16.7% of the primary snoring group, 10.2% of mild-moderate OSAS, and in 11.1% of severe OSAS (chi(2) p = 0.832). CONCLUSIONS Children with SDB are not more predisposed to a chronic HP infection than children with other common chronic pediatric conditions. HP seropositivity does not influence OSAS severity but possible infection should none-the-less be considered on a case-by-case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wasilewska
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Allergology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
| | - M Klukowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Allergology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - K Debkowska
- Faculty of Management, Bialystok University of Technology, Poland
| | - J Kilon
- Faculty of Management, Bialystok University of Technology, Poland
| | - D Citko
- Department of Statistics and Medical Informatics, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - M Flisiak
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Allergology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - M Oleksinska
- Student's Research Society Organized Within the Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Allergology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - M Kaczmarski
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Allergology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
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Nártová E, Kraus J, Pavlík E, Lukeš P, Katra R, Plzák J, Kolářová L, Sterzl I, Betka J, Astl J. Presence of different genotypes of Helicobacter pylori in patients with chronic tonsillitis and sleep apnoea syndrome. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 271:607-13. [PMID: 23864246 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-013-2607-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori, a well-known gastric pathogen, has been detected in the oral cavity and oropharynx in tonsillar tissue. In our study, the presence of H. pylori in the tonsillar tissue of patients with chronic tonsillitis and sleep apnoea syndrome (SAS) was investigated. The aim was to detect and genotype H. pylori for a collection of data supporting the possible role of H. pylori in the aetiology of chronic tonsillitis and SAS. Helicobacter pylori was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR). 89 patients, 60 with a diagnosis of chronic tonsillitis and 29 with SAS, were tested. In the chronic tonsillitis group, Helicobacter was detected in 48 (80 %) specimens, cagA gene was detected in 12 samples (25 %) and 12 samples were negative. In SAS group, Helicobacter was found in 24 samples (82.76 %), cagA gene was detected in 5 (20.83 %) and 5 samples (17.24 %) were negative. Helicobacter pylori-specific immunoglobulins were tested by ELISA in the serum of 57 patients only with 41 (71.93 %) showing positive. Our results on H. pylori DNA detection and H. pylori seropositivity show 26.32 % discrepancy, slightly in favour of rt-PCR (15.79 % compared to 10.53 %). The H. pylori presence in tonsillar tissue does not depend on the type of oropharyngeal disease (p = 0.756). This study shows that oropharynx constitutes an extragastric reservoir of H. pylori infection which could serve as an aetiopathogenetic factor for chronic tonsillitis and tonsillar hyperplasia by SAS. No conclusion has yet been drawn about the mechanism of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Nártová
- Department of Othorinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic,
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Vayisoglu Y, Ozcan C, Polat A, Delialioglu N, Gorur K. Does Helicobacter pylori play a role in the development of chronic adenotonsillitis? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 72:1497-501. [PMID: 18691771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluation of the possible relationship between chronic adenotonsillitis and Helicobacter pylori (HP). PATIENTS AND METHODS The study was performed prospectively on 91 pediatric patients who underwent tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy or adenotonsillectomy due to chronic tonsillitis and/or adenoiditis. The adenotonsillectomy specimens were examined for HP colonization by rapid urease test (RUT) and immunohistochemical evaluation. Before surgery, anti-HP IgG and IgA antibody titers were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test in venous blood samples of the patients. RESULTS The RUT was positive in only two of the adenoidectomy specimens (2.2%) and in none of the tonsillectomy specimens. A positive result was not detected in any tonsillectomy specimens using immunohistochemical examination. Serum IgG antibody was positive in 21 (23%) patients, IgA antibody was detected in 7 (7.69%) patients and both tests were positive only in 3 (3.29%) patients. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggested that HP would not colonize in tonsil tissue of patients with chronic tonsillitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Vayisoglu
- Mersin University, School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mersin, Turkey.
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Aladag I, Bulut Y, Guven M, Eyibilen A, Yelken K. Seroprevalence ofHelicobacter pyloriinfection in patients with chronic nonspecific pharyngitis: preliminary study. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2007; 122:61-4. [PMID: 17352845 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215107006743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBackground and objectives:Chronic nonspecific pharyngitis is a chronic inflammation of the pharynx. It is found worldwide, and treatment is difficult. The underlying aetiopathogenesis is still controversial. The aim of this study was to investigateHelicobacter pyloriseroprevalence in chronic nonspecific pharyngitis patients without other possible causative factors for chronic pharyngeal irritation and withoutH pylorigastric mucosal infection.Materials and methods:Forty-one patients with symptoms of chronic nonspecific pharyngitis and 30 healthy control subjects were enrolled in this prospective, controlled, clinical study. In both study and control groups, selected patients were shown to have gastric mucosa uninfected byH pylori, as demonstrated by the 14C-urea breath test. Comprehensive otorhinolaryngological examination did not elicit any factor contributing to the chronic pharyngeal complaint. SerumH pyloriimmunoglobulin G antibody titres were assayed using serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The difference between the study and control groups was analysed by the chi-square test (the likelihood ratio was used).Results:Thirty-two of the 41 patients (78 per cent) and 14 of the 30 control subjects (46.7 per cent) were found to beH pyloripositive. Patients with chronic nonspecific pharyngitis were found to have a significantly higher rate ofH pyloriseropositivity than the control group (p = 0.016).Conclusion:These data may be important in developing future treatment strategies for chronic nonspecific pharyngitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Aladag
- Department of ORL, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey.
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Cloud-Hansen KA, Peterson SB, Stabb EV, Goldman WE, McFall-Ngai MJ, Handelsman J. Breaching the great wall: peptidoglycan and microbial interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2006; 4:710-6. [PMID: 16894338 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Once thought to be a process that occurred only in a few human pathogens, release of biologically active peptidoglycan fragments during growth by Gram-negative bacteria controls many types of bacterial interaction, including symbioses and interactions between microorganisms. This Perspective explores the role of peptidoglycan fragments in mediating a range of microbial-host interactions, and discusses the many systems in which peptidoglycan fragments released during bacterial growth might be active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Cloud-Hansen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Mizuta Y, Takeshima F, Shikuwa S, Ikeda S, Kohno S. IS THERE A SPECIFIC LINKAGE BETWEEN OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME AND GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE? Dig Endosc 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1443-1661.2006.00595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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Zanation AM, Senior BA. The relationship between extraesophageal reflux (EER) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Sleep Med Rev 2005; 9:453-8. [PMID: 16182575 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and extraesophageal reflux (EER) are common chronic diseases and share several similar risk factors. The prevalence of gastroesophogeal (GERD) in OSA patients is significantly higher than the general population; however, no temporal or causal relationship has ever been demonstrated between the two. The purpose of this review is to understand the association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and extraesophageal reflux disease (EER) in the adult population. We conclude that CPAP treatment of OSA significantly reduces GERD symptoms and acidic pH exposure in the esophagus and this improvement with CPAP physiologically occurs in the presence or absence of OSA; and treatment of GERD in OSA patients improves the number of arousals during sleep, but only one study showed a significant difference in apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Zanation
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Koc C, Arikan OK, Atasoy P, Aksoy A. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with nasal polyps: a preliminary report. Laryngoscope 2005; 114:1941-4. [PMID: 15510018 DOI: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000147924.96980.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study is to determine the presence of H. pylori in nasal polyps by both immunohistochemical staining with H. pylori antibody of biopsy specimens and enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) of sera. STUDY DESIGN A prospective, controlled, clinical trial. METHODS We enrolled 30 patients with nasal polyps and 20 controls with middle concha bullosa undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Blood samples of both the study and control groups were evaluated for anti-H. pylori specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies by ELISA. In addition, biopsy specimens of the removed polyps and the mucosal part of middle conchas were examined by the immunohistochemical analysis with H. pylori antibody. RESULTS In the blood samples, specific IgG antibodies to H. pylori were found in 26 (86.7%) of 30 polyp patients and 17 (85%) of 20 controls. In 6 (20%) of the 30 patients, H. pylori was identified in the nasal polyp tissue, but it was not detected in the mucosal part of the middle concha specimens. No significant statistical difference was observed for H. pylori antibodies by ELISA among the patients with nasal polyps and the control group (Fisher's exact test, P = .59). However, there was a statistical difference between the polyp biopsy specimens and the control biopsy specimens by immunohistochemical staining (Fisher's exact test, P = .037). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that H. pylori was found in increased prevalence in the nasal polyps. However, further controlled epidemiologic studies would be necessary to confirm our results and clarify the potential underlying pathogenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Koc
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
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Gasbarrini A, Carloni E, Gasbarrini G, Chisholm SA. Helicobacter pylori and extragastric diseases--other Helicobacters. Helicobacter 2004; 9 Suppl 1:57-66. [PMID: 15347307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1083-4389.2004.00249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reports on Helicobacter pylori and extragastric diseases have almost doubled this year compared with last year, bearing witness to the persistent scientific interest in this branch of Helicobacter-related pathology. Data belong increasingly to the area of vascular medicine, as well as hematology, dermatology, pediatrics and other fields. Unfortunately, these studies show overall controversial results, due to the impact of several confounding factors, and to the difficulty of recruiting homogeneous patient populations. Furthermore, many studies continue to be conducted on Helicobacter species other than H. pylori, focusing on animal models of gastroenterological illnesses which may retain strong similarities with human diseases. In this paper, taxonomy, detection and characterisation of Helicobacter spp. will be reviewed, together with the most important data issued this year on other Helicobacters and animal models.
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