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Salagre D, Raya Álvarez E, Cendan CM, Aouichat S, Agil A. Melatonin Improves Skeletal Muscle Structure and Oxidative Phenotype by Regulating Mitochondrial Dynamics and Autophagy in Zücker Diabetic Fatty Rat. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1499. [PMID: 37627494 PMCID: PMC10451278 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-induced skeletal muscle (SKM) inflexibility is closely linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of melatonin on the red vastus lateralis (RVL) muscle in obese rat models at the molecular and morphological levels. Five-week-old male Zücker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and their age-matched lean littermates (ZL) were orally treated either with melatonin (10 mg/kg body weight (BW)/24 h) (M-ZDF and M-ZL) or non-treated (control) (C-ZDF and C-ZL) for 12 weeks. Western blot analysis showed that mitochondrial fission, fusion, and autophagy were altered in the C-ZDF group, accompanied by reduced SIRT1 levels. Furthermore, C-ZDF rats exhibited depleted ATP production and nitro-oxidative stress, as indicated by increased nitrites levels and reduced SOD activity. Western blotting of MyH isoforms demonstrated a significant decrease in both slow and fast oxidative fiber-specific markers expression in the C-ZDF group, concomitant with an increase in the fast glycolytic fiber markers. At the tissue level, marked fiber atrophy, less oxidative fibers, and excessive lipid deposition were noted in the C-ZDF group. Interestingly, melatonin treatment partially restored mitochondrial fission/fusion imbalance in the RVL muscle by enhancing the expression of fission (Fis1 and DRP1) markers and decreasing that of fusion (OPA1 and Mfn2) markers. It was also found to restore autophagy, as indicated by increased p62 protein level and LC3BII/I ratio. In addition, melatonin treatment increased SIRT1 protein level, mitochondrial ATP production, and SOD activity and decreased nitrites production. These effects were associated with enhanced oxidative phenotype, as evidenced by amplified oxidative fiber-specific markers expression, histochemical reaction for NADH enzyme, and muscular lipid content. In this study, we showed that melatonin might have potential therapeutic implications for obesity-induced SKM metabolic inflexibility among patients with obesity and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Salagre
- Department of Pharmacology, BioHealth Institute Granada (IBs Granada), Neuroscience Institute (CIBM), School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Enrique Raya Álvarez
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Clinic San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Cruz Miguel Cendan
- Department of Pharmacology, BioHealth Institute Granada (IBs Granada), Neuroscience Institute (CIBM), School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Samira Aouichat
- Department of Pharmacology, BioHealth Institute Granada (IBs Granada), Neuroscience Institute (CIBM), School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Ahmad Agil
- Department of Pharmacology, BioHealth Institute Granada (IBs Granada), Neuroscience Institute (CIBM), School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (D.S.)
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Kemmochi Y, Ohta T, Motohashi Y, Kaneshige A, Katsumi S, Kakimoto K, Yasui Y, Anagawa-Nakamura A, Toyoda K, Taniai-Riya E, Takahashi A, Shoda T, Yamada T. Pathophysiological analyses of skeletal muscle in obese type 2 diabetes SDT fatty rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2018; 31:113-123. [PMID: 29750000 PMCID: PMC5938212 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2017-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is the age-related decrease of muscle mass and function. Diabetes and obesity
are known to be risk factors that exacerbate sarcopenia, but the underlying mechanism of
diabetes-related sarcopenia is still unknown. Obese type 2 diabetes SDT fatty rats show
early onset of severe diabetes and there have been no reports on the characteristics of
their skeletal muscle. Therefore, pathophysiological analyses were performed for the
skeletal muscle in these rats. Diabetic male SDT fatty rats were sacrificed at 8, 16, 24,
32 and 40 weeks of age. Age-matched Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were used as the normal
control. In addition to biological blood parameters, the soleus and the extensor digitorum
longus muscles were examined for muscle weight, histopathology, and protein synthesis and
degradation. Muscle grip strength was also examined. These results revealed that the
muscle weights of the SDT fatty rats were significantly decreased from 16 weeks of age.
The mean cross-sectional area of muscle fibers in the SDT fatty rats decreased from 24
weeks of age. Increased intramyocellular lipid accumulation, identified by
immunohistochemistry for adipophilin and TEM, was observed in the SDT fatty rats from 8
weeks of age. Plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 levels and muscle strength in the
SDT fatty rats decreased at 24 weeks of age and thereafter. These pathophysiological
findings have been reported both in sarcopenia in aged humans and in patients with
diabetes. In conclusion, the SDT fatty rat was considered to be a useful model for
analysis of diabetes-related sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kemmochi
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Biology and Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yu Motohashi
- Biology and Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kaneshige
- Biology and Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Sohei Katsumi
- Biology and Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Kochi Kakimoto
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Yuzo Yasui
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Akiko Anagawa-Nakamura
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Kaoru Toyoda
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Eriko Taniai-Riya
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Akemi Takahashi
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shoda
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 23 Naganuki, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamada
- Department of Agrobiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 2-8050 Igarashi, Nishiku, Niigata, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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Bazzucchi I, De Vito G, Felici F, Dewhurst S, Sgadari A, Sacchetti M. Effect of exercise training on neuromuscular function of elbow flexors and knee extensors of type 2 diabetic patients. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2015; 25:815-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Pompeani N, Rybalka E, Latchman H, Murphy RM, Croft K, Hayes A. Skeletal muscle atrophy in sedentary Zucker obese rats is not caused by calpain-mediated muscle damage or lipid peroxidation induced by oxidative stress. J Negat Results Biomed 2014; 13:19. [PMID: 25547587 PMCID: PMC4296544 DOI: 10.1186/s12952-014-0019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skeletal muscle undergoes significant atrophy in Type 2 diabetic patients and animal models. We aimed to determine if atrophy of Zucker rat skeletal muscle was due to the activation of intracellular damage pathways induced by excess reactive oxygen species production (specifically those associated with the peroxidation of lipid membranes) and calpain activity. 14 week old obese Zucker rats and littermate lean controls were injected with 1% Evan’s Blue Dye. Animals were anaesthetised and extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles were dissected, snap frozen and analysed for ROS-mediated F2-isoprostane production and calpain activation/autolysis. Contralateral muscles were histologically analysed for markers of muscle membrane permeability and atrophy. Results Muscle mass was lower in extensor digitorum longus and soleus of obese compared with lean animals, concomitant with reduced fibre area. Muscles from obese rats had a higher proportional area of Evan’s Blue Dye fluorescence, albeit this was localised to the interstitium/external sarcolemma. There were no differences in F2-isoprostane production when expressed relative to arachidonic acid content, which was lower in the obese EDL and soleus muscles. There were no differences in the activation of either μ-calpain or calpain-3. Conclusions This study highlights that atrophy of Zucker rat skeletal muscle is not related to sarcolemmal damage, sustained hyperactivation of the calpain proteases or excessive lipid peroxidation. As such, establishing the correct pathways involved in atrophy is highly important so as to develop more specific treatment options that target the underlying cause. This study has eliminated two of the potential pathways theorised to be responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Pompeani
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Emma Rybalka
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. .,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Heidy Latchman
- Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Kevin Croft
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - Alan Hayes
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. .,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Andreassen CS, Jensen JM, Jakobsen J, Ulhøj BP, Andersen H. Striated muscle fiber size, composition, and capillary density in diabetes in relation to neuropathy and muscle strength. J Diabetes 2014; 6:462-71. [PMID: 24397623 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) leads to progressive loss of muscle strength in the lower extremities due to muscular atrophy. Changes in vascularization occur in diabetic striated muscle; however, the relationship between these changes and DPN is as yet unexplored. The aim of the present study was to evaluate histologic properties and capillarization of diabetic skeletal muscle in relation to DPN and muscle strength. METHODS Twenty type 1 and 20 type 2 diabetic (T1D and T2D, respectively) patients underwent biopsy of the gastrocnemic muscle, isokinetic dynamometry at the ankle, electrophysiological studies, clinical examination, and quantitative sensory examinations. Muscle biopsies were stained immunohistochemically and muscle fiber diameter, fiber type distribution, and capillary density determined. Twenty control subjects were also included in the study. RESULTS No relationship was found between muscle fiber diameter, muscle fiber type distribution, or capillary density and degree of neuropathy or muscle strength for either patient group. Muscle fiber diameter and the proportion of Type II fibers were greater for T1D patients than both T2D patients and controls. The T2D patients had fewer capillaries per muscle fiber than T1D patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS Striated muscle fiber size, muscle fiber distribution, and vascularization are unrelated to DPN and muscle strength in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer Swan Andreassen
- Clinical Neurology Research Group, Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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SCHOFIELD KATHERINEL, REHRER NANCYJ, PERRY TRACYL, ROSS ANGUS, ANDERSEN JESPERL, OSBORNE HAMISH. Insulin and Fiber Type in the Offspring of T2DM Subjects with Resistance Training and Detraining. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44:2331-9. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318268008f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kacerovsky M, Brehm A, Chmelik M, Schmid AI, Szendroedi J, Kacerovsky-Bielesz G, Nowotny P, Lettner A, Wolzt M, Jones JG, Roden M. Impaired insulin stimulation of muscular ATP production in patients with type 1 diabetes. J Intern Med 2011; 269:189-99. [PMID: 21205021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE in type 2 diabetic patients and their first-degree relatives, insulin resistance (IR) is associated with impairment of insulin-stimulated myocellular glucose-6-phosphate (g6p) and unidirectional flux through ATP synthase (fATP), suggesting the presence of inherited abnormal mitochondrial oxidative fitness. We hypothesized that patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes may also exhibit insulin resistance as well as lower fATP. DESIGN this single-centre trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00481598). SUBJECTS we included eight nonobese type 1 diabetic patients (mean diabetes duration: 17 years) with near-target glycaemic control [haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): 6.8 ± 0.4%] during treatment with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pumps and eight healthy volunteers (HbA1c: 5.4 ± 0.2%) of comparable age, body mass and level of physical activity. OUTCOME MEASURES myocellular fATP, g6p and intramyocellular lipid content (IMCL) were measured with (1) H/(31) P magnetic resonance spectroscopy during fasting and hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp tests. RESULTS fasting fATP, g6p and IMCL did not differ between groups. During stimulation by insulin, type 1 diabetic patients exhibited approximately 50% (P < 0.001) lower whole-body glucose disposal along with approximately 42% (P = 0.003) lower intramyocellular g6p and approximately25% (P = 0.024) lower fATP. Insulin-stimulated fATP correlated positively with whole-body insulin sensitivity (R = 0.706, P = 0.002) and negatively with HbA1c (R = -0.675, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS despite documented near-target glycaemic control for 1 year, nonobese patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes can exhibit insulin resistance. This associates with lower insulin-stimulated flux through muscular ATP synthase which could result from glucose toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kacerovsky
- Karl-Landsteiner Institute for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Mao L, Lu W, Ji F, Lv S. Development and linear growth in diabetic children receiving insulin pigment. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2011; 24:433-6. [PMID: 21932577 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2011.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to ascertain if there are differences in the development and linear growth between a group of diabetic children who had been receiving insulin pigment and healthy children. METHODS A total of 57 Chinese children with type 1 diabetes diagnosed at the age from 6 to 10 years old (26 boys and 31 girls) were included in the study. Their height and weight and development conditions were recorded until they reached their 18th birthday. RESULTS Diabetic children were taller than healthy children at the onset of diabetes, even though there was no significant difference between them [male height standard deviation score (SDS): 0.34 +/- 0.93, female height SDS: 0.38 +/- 0.50]. When they reached their final height, they were slightly shorter than the healthy group. However, there were still no significant differences between these two groups (male height SDS: -0.42 +/- 0.95, female height SDS: -0.60 +/- 0.98). The median age at onset of puberty, 12.62 years in boys and 11.13 years in girls, was significantly delayed in diabetic boys compared to 10.55 years in healthy boys and 9.2 years in healthy girls. The median age at menarche in diabetic girls (14.15 years) was also delayed compared with 12.27 years in healthy girls. The majority of these diabetic children were thinner than the healthy children when they were diagnosed [male body mass index (BMI): 14.45 +/- 1.35 kg/m2 vs. 16.08 +/- 0.59 kg/m2, t = -0.63, p < 0.05; female BMI: 13.50 +/- 1.87 kg/m2 vs. 15.46 +/- 0.45 kg/m2, t = -6.67, p < 0.05]; however, as they reached their final height, they became fatter, especially the girls (male BMI: 21.43 +/- 1.62 kg/m2 vs. 20.8 +/- 0.00 kg/m2, t = 1.97, p > 0.05; female BMI: 23.95 +/- 2.37 kg/m2 vs. 20.3 +/- 0.00 kg/m2, t = 8.60, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Even with well-controlled glucose levels, the development of children with diabetes who had been receiving insulin pigment were still adversely affected. However, linear growth had only been slightly affected. All patients, especially girls, became fatter when they reached their final height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
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Snijders T, Verdijk LB, Hansen D, Dendale P, van Loon LJC. Continuous endurance-type exercise training does not modulate satellite cell content in obese type 2 diabetes patients. Muscle Nerve 2010; 43:393-401. [PMID: 21321955 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Endurance-type exercise training represents a cornerstone in type 2 diabetes treatment. However, the effects of prolonged continuous, endurance-type exercise on muscle fiber characteristics remain equivocal. Fifteen obese male type 2 diabetes patients (61 ± 6 years) participated in a 6-month continuous, endurance-type exercise program. Muscle biopsies were collected before, and after 2 and 6 months of intervention. Muscle fiber type-specific composition, size, and satellite cell (SC) and myonuclear content were determined by immunohistochemistry. Although continuous endurance-type exercise training lowered total body weight and reduced fat mass, no changes were observed in leg lean mass. At baseline, SC content was significantly lower in type II compared with type I muscle fibers. No change in SC content was observed after exercise training. Continuous endurance-type exercise training lowers fat mass, but it does not increase leg lean mass and/or modulate muscle fiber characteristics in type 2 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Snijders
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Tight diabetes control sometimes comes with a price: weight gain and hypoglycemia. Two of the three major recent trials that looked at the relationship between intensive diabetes control and cardiovascular events reported significant weight gain among the intensively treated groups. There is a growing concern that the weight gain induced by most diabetes medications diminishes their clinical benefits. On the other hand, there is a claim that treating diabetes with medications that are weight neutral or induces weight loss or less weight gain while minimizing those that increase body weight may emerge as the future direction for treating overweight and obese patients with diabetes. This review clarifies the weight effect of each of the currently available diabetes medications, and explains the mechanism of action behind this effect. Despite the great variability among reviewed clinical trials, the currently available evidence is quite sufficient to demonstrate the change in body weight in association with most of the currently available medications. This review also provides some guidelines on using diabetes medications during weight management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Mitri
- Boston University Medical School, Roger Williams Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
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