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ÖNDER GÖ, ÖZDAMAR S, NİSARİ M, ERTEKİN T. Ehrlich Solid Tümörlerinde Kanser Kök Hücre Varlığının İmmunohistokimyasal Olarak Değerlendirilmesi. DÜZCE ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI ENSTITÜSÜ DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.33631/duzcesbed.816236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Xing L, Sun F, Wang Z, Li Y, Yang Z, Wang F, Zhai G, Tan H. Characterization and bioactivity of self-assembled anti-angiogenic chondroitin sulfate-ES2-AF nanoparticle conjugate. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:2573-2589. [PMID: 31040673 PMCID: PMC6462165 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s195934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past few years, significant progress has been made in inhibiting neovascularization at the tumor site, cutting off the nutrient supply of the tumor, and inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. However, many proteins/peptides have the disadvantage of poor stability, short half-life, and uncertain targeting ability. Chemical modification can be used to overcome these disadvantages; many polyethylene glycol-modified proteins/peptides have been approved by US FDA. The purpose of this study was to obtain a novel anti-angiogenic chondroitin sulfate (CS)-peptide nanoparticle conjugate with efficient anti-neovascularization and tumor targeting ability and an acceptable half-life. MATERIALS AND METHODS The CS-ES2-AF nanoparticle conjugate was synthesized and characterized using 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and particle size and zeta potential analyzer. The anti-angiogenic ability was studied using MTT, migration, tube formation, and chick chorioallantoic membrane assays. The targeting ability of CS-ES2-AF was studied by ELISA, surface plasmon resonance, and bioimaging. The pharmacokinetics was also studied. RESULTS The CS-ES2-AF could self-assemble into stable nanoparticles in aqueous solution, which significantly enhances its anti-neovascularization activity, tumor targeting more explicit, and prolongs its half-life. CONCLUSION CS is an effective protein/peptide modifier, and CS-ES2-AF displayed good potential in tumor targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xing
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
| | - Feng Sun
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
| | - Zhendong Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
| | - Zhifang Yang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
| | - Fengshan Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
| | - Haining Tan
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
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von Frowein J, Hauck SM, Kappler R, Pagel P, Fleischmann KK, Magg T, Cairo S, Roscher A, von Schweinitz D, Schmid I. MiR-492 regulates metastatic properties of hepatoblastoma via CD44. Liver Int 2018; 38:1280-1291. [PMID: 29314711 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS MicroRNAs are important genetic regulators of physiological and pathophysiological processes including cancer initiation and progression of hepatoblastoma, the most common liver tumour in childhood. We aimed to identify malignant and metastasis promoting effects of miR-492, a miRNA, previously reported to be overexpressed in metastatic hepatoblastoma. Furthermore, we intended to evaluate its diagnostic and prognostic potential. METHODS Stable and transient overexpression of miR-492 in two liver tumour cell lines HepT1 and HUH7 was used to analyse features of metastatic tumour progression such as proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, migration and invasion. Via a mass spectrometry based proteomic screen, we investigated miRNA-492-dependent effects on proteome level and explored the underlying biology. One of the predicted target genes, CD44, was experimentally validated via luciferase assays. Diagnostic and prognostic properties of miR-492 were studied in hepatoblastoma tumour samples. RESULTS We show that miR-492 significantly enhances cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, migration and invasion of hepatoblastoma cells. We also identified and validated CD44, a transmembrane adhesion receptor for hyaluronan, as direct and functional target of miR-492. This miRNA has a strong direct impact on two CD44 isoforms (standard and v10). High miR-492 expression correlates with high-risk or aggressive tumours and further bears potential for predicting reduced event-free survival. CONCLUSIONS We identified miR-492 and its target CD44 as regulators of a number of biological features important for malignancy and metastasis. Furthermore, we demonstrated the diagnostic and prognostic potential of miR-492, a promising novel therapeutic target and biomarker for hepatoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia von Frowein
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Research Center, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich (GmbH), German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Kappler
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Pagel
- Lehrstuhl für Genomorientierte Bioinformatik, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.,numares AG, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katrin K Fleischmann
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Research Center, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Magg
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Research Center, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefano Cairo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,XenTech, Evry, France
| | - Adelbert Roscher
- Children's Research Center, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dietrich von Schweinitz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Irene Schmid
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Research Center, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Shah NG, Trivedi TI, Vora HH, Patel KC, Tankshali R, Goswami JV, Shukla SN, Shah PM. CD44v6 Expression in Primary Breast Carcinoma in Western India: A Pilot Clinicopathologic Study. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/548.6518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neelam G Shah
- Divison of Molecular Endocrinology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, NCH Compound, Gujarat, India
| | - Trupti I Trivedi
- Divison of Molecular Endocrinology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, NCH Compound, Gujarat, India
| | - Hemangini H Vora
- Division of Immunohistochemistry, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, NCH Compound, Gujarat, India
| | - Kinjal C Patel
- Divison of Molecular Endocrinology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, NCH Compound, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajen Tankshali
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, NCH Compound, Gujarat, India
| | - Jignesh V Goswami
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, NCH Compound, Gujarat, India
| | - Shilin N Shukla
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, NCH Compound, Gujarat, India
| | - Pankaj M Shah
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, NCH Compound, Gujarat, India
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Sanmartín E, Ortiz-Martínez F, Pomares-Navarro E, García-Martínez A, Rodrigo-Baños M, García-Escolano M, Andrés L, Lerma E, Aranda FI, Martínez-Peinado P, Sempere-Ortells JM, Peiró G. CD44 induces FOXP3 expression and is related with favorable outcome in breast carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2016; 470:81-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-016-2045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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CD44 increases the efficiency of distant metastasis of breast cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:11465-76. [PMID: 25888636 PMCID: PMC4484469 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the predominant cause of death from cancer yet we have few biomarkers to predict patients at increased risk of metastasis and are unable to effectively treat disseminated disease. Analysis of 448 primary breast tumors determined that expression of the hylauronan receptor CD44 associated with high grade (p = 0.046), ER- (p = 0.001) and PR-negative tumors (p = 0.029), and correlated with increased distant recurrence and reduced disease-free survival in patients with lymph-node positive or large tumors. To determine its functional role in distant metastasis, CD44 was knocked-down in MDA-MB-231 cells using two independent shRNA sequences. Loss of CD44 attenuated tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cells and reduced cell invasion but did not affect proliferation in vitro. To verify the importance of CD44 to post-intravasation events, tumor formation was assessed by quantitative in vivo imaging and post-mortem tissue analysis following an intra-cardiac injection of transfected cells. CD44 knock-down increased survival and decreased overall tumor burden at multiple sites, including the skeleton in vivo. We conclude that elevated CD44 expression on tumour cells within the systemic circulation increases the efficiency of post-intravasation events and distant metastasis in vivo, consistent with its association with increased distant recurrence and reduced disease-free survival in patients.
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Prognostic Value of Cancer Stem Cells Markers in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:158682. [PMID: 26504780 PMCID: PMC4609334 DOI: 10.1155/2015/158682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a significant clinical relevance of being associated with a shorter median time to relapse and death and does not respond to endocrine therapy or other available targeted agents. Increased aggressiveness of this tumor, as well as resistance to standard drug therapies, may be associated with the presence of stem cell populations within the tumor. Several stemness markers have been described for the various histological subtypes of breast cancer, such as CD44, CD24, CD133, ALDH1, and ABCG2. The role of these markers in breast cancer is not clear yet and above all there are conflicting opinions about their real prognostic value. To investigate the role of CSCs markers in TNBC cancerogenesis and tumor progression, we selected 160 TNBCs samples on which we detected protein expression of CD44, CD24, CD133, ALDH1, and ABCG2 by immunohistochemistry. Our results highlighted a real prognostic role only for CD44 in TNBCs. All other CSCs markers do not appear to be related to the survival of TNBC patients. In conclusion, despite the fact that the presence of the cancer stem cells in the tumor provides important information on its potential aggressiveness, today their detection by immunohistochemistry is not sufficient to confirm their role in carcinogenesis, because specific markers probably are not yet identified.
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Stivarou T, Patsavoudi E. Extracellular molecules involved in cancer cell invasion. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:238-65. [PMID: 25629807 PMCID: PMC4381257 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays it is perfectly clear that understanding and eradicating cancer cell invasion and metastasis represent the crucial, definitive points in cancer therapeutics. During the last two decades there has been a great interest in the understanding of the extracellular molecular mechanisms involved in cancer cell invasion. In this review, we highlight the findings concerning these processes, focusing in particular on extracellular molecules, including extracellular matrix proteins and their receptors, growth factors and their receptors, matrix metalloproteinases and extracellular chaperones. We report the molecular mechanisms underlying the important contribution of this pool of molecules to the complex, multi-step phenomenon of cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Stivarou
- Department of Biochemistry, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens 11521, Greece
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Flister MJ, Endres BT, Rudemiller N, Sarkis AB, Santarriaga S, Roy I, Lemke A, Geurts AM, Moreno C, Ran S, Tsaih SW, De Pons J, Carlson DF, Tan W, Fahrenkrug SC, Lazarova Z, Lazar J, North PE, LaViolette PS, Dwinell MB, Shull JD, Jacob HJ. CXM: a new tool for mapping breast cancer risk in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6419-29. [PMID: 25172839 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The majority of causative variants in familial breast cancer remain unknown. Of the known risk variants, most are tumor cell autonomous, and little attention has been paid yet to germline variants that may affect the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we developed a system called the Consomic Xenograft Model (CXM) to map germline variants that affect only the tumor microenvironment. In CXM, human breast cancer cells are orthotopically implanted into immunodeficient consomic strains and tumor metrics are quantified (e.g., growth, vasculogenesis, and metastasis). Because the strain backgrounds vary, whereas the malignant tumor cells do not, any observed changes in tumor progression are due to genetic differences in the nonmalignant microenvironment. Using CXM, we defined genetic variants on rat chromosome 3 that reduced relative tumor growth and hematogenous metastasis in the SS.BN3(IL2Rγ) consomic model compared with the SS(IL2Rγ) parental strain. Paradoxically, these effects occurred despite an increase in the density of tumor-associated blood vessels. In contrast, lymphatic vasculature and lymphogenous metastasis were unaffected by the SS.BN3(IL2Rγ) background. Through comparative mapping and whole-genome sequence analysis, we narrowed candidate variants on rat chromosome 3 to six genes with a priority for future analysis. Collectively, our results establish the utility of CXM to localize genetic variants affecting the tumor microenvironment that underlie differences in breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Flister
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
| | - Bradley T Endres
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Nathan Rudemiller
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Allison B Sarkis
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Ishan Roy
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Angela Lemke
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Carol Moreno
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Sophia Ran
- SimonsCooper Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois. Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Shirng-Wern Tsaih
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jeffery De Pons
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Wenfang Tan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota. Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Scott C Fahrenkrug
- Recombinetics Inc, Saint Paul, Minnesota. Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota. Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Zelmira Lazarova
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jozef Lazar
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Paula E North
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Peter S LaViolette
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michael B Dwinell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - James D Shull
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. UW Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Howard J Jacob
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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Ouhtit A, Madani S, Gupta I, Shanmuganathan S, Abdraboh ME, Al-Riyami H, Al-Farsi YM, Raj MH. TGF-β2: A Novel Target of CD44-Promoted Breast Cancer Invasion. J Cancer 2013; 4:566-72. [PMID: 23983821 PMCID: PMC3753531 DOI: 10.7150/jca.6638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a tetracycline (tet)-off regulated expression of CD44s gene in the breast cancer (BC) cell line MCF-7 (B5 clone) and identified TGF-β2 (Transforming Growth Factor beta-2; 3 fold induction) as a potential CD44-downstream transcriptional target by microarray analysis. To further validate this finding, the same RNA samples, used for microarray analysis and their corresponding protein lysates, collected from the BC cell line MCF-7-B5, were examined for CD44 expression in the presence of HA. Our results showed that TGF-β2 mRNA levels were significantly elevated following the removal of tetracycline at 18, 24, and 48 h post-HA stimulation compared to the parental cells. Furthermore, the TGF-β2 precursor protein increased in a time-dependent pattern upon HA-stimulation and in the absence of tetracycline. More interestingly, inhibition of CD44 gene by RNAi method decreased TGF-β2 expression upon HA-stimulation, and subsequently inhibited BC cell invasion in vitro. In addition to identifying TGF-β2 as a target for HA/CD44 signaling, this data suggests that ATF/CREB might be a potential transcription factor linking HA/CD44 activation to TGF-β2 transcription and additional experiments are required for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the novel function of the CD44/ TGF-β2 signaling pathway in breast cancer metastasis.
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Krishnamachary B, Penet MF, Nimmagadda S, Mironchik Y, Raman V, Solaiyappan M, Semenza GL, Pomper MG, Bhujwalla ZM. Hypoxia regulates CD44 and its variant isoforms through HIF-1α in triple negative breast cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44078. [PMID: 22937154 PMCID: PMC3429433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CD44 transmembrane glycoproteins play multifaceted roles in tumor progression and metastasis. CD44 expression has also been associated with stem-like breast cancer cells. Hypoxia commonly occurs in tumors and is a major cause of radiation and chemo-resistance. Hypoxia is known to inhibit differentiation and facilitates invasion and metastasis. Here we have investigated the effect of hypoxia on CD44 and two of its isoforms in MDA-MB-231 and SUM-149 triple negative human breast cancer cells and MDA-MB-231 tumors using imaging and molecular characterization. METHODS AND FINDINGS The roles of hypoxia and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) in regulating the expression of CD44 and its variant isoforms (CD44v6, CD44v7/8) were investigated in human breast cancer cells, by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to determine mRNA levels, and fluorescence associated cell sorting (FACS) to determine cell surface expression of CD44, under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In vivo imaging studies with tumor xenografts derived from MDA-MD-231 cells engineered to express tdTomato red fluorescence protein under regulation of hypoxia response elements identified co-localization between hypoxic fluorescent regions and increased concentration of (125)I-radiolabeled CD44 antibody. CONCLUSIONS Our data identified HIF-1α as a regulator of CD44 that increased the number of CD44 molecules and the percentage of CD44 positive cells expressing variant exons v6 and v7/8 in breast cancer cells under hypoxic conditions. Data from these cell studies were further supported by in vivo observations that hypoxic tumor regions contained cells with a higher concentration of CD44 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Krishnamachary
- JHU ICMIC Program, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
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Louderbough JMV, Brown JA, Nagle RB, Schroeder JA. CD44 Promotes Epithelial Mammary Gland Development and Exhibits Altered Localization during Cancer Progression. Genes Cancer 2012; 2:771-81. [PMID: 22393462 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911428223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The basal cell layer has emerged as a critical player in cancer progression, and understanding the molecular contribution of specific cell types is important in treatment and prevention. The adhesion receptor CD44, which mediates epithelial-stromal and cell-cell interactions, has been shown to both promote and suppress tumor progression. To better understand the normal function of CD44, we have investigated its role in mouse mammary gland development and its expression in human breast and prostate cancer. We have found that CD44 is expressed in the myoepithelium of the developing mammary gland and modulates ductal development of FVB/N mice. The loss of CD44 results in defective luminal-myoepithelial cell-cell adhesion and promotes the mixing of luminal and myoepithelial layers, disrupting epithelial bilayer organization, and CD44-null mice experience delayed ductal outgrowth and impaired terminal end bud formation. The myoepithelial expression of CD44 is also relevant to its expression in cancer, as CD44 is expressed in the basal cells of early-stage breast and prostate cancer but exhibits altered localization with increasing tumorigenicity and is strongly expressed by tumor epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M V Louderbough
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Arizona Cancer Center, and the BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Baek JM, Jin Q, Ensor J, Boulbes DR, Esteva FJ. Serum CD44 levels and overall survival in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 130:1029-36. [PMID: 21830016 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1691-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CD44 is an adhesion molecule involved in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. The function of CD44 in breast cancer is not understood completely, or is its role as a predictive or prognostic factor. In this study, we tested for the hypothesis that the concentration of soluble CD44 (sCD44) in serum is correlated with clinicopathological factors, especially HER2, and survival in patients with breast cancer. We retrospectively identified 110 patients with breast cancer who had been treated at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) from September 2001 to May 2004. Sera were collected before definitive surgery in patients with stage I or II breast cancer, before initiation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (if indicated) for patients with stage I-III breast cancer, and before initiation of systemic therapy in patients with stage IV breast cancer. sCD44 levels were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The median age at diagnosis was 51 years (range, 28.6-87.1 years). sCD44 concentration was correlated with tumor stage (P = 0.0308). sCD44 serum concentration did not predict pathological response in patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Among patients with distant metastases, sCD44 levels were significantly higher in patients with liver involvement than in patients with metastases at other sites. The overall survival rate did not differ between patients with high sCD44 concentration and patients with low sCD44 concentration. However, sCD44 concentration was a significant predictor of overall survival for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer, while no difference in overall survival rates was observed in patients with HER2-negative breast cancer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show an association between circulating sCD44 levels and survival in HER2-positive breast cancer patients. Our results suggest a role for sCD44 as a prognostic marker. Furthermore, sCD44 level may offer a new clinical therapeutic target in HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Baek
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Unit 1354, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Kawasaki H, Ogura H, Arai Y, Baba S, Kosugi I, Tsutsui Y, Iwashita T. Aggressive progression of breast cancer with microscopic pulmonary emboli possessing a stem cell-like phenotype independent of its origin. Pathol Int 2010; 60:228-34. [PMID: 20403050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2009.02502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic pulmonary tumor embolism is difficult to diagnose. Herein is presented the case of a patient who suffered from acute dyspnea and breast cancer on the right side. Two weeks after the breast cancer diagnosis the patient began to experience dyspnea. After 2 weeks of dyspnea, the patient died without an accurate diagnosis of dyspnea. Autopsy indicated massive microscopic pulmonary emboli of the breast cancer. Immunohistochemistry showed that most of the cancer cells in the primary site were negative for estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors Her2/neu oncogene (triple negative), and stem cell-like markers (OCT3/4, NANOG2, CD44, CD24, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1)). The breast cancer cells in the lung (the metastasized site), however, were triple negative, but were enriched in stem cell-like markers (OCT3/4(+), NANOG2(+), CD44(+)/CD24(-/low), ALDH1(+)). This is a significant case report indicating that vascular emboli themselves contain the essential molecular signature of 'stemness' independent of the origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideya Kawasaki
- Department of Second Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan.
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16
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Clinical significance of pAKT and CD44v6 overexpression with breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 136:1283-92. [PMID: 20157733 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CD44v6 contributes to apoptosis resistance and metastasis via upregulated activity of the PI3K/AKT pathway. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression patterns and predictive value of phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) and CD44v6 in breast cancer tissues. METHODS Expression of pAkt and CD44v6 protein was detected using immunohistochemistry in breast cancer tissues and lymph node tissues in 98 patients. The correlation between the expression of pAkt, CD44v6 and other disease-related characteristics was investigated. The prognostic value of pAKT and CD44v6 overexpression for overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) was determined. RESULTS 37 cases (37.8%) were observed as positive for pAkt expression, and 38 cases (38.8%) for CD44V6 overexpression. Staining was positive for pAKT in 20 of 38 (52.6%) CD44v6(+) and 17 of 60 (28.3%) CD44v6(-) (P = 0.016). A progressively increased trend of CD44v6 overexpression was observed from node(-) primary breast cancer tissues to node(+) primary cancer tissues to node(+) lymph tissues (P = 0.000). In univariate analysis lymph node status, pAKT and CD44V6 were significantly associated with a decreased OS and DFS. Multivariate analysis revealed that CD44v6 status was associated with a reduced OS (P = 0.003), and pAKT and CD44v6 with a shorter DFS (P = 0.012 and 0.016, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that there had an intensive relationship between pAKT and CD44v6 expression in breast cancer tissues. The overexpression of CD44v6 was an independent prognostic marker for predicting OS and DFS of breast cancer patients.
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17
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Paltian V, Alldinger S, Baumgärtner W, Wohlsein P. Expression of CD44 in Canine Mammary Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2009; 141:237-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Cancer stem cells in breast cancer and metastasis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 118:241-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Fleming JM, Long EL, Ginsburg E, Gerscovich D, Meltzer PS, Vonderhaar BK. Interlobular and intralobular mammary stroma: genotype may not reflect phenotype. BMC Cell Biol 2008; 9:46. [PMID: 18710550 PMCID: PMC2529294 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-9-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The normal growth and function of mammary epithelial cells depend on interactions with the supportive stroma. Alterations in this communication can lead to the progression or expansion of malignant growth. The human mammary gland contains two distinctive types of fibroblasts within the stroma. The epithelial cells are surrounded by loosely connected intralobular fibroblasts, which are subsequently surrounded by the more compacted interlobular fibroblasts. The different proximity of these fibroblasts to the epithelial cells suggests distinctive functions for these two subtypes. In this report, we compared the gene expression profiles between the two stromal subtypes. Methods Fresh normal breast tissue was collected from reduction mammoplasty patients and immediately placed into embedding medium and frozen on dry ice. Tissue sections were subjected to laser capture microscopy to isolate the interlobular from the intralobular fibroblasts. RNA was prepared and subjected to microarray analysis using the Affymetrix Human Genome U133 GeneChip®. Data was analyzed using the Affy and Limma packages available from Bioconductor. Findings from the microarray analysis were validated by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results No statistically significant difference was detected between the gene expression profiles of the interlobular and intralobular fibroblasts by microarray analysis and RT-PCR. However, for some of the genes tested, the protein expression patterns between the two subtypes of fibroblasts were significantly different. Conclusion This study is the first to report the gene expression profiles of the two distinct fibroblast populations within the human mammary gland. While there was no significant difference in the gene expression profiles between the groups, there was an obvious difference in the expression pattern of several proteins tested. This report also highlights the importance of studying gene regulation at both the transcriptional and post-translational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Fleming
- Mammary Biology and Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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20
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Expression of CD44s, CD44v6, and Hyaluronan Across the Spectrum of Normal-hyperplasia-carcinoma in Breast. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2008; 16:121-7. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e318047df6d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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The microRNAs miR-373 and miR-520c promote tumour invasion and metastasis. Nat Cell Biol 2008; 10:202-10. [PMID: 18193036 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 733] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, noncoding RNAs that are important in many biological processes. Although the oncogenic and tumour-suppressive functions of several miRNAs have been characterized, the role of miRNAs in mediating tumour metastasis was addressed only recently and still remains largely unexplored. To identify potential metastasis-promoting miRNAs, we set up a genetic screen using a non-metastatic, human breast tumour cell line that was transduced with a miRNA-expression library and subjected to a trans-well migration assay. We found that human miR-373 and miR-520c stimulated cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo, and that certain cancer cell lines depend on endogenous miR-373 activity to migrate efficiently. Mechanistically, the migration phenotype of miR-373 and miR-520c can be explained by suppression of CD44. We found significant upregulation of miR-373 in clinical breast cancer metastasis samples that correlated inversely with CD44 expression. Taken together, our findings indicate that miRNAs are involved in tumour migration and invasion, and implicate miR-373 and miR-520c as metastasis-promoting miRNAs.
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22
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Ouhtit A, Abd Elmageed ZY, Abdraboh ME, Lioe TF, Raj MHG. In vivo evidence for the role of CD44s in promoting breast cancer metastasis to the liver. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:2033-9. [PMID: 17991717 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The hyaluronan receptor CD44 plays an important role in facilitating invasion and metastasis of a variety of tumors, including breast carcinomas. CD44 functions as a bioactive signaling transmitter. Although a number of studies have implicated CD44 in breast tumor invasion, the evidence is still circumstantial. We have developed a tetracycline-regulated CD44s (standard form) system in the weakly metastatic breast cancer cell MCF7, which exhibits low endogenous expression of CD44 and generated a new cell line, MCF7F-B5. Induction of CD44s alone affected the growth characteristics of MCF7F-B5 cells by increasing their abilities to proliferate, migrate, and invade in vitro. In addition, we have identified and validated cortactin as a novel transcriptional target of hyaluronan/CD44s signaling in underpinning breast tumor invasion. To test these observations in vivo, we developed a doxycycline (DOX)-regulated CD44s breast cancer xenograft model. Induction of CD44s did not affect the growth rate or local invasion of the primary tumor. However, although no mice from the +DOX group developed metastasis, 8 of 11 mice from the -DOX group developed secondary tumors to the liver only. Interestingly, metastatic breast tumors expressed high levels of CD44. This study provides in vivo evidence for the role of the standard form of CD44 in promoting breast tumor invasion and metastasis to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allal Ouhtit
- Department of Pathology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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23
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Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Sahin A, Krishnamurthy S, Yang Y, Kau SW, Hortobagyi GN, Cristofanilli M. Biologic markers in axillary node-negative breast cancer: differential expression in invasive ductal carcinoma versus invasive lobular carcinoma. Clin Breast Cancer 2006; 7:396-400. [PMID: 17239264 DOI: 10.3816/cbc.2006.n.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to compare the differential expression of established histopathologic and biologic markers of proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) in a group of axillary node-negative breast cancers. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two hundred twenty patients with axillary node-negative ILC and IDC who underwent surgery at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1978 and 1995 had tissue available for analysis. Of these, 206 (94%) had IDC and 14 (6%) had ILC. Estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, tumor and stromal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, CD44, laminin-5, E-cadherin, and topoisomerase-2 were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. HER2/neu and alpha6beta4 integrin were evaluated by in situ hybridization. The Fisher exact test was used to calculate significant differences between ILC and IDC. Median age was 59 years. RESULTS Invasive lobular carcinoma was more likely to occur in patients aged > 50 years. Invasive lobular carcinoma tended to be > 2 cm (50% vs. 39%), have a nuclear grade of 1/2 (100% vs. 72%), be estrogen receptor positive (93% vs. 70%), HER2/neu negative (92% vs. 68%), have high CD44 expression (31% vs. 16%), low stromal vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expression (36% vs. 47%), no E-cadherin expression (0 vs. 90%), and low laminin-5 expression (15% vs. 25%), compared with IDC. CONCLUSION Invasive lobular carcinoma and IDC might be distinct histologic types of breast cancer with different expression of biologic markers. These differences, not all being statistically significant in this small study, might generate hypotheses to develop tailored options for future systemic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Gonzalez-Angulo
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are major constituents of the cancer cell surface and the tumor stroma. The heparan sulfate degrading enzyme heparanase, hyaluronan, and its receptor CD44 are up-regulated in breast cancer, generating a microenvironment that promotes tumor progression and metastasis. Recent experimental and clinical evidence shows that heparanase, hyaluronan, and CD44 regulate cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as tumor-associated angiogenesis and are correlated with patient survival. These findings suggest that they may be used as prognostic factors and targets for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Götte
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
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25
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Tse GMK, Tan PH, Ma TKF, Gilks CB, Poon CSP, Law BKB. CD44s is useful in the differentiation of benign and malignant papillary lesions of the breast. J Clin Pathol 2006; 58:1185-8. [PMID: 16254109 PMCID: PMC1770758 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.026906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS CD44s, the standard form of CD44, has been shown to be downregulated during malignant transformation of breast cancers. It has also been reported recently to be a useful marker in differentiating between benign and malignant papillary lesions of the breast, with high expression in the former. CD44s expression in benign and malignant papillary lesions was evaluated. METHODS CD44s expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 101 benign papillomas and 59 papillary carcinomas (seven invasive papillary carcinomas, 41 papillary ductal carcinomas in situ, and 11 ductal carcinomas involving papillomas). RESULTS Patients' age and tumour size were significantly different between the papilloma and papillary carcinoma groups (p < 0.0001). CD44s showed positive staining in 45 papillomas (45%) and five papillary carcinomas (8%), and the difference was significant (p < 0.0001). The myoepithelial cells, when present, were also positive for CD44s in both groups, with no observable differences. Using CD44s positive staining to differentiate between benign and malignant papillary lesions gives a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 45%, 92%, and 62%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS CD44s may be useful as an adjunct in the evaluation of morphologically problematic cases of papillary lesion of the breast.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Papilloma, Intraductal/diagnosis
- Papilloma, Intraductal/pathology
- Sensitivity and Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- G M K Tse
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT Hong Kong, SAR.
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26
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Ma W, Deng Y, Zhou L. The prognostic value of adhesion molecule CD44v6 in women with primary breast carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2005; 17:258-63. [PMID: 15997921 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS CD44 functions as an adhesion molecule. Within the family of CD44 isoforms, the spliced variant 6 has been causally associated with the development of metastases and poor prognosis in animal models and several human cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of CD44v6 in women with primary breast carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS The women with primary breast carcinoma in this study were followed up clinically for a period of 5 years. Clinicopathologic features, including tumour size, axillary nodal status, histological grade and pTNM stage, were determined for a cohort of 78 women presenting with primary breast carcinoma. Standard immunohistochemistry was used to explore CD44v6 expression. The data obtained were analysed by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS Forty-three out of 78 (55%) women with breast carcinoma were CD44v6-positive (i.e. over 5% of tumour cells exhibited positive staining). Significant sequential increase of CD44v6 expression was observed in women with metastases of axillary nodes, tumour size more than 2 cm, advanced pTNM stage and survival period less than 5 years. Univariate analysis showed that axillary nodal status, primary tumour size, histological grade, and pTNM stage were associated with 5-year survival, and CD44v6 expression was associated with primary tumour size, axillary nodal status, pTNM stage and 5-year survival. In multivariate analysis, using the Cox-regression model, CD44v6 expression was not an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS CD44v6 expression was correlated with tumour size, metastases of axillary nodes, pTNM stage, and 5-year survival; however, multivariate analysis revealed that CD44v6 expression failed to be an independent predictor of patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ma
- Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Diaz LK, Zhou X, Wright ET, Cristofanilli M, Smith T, Yang Y, Sneige N, Sahin A, Gilcrease MZ. CD44 expression is associated with increased survival in node-negative invasive breast carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:3309-14. [PMID: 15867228 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CD44 is a multifunctional cell surface receptor with many known splice variants, some of which have been reported to play a role in tumor progression. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of CD44 isoforms in early-stage, lymph node-negative invasive breast carcinoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Immunohistochemical staining for CD44 isoforms was done on archival paraffin tissue sections of invasive breast carcinoma from a cohort of lymph node-negative patients who received no adjuvant tamoxifen or chemotherapy and who had a mean clinical follow-up period of 15 years. Immunohistochemical staining was done with antibodies to CD44s, the standard isoform of CD44, and to isoforms containing variant exon 6 (CD44v6); levels of staining were correlated with clinical outcome data. RESULTS There was a trend towards increased disease-free survival for patients whose tumors had high anti-CD44s positivity (P = 0.05), and a significant association was observed between anti-CD44s positivity and disease-related survival (P = 0.04). Expression of CD44v6 isoforms did not correlate with clinical outcome. CONCLUSION CD44 expression, as assessed by immunohistochemical staining with anti-CD44s, may be a favorable prognostic factor in patients with node-negative invasive breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie K Diaz
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Choi YL, Xuan YH, Shin YK, Chae SW, Kook MC, Sung RH, Youn SJ, Choi JW, Kim SH. An immunohistochemical study of the expression of adhesion molecules in gallbladder lesions. J Histochem Cytochem 2004; 52:591-601. [PMID: 15100237 DOI: 10.1177/002215540405200504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the expression of 10 adhesion molecules (alpha-catenin, beta-catenin, gamma-catenin, CD44, CD44v6, ICAM-1, CD56, CEA, E-cadherin, and CD99) in 46 gallbladder carcinomas, 14 adenomas, 15 low-grade dysplasias, nine intestinal metaplasias, and 20 samples of normal gallbladder epithelium by immunohistochemistry. The expression of adhesion molecules was altered in gallbladder carcinomas and adenomas. In gallbladder carcinomas, increased expression of ICAM-1, CEA, and CD44v6 was observed, together with decreased expression of alpha/beta/gamma-catenin and CD99. In adenomas, aberrant expression of CD44v6 and CD56, as well as reduced expression of alpha/beta/gamma- and E-cadherins, was noted. Expression of alpha/beta/gamma-catenin was reduced in low-grade dysplasia, whereas there was no change in the expression of these adhesion molecules in metaplasia. Expression of ICAM-1, CD99, E-cadherin, and CD56 was correlated with clinical stage. In addition a correlation was noted between expression of ICAM-1 and E-cadherin and lymph node metastasis (p<0.05). These results suggest that altered expression of these adhesion molecules is involved in the progression and metastasis of gallbladder carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-La Choi
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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