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Li XH, Huang P, Cheng HP, Zhou Y, Feng DD, Yue SJ, Han Y, Luo ZQ. NMDAR activation attenuates the protective effect of BM-MSCs on bleomycin-induced ALI via the COX-2/PGE 2 pathway. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23723. [PMID: 38205313 PMCID: PMC10776937 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) activation mediates glutamate (Glu) toxicity and involves bleomycin (BLM)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). We have reported that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are NMDAR-regulated target cells, and NMDAR activation inhibits the protective effect of BM-MSCs on BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis, but its effect on ALI remains unknown. Here, we found that Glu release was significantly elevated in plasma of mice at d 7 after intratracheally injected with BLM. BM-MSCs were pretreated with NMDA (the selective agonist of NMDAR) and transplanted into the recipient mice after the BLM challenge. BM-MSCs administration significantly alleviated the pathological changes, inflammatory response, myeloperoxidase activity, and malondialdehyde content in the damaged lungs, but NMDA-pretreated BM-MSCs did not ameliorate BLM-induced lung injury in vivo. Moreover, NMDA down-regulated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression instead of COX-1 expression in BM-MSCs in vitro. We also found that NMDAR1 expression was increased and COX-2 expression was decreased, but COX-1 expression was not changed in primary BM-MSCs of BLM-induced ALI mice. Further, the cultured supernatants of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-pretreated RAW264.7 macrophages were collected to detect inflammatory factors after co-culture with NMDA-pretreated BM-MSCs. The co-culture experiments showed that NMDA precondition inhibited the anti-inflammatory effect of BM-MSCs on LPS-induced macrophage inflammation, and PGE2 could partially alleviate this inhibition. Our findings suggest that NMDAR activation attenuated the protective effect of BM-MSCs on BLM-induced ALI in vivo. NMDAR activation inhibited COX-2 expression and PGE2 secretion in BM-MSCs and weakened the anti-inflammatory effect of BM-MSCs on LPS-induced macrophage inflammation in vitro. In conclusion, NMDAR activation attenuates the protective effect of BM-MSCs on BLM-induced ALI via the COX-2/PGE2 pathway. Keywords: Acute Lung Injury, BM-MSCs, NMDA receptor, COX-1/2, PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Li
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Pu Huang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- Health Management Center, Changsha Central Hospital Affiliated to Nanhua University, Changsha, 410018, China
| | - Hai-Peng Cheng
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Dan-Dan Feng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Shao-Jie Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Zi-Qiang Luo
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
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2
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Link PA, Meridew JA, Caporarello N, Gao AY, Peters V, Smith GB, Rojas M, Tschumperlin DJ. A redox-shifted fibroblast subpopulation emerges in the fibrotic lung. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.23.559128. [PMID: 38014129 PMCID: PMC10680805 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.23.559128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an aggressive and thus far incurable disease, characterized by aberrant fibroblast-mediated extracellular matrix deposition. Our understanding of the disease etiology is incomplete; however, there is consensus that a reduction-oxidation (redox) imbalance plays a role. In this study we use the autofluorescent properties of two redox molecules, NAD(P)H and FAD, to quantify changes in their relative abundance in living lung tissue of mice with experimental lung fibrosis, and in freshly isolated cells from mouse lungs and humans with IPF. Our results identify cell population-specific intracellular redox changes in the lungs in experimental and human fibrosis. We focus particularly on redox changes within collagen producing cells, where we identified a bimodal distribution of NAD(P)H concentrations, establishing NAD(P)H high and NAD(P)H low sub-populations. NAD(P)H high fibroblasts exhibited elevated pro-fibrotic gene expression and decreased collagenolytic protease activity relative to NAD(P)H low fibroblasts. The NAD(P)H high population was present in healthy lungs but expanded with time after bleomycin injury suggesting a potential role in fibrosis progression. We identified a similar increased abundance of NAD(P)H high cells in freshly dissociated lungs of subjects with IPF relative to controls, and similar reductions in collagenolytic activity in this cell population. These data highlight the complexity of redox state changes in experimental and human pulmonary fibrosis and the need for selective approaches to restore redox imbalances in the fibrotic lung.
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Tian Y, Duan C, Feng J, Liao J, Yang Y, Sun W. Roles of lipid metabolism and its regulatory mechanism in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A review. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 155:106361. [PMID: 36592687 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive lung disease of unknown etiology characterized by distorted distal lung architecture, inflammation, and fibrosis. Several lung cell types, including alveolar epithelial cells and fibroblasts, have been implicated in the development and progression of fibrosis. However, the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is still incompletely understood. The latest research has found that dysregulation of lipid metabolism plays an important role in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The changes in the synthesis and activity of fatty acids, cholesterol and other lipids seriously affect the regenerative function of alveolar epithelial cells and promote the transformation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Mitochondrial function is the key to regulating the metabolic needs of a variety of cells, including alveolar epithelial cells. Sirtuins located in mitochondria are essential to maintain mitochondrial function and cellular metabolic homeostasis. Sirtuins can maintain normal lipid metabolism by regulating respiratory enzyme activity, resisting oxidative stress, and protecting mitochondrial function. In this review, we aimed to discuss the difference between normal and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lungs in terms of lipid metabolism. Additionally, we highlight recent breakthroughs on the effect of abnormal lipid metabolism on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, including the effects of sirtuins. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has its high mortality and limited therapeutic options; therefore, we believe that this review will help to develop a new therapeutic direction from the aspect of lipid metabolism in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchuan Tian
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Chunyan Duan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Jiayue Feng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China; Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Jie Liao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China; Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China.
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4
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Korfei M, Mahavadi P, Guenther A. Targeting Histone Deacetylases in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Future Therapeutic Option. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101626. [PMID: 35626663 PMCID: PMC9139813 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal lung disease with limited therapeutic options, and there is a huge unmet need for new therapies. A growing body of evidence suggests that the histone deacetylase (HDAC) family of transcriptional corepressors has emerged as crucial mediators of IPF pathogenesis. HDACs deacetylate histones and result in chromatin condensation and epigenetic repression of gene transcription. HDACs also catalyse the deacetylation of many non-histone proteins, including transcription factors, thus also leading to changes in the transcriptome and cellular signalling. Increased HDAC expression is associated with cell proliferation, cell growth and anti-apoptosis and is, thus, a salient feature of many cancers. In IPF, induction and abnormal upregulation of Class I and Class II HDAC enzymes in myofibroblast foci, as well as aberrant bronchiolar epithelium, is an eminent observation, whereas type-II alveolar epithelial cells (AECII) of IPF lungs indicate a significant depletion of many HDACs. We thus suggest that the significant imbalance of HDAC activity in IPF lungs, with a “cancer-like” increase in fibroblastic and bronchial cells versus a lack in AECII, promotes and perpetuates fibrosis. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which Class I and Class II HDACs mediate fibrogenesis and on the mechanisms by which various HDAC inhibitors reverse the deregulated epigenetic responses in IPF, supporting HDAC inhibition as promising IPF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Korfei
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.M.); (A.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-641-9942425; Fax: +49-641-9942429
| | - Poornima Mahavadi
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.M.); (A.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Guenther
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.M.); (A.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Lung Clinic, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Mittelhessen, D-35398 Giessen, Germany
- European IPF Registry and Biobank, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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5
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Xu Z, Chen C. The Downregulation of PTGS2 Mediated by ncRNAs is Tightly Correlated with Systemic Sclerosis-Interstitial Lung Disease. Front Genet 2022; 12:795034. [PMID: 35096012 PMCID: PMC8793859 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.795034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis (SSc-ILD) is one of the most severe complications of systemic sclerosis (SSc) and is the main cause of mortality. In this study, we aimed to explore the key genes in SSc-ILD and analyze the relationship between key genes and immune cell infiltration as well as the key genes relevant to the hallmarks of cancer. Methods: Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) algorithm was implemented to explore hub genes in SSc-ILD samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Logistic regression analysis was performed to screen and verify the key gene related to SSc-ILD. CIBERSORT algorithms were utilized to analyze immune cell infiltration. Moreover, the correlation between the key genes and genes relevant to cancer was also evaluated. Furthermore, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) linking to PTGS2 were also explored. Results: In this study, we first performed WGCNA analysis for three GEO databases to find the potential hub genes in SSc-ILD. Subsequently, we determined PTGS2 was the key gene in SSC-ILD. Furthermore, in CIBERSORT analyses, PTGS2 were tightly correlated with immune cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) and was negatively correlated with CD20 expression. Moreover, PTGS2 was associated with tumor growth. Then, MALAT1, NEAT1, NORAD, XIST identified might be the most potential upstream lncRNAs, and LIMS1 and RANBP2 might be the two most potential upstream circRNAs. Conclusion: Collectively, our findings elucidated that ncRNAs-mediated downregulation of PTGS2, as a key gene in SSc-ILD, was positively related to the occurrence of SSc-ILD and abnormal immunocyte infiltration. It could be a promising factor for SSc-ILD progression to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiao Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chengshui Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Interventional Pulmonary Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
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6
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Pils V, Terlecki-Zaniewicz L, Schosserer M, Grillari J, Lämmermann I. The role of lipid-based signalling in wound healing and senescence. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 198:111527. [PMID: 34174292 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-based signalling modulates several cellular processes and intercellular communication during wound healing and tissue regeneration. Bioactive lipids include but are not limited to the diverse group of eicosanoids, phospholipids, and extracellular vesicles and mediate the attraction of immune cells, initiation of inflammatory responses, and their resolution. In aged individuals, wound healing and tissue regeneration are greatly impaired, resulting in a delayed healing process and non-healing wounds. Senescent cells accumulate with age in vivo, preferably at sites implicated in age-associated pathologies and their elimination was shown to alleviate many age-associated diseases and disorders. In contrast to these findings, the transient presence of senescent cells in the process of wound healing exerts beneficial effects and limits fibrosis. Hence, clearance of senescent cells during wound healing was repeatedly shown to delay wound closure in vivo. Recent findings established a dysregulated synthesis of eicosanoids, phospholipids and extracellular vesicles as part of the senescent phenotype. This intriguing connection between cellular senescence, lipid-based signalling, and the process of wound healing and tissue regeneration prompts us to compile the current knowledge in this review and propose future directions for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Pils
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for the Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lucia Terlecki-Zaniewicz
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for the Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schosserer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Skin Multimodal Imaging of Aging and Senescence - SKINMAGINE, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for the Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Linz and Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria
| | - Ingo Lämmermann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for the Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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7
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Bargagli E, Refini RM, d’Alessandro M, Bergantini L, Cameli P, Vantaggiato L, Bini L, Landi C. Metabolic Dysregulation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165663. [PMID: 32784632 PMCID: PMC7461042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fibroproliferative disorder limited to the lung. New findings, starting from our proteomics studies on IPF, suggest that systemic involvement with altered molecular mechanisms and metabolic disorder is an underlying cause of fibrosis. The role of metabolic dysregulation in the pathogenesis of IPF has not been extensively studied, despite a recent surge of interest. In particular, our studies on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid have shown that the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), the hypoxia/oxidative stress response, and changes in iron and lipid metabolism are involved in onset of IPF. These processes appear to interact in an intricate manner and to be related to different fibrosing pathologies not directly linked to the lung environment. The disordered metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and hormones has been documented in lung, liver, and kidney fibrosis. Correcting these metabolic alterations may offer a new strategy for treating fibrosis. This paper focuses on the role of metabolic dysregulation in the pathogenesis of IPF and is a continuation of our previous studies, investigating metabolic dysregulation as a new target for fibrosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bargagli
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplant Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (R.M.R.); (M.d.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Rosa Metella Refini
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplant Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (R.M.R.); (M.d.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Miriana d’Alessandro
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplant Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (R.M.R.); (M.d.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Laura Bergantini
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplant Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (R.M.R.); (M.d.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Paolo Cameli
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplant Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (R.M.R.); (M.d.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Lorenza Vantaggiato
- Functional Proteomics Lab, Department Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Luca Bini
- Functional Proteomics Lab, Department Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Claudia Landi
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplant Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (R.M.R.); (M.d.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
- Functional Proteomics Lab, Department Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.V.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577-234-937
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8
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Lipid Mediators Regulate Pulmonary Fibrosis: Potential Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124257. [PMID: 32549377 PMCID: PMC7352853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease of unknown etiology characterized by distorted distal lung architecture, inflammation, and fibrosis. The molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of IPF are incompletely defined. Several lung cell types including alveolar epithelial cells, fibroblasts, monocyte-derived macrophages, and endothelial cells have been implicated in the development and progression of fibrosis. Regardless of the cell types involved, changes in gene expression, disrupted glycolysis, and mitochondrial oxidation, dysregulated protein folding, and altered phospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism result in activation of myofibroblast, deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, remodeling of lung architecture and fibrosis. Lipid mediators derived from phospholipids, sphingolipids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids play an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and have been described to exhibit pro- and anti-fibrotic effects in IPF and in preclinical animal models of lung fibrosis. This review describes the current understanding of the role and signaling pathways of prostanoids, lysophospholipids, and sphingolipids and their metabolizing enzymes in the development of lung fibrosis. Further, several of the lipid mediators and enzymes involved in their metabolism are therapeutic targets for drug development to treat IPF.
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9
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Zerdoum AB, Saberi P, Stuffer AJ, Kelly DJ, Duncan RL, Mongeau L, Jia X. Regulation of Stem Cell Function in an Engineered Vocal Fold-Mimetic Environment. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-019-00142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Wiley CD, Brumwell AN, Davis SS, Jackson JR, Valdovinos A, Calhoun C, Alimirah F, Castellanos CA, Ruan R, Wei Y, Chapman HA, Ramanathan A, Campisi J, Jourdan Le Saux C. Secretion of leukotrienes by senescent lung fibroblasts promotes pulmonary fibrosis. JCI Insight 2019; 4:130056. [PMID: 31687975 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.130056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of senescent cells is associated with the progression of pulmonary fibrosis, but mechanisms accounting for this linkage are not well understood. To explore this issue, we investigated whether a class of biologically active profibrotic lipids, the leukotrienes (LT), is part of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. The analysis of conditioned medium (CM), lipid extracts, and gene expression of LT biosynthesis enzymes revealed that senescent cells secreted LT, regardless of the origin of the cells or the modality of senescence induction. The synthesis of LT was biphasic and followed by antifibrotic prostaglandin (PG) secretion. The LT-rich CM of senescent lung fibroblasts (IMR-90) induced profibrotic signaling in naive fibroblasts, which were abrogated by inhibitors of ALOX5, the principal enzyme in LT biosynthesis. The bleomycin-induced expression of genes encoding LT and PG synthases, level of cysteinyl LT in the bronchoalveolar lavage, and overall fibrosis were reduced upon senescent cell removal either in a genetic mouse model or after senolytic treatment. Quantification of ALOX5+ cells in lung explants obtained from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients indicated that half of these cells were also senescent (p16Ink4a+). Unlike human fibroblasts from unused donor lungs made senescent by irradiation, senescent IPF fibroblasts secreted LTs but failed to synthesize PGs. This study demonstrates for the first time to our knowledge that senescent cells secrete functional LTs, significantly contributing to the LT pool known to cause or exacerbate IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sonnet S Davis
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
| | | | | | - Cheresa Calhoun
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ying Wei
- UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Arvind Ramanathan
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Rajiv Gandhi Nagar, Kodigehalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Judith Campisi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA.,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Claude Jourdan Le Saux
- UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.,University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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11
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Bärnthaler T, Theiler A, Zabini D, Trautmann S, Stacher-Priehse E, Lanz I, Klepetko W, Sinn K, Flick H, Scheidl S, Thomas D, Olschewski H, Kwapiszewska G, Schuligoi R, Heinemann A. Inhibiting eicosanoid degradation exerts antifibrotic effects in a pulmonary fibrosis mouse model and human tissue. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:818-833.e11. [PMID: 31812575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease with high 5-year mortality and few therapeutic options. Prostaglandin (PG) E2 exhibits antifibrotic properties and is reduced in bronchoalveolar lavage from patients with IPF. 15-Prostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) is the key enzyme in PGE2 metabolism under the control of TGF-β and microRNA 218. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the expression of 15-PGDH in IPF and the therapeutic potential of a specific inhibitor of this enzyme in a mouse model and human tissue. METHODS In vitro studies, including fibrocyte differentiation, regulation of 15-PGDH, RT-PCR, and Western blot, were performed using peripheral blood from healthy donors and patients with IPF and A549 cells. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, 15-PGDH activity assays, and in situ hybridization as well as ex vivo IPF tissue culture experiments were done using healthy donor and IPF lungs. Therapeutic effects of 15-PGDH inhibition were studied in the bleomycin mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis. RESULTS We demonstrate that 15-PGDH shows areas of increased expression in patients with IPF. Inhibition of this enzyme increases PGE2 levels and reduces collagen production in IPF precision cut lung slices and in the bleomycin model. Inhibitor-treated mice show amelioration of lung function, decreased alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis, and fibroblast proliferation. Pulmonary fibrocyte accumulation is also decreased by inhibitor treatment in mice, similar to PGE2 that inhibits fibrocyte differentiation from blood of healthy donors and patients with IPF. Finally, microRNA 218-5p, which is downregulated in patients with IPF, suppressed 15-PGDH expression in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the role of 15-PGDH in IPF and suggest 15-PGDH inhibition as a promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bärnthaler
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Theiler
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Diana Zabini
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Trautmann
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elvira Stacher-Priehse
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ilse Lanz
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Sinn
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Holger Flick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Scheidl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Rufina Schuligoi
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Penke LR, Peters-Golden M. Special Delivery: A New Package for an Old Antifibrotic Mediator. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:249-250. [PMID: 30290129 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0312ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Loka R Penke
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marc Peters-Golden
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Abstract
Myofibroblast activation is a critical process in the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis accounting for 45% of all deaths. No effective therapies are available for the treatment of fibrotic diseases. We focus our mini-review on recent data showing that cardiotonic steroids (CTS) that are known as potent inhibitors of Na+,K+-ATPase affect myofibroblast differentiation in a cell type-specific manner. In cultured human lung fibroblasts (HLF), epithelial cells, and cancer-associated fibroblasts, CTS blocked myofibroblast differentiation triggered by profibrotic cytokine TGF-β. In contrast, in the absence of TGF-β, CTS augmented myofibroblast differentiation of cultured cardiac fibroblasts. The cell type-specific action of CTS in myofibroblast differentiation is consistent with data obtained in in vivo studies. Thus, infusion of ouabain via osmotic mini-pumps attenuated the development of lung fibrosis in bleomycintreated mice, whereas marinobufagenin stimulated renal and cardiac fibrosis in rats with experimental renal injury. In TGF-β-treated HLF, suppression of myofibroblast differentiation by ouabain is mediated by elevation of the [Na+]i/[K+]i ratio and is accompanied by upregulation of cyclooxygenase COX-2 and downregulation of TGF-β receptor TGFBR2. Augmented expression of COX-2 is abolished by inhibition of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, suggesting a key role of [Ca2+]i-mediated signaling. What is the relative impact in tissue fibrosis of [Na+]i,[K+]iindependent signaling documented in several types of CTS-treated cells? Do the different conformational transitions of Na+,K+-ATPase α1 subunit in the presence of ouabain and marinobufagenin contribute to their distinct involvement in myofibroblast differentiation? Additional experiments should be done to answer these questions and to develop novel pharmacological approaches for the treatment of fibrosis-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei N. Orlov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation
| | - Jennifer La
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Nickolai O. Dulin
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, IL, United States
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Cryptotanshinone Ameliorates Radiation-Induced Lung Injury in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:1908416. [PMID: 30915142 PMCID: PMC6402207 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1908416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cryptotanshinone (CTS) was reported to repress a variety of systemic inflammation and alleviate cardiac fibrosis, but it is still unclear whether CTS could prevent radiation-induced lung injury (RILI). Here, we investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of CTS on a RILI rat model. Our data revealed that CTS could efficiently preserve pulmonary function in RILI rats and reduce early pulmonary inflammation infiltration elicited, along with marked decreased levels of IL-6 and IL-10. Moreover, we found that CTS is superior to prednisone in attenuating collagen deposition and pulmonary fibrosis, in parallel with a marked drop of HYP (a collagen indicator) and α-SMA (a myofibroblast marker). Mechanistically, CTS inhibited profibrotic signals TGF-β1 and NOX-4 expressions, while enhancing the levels of antifibrotic enzyme MMP-1 in lung tissues. It is noteworthy that CTS treatment, in consistent with trichrome staining analysis, exhibited a clear advantage over PND in enhancing MMP-1 levels. However, CTS exhibited little effect on CTGF activation and on COX-2 suppression. Finally, CTS treatment significantly mitigated the radiation-induced activation of CCL3 and its receptor CCR1. In summary, CTS treatment could attenuate RILI, especially pulmonary fibrosis, in rats. The regulation on production and release of inflammatory or fibrotic factors IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β1, NOX-4, and MMP-1, especially MMP-1 and inhibition on CCL3/CCR1 activation, may partly attribute to its attenuating RILI effect.
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15
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Pasini A, Brand OJ, Jenkins G, Knox AJ, Pang L. Suberanilohydroxamic acid prevents TGF-β1-induced COX-2 repression in human lung fibroblasts post-transcriptionally by TIA-1 downregulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:463-472. [PMID: 29555582 PMCID: PMC5910054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), with its main antifibrotic metabolite PGE2, is regarded as an antifibrotic gene. Repressed COX-2 expression and deficient PGE2 have been shown to contribute to the activation of lung fibroblasts and excessive deposition of collagen in pulmonary fibrosis. We have previously demonstrated that COX-2 expression in lung fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is epigenetically silenced and can be restored by epigenetic inhibitors. This study aimed to investigate whether COX-2 downregulation induced by the profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in normal lung fibroblasts could be prevented by epigenetic inhibitors. We found that COX-2 protein expression and PGE2 production were markedly reduced by TGF-β1 and this was prevented by the pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA) and to a lesser extent by the DNA demethylating agent Decitabine (DAC), but not by the G9a histone methyltransferase (HMT) inhibitor BIX01294 or the EZH2 HMT inhibitor 3-deazaneplanocin A (DZNep). However, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that the effect of SAHA was unlikely mediated by histone modifications. Instead 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) luciferase reporter assay indicated the involvement of post-transcriptional mechanisms. This was supported by the downregulation by SAHA of the 3′-UTR mRNA binding protein TIA-1 (T-cell intracellular antigen-1), a negative regulator of COX-2 translation. Furthermore, TIA-1 knockdown by siRNA mimicked the effect of SAHA on COX-2 expression. These findings suggest SAHA can prevent TGF-β1-induced COX-2 repression in lung fibroblasts post-transcriptionally through a novel TIA-1-dependent mechanism and provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying its potential antifibrotic activity. Abbreviations Unlabelled TableSAHA | suberanilohydroxamic acid | TGF-β1 | transforming growth factor-β1 | COX-2 | cyclooxygenase-2 | TIA-1 | T-cell intracellular antigen-1 | PGE2 | prostaglandin E2 | IPF | idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | DAC | Decitabine | HMT | histone methyltransferase | EZH2 | enhancer of zeste homolog 2 | DZNep | 3-deazaneplanocin A | 3′-UTR | 3′-untranslated region | α-SMA | α-smooth muscle actin | ECM | extracellular matrix | COL1 | collagen 1 | DNMT | DNA methyltransferase | HAT | histone acetyltransferase | HDAC | histone deacetylase | H3K9me3 | histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation | ARE | AUUUA-rich element | HuR | human antigen R | ELAV1 | ELAV-like RNA binding protein 1 | TTP | Tristetraprolin | CUGBP2 | CUG triplet repeat, RNA binding protein 2 | F-NL | fibroblast from non-fibrotic lung | FCS | fetal calf serum |
The HDAC inhibitor SAHA upregulates the expression of the antifibrotic gene COX-2 post-transcriptionally. The mechanism relies on the downregulation of TIA-1, a negative regulator of COX-2 translation. SAHA has a therapeutic potential by preventing COX-2 repression induced by TGF-β1 in human lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pasini
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, United Kingdom; Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" (DEI), University of Bologna, Via Venezia 52, 47521 Cesena, FC, Italy
| | - Oliver J Brand
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, United Kingdom
| | - Gisli Jenkins
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Knox
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, United Kingdom
| | - Linhua Pang
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, United Kingdom.
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16
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Lacy SH, Epa AP, Pollock SJ, Woeller CF, Thatcher TH, Phipps RP, Sime PJ. Activated human T lymphocytes inhibit TGFβ-induced fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation via prostaglandins D 2 and E 2. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 314:L569-L582. [PMID: 29351444 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00565.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In pulmonary fibrosis (PF), fibroblasts and myofibroblasts proliferate and deposit excessive extracellular matrix in the interstitium, impairing normal lung function. Because most forms of PF have a poor prognosis and limited treatment options, PF represents an urgent unmet need for novel, effective therapeutics. Although the role of immune cells in lung fibrosis is unclear, recent studies suggest that T lymphocyte (T cell) activation may be impaired in PF patients. Furthermore, we have previously shown that activated T cells can produce prostaglandins with anti-scarring potential. Here, we test the hypothesis that activated T cells directly inhibit myofibroblast differentiation using a coculture system. Coculture with activated primary blood-derived T cells, from both healthy human donors and PF patients, inhibited transforming growth factor β-induced myofibroblast differentiation in primary human lung fibroblasts isolated from either normal or PF lung tissue. Coculture supernatants contained anti-fibrotic prostaglandins D2 and E2, and the inhibitory effect of coculture on myofibroblast differentiation was largely reversed when prostaglandin production was abrogated either by resting the T cells before coculture or via specific pharmacological inhibitors. Moreover, coculture conditions induced COX-2 in HLFs but not in T cells, suggesting that T cells deliver an activating signal to HLFs, which in turn produce anti-fibrotic prostaglandins. We show for the first time that coculture with activated primary human T lymphocytes strongly inhibits myofibroblast differentiation, revealing a novel cell-to-cell communication network with therapeutic implications for fibrotic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon H Lacy
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York
| | - Amali P Epa
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York
| | - Stephen J Pollock
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York.,Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York
| | - Collynn F Woeller
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York
| | - Thomas H Thatcher
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York
| | - Richard P Phipps
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York.,Department of Pathology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York.,Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York
| | - Patricia J Sime
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York.,Department of Pathology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York.,Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York
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17
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Myofibroblast repair mechanisms post-inflammatory response: a fibrotic perspective. Inflamm Res 2016; 66:451-465. [PMID: 28040859 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-1019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibrosis is a complex chronic disease characterized by a persistent repair response. Its pathogenesis is poorly understood but it is typically the result of chronic inflammation and maintained with the required activity of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) and extracellular matrix (ECM) tension, both of which drive fibroblasts to transition into a myofibroblast phenotype. FINDINGS As the effector cells of repair, myofibroblasts migrate to the site of injury to deposit excessive amounts of matrix proteins and stimulate high levels of contraction. Myofibroblast activity is a decisive factor in whether a tissue is properly repaired by controlled wound healing or rendered fibrotic by deregulated repair. Extensive studies have documented the various contributing factors to an abrogated repair response. Though these fibrotic factors are known, very little is understood about the opposing antifibrotic molecules that assist in a successful repair, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and ECM retraction. The following review will discuss the general development of fibrosis through the transformation of myofibroblasts, focusing primarily on the prominent profibrotic pathways of TGFβ and ECM tension and antifibrotic pathways of PGE2 and ECM retraction. CONCLUSIONS The idea is to understand the ways in which the cell, after an injury and inflammatory response, normally controls its repair mechanisms through its homeostatic regulators so as to mimic them therapeutically to control abnormal pathways.
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18
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Zhao J, Shu B, Chen L, Tang J, Zhang L, Xie J, Liu X, Xu Y, Qi S. Prostaglandin E2 inhibits collagen synthesis in dermal fibroblasts and prevents hypertrophic scar formation in vivo. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:604-10. [PMID: 26997546 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scarring is a common dermal fibroproliferative disorder characterized by excessive collagen deposition. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), an important inflammatory product synthesized via the arachidonic acid cascade, has been shown to act as a fibroblast modulator and to possess antifibroblastic activity. However, the mechanism underlying the antifibrotic effect of PGE2 remains unclear. In this study, we explored the effects of PGE2 on TGF-β1-treated dermal fibroblasts in terms of collagen production and to determine the regulatory pathways involved, as well as understand the antiscarring function of PGE2 in vivo. We found that PGE2 inhibited TGF-β1-induced collagen synthesis by regulating the balance of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP). It did so by upregulating cAMP through the E prostanoid (EP)2 receptor. We determined that inhibition of the TGF-β1/Smad pathway by PGE2 is associated with its ability to inhibit collagen synthesis. An in vivo study further confirmed that PGE2 inhibits hypertrophic scar formation by decreasing collagen production. Our results demonstrate that the novel anti-scarring function of PGE2 is achieved by balancing MMPs/TIMP expression and decreasing collagen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingling Zhao
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Shu
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinming Tang
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Julin Xie
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xusheng Liu
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingbin Xu
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohai Qi
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Kiszałkiewicz J, Piotrowski WJ, Pastuszak-Lewandoska D, Górski P, Antczak A, Górski W, Domańska-Senderowska D, Migdalska-Sęk M, Czarnecka KH, Nawrot E, Brzeziańska-Lasota E. Altered Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis is not Related to Clinical Classifications. Inflammation 2016; 39:1302-9. [PMID: 27188849 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0362-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Elevated COX-2 activity is associated with the development of chronic lung diseases leading to bronchial obstruction, including sarcoidosis. The aim of the study was to examine expression pattern of COX-2 messenger RNA (mRNA). Expression was performed by q-PCR method in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells and peripheral blood (PB) lymphocytes in sarcoidosis patients (n = 61) and control group (n = 30). Analysis of COX-2 mRNA expression level in BAL fluid and PB revealed downregulation in sarcoidosis and control groups. In PB lymphocytes, the statistically significant difference between patients and controls was observed (P = 0.003, Mann-Whitney U test), with higher expression in patients. There were no statistically significant differences between patients without and with parenchymal involvement (stages I vs. II-IV), between patients with acute vs. insidious onset of disease and between patients with abnormal vs. normal spirometry (P > 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). Results suggest that expression of COX-2 mRNA in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis is not related to clinical classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Kiszałkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Bases of Medicine, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech J Piotrowski
- Department of Pneumonology and Allergy, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Kopcińskiego 22, Lodz, 90-153, Poland
| | - Dorota Pastuszak-Lewandoska
- Department of Molecular Bases of Medicine, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Górski
- Department of Pneumonology and Allergy, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Kopcińskiego 22, Lodz, 90-153, Poland
| | - Adam Antczak
- Department of General and Oncological Pulmonology, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Kopcińskiego 22, Lodz, 90-153, Poland
| | - Witold Górski
- Department of Pneumonology and Allergy, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Kopcińskiego 22, Lodz, 90-153, Poland
| | - Daria Domańska-Senderowska
- Department of Molecular Bases of Medicine, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Migdalska-Sęk
- Department of Molecular Bases of Medicine, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina H Czarnecka
- Department of Molecular Bases of Medicine, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Nawrot
- Department of Molecular Bases of Medicine, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Brzeziańska-Lasota
- Department of Molecular Bases of Medicine, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland.
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La J, Reed EB, Koltsova S, Akimova O, Hamanaka RB, Mutlu GM, Orlov SN, Dulin NO. Regulation of myofibroblast differentiation by cardiac glycosides. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L815-23. [PMID: 26851261 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00322.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblast differentiation is a key process in pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases. Cardiac glycosides (ouabain, digoxin) inhibit Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, resulting in increased intracellular [Na(+)]-to-[K(+)] ratio in cells. Microarray analysis suggested that increased intracellular [Na(+)]/[K(+)] ratio may promote the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a critical enzyme in the synthesis of prostaglandins. Given antifibrotic effects of prostaglandins through activation of protein kinase A (PKA), we examined if cardiac glycosides stimulate COX-2 expression in human lung fibroblasts and how they affect myofibroblast differentiation. Ouabain stimulated a profound COX-2 expression and a sustained PKA activation, which was blocked by COX-2 inhibitor or by COX-2 knockdown. Ouabain-induced COX-2 expression and PKA activation were abolished by the inhibitor of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, KB-R4943. Ouabain inhibited transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced Rho activation, stress fiber formation, serum response factor activation, and the expression of smooth muscle α-actin, collagen-1, and fibronectin. These effects were recapitulated by an increase in intracellular [Na(+)]/[K(+)] ratio through the treatment of cells with K(+)-free medium or with digoxin. Although inhibition of COX-2 or of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger blocked ouabain-induced PKA activation, this failed to reverse the inhibition of TGF-β-induced Rho activation or myofibroblast differentiation by ouabain. Together, these data demonstrate that ouabain, through the increase in intracellular [Na(+)]/[K(+)] ratio, drives the induction of COX-2 expression and PKA activation, which is accompanied by a decreased Rho activation and myofibroblast differentiation in response to TGF-β. However, COX-2 expression and PKA activation are not sufficient for inhibition of the fibrotic effects of TGF-β by ouabain, suggesting that additional mechanisms must exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer La
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eleanor B Reed
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Svetlana Koltsova
- Laboratory of Biomembranes, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation; and
| | - Olga Akimova
- Laboratory of Biomembranes, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation; and
| | - Robert B Hamanaka
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gökhan M Mutlu
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sergei N Orlov
- Laboratory of Biomembranes, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation; and Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nickolai O Dulin
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
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21
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Epa AP, Thatcher TH, Pollock SJ, Wahl LA, Lyda E, Kottmann RM, Phipps RP, Sime PJ. Normal Human Lung Epithelial Cells Inhibit Transforming Growth Factor-β Induced Myofibroblast Differentiation via Prostaglandin E2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135266. [PMID: 26248335 PMCID: PMC4527711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive disease with very few effective treatments. The key effector cells in fibrosis are believed to be fibroblasts, which differentiate to a contractile myofibroblast phenotype with enhanced capacity to proliferate and produce extracellular matrix. The role of the lung epithelium in fibrosis is unclear. While there is evidence that the epithelium is disrupted in IPF, it is not known whether this is a cause or a result of the fibroblast pathology. We hypothesized that healthy epithelial cells are required to maintain normal lung homeostasis and can inhibit the activation and differentiation of lung fibroblasts to the myofibroblast phenotype. To investigate this hypothesis, we employed a novel co-culture model with primary human lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts to investigate whether epithelial cells inhibit myofibroblast differentiation. Measurements and Main Results In the presence of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, fibroblasts co-cultured with epithelial cells expressed significantly less α-smooth muscle actin and collagen and showed marked reduction in cell migration, collagen gel contraction, and cell proliferation compared to fibroblasts grown without epithelial cells. Epithelial cells from non-matching tissue origins were capable of inhibiting TGF-β induced myofibroblast differentiation in lung, keloid and Graves’ orbital fibroblasts. TGF-β promoted production of prostaglandin (PG) E2 in lung epithelial cells, and a PGE2 neutralizing antibody blocked the protective effect of epithelial cell co-culture. Conclusions We provide the first direct experimental evidence that lung epithelial cells inhibit TGF-β induced myofibroblast differentiation and pro-fibrotic phenotypes in fibroblasts. This effect is not restricted by tissue origin, and is mediated, at least in part, by PGE2. Our data support the hypothesis that the epithelium plays a crucial role in maintaining lung homeostasis, and that damaged and/ or dysfunctional epithelium contributes to the development of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amali P. Epa
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - Thomas H. Thatcher
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Pollock
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - Lindsay A. Wahl
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Lyda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - R. M. Kottmann
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - Richard P. Phipps
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester NY, 14642, United States of America
| | - Patricia J. Sime
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester NY, 14642, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Parra ER, Lin F, Martins V, Rangel MP, Capelozzi VL. Immunohistochemical and morphometric evaluation of COX 1 and COX-2 in the remodeled lung in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and systemic sclerosis. J Bras Pneumol 2014; 39:692-700. [PMID: 24473763 PMCID: PMC4075907 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132013000600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in the remodeled lung in systemic
sclerosis (SSc) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients,
correlating that expression with patient survival. METHODS: We examined open lung biopsy specimens from 24 SSc patients and 30 IPF
patients, using normal lung tissue as a control. The histological patterns
included fibrotic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) in SSc patients
and usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) in IPF patients. We used
immunohistochemistry and histomorphometry to evaluate the expression of
COX-1 and COX-2 in alveolar septa, vessels, and bronchioles. We then
correlated that expression with pulmonary function test results and
evaluated its impact on patient survival. RESULTS: The expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in alveolar septa was significantly higher
in IPF-UIP and SSc-NSIP lung tissue than in the control tissue. No
difference was found between IPF-UIP and SSc-NSIP tissue regarding COX-1 and
COX-2 expression. Multivariate analysis based on the Cox regression model
showed that the factors associated with a low risk of death were younger
age, high DLCO/alveolar volume, IPF, and high COX-1 expression in alveolar
septa, whereas those associated with a high risk of death were advanced age,
low DLCO/alveolar volume, SSc (with NSIP), and low COX-1 expression in
alveolar septa. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that strategies aimed at preventing low COX-1 synthesis
will have a greater impact on SSc, whereas those aimed at preventing high
COX-2 synthesis will have a greater impact on IPF. However, prospective
randomized clinical trials are needed in order to confirm that.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia Lin
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Martins
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vera Luiza Capelozzi
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Wang Y, Cao R, Wei B, Chai X, Sun D, Guan Y, Liu XM. Diallyl disulfide inhibits proliferation and transdifferentiation of lung fibroblasts through induction of cyclooxygenase and synthesis of prostaglandin E₂. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 393:77-87. [PMID: 24756243 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) are critically involved in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by inducing the proliferation and transdifferentiation of lung fibroblasts. In the present study, we examined the impact of diallyl disulfide (DADS), a garlic-derived compound, on such pathological conditions. DADS showed profound inhibitory effects on the PDGF-BB-induced proliferation of human and mouse lung fibroblasts. DADS also abrogated the TGF-β1-induced expression of α-smooth muscle actin, type I collagen and fibronectin. Following treatment with DADS, the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the synthesis of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) were found to be markedly enhanced, which in turn led to elevated cAMP levels in lung fibroblasts. Notably, the effect of DADS was largely abolished in the presence of either COX inhibitor indomethacin or siRNA-targeting COX-2, or in the absence of the PGE₂ receptor EP2, supporting an essential role for the COX-2-PGE₂-cAMP autocrine loop. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the upregulated expression of COX-2 was a result of increased level of histone 3 acetylation at COX-2 locus in DADS-treated cells. Together, these results suggest that DADS, by inducing COX-2 expression, may have therapeutic potential in treating lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street No. 8, West District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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24
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Coward WR, Feghali-Bostwick CA, Jenkins G, Knox AJ, Pang L. A central role for G9a and EZH2 in the epigenetic silencing of cyclooxygenase-2 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. FASEB J 2014; 28:3183-96. [PMID: 24652950 PMCID: PMC4062820 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-241760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Selective silencing of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene with the loss of the antifibrotic mediator prostaglandin E2 contributes to the fibrotic process in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This study explored the role of G9a- and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)-mediated methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3) and histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) in COX-2 silencing in IPF. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and re-ChIP assays demonstrated marked increases in H3K9me3, H3K27me3, and DNA methylation, together with their respective modifying enzymes G9a, EZH2, and DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) and respective binding proteins heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1), polycomb protein complex 1 (PRC1) and methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), at the COX-2 promoter in lung fibroblasts from patients with IPF (F-IPFs) compared with fibroblasts from nonfibrotic lungs. HP1, EZH2, and MeCP2 in turn were associated with additional repressive chromatin modifiers in F-IPFs. G9a and EZH2 inhibitors and small interfering RNAs and the Dnmt1 inhibitor markedly reduced H3K9me3 (49−79%), H3K27me3 (44−81%), and DNA methylation (61−97%) at the COX-2 promoter. These reductions were correlated with increased histone H3 and H4 acetylation, resulting in COX-2 mRNA and protein reexpression in F-IPFs. Our results support a central role for G9a- and EZH2-mediated histone hypermethylation and a model of bidirectional, mutually reinforcing, and interdependent crosstalk between histone hypermethylation and DNA methylation in COX-2 epigenetic silencing in IPF.—Coward, W. R., Feghali-Bostwick, C. A., Jenkins, G., Knox, A. J., Pang, L. A central role for G9a and EZH2 in the epigenetic silencing of cyclooxygenase-2 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Coward
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Nottingham Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham, UK; and
| | - Carol A Feghali-Bostwick
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gisli Jenkins
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Nottingham Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham, UK; and
| | - Alan J Knox
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Nottingham Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham, UK; and
| | - Linhua Pang
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Nottingham Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham, UK; and
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25
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Kach J, Sandbo N, La J, Denner D, Reed EB, Akimova O, Koltsova S, Orlov SN, Dulin NO. Antifibrotic effects of noscapine through activation of prostaglandin E2 receptors and protein kinase A. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:7505-13. [PMID: 24492608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.546812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblast differentiation is a key process in the pathogenesis of fibrotic disease. We have shown previously that differentiation of myofibroblasts is regulated by microtubule polymerization state. In this work, we examined the potential antifibrotic effects of the antitussive drug, noscapine, recently found to bind microtubules and affect microtubule dynamics. Noscapine inhibited TGF-β-induced differentiation of cultured human lung fibroblasts (HLFs). Therapeutic noscapine treatment resulted in a significant attenuation of pulmonary fibrosis in the bleomycin model of the disease. Noscapine did not affect gross microtubule content in HLFs, but inhibited TGF-β-induced stress fiber formation and activation of serum response factor without affecting Smad signaling. Furthermore, noscapine stimulated a rapid and profound activation of protein kinase A (PKA), which mediated the antifibrotic effect of noscapine in HLFs, as assessed with the PKA inhibitor, PKI. In contrast, noscapine did not activate PKA in human bronchial or alveolar epithelial cells. Finally, activation of PKA and the antifibrotic effect of noscapine in HLFs were blocked by the EP2 prostaglandin E2 receptor antagonist, PF-04418948, but not by the antagonists of EP4, prostaglandin D2, or prostacyclin receptors. Together, we demonstrate for the first time the antifibrotic effect of noscapine in vitro and in vivo, and we describe a novel mechanism of noscapine action through EP2 prostaglandin E2 receptor-mediated activation of PKA in pulmonary fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kach
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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26
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Lee JK, Sayers BC, Chun KS, Lao HC, Shipley-Phillips JK, Bonner JC, Langenbach R. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes induce COX-2 and iNOS expression via MAP kinase-dependent and -independent mechanisms in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages. Part Fibre Toxicol 2012; 9:14. [PMID: 22571318 PMCID: PMC3485091 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-9-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are engineered graphene cylinders with numerous applications in engineering, electronics and medicine. However, CNTs cause inflammation and fibrosis in the rodent lung, suggesting a potential human health risk. We hypothesized that multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) induce two key inflammatory enzymes in macrophages, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1,2). METHODS RAW264.7 macrophages were exposed to MWCNTs or carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) over a range of doses and time course. Uptake and subcellular localization of MWCNTs was visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Protein levels of COX-2, iNOS, and ERK1,2 (total ERK and phosphorylated ERK) were measured by Western blot analysis. Prostaglandin-E(2) (PGE(2)) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in cell supernatants were measured by ELISA and Greiss assay, respectively. RESULTS MWCNTs, but not CBNPs, induced COX-2 and iNOS in a time- and dose-dependent manner. COX-2 and iNOS induction by MWCNTs correlated with increased PGE(2) and NO production, respectively. MWCNTs caused ERK1,2 activation and inhibition of ERK1,2 (U0126) blocked MWCNT induction of COX-2 and PGE2 production, but did not reduce the induction of iNOS. Inhibition of iNOS (L-NAME) did not affect ERK1,2 activation, nor did L-NAME significantly decrease COX-2 induction by MWCNT. Nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs), which are present in MWCNTs as a residual catalyst, also induced COX-2 via ERK-1,2. However, a comparison of COX-2 induction by MWCNTs containing 4.5 and 1.8% Ni did not show a significant difference in ability to induce COX-2, indicating that characteristics of MWCNTs in addition to Ni content contribute to COX-2 induction. CONCLUSION This study identifies COX-2 and subsequent PGE(2) production, along with iNOS induction and NO production, as inflammatory mediators involved in the macrophage response to MWCNTs. Furthermore, our work demonstrates that COX-2 induction by MWCNTs in RAW264.7 macrophages is ERK1,2-dependent, while iNOS induction by MWCNTs is ERK1,2-independent. Our data also suggest contributory physicochemical factors other than residual Ni catalyst play a role in COX-2 induction to MWCNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Kwon Lee
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
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27
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Bassyouni IH, Talaat RM, Salem TA. Serum Concentrations of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis: Association with Lower Frequency of Pulmonary Fibrosis. J Clin Immunol 2011; 32:124-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-011-9601-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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28
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Borchers AT, Chang C, Keen CL, Gershwin ME. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis-an epidemiological and pathological review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2011; 40:117-34. [PMID: 20838937 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-010-8211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an interstitial lung disease (ILD) affecting the pulmonary interstitium. Other forms of interstitial lung disease exist, and in some cases, an environmental etiology can be delineated. The diagnosis of IPF is typically established by high-resolution CT scan. IPF tends to have a worse prognosis than other forms of ILD. Familial cases of IPF also exist, suggesting a genetic predisposition; telomerase mutations have been observed to occur in familial IPF, which may also explain the increase in IPF with advancing age. Alveolar epithelial cells are believed to be the primary target of environmental agents that have been putatively associated with IPF. These agents may include toxins, viruses, or the autoantibodies found in collagen vascular diseases. The mechanism of disease is still unclear in IPF, but aberrations in fibroblast differentiation, activation, and proliferation may play a role. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition may also be an important factor in the pathogenesis, as it may lead to accumulation of fibroblasts in the lung and a disruption of normal tissue structure. Abnormalities in other components of the immune system, including T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells, as well as the development of ectopic lymphoid tissue, have also been observed to occur in IPF and may play a role in the stimulation of fibrosis that is a hallmark of the disease. It is becoming increasingly clear that the pathogenesis of IPF is indeed a complex and convoluted process that involves numerous cell types and humoral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Borchers
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 95616, USA
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29
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Abstract
Sarcoidosis, a systemic granulomatous disease of undetermined etiology, is characterized by a variable clinical presentation and course. During the past decade, advances have been made in the study of sarcoidosis. The multicenter ACCESS (A Case Control Etiologic Study of Sarcoidosis) trial recruited > 700 subjects with newly diagnosed sarcoidosis and matched control subjects. Investigators were unable to identify a single cause of sarcoidosis, but ACCESS paved the way for subsequent etiologic studies. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase protein has been identified as a potential sarcoidosis antigen. Genetic aspects of the disease have been elucidated further. Genome-wide scans have identified candidate genes. Gene expression analyses have defined cytokine dysregulation in sarcoidosis more clearly. Although the criteria for diagnosis have not changed, sarcoidosis remains a diagnosis of exclusion best supported by a tissue biopsy specimen that demonstrates noncaseating granulomas in a patient with compatible clinical and radiologic features of the disease. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration of mediastinal lymph nodes has facilitated diagnosis, often eliminating the need for more invasive procedures, such as mediastinoscopy. PET scanning has proven valuable in locating occult sites of active disease. Currently, no reliable prognostic biomarkers have been identified. The tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, a relatively new class of agents, have been used in patients with refractory disease. It is unclear whether phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, prostaglandin analogs, or endothelin antagonists should be used for the treatment of sarcoidosis-associated pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Morgenthau
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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30
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Bozyk PD, Moore BB. Prostaglandin E2 and the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:445-52. [PMID: 21421906 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0025rt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG)E(2) is a bioactive eicosanoid that regulates many biologically important processes in part due to its ability to signal through four distinct G-protein-coupled receptors with differential signaling activity and unique expression patterns in different cell types. Although PGE(2) has been linked to malignancy in many organs, it is believed to play a beneficial role in the setting of fibrotic lung disease. This is in part due to the ability of PGE(2) to limit many of the pathobiologic features of lung fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, including the ability of PGE(2) to limit fibroblast proliferation, migration, collagen secretion, and, as originally reported in the Journal by us in 2003, the ability to limit transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation. In the setting of lung fibrosis, PGE(2) production and signaling is often diminished. In the last 8 years, significant advances have been made to better understand the dysregulation of PGE(2) production and signaling in the setting of lung fibrosis. We also have a clearer picture of how PGE(2) inhibits myofibroblast differentiation and the receptor signaling pathways that can influence fibroblast proliferation. This review highlights these recent advances and offers new insights into the potential ways that PGE(2) and its downstream signals can be regulated for therapeutic benefit in a disease that has no validated treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Bozyk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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31
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Panganiban RAM, Day RM. Hepatocyte growth factor in lung repair and pulmonary fibrosis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:12-20. [PMID: 21131996 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary remodeling is characterized by the permanent and progressive loss of the normal alveolar architecture, especially the loss of alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells, persistent proliferation of activated fibroblasts, or myofibroblasts, and alteration of extracellular matrix. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic factor, which induces cellular motility, survival, proliferation, and morphogenesis, depending upon the cell type. In the adult, HGF has been demonstrated to play a critical role in tissue repair, including in the lung. Administration of HGF protein or ectopic expression of HGF has been demonstrated in animal models of pulmonary fibrosis to induce normal tissue repair and to prevent fibrotic remodeling. HGF-induced inhibition of fibrotic remodeling may occur via multiple direct and indirect mechanisms including the induction of cell survival and proliferation of pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cells, and the reduction of myofibroblast accumulation.
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32
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Panganiban RAM, Day RM. Hepatocyte growth factor in lung repair and pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 89:656-67. [PMID: 21131996 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.711502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary remodeling is characterized by the permanent and progressive loss of the normal alveolar architecture, especially the loss of alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells, persistent proliferation of activated fibroblasts, or myofibroblasts, and alteration of extracellular matrix. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic factor, which induces cellular motility, survival, proliferation, and morphogenesis, depending upon the cell type. In the adult, HGF has been demonstrated to play a critical role in tissue repair, including in the lung. Administration of HGF protein or ectopic expression of HGF has been demonstrated in animal models of pulmonary fibrosis to induce normal tissue repair and to prevent fibrotic remodeling. HGF-induced inhibition of fibrotic remodeling may occur via multiple direct and indirect mechanisms including the induction of cell survival and proliferation of pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cells, and the reduction of myofibroblast accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Allan M Panganiban
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
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33
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Singh T, Sandulache VC, Otteson TD, Barsic M, Klein EC, Dohar JE, Hebda PA. Subglottic stenosis examined as a fibrotic response to airway injury characterized by altered mucosal fibroblast activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 136:163-70. [PMID: 20157063 DOI: 10.1001/archoto.2009.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between mucosal fibroblast activity and subglottic stenosis (SGS) development. DESIGN Prospective study of an animal model of SGS. SETTING Academic research laboratory. SUBJECTS New Zealand white rabbits were assigned to either the cricothyroidotomy and carbon dioxide laser injury group or the cricothyroidotomy and silver nitrate injury group. Airways were excised for histologic analysis and the establishment of primary fibroblast cultures. Lesions from surgical excision of established SGS and subglottic tissue were used to analyze SGS recurrence. INTERVENTIONS The subglottis was approached via cricothyroidotomy and was subjected to either carbon dioxide laser or silver nitrate injury before closure. The SGS lesions were excised at 8 to 10 weeks and were used to establish explants for fibroblast culture. The animals underwent recovery for an additional 14 days to follow recurrence of SGS. After 14 days, all the animals were killed humanely, and subglottic tissue was harvested for histologic evaluation. Rates of migration and contraction of SGS and normal airway fibroblasts were assayed using established in vitro methods under basal conditions and with prostaglandin E(2) treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES For in vivo studies, injury, healing, and scarring of the mucosa and cartilage were the primary measures. For cultured fibroblast experiments, cellular responses of fibroblasts from normal and stenosed mucosa were compared and contrasted. RESULTS Mucosal injury resulted in acute fibroplasia and chronic SGS, surgical excision of mature SGS at 8 weeks resulted in rapid recurrence of stenosis, and SGS-derived fibroblasts were relatively refractory to the effects of prostaglandin E(2) on migration and contraction. CONCLUSIONS Subglottic stenosis represents a fibrotic airway repair process that involves fibroblasts that produce recurrent, excessive scar formation. We suggest that SGS development and recurrence may be partially dictated by altered fibroblast responsiveness to antifibroplastic signals during mucosal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Singh
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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34
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Sandulache VC, Singh T, Li-Korotky HS, Lo CY, Otteson TD, Barsic M, Dohar JE, Hebda PA. Prostaglandin E2 is activated by airway injury and regulates fibroblast cytoskeletal dynamics. Laryngoscope 2009; 119:1365-73. [PMID: 19444894 DOI: 10.1002/lary.20173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To characterize the activation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2/prostaglandin (PG) E2 signaling during airway mucosal repair and its subsequent role during the wound healing process. STUDY DESIGN Prospective animal study. METHODS The subglottis was approached via cricothyroidotomy. Sham airways were closed, and wounded airways were subjected to laser injury and closed. Subglottic tissue was harvested at 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours postinjury. Secretions were collected preoperatively and at time of sacrifice. Inflammatory gene expression was analyzed using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Subglottic/tracheal explants were exposed to exogenous IL-1beta in the presence or absence of COX inhibitors. Explant-produced PGE2 levels were assayed using enzyme linked immunoassays. Human airway fibroblast migration and collagen contraction were assayed in the presence or absence of prostaglandin E2. RESULTS Laser injury triggers a rapid, dose-dependent increase in mucosal IL-1beta and COX-2 gene expression, with an anatomical distribution proportional to the distance from the site of injury. Gene upregulation correlates with dose-dependent increases in PGE2 mucosal secretion levels. Ex vivo analysis indicates IL-1beta is responsible for the activation of the COX-2 / PGE2 pathway. Prostaglandin E2 differentially inhibits airway fibroblast migration and contraction in a specific, dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS PGE2 is activated during mucosal inflammation and acts to decrease fibroplastic activity in the mucosal wound bed. During subglottic stenosis (SGS) development, the levels of PGE2 generated in response to injury may be insufficient to blunt the intrinsically fibroplastic phenotype of SGS fibroblasts, resulting in excessive scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad C Sandulache
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA
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35
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Defective histone acetylation is responsible for the diminished expression of cyclooxygenase 2 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:4325-39. [PMID: 19487460 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01776-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diminished cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression in fibroblasts, with a resultant defect in the production of the antifibrotic mediator prostaglandin E(2), plays a key role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Here, we have characterized the molecular mechanism. We found that COX-2 mRNA levels in fibroblasts from patients with IPF (F-IPF) were significantly lower than those in fibroblasts from nonfibrotic lungs (F-NL) after transforming growth factor beta1 and interleukin-1beta treatment but that COX-2 mRNA degradation rates were similar, suggesting defective transcription. A reporter gene assay showed that there were no clear differences between F-IPF and F-NL in transcription factor involvement and activation in COX-2 gene transcription. However, a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that transcription factor binding to the COX-2 promoter in F-IPF was reduced compared to that in F-NL, an effect that was dynamically linked to reduced histone H3 and H4 acetylation due to decreased recruitment of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and increased recruitment of transcriptional corepressor complexes to the COX-2 promoter. The treatment of F-IPF with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors together with cytokines increased histone H3 and H4 acetylation. Both HDAC inhibitors and the overexpression of HATs restored cytokine-induced COX-2 mRNA and protein expression in F-IPF. The results demonstrate that epigenetic abnormality in the form of histone hypoacetylation is responsible for diminished COX-2 expression in IPF.
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36
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Teirstein AT, Morgenthau AS. "End-stage" pulmonary fibrosis in sarcoidosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 76:30-6. [PMID: 19170216 DOI: 10.1002/msj.20090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is an unusual "end stage" in patients with sarcoidosis. Fibrosis occurs in a minority of patients, and presents with a unique physiologic combination of airways dysfunction (obstruction) superimposed on the more common restrictive dysfunction. Imagin techniques are essential to the diagnosis, assessment and treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. Standard chest radiographs and CT scans may reveal streaks, bullae, cephalad retraction of the hilar areas, deviation of the trachea and tented diaphragm. Positive gallium and PET scans indicate residual reversible granulomatous disease and are important guides to therapy decisions. Treatment, usually with corticosteroids, is effective in those patients with positive scans, but fibrosis does not improve with any treatment. With severe functional impariment and patient disability, pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure may supervene for which the patient will require treatment. Oxygen, careful diuresis, sildenafil and bosentan may be salutary. These patients are candidates for lung transplantation.
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Failla M, Genovese T, Mazzon E, Fruciano M, Fagone E, Gili E, Barera A, La Rosa C, Conte E, Crimi N, Cuzzocrea S, Vancheri C. 16,16-Dimethyl prostaglandin E2 efficacy on prevention and protection from bleomycin-induced lung injury and fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 41:50-8. [PMID: 19059888 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0438oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the protective effect and therapeutic potential of the prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) synthetic analog 16,16-dimethyl-PGE(2) (dmPGE(2)) in the animal model of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin. Mice subjected to intratracheal administration of bleomycin (1 mg/kg) received a dmPGE(2) dose of 30 microg/kg/day by continuous subcutaneous infusion. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL); immunohistochemical analysis for IL-1, TNF-alpha, and nitrotyrosine; measurement of fluid content in lung; myeloperoxidase activity assay; and lung histology were performed 1 week later. Lung histology and Sircol assay for collagen deposition were performed 3 weeks after treatments. Changes of body weight and survival rate were also evaluated at 1 and 3 weeks. Compared with bleomycin-treated mice, dmPGE(2) co-treated mice exhibited a reduced degree of body weight loss and mortality rate as well as of lung damage and inflammation, as shown by the significant reduction of: (1) lung infiltration by leukocytes; (2) myeloperoxidase activity; (3) IL-1, TNF-alpha, and nitrotyrosine immunostaining; (4) lung edema; and (5) histologic evidence of lung injury and collagen deposition. In a separate set of experiments, dmPGE(2) treatment was started 3 days after bleomycin administration, and the evaluation of lung damage and inflammation was assessed 4 days later. Importantly, delayed administration of dmPGE(2) also was able to protect from inflammation and lung injury induced by bleomycin. These results, indicating that dmPGE(2) is able to prevent and to reduce bleomycin-induced lung injury through its regulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, encourage further research to find new options for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Failla
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistic Medicine, Respiratory Diseases Section, University of Catania, Via Passo Gravina, Catania, Italy
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Lopez-Campos JL, Rodriguez-Rodriguez D, Rodriguez-Becerra E, Alfageme Michavila I, Guerra JF, Hernandez FJG, Casanova A, Fernández de Córdoba Gamero J, Romero-Ortiz A, Arellano-Orden E, Montes-Worboys A. Cyclooxygenase-2 polymorphisms confer susceptibility to sarcoidosis but are not related to prognosis. Respir Med 2008; 103:427-33. [PMID: 19042116 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2008.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this multicenter study was to investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) gene and susceptibility to sarcoidosis, as well as the relation between these SNPs and the evolution of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS This multicenter investigation involved seven hospitals in Spain. We used a case-control design followed by a prospective follow-up study. Sarcoid patients were recruited from the participating institutions during outpatient routine visits. Age- and gender-matched control subjects were recruited mainly from among outpatients attending the participating hospitals. Four SNPs in the COX2 gene (COX2.5909 T > G, COX2.8473 T > C, COX2.926 G > C, and COX2.3050 G > C) were genotyped using fluorescent hybridization probes among 131 patients with sarcoidosis (63 males; mean age: 47 +/- 15 years) and 157 healthy controls (83 males; mean age: 50 +/- 16 years). We employed a binomial multiple logistic regression analysis to test the association between the selected SNPs and disease susceptibility. The clinical, functional and radiological prognosis of the sarcoidosis patients was determined after a mean follow-up of 37.4 +/- 30.4 months. RESULTS Carriers of the homozygous CC genotype of the COX2.8473 T > C polymorphism had a higher risk of sarcoidosis compared with TT carriers (OR: 3.08; 95% CI: 1.2-7.7; p = 0.035). 84% of patients achieved improvement or complete remission at follow-up. No association between the investigated SNPs and prognosis was seen. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the homozygous CC genotype of the COX2.8473 T > C polymorphism may be associated with sarcoidosis susceptibility. No significant association with prognosis was detected.
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Association of the 3050G>C Polymorphism in the Cyclooxygenase 2 Gene with Systemic Sarcoidosis. Arch Med Res 2008; 39:525-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sandulache VC, Parekh A, Li-Korotky H, Dohar JE, Hebda PA. Prostaglandin E2 inhibition of keloid fibroblast migration, contraction, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-induced collagen synthesis. Wound Repair Regen 2007; 15:122-33. [PMID: 17244328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2006.00193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Keloid formation has been linked to aberrant fibroblast activity, exacerbated by growth factors and inflammatory mediators. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), synthesized from arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenases (COX) and synthases (PGES), acts as both an inflammatory mediator and fibroblast modulator. Although PGE2 has known antifibrotic effects in the lower airway, its role in dermal fibrosis in general, and keloid formation in particular, remains unclear. This study focused on: (1) the effects of PGE2 on keloid fibroblast migration, contraction, and collagen synthesis and (2) endogenous PGE2 synthesis in response interleukin-1beta. PGE2 decreased keloid fibroblast migration and contraction via an EP2/EP4-cAMP mechanism that disrupted actin cytoskeletal dynamics and reversed transforming growth factor-beta1-induced collagen I and III synthesis. Impaired fibroblast PGE2 production has been linked to lower airway fibrosis and recently to keloid formation. Here, we showed that interleukin-1beta stimulation leads to nuclear factor-kappaB translocation to the nucleus, resulting in up-regulation of COX-2 and microsomal PGE2 synthase 1. Up-regulation of COX-2 in, and secretion of PGE2 by keloid fibroblasts are diminished compared with their normal fibroblast counterparts. We suggest that the antifibrotic effects of PGE2 during keloid formation are potentially diminished due to aberrant paracrine fibroblast signaling. Exogenous PGE2 may supplement decreased endogenous levels and inhibit keloid formation or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad C Sandulache
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Horowitz JC, Thannickal VJ. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in pulmonary fibrosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 27:600-12. [PMID: 17195137 PMCID: PMC2225581 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-957332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis represents the sequelae of a variety of acute and chronic lung injuries of known and unknown etiologies. Tissue specimens obtained from patients with pulmonary fibrosis, regardless of the etiology, consistently show evidence of an ongoing wound-repair response. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions have critical roles in normal lung development, tissue repair processes, and fibrosis. Current hypotheses propose that dysregulated function of, and impaired communication between, epithelial and mesenchymal cells prevent resolution of the wound-repair response and contribute to the pathobiology of pulmonary fibrosis. This hypothesis is supported by abundant evidence from patients, animal models, and cell-culture studies demonstrating abnormalities in epithelial cell and mesenchymal cell activities including proliferation, differentiation, and survival. This article reviews the aberrant epithelial and mesenchymal cellular phenotypes found in the context of pulmonary fibrosis and discusses the mechanisms that perpetuate these cellular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Sandulache VC, Parekh A, Li-Korotky HS, Dohar JE, Hebda PA. Prostaglandin E2 differentially modulates human fetal and adult dermal fibroblast migration and contraction: implication for wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 2007; 14:633-43. [PMID: 17014677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 is up-regulated shortly after dermal injury and it has been shown to have important activity during the repair process. Its main product in the skin, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), modulates both inflammatory and fibrotic processes during wound healing and partially dictates the overall outcome of wound healing. PGE2 signaling has been shown to be altered during fetal wound healing. This study was designed to examine the mechanism(s) by which PGE2 regulates fibroblast migration and contraction and to determine whether these mechanisms are conserved in fetal-derived dermal fibroblasts. Fetal and adult dermal fibroblasts express all four PGE2 receptors. PGE2 inhibits fetal and adult fibroblast migration in a dose-dependent manner through the EP2/EP4-cAMP-protein kinase A pathway. However, fetal fibroblasts appear to be refractory to this effect, requiring a 10-fold higher concentration of PGE2 to achieve a similar degree of inhibition as adult fibroblasts. Inhibition of adult fibroblast migration correlated with disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. In contrast, PGE2 or a cAMP analog did not disrupt the actin cytoskeleton of fetal dermal fibroblasts. These findings were extended using a modified free-floating, fibroblast-populated collagen lattice (FPCL) contraction assay designed to measure fibroblast contraction. PGE2-inhibited FPCL contraction by adult fibroblasts, but fetal fibroblasts exhibited higher rates of FPCL contraction and a blunted response to exogenous modulation by PGE2 or a cyclase activator (forskolin). These findings indicate that fetal dermal fibroblasts are partially refractory to the effects of PGE2, a major inflammatory mediator associated with dermal wound healing. This effect may have significant and specific relevance to the scarless fetal wound-healing phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad C Sandulache
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Hill MR, Papafili A, Booth H, Lawson P, Hubner M, Beynon H, Read C, Lindahl G, Marshall RP, McAnulty RJ, Laurent GJ. Functional Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 Polymorphism Predicts Poor Outcome in Sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:915-22. [PMID: 16840740 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200512-1839oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The majority of patients with sarcoidosis resolve their condition; however 5-10% of patients with sarcoidosis develop pulmonary fibrosis with poor prognosis. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) is a key regulatory enzyme in the synthesis of the antifibrotic agent prostaglandin E(2) and is reduced in sarcoidosis lung. A promoter polymorphism in PTGS2, -765G>C, is reported to reduce its expression. OBJECTIVES To investigate if -765G>C is associated with susceptibility to, and poorer outcome within, sarcoidosis and to examine a possible mechanism by which -765G>C reduces PTGS2 expression. METHODS We used a case-control design study and genotyped -765G>C in a white British population of 198 patients with sarcoidosis and 166 control subjects. Patients with sarcoidosis were classified before genotyping as having persistent or nonpersistent disease using clinical criteria that included chest radiography staging, need for treatment, lung function, and longitudinal follow-up. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were used to identify changes in transcription factor binding caused by the -765G>C polymorphism. RESULTS Carriage of the -765C allele was strongly associated with susceptibility to sarcoidosis (odds ratio, 2.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.51-4.13; p=0.006) and, within this disease, with poorer outcome (odds ratio, 3.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.35-7.13; p=0.008). The association with sarcoidosis was replicated in a second Austrian population. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that the -765C allele causes a loss of Sp1/Sp3 transcription factor binding and an increase in Egr-1 binding to the region. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the -765G>C polymorphism identifies individuals who are susceptible to sarcoidosis and, more importantly, at risk of pulmonary fibrotic disease. An altered Sp1/Sp3 binding to the -765 region may contribute to the mechanism by which -765G>C reduces PTGS2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hill
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, The Rayne Institute, and Department of Rheumatology, Royal Free Hospital, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.
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Cutroneo KR, White SL, Chiu JF, Ehrlich HP. Tissue fibrosis and carcinogenesis: divergent or successive pathways dictate multiple molecular therapeutic targets for oligo decoy therapies. J Cell Biochem 2006; 97:1161-74. [PMID: 16408276 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of several families of macromolecular components: fibrous proteins such as collagens, type I collagen (COL1), type III collagen (COL3), fibronectin, elastin, and glycoconjugates such as proteoglycans and matrix glycoproteins. Their receptors on the cell membrane, most of which in the case of the ECM belong to the integrins, which are heterodimeric proteins composed of alpha and beta chains. COL1 is the major fibrous collagen of bone, tendon, and skin; while COL3 is the more pliable collagen of organs like liver. Focus will not only be given to the regulation of synthesis of several fibrogenic parameters but also modulation of their degradation during growth factor-induced tissue fibrosis and cancer development. Evidence will be provided that certain tissues, which undergo fibrosis, also become cancerous. Why does there exist a divergency between tissues, which undergo frank fibrosis as an endpoint, and those tissues that undergo fibrosis and subsequently are susceptible to carcinogenicity; resulting from the etiological factor(s) causing the initial injury? For example, why does a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sponge implant become encapsulated and filled with fibrous tissue then fibrosis tissue growth stops? Why does the subcutaneous injection of a fibrogenic growth factor cause a benign growth and incisional wounding results in fibrosis and ultimately scarring? There are many examples of tissues, which undergo fibrosis as a prerequisite to carcinogenesis. Is there a cause-effect relationship? If you block tissue fibrosis in these precancerous tissues, would you block cancer formation? What are the molecular targets for blocking fibrosis and ultimately carcinogenesis? How can oligo decoys may be used to attenuate carcinogenesis and which oligo decoys specifically attenuate fibrogenesis as a prelude to carcinogenesis? What are other molecular targets for oligo decoy therapy in carcinogenesis?
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Cutroneo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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Abstract
The cause of fibrotic diseases, pathologies characterized by excessive production, deposition, and contraction of extracellular matrix, is unknown. To understand the molecular basis of fibrotic disease, it is essential to appreciate how matrix deposition is normally controlled and how this process is dysregulated in fibrogenesis. This review discusses the current state of knowledge concerning interactions among the profibrotic proteins transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2), and ED-A fibronectin (ED-A FN) and the antifibrotic proteins tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leask
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Royal Free & University College Medical School, Rowland Hill St., London, UK NW3 2PF.
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Nakamura N, Iijima T, Mase K, Furuya S, Kano J, Morishita Y, Noguchi M. Phenotypic differences of proliferating fibroblasts in the stroma of lung adenocarcinoma and normal bronchus tissue. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:226-32. [PMID: 15016321 PMCID: PMC11159492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb02207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Revised: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 01/25/2004] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts in tumor tissue are thought to interact with tumor cells directly and/or indirectly and to have important roles in tumor invasion and metastasis. To characterize the phenotype of proliferating fibroblasts in pulmonary adenocarcinoma, we established short-term fibroblast cell lines from both normal bronchus and adenocarcinoma tissues obtained from the same patients and compared the gene expression profiles. Four sets of fibroblast cell lines (eight cell lines in total) were used in the analysis. Total RNA was extracted from each cell line and hybridized with 550 cancer-related RNAs blotted on a cDNA filter array. Five up-regulated genes and 12 down-regulated genes (total of 17 genes) were detected in the fibroblast cell lines from the tumor tissues compared with those from normal bronchus. Using real-time quantitative RT-PCR methods, the expression profile of each gene was examined; five genes, one up-regulated (MLH1) and four down-regulated (Cox1, FGFR4, p120, and Smad3), were confirmed. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of the five genes in the cancerous and normal tissues were examined immunohistochemically, and the up-regulation of MLH1 and the down-regulation of Cox1 in cancerous tissue were confirmed in vivo. These results indicate that the proliferating fibroblasts in pulmonary adenocarcinomas are phenotypically different from fibroblasts in normal bronchus tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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Petkova DK, Clelland C, Ronan J, Pang L, Coulson JM, Lewis S, Knox AJ. Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 in non-small cell lung cancer. Respir Med 2004; 98:164-72. [PMID: 14971881 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2003.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating to suggest that the inducible isoenzyme of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is up-regulated in human cancers and epidemiological studies indicate that COX inhibitors may have a protective effect on the development of lung cancer. We used immunohistochemistry and Western blotting to investigate COX expression in lung tumour specimens and three lung cancer cell lines. Sixty-five archival lung tissue samples, including 46 squamous cell and 6 adenocarcinoma lung resections, and 13 small cell lung cancer (SCLC) biopsies were studied. Dense and intense cytoplasmic COX-2 staining was found in all 52 resections from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The staining was diffuse and much stronger than adjacent respiratory epithelium. COX-2 staining was relatively weak in the majority of the SCLC samples. The bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium in the surrounding normal lung structures showed uniform COX immunoreactivity with apical concentration of the stain. There was no increase in COX-1 staining in any tumour type. Western blot analysis of the cancer lines revealed significantly higher expression of COX-1 in CORL23 line and COX-2 in two NSCLC cell lines (MOR/P; A549) compared with the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in cultured normal bronchial epithelial cells. Our findings demonstrated COX-2 overexpression in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Petkova
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, City Hospital, University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
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