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Calderon-Rico F, Bravo-Patiño A, Mendieta I, Perez-Duran F, Zamora-Aviles AG, Franco-Correa LE, Ortega-Flores R, Hernandez-Morales I, Nuñez-Anita RE. Glycoprotein 5-Derived Peptides Induce a Protective T-Cell Response in Swine against the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Viruses 2023; 16:14. [PMID: 38275949 PMCID: PMC10819526 DOI: 10.3390/v16010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the T-cell responses induced by lineal epitopes of glycoprotein 5 (GP5) from PRRSV to explore the role of this protein in the immunological protection mediated by T-cells. The GP5 peptides were conjugated with a carrier protein for primary immunization and booster doses. Twenty-one-day-old pigs were allocated into four groups (seven pigs per group): control (PBS), vehicle (carrier), PTC1, and PTC2. Cytokine levels were measured at 2 days post-immunization (DPI) from serum samples. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs, CD8+) from peripheral blood were quantified via flow cytometry at 42 DPI. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by co-culturing primed lymphocytes with PRRSV derived from an infectious clone. The PTC2 peptide increased the serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8) and cytokines that activate the adaptive cellular immunity associated with T-lymphocytes (i.e., IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12). The concentration of CTLs (CD8+) was significantly higher in groups immunized with the peptides, which suggests a proliferative response in this cell population. Primed CTLs from immunized pigs showed cytolytic activity in PRRSV-infected cells in vitro. PTC1 and PTC2 peptides induced a protective T-cell-mediated response in pigs immunized against PRRSV, due to the presence of T epitopes in their sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Calderon-Rico
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro PC 58893, Mexico; (F.C.-R.); (A.B.-P.); (F.P.-D.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (L.E.F.-C.); (R.O.-F.)
| | - Alejandro Bravo-Patiño
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro PC 58893, Mexico; (F.C.-R.); (A.B.-P.); (F.P.-D.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (L.E.F.-C.); (R.O.-F.)
| | - Irasema Mendieta
- Posgrado en Ciencias Quimico-Biológicas, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro PC 76010, Mexico;
| | - Francisco Perez-Duran
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro PC 58893, Mexico; (F.C.-R.); (A.B.-P.); (F.P.-D.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (L.E.F.-C.); (R.O.-F.)
| | - Alicia Gabriela Zamora-Aviles
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro PC 58893, Mexico; (F.C.-R.); (A.B.-P.); (F.P.-D.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (L.E.F.-C.); (R.O.-F.)
| | - Luis Enrique Franco-Correa
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro PC 58893, Mexico; (F.C.-R.); (A.B.-P.); (F.P.-D.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (L.E.F.-C.); (R.O.-F.)
| | - Roberto Ortega-Flores
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro PC 58893, Mexico; (F.C.-R.); (A.B.-P.); (F.P.-D.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (L.E.F.-C.); (R.O.-F.)
| | - Ilane Hernandez-Morales
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Leon, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Blv. UNAM No. 2011, Leon PC 37684, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - Rosa Elvira Nuñez-Anita
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro PC 58893, Mexico; (F.C.-R.); (A.B.-P.); (F.P.-D.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (L.E.F.-C.); (R.O.-F.)
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Spinner CA, Lamsoul I, Métais A, Febrissy C, Moog-Lutz C, Lutz PG. The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Asb2α in T Helper 2 Cells Negatively Regulates Antitumor Immunity in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1332-1344. [PMID: 31175139 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The escape of cancer cells from host immunosurveillance involves a shift in immune responses, including an imbalance in Th1 and Th2 cells. A Th1-dominated immune response predicts positive outcomes in colorectal cancer. The E3 ubiquitin ligase, Asb2α, is expressed in Th2 cells, but its roles in T-cell maturation and cancer are unclear. We provide evidence that the Th2 master regulator, Gata3, induces Asb2 Loss of Asb2 did not affect Th differentiation ex vivo, but reduced IL4 production from Th2 cells. We found that high ASB2 expression was associated with poor outcome in colorectal cancer. Loss of Asb2 from hematopoietic cells promoted a Th1 response and attenuated colitis-associated tumorigenesis in mice. Diminished Th2 function correlated with increased IFNγ production and an enhanced type 1 antitumor immune response in Asb2-deficient mice. Our work suggests that Asb2α promotes a Th2 phenotype in vivo, which in turn is associated with tumor progression in a mouse model of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille A Spinner
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Lamsoul
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Arnaud Métais
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Chanaëlle Febrissy
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Moog-Lutz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre G Lutz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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3
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Xiao ZY, Chen SH, Zhou WX, Zhang YX, Cheng JP, Yang RF. H1521, a novel derivative of 4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxamide, suppresses the development of lupus in mice by inducing Th1 cytokine profile in T cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:435-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
CD4 effector T cells, also called helper T (Th) cells, are the functional cells for executing immune functions. Balanced immune responses can only be achieved by proper regulation of the differentiation and function of Th cells. Dysregulated Th cell function often leads to inefficient clearance of pathogens and causes inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity. Since the establishment of the Th1-Th2 dogma in the 1980s, different lineages of effector T cells have been identified that not only promote but also suppress immune responses. Through years of collective efforts, much information was gained on the function and regulation of different subsets of Th cells. In this review, we attempt to sample the essence of what has been learnt in this field over the past two decades. We will discuss the classification and immunological functions of effector T cells, the determinants for effector T cell differentiation, as well as the relationship between different lineages of effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisong Y Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
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Moore CC, Martin EN, Lee GH, Obrig T, Linden J, Scheld WM. An A2A adenosine receptor agonist, ATL313, reduces inflammation and improves survival in murine sepsis models. BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8:141. [PMID: 18937852 PMCID: PMC2588444 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-8-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pathophysiology of sepsis is due in part to early systemic inflammation. Here we describe molecular and cellular responses, as well as survival, in A2A adenosine receptor (AR) agonist treated and untreated animals during experimental sepsis. Methods Sepsis was induced in mice by intraperitoneal inoculation of live bacteria (Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Mice inoculated with live bacteria were treated with an A2A AR agonist (ATL313) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS), with or without the addition of a dose of ceftriaxone. LPS inoculated mice were treated with ATL313 or PBS. Serum cytokines and chemokines were measured sequentially at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours after LPS was administered. In survival studies, mice were followed until death or for 7 days. Results There was a significant survival benefit in mice infected with live E. coli (100% vs. 20%, p = 0.013) or S. aureus (60% vs. 20%, p = 0.02) when treated with ATL313 in conjunction with an antibiotic versus antibiotic alone. ATL313 also improved survival from endotoxic shock when compared to PBS treatment (90% vs. 40%, p = 0.005). The serum concentrations of TNF-α, MIP-1α, MCP-1, IFN-γ, and IL-17 were decreased by ATL313 after LPS injection (p < 0.05). Additionally, ATL313 increased the concentration of IL-10 under the same conditions (p < 0.05). Circulating white blood cell concentrations were higher in ATL313 treated animals (p < 0.01). Conclusion Further studies are warranted to determine the clinical utility of ATL313 as a novel treatment for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Moore
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Box 801342, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Cêtre-Sossah CB, Montesano MA, Freeman GL, Willard MT, Colley DG, Secor WE. Early responses associated with chronic pathology in murine schistosomiasis. Parasite Immunol 2007; 29:241-9. [PMID: 17430547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2007.00939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inbred male CBA/J mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni develop either hypersplenomegaly syndrome (HSS) or moderate splenomegaly syndrome (MSS) by 20 weeks of infection. Pathologically and immunologically, MSS and HSS closely parallel the intestinal and hepatosplenic clinical forms of schistosomiasis in humans, respectively. By 6 weeks after infection, mice that eventually will become MSS develop T cell-stimulatory, cross-reactive idiotypes (CRI) while HSS mice never produce CRI. Because presence of CRI is useful to predict degree of chronic pathology, we used this measure to investigate what other early immunological events occurred in animals destined to develop severe morbidity. At 8 weeks of infection, there was a strong inverse correlation between CRI and splenomegaly, egg counts, and liver hydroxyproline. Similarly, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)- and ionomycin-stimulated intracellular cytokine expression of IL-4, IL-5, and GM-CSF in splenic CD4(+) T cells was inversely correlated with serum CRI and directly correlated with spleen size. In contrast, spleen cell intracellular TNF-alpha and peritoneal cell production of nitric oxide demonstrated positive correlations with CRI and inverse correlations with measures of morbidity. Surprisingly, IL-10 and IFN-gamma were not correlated with CRI levels. These studies link chronic pathology to certain immunological responses during the acute phase of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Cêtre-Sossah
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Franke A, Lante W, Kurig E, Zöller LG, Weinhold C, Markewitz A. Is Interferon Gamma Suppression After Cardiac Surgery Caused by a Decreased Interleukin-12 Synthesis? Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 82:103-9. [PMID: 16798198 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The suppression of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) synthesis after cardiac surgery is discussed as a cause of postoperative immunosuppression that predisposes to postoperative infectious complications. Because several studies have suggested that interleukin-12 (IL-12) production by monocytes and macrophages is reduced after cardiac surgery, this might cause a decrease in IFN-gamma release. To better understand these processes, we assessed the role of IL-12 in IFN-gamma synthesis in vitro before and after cardiac surgery. METHODS Heparinized whole blood samples were obtained from 20 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery preoperatively (day 0) and on the first (day 1), third (day 3), and fifth (day 5) postoperative days, and stimulated (24 hours) with staphylococcal enterotoxin B and lipopolysaccharide. Recombinant IL-12 was added at each time point investigated. Interferon-gamma, IL-12, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5 concentrations and histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) expression on monocytes and macrophages were assayed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The HLA-DR expression, IL-12 release, and IFN-gamma synthesis were significantly reduced on day 1, day 3, and day 5. Recovery began on day 3. Interleukin-12 caused a significant increase in IFN-gamma synthesis at each time point. When IL-12 was added, IFN-gamma synthesis returned to preoperative levels on days 3 and 5. CONCLUSIONS The synthesis of IFN-gamma is significantly reduced after cardiac surgery. The application of IL-12 causes an increase in IFN-gamma synthesis before surgery and a return of IFN-gamma to preoperative levels within a few days after surgery. These findings suggest that postoperative suppression of IFN-gamma release is caused by a decrease in IL-12 synthesis. In addition, IL-12 has a mainly proinflammatory effect both before and after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Franke
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Bundeswehr Central Hospital, Koblenz, Germany.
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Wood PMD, Fieschi C, Picard C, Ottenhoff THM, Casanova JL, Kumararatne DS. Inherited defects in the interferon-gamma receptor or interleukin-12 signalling pathways are not sufficient to cause allergic disease in children. Eur J Pediatr 2005; 164:741-7. [PMID: 16133238 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-005-1745-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
T-helper (Th)2 cells, which produce the cytokines interleukins (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13, dominate T cell responses in allergic diseases. The Th1-type cytokines IL-12 and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) are important in down-regulating Th2 responses to allergens. Patients with defects in the IL-12 receptor (IL-12R) or IFNgamma receptor (IFNgammaR) have abnormal responses to IL-12 or IFNgamma and a failure to produce normal levels of IFNgamma. Current paradigms of T-helper subset balance would predict a high prevalence of atopic illness in this group. We have studied a cohort of patients (n =29) with defects in these pathways to assess the prevalence of allergic disease. A questionnaire based on those developed for the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC) was used in conjunction with analysis of total and specific IgE to common aeroallergens. The prevalence of asthma, eczema and rhino-conjunctivitis (13.7%, 17.5% and 6.8% respectively) in this group was no higher than in comparable populations where prevalences of 13.9%, 7.9% and 13.5% are reported for asthma, eczema and rhinoconjunctivitis respectively. Patients with IFNgammaR defects had higher rates of clinical atopic illness than control populations and patients with IL-12R defects, with 28.5% prevalences for asthma and eczema, respectively. None of the patients suffered from severe clinical atopic disease. Defects in interferon-gamma receptor/interleukin-12 receptor responses are not sufficient to cause clinical allergic disease. Patients with defects in the interferon-gamma receptor pathway have a higher prevalence of high IgE and clinical atopic illness compared to control populations, supporting the concept that interferon-gamma receptor signalling plays a role in down-regulating type-2 cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M D Wood
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
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Freeman CM, Chiu BC, Stolberg VR, Hu J, Zeibecoglou K, Lukacs NW, Lira SA, Kunkel SL, Chensue SW. CCR8 is expressed by antigen-elicited, IL-10-producing CD4+CD25+ T cells, which regulate Th2-mediated granuloma formation in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:1962-70. [PMID: 15699124 PMCID: PMC1599789 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.4.1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
CCR8 was initially described as a Th2 cell-restricted receptor, but this has not been fully tested in vivo. The present study used ex vivo and in vivo approaches to examine the distribution and functional significance of CCR8 among CD4+ T cells. Populations of cytokine-secreting CD4+ T cells were generated in primed mice with Th1 or Th2 cell-mediated pulmonary granulomas, respectively elicited by i.v. challenge with either Mycobacteria bovis purified protein derivative- or Schistosoma mansoni egg Ag (SEA)-coated beads. Cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells were isolated from Ag-stimulated draining lymph node cultures by positive selection. Quantitative analysis of cytokine mRNA indicated enriched populations of IFN-gamma-, IL-4-, and IL-10-producing cells. Analysis of chemokine receptor mRNA indicated that IL-10+ cells selectively expressed CCR8 in the SEA bead-elicited type 2 response. The IL-10+CCR8+ populations were CD25+ and CD44+ but lacked enhanced Foxp3 expression. Adoptive transfer to naive recipients indicated that IL-10+ T cells alone could not transfer type 2 inflammation. Analysis of SEA bead-challenged CCR8-/- mice indicated significantly impaired IL-10 production as well as reductions in granuloma eosinophils. Adoptive transfer of CD4+CCR8+/+ T cells corrected cytokine and inflammation defects, but the granuloma eosinophil recruitment defect persisted when donor cells were depleted of IL-10+ cells. Accordingly, local IL-10 production correlated with CCR8 ligand (CCL1) expression and the appearance of CCR8+ cells in granulomatous lungs. Thus, IL-10-producing, CCR8+CD4+CD25+CD44+ T cells are generated during SEA challenge, which augment the Th2-mediated eosinophil-rich response to the parasite Ags.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens, Helminth/administration & dosage
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL1
- Chemokines, CC/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/deficiency
- Cytokines/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors
- Granuloma, Foreign-Body/genetics
- Granuloma, Foreign-Body/immunology
- Granuloma, Foreign-Body/pathology
- Hyaluronan Receptors/biosynthesis
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/pathology
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/physiology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Microspheres
- Receptors, CCR8
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Schistosoma mansoni/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/parasitology
- Th2 Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo-Chin Chiu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, and
| | - Valerie R. Stolberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Jerry Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, and
| | | | | | - Sergio A. Lira
- Center for Immunobiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Steven L. Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, and
| | - Stephen W. Chensue
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Stephen W. Chensue, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 113, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105. E-mail address:
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Helmby H, Grencis RK. IFN-gamma-independent effects of IL-12 during intestinal nematode infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:3691-6. [PMID: 14500667 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.7.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Expulsion of the gastrointestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis is associated with a pronounced mastocytosis mediated by a Th2-type response involving IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. When exogenous rIL-12 was administered to T. spiralis-infected NIH mice, this resulted in significant suppression of intestinal mast cell responses, delayed worm expulsion, increased muscle larvae burdens, and a transient, but significant decrease in early Th2 cytokine secretion. rIL-12 treatment also altered chemokine expression in the jejunal mucosa. The effects of exogenous IL-12 administration were largely independent of IFN-gamma as shown by rIL-12 treatment of IFN-gamma knockout mice. Hence, IL-12 may play a significant biological role as a direct negative regulator of intestinal Th2 responses and may act to promote the survival of intestinal parasites in vivo also in the absence of IFN-gamma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Female
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Interleukin-10/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-12/physiology
- Interleukin-13/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-13/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/pathology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Male
- Mastocytosis/immunology
- Mastocytosis/parasitology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Skeletal/immunology
- Muscle, Skeletal/parasitology
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Trichinella spiralis/growth & development
- Trichinella spiralis/immunology
- Trichinellosis/immunology
- Trichinellosis/parasitology
- Trichinellosis/pathology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Helmby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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12
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Seng S, Makala LHC, Maki Y, Choi Y, Yokoyama M, Suzuki N, Toyoda Y, Nagasawa H. Unresponsiveness to surface antigen 1 modifies cytokine profiles in acute Toxoplasma gondii infection. Pathobiology 2003; 70:237-46. [PMID: 12679602 DOI: 10.1159/000069335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2002] [Accepted: 12/08/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii involves the development of a highly polarized Th1-type cytokine expression. SAG1 transgenic mice are highly susceptible to T. gondii infection due to their non-reactivity to SAG1 of the protozoan parasite. Here we describe cytokine profiles during the acute phase of T. gondii infection, which are associated with the susceptibility of SAG1 transgenic mice. SAG1 transgenic mice showed a 4.5-fold increase in susceptibility upon inoculation with a sublethal dose of the Beverley strain of T. gondii compared to their wild-type counterparts (mortality: 81 vs. 18%, respectively). When analysis of the most important cytokines involved in the mediation of resistance to infection was carried out, SAG1 transgenic mice exhibited low production levels of IL-12, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in sera during the acute phase of T. gondii infection. Antibody and T cells specific for SAG1 were not mounted upon SAG1 stimulation in SAG1 transgenic mice. Moreover, in vitro studies indicated that in SAG1 transgenic mice IFN-gamma and IL-12 production was lower than in their wild-type counterparts, although levels of TNF-alpha increased in SAG1 transgenic mice on day 9 after infection. Low IgG2a levels were detected in SAG1 transgenic mouse sera. Unresponsiveness to SAG1 of T. gondii renders SAG1 transgenic mice unable to develop a strong Th1-based protection against T. gondii infection. These results provide evidence that SAG1 is a pivotal antigen involved in the induction of immune responses towards the development of Th1-protective immunity during T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Seng
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
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13
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Abstract
The T helper lymphocyte is responsible for orchestrating the appropriate immune response to a wide variety of pathogens. The recognition of the polarized T helper cell subsets Th1 and Th2 has led to an understanding of the role of these cells in coordinating a variety of immune responses, both in responses to pathogens and in autoimmune and allergic disease. Here, we discuss the mechanisms that control lineage commitment to the Th1 phenotype. What has recently emerged is a rich understanding of the cytokines, receptors, signal transduction pathways, and transcription factors involved in Th1 differentiation. Although the picture is still incomplete, the basic pathways leading to Th1 differentiation can now be understood in in vitro and a number of infection and disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne J Szabo
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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14
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Linehan SA, Coulson PS, Wilson RA, Mountford AP, Brombacher F, Martínez-Pomares L, Gordon S. IL-4 receptor signaling is required for mannose receptor expression by macrophages recruited to granulomata but not resident cells in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. J Transl Med 2003; 83:1223-31. [PMID: 12920251 DOI: 10.1097/01.lab.0000081392.93701.6f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of mannose receptor (MR) expression and pinocytic activity are a hallmark of Th2 cytokine-driven alternative MPhi activation in vitro. We examined expression of MR in situ and its regulation by Th1/Th2 cytokines in IL-4Ralpha -/- and wild-type (WT) mice challenged with Schistosoma mansoni. Parasite eggs induce a vigorous granulomatous response, driven by Th2 cytokines in WT mice, but by Th1 cytokines in IL-4Ralpha -/- mice. MR was expressed by granuloma MPhi in WT mice but not in IL-4Ralpha -/- mice, whose MPhi nevertheless exhibited a mature phenotype and morphology. By contrast expression of MR in resident tissue MPhi and endothelial cells appeared unaffected by Th1/Th2 cytokines. Our results revealed that Th1/Th2 cytokines differentially regulate MR according to cell type and play a critical role in regulating MR expression by MPhi recruited to granulomata. We also present evidence that components of schistosome eggs and a fraction of their secretions are ligands of MR, and suggest that MR activity may be of functional significance in the granulomatous response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Granuloma/metabolism
- Granuloma/parasitology
- Granuloma/pathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Macrophage Activation/genetics
- Macrophage Activation/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Mannose Receptor
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/genetics
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Ovum/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Schistosoma mansoni/isolation & purification
- Schistosoma mansoni/pathogenicity
- Schistosoma mansoni/physiology
- Schistosomiasis mansoni/metabolism
- Schistosomiasis mansoni/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena A Linehan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford, London, United Kingdom.
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15
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Onaitis MW, Kalady MF, Emani S, Abdel-Wahab Z, Tyler DS, Pruitt SK. CD40 ligand is essential for generation of specific cytotoxic T cell responses in RNA-pulsed dendritic cell immunotherapy. Surgery 2003; 134:300-5. [PMID: 12947333 DOI: 10.1067/msy.2003.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy is a promising form of adjuvant therapy for high-risk tumors. DCs transfected with tumor-associated antigens are capable of stimulating antigen-specific T cells, but cytolytic responses have been disappointing. Activation of DC surface CD40 influences DC cytokine production, particularly that of interleukin (IL)-12, which favors a Th1 (cytotoxic) helper T cell response. This study evaluated the effects of exogenous soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) on RNA-transfected DC preparations and their subsequent ability to generate antimelanoma cytolytic T cells. METHODS Human monocyte-derived DCs were cultured and transfected with mRNA encoding full-length melanoma-associated antigen, Mart-1, and matured with and without sCD40L. DC IL-12 secretion and the ability to stimulate naïve T cells were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), tetramer analysis, Elispot, and (51)Cr release assay. RESULTS Mature DCs stimulated with sCD40L secreted higher levels of IL-12 compared with immature DCs and DCs matured without sCD40L (P <.001). DCs treated with sCD40L generated a greater number of antigen-specific T cells (P <.05) by tetramer and Elispot analyses, and yielded specific T cells with significant cytotoxicity against HLA-matched melanoma cell lines. CONCLUSIONS CD40L augments DC IL-12 secretion and is essential to potentiate specific antimelanoma cytolytic responses stimulated by the Mart-1 antigen. sCD40L should be considered a crucial adjuvant in DC preparations for RNA-based DC vaccine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Onaitis
- Department of Surgery, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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16
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Hogan LH, Wang M, Suresh M, Co DO, Weinstock JV, Sandor M. CD4+ TCR repertoire heterogeneity in Schistosoma mansoni-induced granulomas. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:6386-93. [PMID: 12444146 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.11.6386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The hallmark of Schistosoma mansoni infection is the formation of liver granulomas around deposited ova. The initiation of granuloma formation is T cell-dependent since granulomas are not formed in their absence. We investigated whether a few T cells arrive to initiate the inflammatory lesion and subsequently expand locally, or whether a large repertoire of systemically activated T cells home to the delayed type hypersensitivity reaction induced by the ova. The TCR repertoire of single granulomas from the same liver were analyzed by PCR using Vbeta-specific primers and CDR3 analysis. Each granuloma has a very diverse TCR repertoire indicating that most of the T cells recruited to these lesions are activated systemically. At the same time, sequence analysis of individually sized CDR3 products from single granuloma indicate that a fraction of T cells expand locally at the lesion site. Using TCR transgenic mice containing a pigeon cytochrome c-specific T cell population or lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection tracked with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific tetramers, we demonstrated that nonspecific T cells home to the granuloma if they are activated. However, recombinase-activating gene 2(-/-) pigeon cytochrome c-specific TCR transgenic mice fail to form granulomas in response to S. mansoni ova even after T cell activation, suggesting a requirement for egg-specific T cells in the initiation of these inflammatory lesions. Understanding the mechanism of T cell recruitment into granulomas has important implications for the rational design of immunotherapies for granulomatous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Hogan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison 53706, USA.
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17
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Cheever AW, Lenzi JA, Lenzi HL, Andrade ZA. Experimental models of Schistosoma mansoni infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2002; 97:917-40. [PMID: 12471417 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762002000700002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental models of Schistosoma mansoni infections in mammals have contributed greatly to our understanding of the pathology and pathogenesis of infection. We consider here hepatic and extrahepatic disease in models of acute and chronic infection. Experimental schistosome infections have also contributed more broadly to our understanding of granulomatous inflammation and our understanding of Th1 versus Th2 related inflammation and particularly to Th2-mediated fibrosis of the liver.
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18
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Jakubzick C, Kunkel SL, Joshi BH, Puri RK, Hogaboam CM. Interleukin-13 fusion cytotoxin arrests Schistosoma mansoni egg-induced pulmonary granuloma formation in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 161:1283-97. [PMID: 12368202 PMCID: PMC1867284 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni egg-induced lung pathology requires the actions of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. Because receptors for IL-4 and IL-13 share chains, we examined the effect of a fusion protein comprised of IL-13 and Pseudomonas exotoxin (IL13-PE) on the development of pulmonary granulomas in mice. At day 8 after an intravenous injection of live S. mansoni eggs, whole lung samples from IL13-PE-treated mice exhibited significantly lower IL-4 and IL-13 gene expression, smaller granulomas, decreased collagen levels, and increased IL-13 receptor alpha2 gene expression compared to controls. The therapeutic effects of IL13-PE were also observed at day 16 despite the termination of IL13-PE treatment at day 8. These studies demonstrate that targeting IL-4- and IL-13- responsive cells with IL13-PE effectively arrests S. mansoni egg granuloma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jakubzick
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0602, USA
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19
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Mosca PJ, Hobeika AC, Colling K, Clay TM, Thomas EK, Caron D, Lyerly HK, Morse MA. Multiple signals are required for maturation of human dendritic cells mobilized in vivo with Flt3 ligand. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.72.3.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Mosca
- Departments of General and Thoracic Surgery, Pathology, Immunology, Durham, North Carolina
- Center for Genetic and Cellular Therapies, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Amy C. Hobeika
- Departments of General and Thoracic Surgery, Pathology, Immunology, Durham, North Carolina
- Center for Genetic and Cellular Therapies, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Kirsten Colling
- Departments of General and Thoracic Surgery, Pathology, Immunology, Durham, North Carolina
- Center for Genetic and Cellular Therapies, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Timothy M. Clay
- Departments of General and Thoracic Surgery, Pathology, Immunology, Durham, North Carolina
- Center for Genetic and Cellular Therapies, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | | | | | - H. Kim Lyerly
- Departments of General and Thoracic Surgery, Pathology, Immunology, Durham, North Carolina
- Center for Genetic and Cellular Therapies, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Michael A. Morse
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Center for Genetic and Cellular Therapies, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and
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20
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Kuroda E, Kito T, Yamashita U. Reduced expression of STAT4 and IFN-gamma in macrophages from BALB/c mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:5477-82. [PMID: 12023341 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.11.5477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BALB/c mice have been shown to easily induce Th2 type responses in several infection models. In this study, to examine the mechanisms of Th2 dominant responses in BALB/c mice, we assessed several macrophage functions using C3H/HeN, C57BL/6, and BALB/c mouse strains. Peritoneal macrophages from three strains of mice equally produced IL-12 by stimulation with LPS plus IFN-gamma. However, IFN-gamma production in response to IL-12 or IL-12 plus IL-18 was much lower in macrophages from BALB/c mice than other strains. IFN-gamma produced by activated macrophages induced IL-12R mRNA expression in T cells and macrophages themselves depending on their amount of IFN-gamma; namely, macrophages from BALB/c mice induced lower expression of IL-12R. Intracellular levels of STAT4 were much lower in macrophages from BALB/c mice. However, other STATs, such as STAT1 or STAT6, were expressed similarly in the three mouse strains. STAT4 and IFN-gamma production by other cell types such as T cells and B cells were equal in C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice. These results indicate that macrophages from Th2-dominant BALB/c mice have different functional characters compared with other mouse strains; that is, STAT4 expression and IFN-gamma production are reduced, which is one of the causes to shift to Th2-type responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsushi Kuroda
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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21
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Sakamoto S, Fukushima A, Ozaki A, Ueno H, Kamakura M, Taniguchi T. Mechanism for maintenance of dominant T helper 1 immune responses in Lewis rats. Microbiol Immunol 2002; 45:373-81. [PMID: 11471825 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2001.tb02633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lewis rats are prone to T helper (Th) 1 immune responses, whereas Brown Norway (BN) rats are susceptible to Th2 immune responses. Yet, the precise mechanism of induction of the different outcome between these two strains remained elusive. We investigated the expression levels of some cytokines, their receptors and accessory molecules responsible for the polarization of antigen-specific immune response into a predominant Th1 or Th2 profile in Lewis and BN rats. Lymph node (LN) cells collected from rats immunized with short ragweed (RW) were used directly or after stimulation in vitro with RW for 3 days. Expression of cytokines, their receptors and accessory molecules in these LN cells were tested by reverse transcriptase-PCR. Culture supernatant was used for ELISA to detect IL-12 protein. We observed clear differences between these strains in the expression of IL-12p40, which was high in LN cells of Lewis rats even before stimulation in vitro. In addition, a higher amount of IL-12 was present in the culture supernatant in Lewis rats. Upregulation of the expression of IL-12 receptor beta1, beta2, IFN-gamma receptor alpha and beta genes were more prominent in Lewis rats rather than BN rats. Furthermore, attenuated expression of CD40 and CD40 ligand by stimulation in vitro was noted only in BN rats. Changes in expression of these molecules by stimulation as well as higher basal level of IL-12p40 might have led to the activation of Th1 cells in Lewis rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center, Kochi Medical School, Japan
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22
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Matsuda S, Tani Y, Yamada M, Yoshimura K, Arizono N. Type 2-biased expression of cytokine genes in lung granulomatous lesions induced by Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection. Parasite Immunol 2001; 23:219-26. [PMID: 11309132 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2001.00376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Infections with helminthic parasites occasionally induce pulmonary diseases with possible involvement of immunological mechanisms. In rats infected with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, pulmonary granulomatous lesions develop and persist after the larvae have migrated through the lungs. To determine the pathogenesis of this lesion, we examined cytokine gene expression in the lungs using RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Two weeks after infection, when fully developed lesions appeared, levels of IL-3 and of type2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-13 gene expression were markedly enhanced in whole lung homogenates. Those of IL-2 and IFN-gamma were also slightly increased 2 weeks postinfection. IL-12 mRNA level did not change after 2 weeks but was slightly increased after 4 weeks. Levels of IL-10 and proinflammatory cytokine TNF gene expression did not show significant changes, although a slight increase was observed in IL-1beta message after 2 weeks. In situ hybridization studies showed that lung granulomatous lesions were composed mainly of lymphoid cells expressing IL-3, IL-4 and IL-13 mRNA, but not IFN-gamma mRNA. IL-5 mRNA-expressing cells were fewer in number than these cells. RMCP II immunohistochemistry revealed that mast cells increased in number in the lung granulomas. From these results, it was concluded that the nematode infection-associated lung granuloma was a type 2 lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matsuda
- Department of Parasitology, Akita University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo Akita 010-8543, Japan
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23
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Araujo MI, Bliss SK, Suzuki Y, Alcaraz A, Denkers EY, Pearce EJ. Interleukin-12 promotes pathologic liver changes and death in mice coinfected with Schistosoma mansoni and Toxoplasma gondii. Infect Immun 2001; 69:1454-62. [PMID: 11179312 PMCID: PMC98041 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.3.1454-1462.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that mice concurrently infected with Schistosoma mansoni and Toxoplasma gondii undergo accelerated mortality which is preceded by severe liver damage. Abnormally high levels of serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in the dually infected mice suggested a role for this and related proinflammatory mediators in the pathologic alterations. In order to evaluate the factors involved in increased inflammatory-mediator production and mortality, interleukin-12(-/-) (IL-12(-/-)) mice were coinfected with S. mansoni and T. gondii, and survival and immune responses were monitored. These IL-12(-/-) mice displayed decreased liver damage and prolonged time to death relative to wild-type animals also coinfected with these parasites. Relative to the response of cells from the coinfected wild-type animals, levels of TNF-alpha, gamma interferon, and NO produced by splenocytes from coinfected IL-12(-/-) mice were reduced, and levels of IL-5 and IL-10 were increased, with the net result that the immune response of the dually infected IL-12(-/-) mice was similar to that of the wild-type mice infected with S. mansoni alone. While dually infected wild-type animals succumb in the absence of overt parasitemia, the delayed death in the absence of IL-12 is associated with relatively uncontrolled T. gondii replication. These data support the view that S. mansoni-infected mice are acutely sensitive to infection with T. gondii as a result of their increased hepatic sensitivity to high levels of proinflammatory cytokines; IL-12 and TNF-alpha are implicated in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Araujo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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24
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Mountford AP, Hogg KG, Coulson PS, Brombacher F. Signaling via interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain is required for successful vaccination against schistosomiasis in BALB/c mice. Infect Immun 2001; 69:228-36. [PMID: 11119510 PMCID: PMC97876 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.1.228-236.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although protective immunity in C57BL/6 mice induced by a single dose of the radiation-attenuated schistosome vaccine is believed to be mediated by Th1-type immune responses, we here report that in BALB/c mice protection can also depend upon signaling via the interleukin-4 (IL-4) receptor which conventionally governs the development of Th2-type immune responses. We show that in BALB/c mice deficient for the IL-4 receptor alpha chain (IL-4Ralpha(-/-)), which are unresponsive to IL-4 and IL-13, vaccine-induced protection is abrogated compared with that in wild-type (WT) mice. In vaccinated IL-4Ralpha(-/-) mice, IL-12p40 production by cells from the skin exposure site was elevated, although gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production in draining lymphoid tissues was similar in WT and IL-4Ralpha(-/-) mice. Nevertheless, the effector response in IL-4Ralpha(-/-) mice was Th1 biased with elevated IFN-gamma in the lungs and higher immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) and IgG2b titers but negligible quantities of Th2-associated IgG1 and IgE. Interestingly, levels of IL-4 were equivalent in WT and IL-4Ralpha(-/-) mice, indicating that Th2 responses were not dependent upon signaling by IL-4 or IL-13. No differences in the phenotype and composition of the pulmonary effector mechanism that might explain the failure to induce protection in IL-4Ralpha(-/-) mice were detected. However, passive transfer of partial protection to naive IL-4Ralpha(-/-) mice, using serum from vaccinated WT mice, indicates that Th2-associated antibodies such as IgG1 have a role in parasite elimination in BALB/c strain mice and that signaling via IL-4R can be an important factor in the generation of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Mountford
- Department of Biology, The University of York, York, United Kingdom.
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25
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A subset of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells expresses high levels of interleukin-12 in response to combined CD40 ligand and interferon-γ treatment. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.10.3499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) may arise from multiple lineages and progress through a series of intermediate stages until fully mature, at which time they are capable of optimal antigen presentation and T-cell activation. High cell surface expression of CD83 is presumed to correlate with full maturation of DCs, and a number of agents have been shown to increase CD83 expression on DCs. We hypothesized that interleukin 12 (IL-12) expression would be a more accurate marker of functionally mature DCs capable of activating antigen-specific T cells. We used combinations of signaling through CD40, using CD40 ligand trimer (CD40L), and interferon gamma to demonstrate that CD83 expression is necessary but not sufficient for optimal production of IL-12 by DCs. Phenotypically mature DCs could be induced to produce high levels of IL-12 p70 only when provided 2 simultaneous stimulatory signals. By intracellular cytokine detection, we determined that only a subset of cells that express high levels of CD80 and CD83 generate large amounts of IL-12. DCs matured with both signals are superior to DCs stimulated with the individual agents in activating antigen-specific T cell in vitro. These findings have important implications regarding the identification, characterization, and clinical application of functionally mature DCs.
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26
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A subset of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells expresses high levels of interleukin-12 in response to combined CD40 ligand and interferon-γ treatment. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.10.3499.h8003499_3499_3504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) may arise from multiple lineages and progress through a series of intermediate stages until fully mature, at which time they are capable of optimal antigen presentation and T-cell activation. High cell surface expression of CD83 is presumed to correlate with full maturation of DCs, and a number of agents have been shown to increase CD83 expression on DCs. We hypothesized that interleukin 12 (IL-12) expression would be a more accurate marker of functionally mature DCs capable of activating antigen-specific T cells. We used combinations of signaling through CD40, using CD40 ligand trimer (CD40L), and interferon gamma to demonstrate that CD83 expression is necessary but not sufficient for optimal production of IL-12 by DCs. Phenotypically mature DCs could be induced to produce high levels of IL-12 p70 only when provided 2 simultaneous stimulatory signals. By intracellular cytokine detection, we determined that only a subset of cells that express high levels of CD80 and CD83 generate large amounts of IL-12. DCs matured with both signals are superior to DCs stimulated with the individual agents in activating antigen-specific T cell in vitro. These findings have important implications regarding the identification, characterization, and clinical application of functionally mature DCs.
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27
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Uchikawa R, Matsuda S, Arizono N. Suppression of gamma interferon transcription and production by nematode excretory-secretory antigen during polyclonal stimulation of rat lymph node T cells. Infect Immun 2000; 68:6233-9. [PMID: 11035730 PMCID: PMC97704 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.11.6233-6239.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although certain helminth infections preferentially induce type 2 T-cell responses, the immunological mechanisms responsible for type 2 T-cell polarization remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of excretory-secretory (ES) antigen from the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis on cytokine production by mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells isolated from naive rats. MLN cells produced considerable levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) during a 72-h stimulation with concanavalin A (ConA) or with immobilized anti-CD3 plus soluble anti-CD28 antibodies (anti-CD3/CD28). With either stimulation, 10 microg of ES antigen per ml significantly suppressed IFN-gamma and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production without cytotoxic activity. The copresence of anti-IL-4, anti-IL-10, or transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) blocking antibodies did not alter the suppressive effect of ES antigen on IFN-gamma production. ES antigen did not affect IL-10 production. Kinetic studies of the effect of ES antigen indicated that the antigen suppressed even ongoing IFN-gamma production. Reverse transcription-PCR study showed that in the presence of ES antigen, IFN-gamma mRNA expression by MLN cells was suppressed 6 and 12 h after ConA or anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation. ES antigen also significantly suppressed IFN-gamma production by purified CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells during anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation but did not affect IL-4 production by CD4(+) T cells. These findings suggested that the nematode antigen suppressed production of IFN-gamma and IL-2 but not IL-4 or IL-10 production. ES antigen-mediated suppression of IFN-gamma during the initiation of the immune response may provide a microenvironment that helps generation of type 2 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Uchikawa
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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28
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is one of eight human herpesviruses and is ubiquitous. Primary infection with EBV in childhood is generally silent, but often causes overt diseases such as infectious mononucleosis (IM) and lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD). The latter occurs in immunologically compromised individuals. Historically, EBV has been thought to be aetiologically linked to human malignancies such as EBV genome-positive Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Furthermore, studies using recent developments in molecular and immunological diagnostic approaches have suggested that this virus has a causative role in a spectrum of human diseases of previously unknown pathogenesis, including chronic active EBV infection syndrome (CAEBV), EBV-related haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), and certain disorders such as EBV genome-positive T-cell lymphoma, natural killer (NK) cell leukaemia/lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease (HD) and gastric carcinoma. This chapter reviews recent progress regarding EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Okano
- Department of Paediatrics, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Sapporo, Kita-Ku, Japan
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29
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Chiaramonte MG, Hesse M, Cheever AW, Wynn TA. CpG oligonucleotides can prophylactically immunize against Th2-mediated schistosome egg-induced pathology by an IL-12-independent mechanism. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:973-85. [PMID: 10623847 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.2.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Using a Schistosoma mansoni egg-induced granuloma model, we examined the ability of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) to suppress Th2-type cytokine expression and to prophylactically immunize against Th2-dependent pulmonary pathology. The mechanism was examined by studying Th2 response regulation in cytokine-deficient mice. Surprisingly, our findings revealed several functions of CpG DNA that were completely IL-12 independent. Most striking was the marked suppression in Th2 cytokine expression and granulomatous inflammation observed in egg/CpG-sensitized IL-12-deficient mice. Immune deviation was not dependent on NK or B cells. However, a role for IL-10, B7.1, and CD40 expression in Th2 response inhibition was suggested. Indeed, CpG ODN up-regulated all three elements in both wild-type and IL-12-deficient mice. The role of IL-10 was demonstrated in mice exhibiting combined deficiencies in IL-12 and IL-10. Here, a marked increase in egg-specific IL-4/IL-5-producing cells confirmed a role for both cytokines in Th2 response inhibition. Nevertheless, the frequency of Th2-producing cells was again reduced by CpG ODN. However, in marked contrast to IL-12-deficient animals, a significant increase in IFN-gamma-producing cells likely explains the reduced Th2 response in IL-10/IL-12-deficient mice. Thus, a novel IL-12-independent type 1-inducing pathway was revealed in the combined absence of IL-12 and IL-10. Together, these data demonstrate 1) that the Th1-promoting activity of CpG DNA is controlled by IL-12 and IL-10, and 2) that Th2 response inhibition by CpG ODN involves IL-12-independent changes in IL-10 and costimulatory molecule expression. These findings illustrate the utility of CpG DNA as adjuvants for vaccines designed to prevent Th2-dependent immunopathology.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antigens, Helminth/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Helminth/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- B7-1 Antigen/biosynthesis
- CD40 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CpG Islands/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- G(M1) Ganglioside/biosynthesis
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/genetics
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/immunology
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/parasitology
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/pathology
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/metabolism
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/deficiency
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/deficiency
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lymphopenia/genetics
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Macrophage Activation/genetics
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Oligonucleotides/administration & dosage
- Oligonucleotides/immunology
- Ovum/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Schistosoma mansoni/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/parasitology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Chiaramonte
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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