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Kareem S, Jacob A, Mathew J, Quigg RJ, Alexander JJ. Complement: Functions, location and implications. Immunology 2023; 170:180-192. [PMID: 37222083 PMCID: PMC10524990 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system, an arm of the innate immune system plays a critical role in both health and disease. The complement system is highly complex with dual possibilities, helping or hurting the host, depending on the location and local microenvironment. The traditionally known functions of complement include surveillance, pathogen recognition, immune complex trafficking, processing and pathogen elimination. The noncanonical functions of the complement system include their roles in development, differentiation, local homeostasis and other cellular functions. Complement proteins are present in both, the plasma and on the membranes. Complement activation occurs both extra- and intracellularly, which leads to considerable pleiotropy in their activity. In order to design more desirable and effective therapies, it is important to understand the different functions of complement, and its location-based and tissue-specific responses. This manuscript will provide a brief overview into the complex nature of the complement cascade, outlining some of their complement-independent functions, their effects at different locale, and their implication in disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Kareem
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Alexander Jacob
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - John Mathew
- Department of Rheumatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Richard J Quigg
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Jessy J Alexander
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
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Li Y, Zhu L, Ko CJ, Yang JY, Wang H, Manyam G, Wang J, Cheng X, Zhao S, Jie Z. TRAF3-EWSR1 signaling axis acts as a checkpoint on germinal center responses. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221483. [PMID: 37097293 PMCID: PMC10130905 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of germinal centers (GCs) is crucial for humoral immunity and vaccine efficacy. Constant stimulation through microbiota drives the formation of constitutive GCs in Peyer's patches (PPs), which generate B cells that produce antibodies against gut antigens derived from commensal bacteria and infectious pathogens. However, the molecular mechanism that regulates this persistent process is poorly understood. We report that Ewing Sarcoma Breakpoint Region 1 (EWSR1) is a brake to constitutive GC generation and immunoglobulin G (IgG) production in PPs, vaccination-induced GC formation, and IgG responses. Mechanistically, EWSR1 suppresses Bcl6 upregulation after antigen encounter, thereby negatively regulating induced GC B cell generation and IgG production. We further showed that tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 3 serves as a negative regulator of EWSR1. These results established that the TRAF3-EWSR1 signaling axis acts as a checkpoint for Bcl6 expression and GC responses, indicating that this axis is a therapeutic target to tune GC responses and humoral immunity in infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchuan Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lele Zhu
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chun-Jung Ko
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Young Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hongjiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ganiraju Manyam
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xuhong Cheng
- Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shuli Zhao
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zuliang Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Song S, Wu H, Liu Y, Lan D, Jiao B, Wan S, Guo Y, Zhou D, Ding Y, Ji X, Meng R. Remote ischemic conditioning-induced hyperacute and acute responses of plasma proteome in healthy young male adults: a quantitative proteomic analysis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:150-158. [PMID: 36848171 PMCID: PMC10106146 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) has been proven to be beneficial in multiple diseases, such as cerebral and cardiovascular diseases. However, the hyperacute and acute effects of a single RIC stimulus are still not clear. Quantitative proteomic analyses of plasma proteins following RIC application have been conducted in preclinical and clinical studies but exhibit high heterogeneity in results due to wide variations in experimental setups and sampling procedures. Hence, this study aimed to explore the immediate effects of RIC on plasma proteome in healthy young adults to exclude confounding factors of disease entity, such as medications and gender. METHODS Young healthy male participants were enrolled after a systematic physical examination and 6-month lifestyle observation. Individual RIC sessions included five cycles of alternative ischemia and reperfusion, each lasting for 5 min in bilateral forearms. Blood samples were collected at baseline, 5 min after RIC, and 2 h after RIC, and then samples were processed for proteomic analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. RESULTS Proteins related to lipid metabolism (e.g., Apolipoprotein F), coagulation factors (hepatocyte growth factor activator preproprotein), members of complement cascades (mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 isoform 2 precursor), and inflammatory responses (carboxypeptidase N catalytic chain precursor) were differentially altered at their serum levels following the RIC intervention. The most enriched pathways were protein glycosylation and complement/coagulation cascades. CONCLUSIONS One-time RIC stimulus may induce instant cellular responses like anti-inflammation, coagulation, and fibrinolysis balancing, and lipid metabolism regulation which are protective in different perspectives. Protective effects of single RIC in hyperacute and acute phases may be exploited in clinical emergency settings due to apparently beneficial alterations in plasma proteome profile. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of long-term (repeated) RIC interventions in preventing chronic cardiovascular diseases among general populations can also be expected based on our study findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Song
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Advanced Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China
- Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yunhuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Duo Lan
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Advanced Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China
- Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Baolian Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Advanced Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China
- Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Shuling Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Advanced Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China
- Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yibing Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Advanced Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China
- Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Da Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Advanced Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China
- Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Advanced Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China
- Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Xunming Ji
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Advanced Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China
- Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Ran Meng
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Advanced Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China
- Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
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Breitfelder AK, Schrödl W, Rungelrath V, Baums CG, Alber G, Schütze N, Müller U. Immunoglobulin M-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis (Ide Ssuis ) impairs porcine B cell signaling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1122808. [PMID: 36875121 PMCID: PMC9980343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1122808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an important porcine pathogen, causing severe disease like meningitis and septicemia primarily in piglets. Previous work showed that the IgM-degrading enzyme of S. suis (Ide Ssuis ) specifically cleaves soluble porcine IgM and is involved in complement evasion. The objective of this study was to investigate Ide Ssuis cleavage of the IgM B cell receptor and subsequent changes in B cell receptor mediated signaling. Flow cytometry analysis revealed cleavage of the IgM B cell receptor by recombinant (r) Ide Ssuis _homologue as well as Ide Ssuis derived from culture supernatants of S. suis serotype 2 on porcine PBMCs and mandibular lymph node cells. Point-mutated rIde Ssuis _homologue_C195S did not cleave the IgM B cell receptor. After receptor cleavage by rIde Ssuis _homologue, it took at least 20 h for mandibular lymph node cells to restore the IgM B cell receptor to levels comparable to cells previously treated with rIde Ssuis _homologue_C195S. B cell receptor mediated signaling after specific stimulation via the F(ab')2 portion was significantly inhibited by rIde Ssuis _homologue receptor cleavage in IgM+ B cells, but not in IgG+ B cells. Within IgM+ cells, CD21+ B2 cells and CD21- B1-like cells were equally impaired in their signaling capacity upon rIde Ssuis _homologue B cell receptor cleavage. In comparison, intracellular B cell receptor independent stimulation with tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate increased signaling in all investigated B cell types. In conclusion, this study demonstrates Ide Ssuis cleavage efficacy on the IgM B cell receptor and its consequences for B cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Katharina Breitfelder
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Viktoria Rungelrath
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Müller
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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The spatial transcriptomic landscape of non-small cell lung cancer brain metastasis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5983. [PMID: 36216799 PMCID: PMC9551067 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33365-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases (BrMs) are a common occurrence in lung cancer with a dismal outcome. To understand the mechanism of metastasis to inform prognosis and treatment, here we analyze primary and metastasized tumor specimens from 44 non-small cell lung cancer patients by spatial RNA sequencing, affording a whole transcriptome map of metastasis resolved with morphological markers for the tumor core, tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), and tumor brain microenvironment (TBME). Our data indicate that the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the brain, including the TIME and TBME, undergoes extensive remodeling to create an immunosuppressive and fibrogenic niche for the BrMs. Specifically, the brain TME is characterized with reduced antigen presentation and B/T cell function, increased neutrophils and M2-type macrophages, immature microglia, and reactive astrocytes. Differential gene expression and network analysis identify fibrosis and immune regulation as the major functional modules disrupted in both the lung and brain TME. Besides providing systems-level insights into the mechanism of lung cancer brain metastasis, our study uncovers potential prognostic biomarkers and suggests that therapeutic strategies should be tailored to the immune and fibrosis status of the BrMs. Brain metastases (BrMs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are associated with dismal outcomes, and are possibly sustained by the brain microenvironment. Here, the authors analyse NSCLC BrMs using Digital Spatial Profiling and reveal fibrosis, immune suppression, and cell reprogramming in the BrM microenvironment.
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Aguilar D, Bosacoma A, Blanco I, Tura-Ceide O, Serrano-Mollar A, Barberà JA, Peinado VI. Differences and Similarities between the Lung Transcriptomic Profiles of COVID-19, COPD, and IPF Patients: A Meta-Analysis Study of Pathophysiological Signaling Pathways. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:887. [PMID: 35743918 PMCID: PMC9227224 DOI: 10.3390/life12060887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic respiratory disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Although many patients recover, long-term sequelae after infection have become increasingly recognized and concerning. Among other sequelae, the available data indicate that many patients who recover from COVID-19 could develop fibrotic abnormalities over time. To understand the basic pathophysiology underlying the development of long-term pulmonary fibrosis in COVID-19, as well as the higher mortality rates in patients with pre-existing lung diseases, we compared the transcriptomic fingerprints among patients with COVID-19, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using interactomic analysis. Patients who died of COVID-19 shared some of the molecular biological processes triggered in patients with IPF, such as those related to immune response, airway remodeling, and wound healing, which could explain the radiological images seen in some patients after discharge. However, other aspects of this transcriptomic profile did not resemble the profile associated with irreversible fibrotic processes in IPF. Our mathematical approach instead showed that the molecular processes that were altered in COVID-19 patients more closely resembled those observed in COPD. These data indicate that patients with COPD, who have overcome COVID-19, might experience a faster decline in lung function that will undoubtedly affect global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aguilar
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREDH), 28005 Madrid, Spain;
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (I.B.); (O.T.-C.); (A.S.-M.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Adelaida Bosacoma
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (I.B.); (O.T.-C.); (A.S.-M.); (J.A.B.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Blanco
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (I.B.); (O.T.-C.); (A.S.-M.); (J.A.B.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Tura-Ceide
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (I.B.); (O.T.-C.); (A.S.-M.); (J.A.B.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), 17190 Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Serrano-Mollar
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (I.B.); (O.T.-C.); (A.S.-M.); (J.A.B.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC-IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Albert Barberà
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (I.B.); (O.T.-C.); (A.S.-M.); (J.A.B.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Ivo Peinado
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (I.B.); (O.T.-C.); (A.S.-M.); (J.A.B.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC-IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Gordon L, Mabbott N, Wells J, Kulik L, Juleff N, Charleston B, Perez-Martin E. Foot-and-mouth disease virus localisation on follicular dendritic cells and sustained induction of neutralising antibodies is dependent on binding to complement receptors (CR2/CR1). PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1009942. [PMID: 35512014 PMCID: PMC9113581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown after the resolution of acute infection and viraemia, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsid proteins and/or genome are localised in the light zone of germinal centres of lymphoid tissue in cattle and African buffalo. The pattern of staining for FMDV proteins was consistent with the virus binding to follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). We have now demonstrated a similar pattern of FMDV protein staining in mouse spleens after acute infection and showed FMDV proteins are colocalised with FDCs. Blocking antigen binding to complement receptor type 2 and 1 (CR2/CR1) prior to infection with FMDV significantly reduced the detection of viral proteins on FDCs and FMDV genomic RNA in spleen samples. Blocking the receptors prior to infection also significantly reduced neutralising antibody titres, through significant reduction in their avidity to the FMDV capsid. Therefore, the binding of FMDV to FDCs and sustained induction of neutralising antibody responses are dependent on FMDV binding to CR2/CR1 in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Gordon
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Liudmila Kulik
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nick Juleff
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Survival of Streptococcus suis in Porcine Blood Is Limited by the Antibody- and Complement-Dependent Oxidative Burst Response of Granulocytes. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00598-19. [PMID: 31843967 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00598-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteremia is a hallmark of invasive Streptococcus suis infections of pigs, often leading to septicemia, meningitis, or arthritis. An important defense mechanism of neutrophils is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we report high levels of ROS production by blood granulocytes after intravenous infection of a pig with high levels of S. suis-specific antibodies and comparatively low levels of bacteremia. This prompted us to investigate the working hypothesis that the immunoglobulin-mediated oxidative burst contributes to the killing of S. suis in porcine blood. Several S. suis strains representing serotypes 2, 7, and 9 proved to be highly susceptible to the oxidative burst intermediate hydrogen peroxide, already at concentrations of 0.001%. The induction of ROS in granulocytes in ex vivo-infected reconstituted blood showed an association with pathogen-specific antibody levels. Importantly, inhibition of ROS production by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin led to significantly increased bacterial survival in the presence of high specific antibody levels. The oxidative burst rate of granulocytes partially depended on complement activation, as shown by specific inhibition. Furthermore, treatment of IgG-depleted serum with a specific IgM protease or heat to inactivate complement resulted in >3-fold decreased oxidative burst activity and increased bacterial survival in reconstituted porcine blood in accordance with an IgM-complement-oxidative burst axis. In conclusion, this study highlights an important control mechanism of S. suis bacteremia in the natural host: the induction of ROS in blood granulocytes via specific immunoglobulins such as IgM.
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Baker S, Kessler E, Darville-Bowleg L, Merchant M. Different mechanisms of serum complement activation in the plasma of common (Chelydra serpentina) and alligator (Macrochelys temminckii) snapping turtles. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217626. [PMID: 31170203 PMCID: PMC6553747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reptiles are declining worldwide yet our understanding of their immune function lags far behind other taxa. The innate immune system is the primary mode of defense in reptiles, and the serum complement cascade is its major component. We assessed serum complement activity of plasma in two closely related aquatic turtle species, the common snapping turtle (CST; Chelydra serpentina) and alligator snapping turtle (AST; Macrochelys temminckii). We used a sheep red blood cell (SRBC) hemolysis assay to assess serum complement activity. Although the antibacterial activities of the plasma of these turtle species are similar, the hemolytic activity was much stronger in CST than AST. Treatment with inhibitors of the serum complement cascade indicated differences in the mechanisms of complement activation between the turtle species. We subjected plasma from both turtle species to mannan affinity chromatography and analyzed the eluate with SDS-PAGE, which revealed that plasma from the CSTs contained only small amounts of one C-type lectin protein while the AST plasma contained high concentrations of two C-type lectins (31.0 and 35.9 kDa). Edman degradation analyses confirmed that the two AST proteins contained identical N-terminal sequences. Thus, the CST appears to rely more heavily on the alternative mechanism of serum complement activation, while the AST appears to rely more on the lectin-mediated pathway, which is a pattern recognition response to prokaryotes not activated by the SRBCs. These results are unique in that the use of serum complement pathways are generally assumed to be conserved within clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Baker
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ethan Kessler
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Mark Merchant
- Department of Chemistry, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, Louisiana, United States of America
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Pan M, Zhou Q, Zheng S, You X, Li D, Zhang J, Chen C, Xu F, Li Z, Zhou Z, Zhang J. Serum C3/C4 ratio is a novel predictor of renal prognosis in patients with IgA nephropathy: a retrospective study. Immunol Res 2019; 66:381-391. [PMID: 29850970 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-8995-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is an autoimmune disease associated with complement activation. It is unclear whether the ratio of serum C3 and C4 concentrations (C3/C4 ratio) can predict renal outcomes in IgAN patients. A total of 1503 patients diagnosed with IgAN via renal biopsy were recorded in this study. Poor renal outcomes were defined as > 50% decrease in the baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or development of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) during follow-up. In total, 712 patients meeting the exclusion/inclusion criteria were selected, and the mean follow-up period was 40.6 (12.34) months. Patients with decreased C3/C4 ratios displayed significantly more severe clinical characteristics and renal pathological features and a higher proportion of poor renal outcomes and ESRD. The optimal multivariate Cox regression models identified the C3/C4 ratio (hazard ratio (HR) 0.63, 95% CI 0.5-0.9), serum uric acid (HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.2-2.2), serum creatinine (HR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.6), systolic blood pressure (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.2-2.0) and T score (relative to T0, T1: HR 1.96, 95% CI 1.1-3.7, T2: HR 3.03, 95% CI 1.6-5.9) as strong predictors of poor renal outcomes. Subgroup analysis showed that patients with low C3/C4 ratios benefited from glucocorticoids or other immunosuppressive agents (hazard ratio 0.30 and 0.18, 95% CI 0.13-0.72 and 0.07-0.46, respectively). Serum C3/C4 ratios may be an independent novel predictor of renal outcomes in IgAN patients. Decreased C3/C4 ratios suggest poor renal outcomes and the potential to benefit from aggressive immunosuppressive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pan
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - QiongXiu Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - ShuBei Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoHan You
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Duo Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - ChaoSheng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - FeiFei Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - ZhanYuan Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - ZhiHong Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - JianNa Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Perera NCN, Godahewa GI, Jung S, Kim MJ, Nam BH, Lee J. Identification and characterization of a carboxypeptidase N1 from red lip mullet (Liza haematocheila); revealing its immune relevance. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:223-232. [PMID: 30300741 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Complement system orchestrates the innate and adaptive immunity via the activation, recruitment, and regulation of immune molecules to destroy pathogens. However, regulation of the complement is essential to avoid injuries to the autologous tissues. The present study unveils the characteristic features of an important complement component, anaphylatoxin inactivator from red lip mullet at its molecular and functional level. Mullet carboxypeptidase N1 (MuCPN1) cDNA sequence possessed an open reading frame of 1347 bp, which encoded a protein of 449 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 51 kDa. In silico analysis discovered two domains of PM14-Zn carboxypeptidase and a C-terminal domain of M14 N/E carboxypeptidase, two zinc-binding signature motifs, and an N-glycosylation site in the MuCPN1 sequence. Homology analysis revealed that most of the residues in the sequence are conserved among the other selected homologs. Phylogeny analysis showed that MuCPN1 closely cladded with the Maylandia zebra CPN1 and clustered together with the teleostean counterparts. A challenge experiment showed modulated expression of MuCPN1 upon polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid and Lactococcus garviae in head kidney, spleen, gill, and liver tissues. The highest upregulation of MuCPN1 was observed 24 h post infection against poly I:C in each tissue. Moreover, the highest relative expressions upon L. garviae challenge were observed at 24 h post infection in head kidney tissue and 48 h post infection in spleen, gill, and liver tissues. MuCPN1 transfected cells triggered a 2.2-fold increase of nitric oxide (NO) production upon LPS stimulation compared to the un-transfected controls suggesting that MuCPN1 is an active protease which releases arginine from complement C3a, C4a, and C5a. These results have driven certain way towards enhancing the understanding of immune role of MuCPN1 in the complement defense mechanism of red lip mullet.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C N Perera
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - G I Godahewa
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Jung
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Development and characterization of mouse monoclonal antibodies to eight human complement components: Analysis of reactivity with orthologs of nine mammalian genera. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 62:7-12. [PMID: 30711050 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
To study complement function in mammalian leishmanioses, we developed mouse monoclonal antibodies to the human complement system components C1q, C4, factor D, factor H, factor B, properdin, C5 and C9. Antibody specificity was determined by indirect and capture ELISA and by Western blot. In flow cytometry analysis, seven antibodies recognized the cognate component on human serum-opsonized Leishmania promastigotes. Antibody reactivity was screened against promastigotes opsonized with sera of nine mammalian genera: pig, guinea pig, goat, rabbit, cat, dog, hamster, jird and rat. No antibody recognized jird epitopes on promastigotes. Anti-C4, -properdin, and -C5b reacted with the orthologous protein of all other mammals tested except cat (anti-properdin) and hamster (anti-C5b); anti-C9 only recognized the rabbit ortholog, and anti-C1q, -factor B and -factor H did not react with any of the nine orthologs. Such interspecies crossreactive antibodies can be valuable tools for analysis of mammalian complement function in infectious diseases.
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Venom from Bothrops lanceolatus, a Snake Species Native to Martinique, Potently Activates the Complement System. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:3462136. [PMID: 30116749 PMCID: PMC6079423 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3462136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bothrops lanceolatus snake venom causes systemic thrombotic syndrome but also local inflammation involving extensive oedema, pain, and haemorrhage. Systemic thrombotic syndrome may lead to fatal pulmonary embolism and myocardial and cerebral infarction. Here, we investigated the ability of B. lanceolatus venom to activate the Complement system (C) in order to improve the understanding of venom-induced local inflammation. Data presented show that B. lanceolatus venom is able to activate all C-pathways. In human serum, the venom strongly induced the generation of anaphylatoxins, such as C5a and C4a, and the Terminal Complement complex. The venom also induced cleavage of purified human components C3, C4, and C5, with the production of biologically active C5a. Furthermore, the venom enzymatically inactivated the soluble C-regulator and the C1-inhibitor (C1-INH), and significantly increased the expression of bound C-regulators, such as MCP and CD59, on the endothelial cell membrane. Our observations that B. lanceolatus venom activates the three Complement activation pathways, resulting in anaphylatoxins generation, may suggest that this could play an important role in local inflammatory reaction and systemic thrombosis caused by the venom. Inactivation of C1-INH, which is also an important inhibitor of several coagulation proteins, may also contribute to inflammation and thrombosis. Thus, further in vivo studies may support the idea that therapeutic management of systemic B. lanceolatus envenomation could include the use of Complement inhibitors as adjunct therapy.
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14
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Lubbers R, van Essen MF, van Kooten C, Trouw LA. Production of complement components by cells of the immune system. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 188:183-194. [PMID: 28249350 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an important part of the innate immune defence. It contributes not only to local inflammation, removal and killing of pathogens, but it also assists in shaping of the adaptive immune response. Besides a role in inflammation, complement is also involved in physiological processes such as waste disposal and developmental programmes. The complement system comprises several soluble and membrane-bound proteins. The bulk of the soluble proteins is produced mainly by the liver. While several complement proteins are produced by a wide variety of cell types, other complement proteins are produced by only a few related cell types. As these data suggest that local production by specific cell types may have specific functions, more detailed studies have been employed recently analysing the local and even intracellular role of these complement proteins. Here we review the current knowledge about extrahepatic production and/or secretion of complement components. More specifically, we address what is known about complement synthesis by cells of the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lubbers
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M F van Essen
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - C van Kooten
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - L A Trouw
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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15
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Vasilev N, Smales CM, Schillberg S, Fischer R, Schiermeyer A. Developments in the production of mucosal antibodies in plants. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:77-87. [PMID: 26626615 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant mucosal antibodies represent attractive target molecules for the development of next generation biopharmaceuticals for passive immunization against various infectious diseases and treatment of patients suffering from mucosal antibody deficiencies. As these polymeric antibodies require complex post-translational modifications and correct subunit assembly, they are considered as difficult-to-produce recombinant proteins. Beside the traditional, mammalian-based production platforms, plants are emerging as alternative expression hosts for this type of complex macromolecule. Plant cells are able to produce high-quality mucosal antibodies as shown by the successful expression of the secretory immunoglobulins A (IgA) and M (IgM) in various antibody formats in different plant species including tobacco and its close relative Nicotiana benthamiana, maize, tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana. Importantly for biotherapeutic application, transgenic plants are capable of synthesizing functional IgA and IgM molecules with biological activity and safety profiles comparable with their native mammalian counterparts. This article reviews the structure and function of mucosal IgA and IgM antibodies and summarizes the current knowledge of their production and processing in plant host systems. Specific emphasis is given to consideration of intracellular transport processes as these affect assembly of the mature immunoglobulins, their secretion rates, proteolysis/degradation and glycosylation patterns. Furthermore, this review provides an outline of glycoengineering efforts that have been undertaken so far to produce antibodies with homogenous human-like glycan decoration. We believe that the continued development of our understanding of the plant cellular machinery related to the heterologous expression of immunoglobulins will further improve the production levels, quality and control of post-translational modifications that are 'human-like' from plant systems and enhance the prospects for the regulatory approval of such molecules leading to the commercial exploitation of plant-derived mucosal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Vasilev
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Mark Smales
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, CT2 7NJ Kent, UK
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schiermeyer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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16
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Rodriguez-Zhurbenko N, Rabade-Chediak M, Martinez D, Griñan T, Hernandez AM. Anti-NeuGcGM3 reactivity: a possible role of natural antibodies and B-1 cells in tumor immunosurveillance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nely Rodriguez-Zhurbenko
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division; Center of Molecular Immunology; Havana Cuba
| | - Maura Rabade-Chediak
- Chimeric Proteins Group, Immunobiology Division; Center of Molecular Immunology; Havana Cuba
| | - Darel Martinez
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division; Center of Molecular Immunology; Havana Cuba
| | - Tania Griñan
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division; Center of Molecular Immunology; Havana Cuba
| | - Ana Maria Hernandez
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division; Center of Molecular Immunology; Havana Cuba
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17
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Yu Q, Mei XQ, Ding XF, Dong TT, Dong WW, Li HG. Construction of a catsper1 DNA vaccine and its antifertility effect on male mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127508. [PMID: 25993432 PMCID: PMC4436331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cation channel of sperm 1 (CATSPER1) is a unique sperm cation channel protein, and essential for sperm function and male fertility. CATSPER1 exclusively expresses in meiotic and postmeiotic spermatogenic cells, thus belongs to the spermatogenesis-specific antigen that escape central tolerance. We have previously demonstrated the immunocontraceptive potential of its transmembrane domains and pore region, and reported the antifertility effects of its B-cell epitopes on male mice. Aiming to develop DNA vaccine targeting CATSPER1 for male contraception, here the whole open reading frame of mouse Catsper1 was cloned into the plasmid pEGFP-N1 to obtain a DNA vaccine pEGFP-N1-Catsper1. The vaccine was confirmed to be transcribed and translated in mouse N2a cell in vitro and mouse muscle tissue in vivo. Intramuscular injection with the vaccine on male mice induced specific immune reaction and caused significant inhibition on sperm hyperactivated motility and progressive motility (P<0.001 for both), and consequently reduced male fertility. The fertility rate of experimental group was 40.9%, which was significant lower (P=0.012) than control group (81.8%). No significant change in mating behavior, sperm production and histology of testis/epididymis was observed. Given that Catsper1 exhibits a high degree of homology among different species, Catsper1 DNA vaccine might be a good strategy for developing an immunocontraceptive vaccine for human and animal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yu
- Family Planning Research Institute/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Mei
- Family Planning Research Institute/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Ding
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting-Ting Dong
- Family Planning Research Institute/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Wei Dong
- Family Planning Research Institute/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Gang Li
- Family Planning Research Institute/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Tongji Reproductive Medicine Hospital, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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18
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Fearn A, Sheerin NS. Complement activation in progressive renal disease. World J Nephrol 2015; 4:31-40. [PMID: 25664245 PMCID: PMC4317626 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v4.i1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common and the cause of significant morbidity and mortality. The replacement of functioning nephrons by fibrosis is characteristic of progressive disease. The pathways that lead to fibrosis are not fully understood, although chronic non-resolving inflammation in the kidney is likely to drive the fibrotic response that occurs. In patients with progressive CKD there is histological evidence of inflammation in the interstitium and strategies that reduce inflammation reduce renal injury in pre-clinical models of CKD. The complement system is an integral part of the innate immune system but also augments adaptive immune responses. Complement activation is known to occur in many diverse renal diseases, including glomerulonephritis, thrombotic microangiopathies and transplant rejection. In this review we discuss current evidence that complement activation contributes to progression of CKD, how complement could cause renal inflammation and whether complement inhibition would slow progression of renal disease.
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Krljanac B, Weih D, Jacobsen ID, Hu D, Koliesnik I, Reppe K, Witzenrath M, Weih F. NF-κB2/p100 deficiency impairs immune responses to T-cell-independent type 2 antigens. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:662-72. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Krljanac
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Debra Weih
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Ilse D. Jacobsen
- Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Desheng Hu
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Ievgen Koliesnik
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Katrin Reppe
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - Falk Weih
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute; Jena Germany
- Friedrich-Schiller-University; Jena Germany
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20
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McCulloch L, Brown KL, Mabbott NA. Ablation of the cellular prion protein, PrPC, specifically on follicular dendritic cells has no effect on their maturation or function. Immunol Suppl 2013; 138:246-57. [PMID: 23121447 PMCID: PMC3573278 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are situated in the primary follicles of lymphoid tissues where they maintain the structural integrity of the B-lymphocyte follicle, and help to drive immunoglobulin class-switch recombination, somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation during the germinal centre response. FDC can also provide a reservoir for pathogens that infect germinal centres including HIV and prions. FDC express high levels of the normal cellular form of the prion protein (PrP(C) ), which makes them susceptible to prion infection. The function of PrP(C) is uncertain and it is not known why FDC require such high levels of expression of a protein that is found mainly on cells of the central nervous system. In this study, the function of FDC was assessed in mice that had PrP(C) ablated specifically in their FDC. In mice with FDC-specific PrP(C) ablation, our analysis revealed no observable deficits in lymphoid follicle microarchitecture and FDC status. No effects on FDC ability to trap immune complexes or drive antigen-specific antibody responses and affinity maturation in B lymphocytes were observed. These data clearly demonstrate that PrP(C) expression is dispensable for the functional maturation of FDC and their ability to maintain antigen-specific antibody responses and affinity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura McCulloch
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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21
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Anderson SE, Munson AE, Meade BJ. Analysis of immunotoxicity by enumeration of antibody-producing B cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Chapter 18:Unit18.11. [PMID: 23045130 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx1811s29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay measures the humoral immune response mediated by the concerted actions of antigen-presenting cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes. The most common form of the plaque method is used for the detection of murine primary IgM antibodies directed against the T cell-dependent sheep red blood cell (sRBC) surface antigens. Research has shown that the PFC response to sRBC is not only an excellent monitor of the primary effector function of the B cell, but that it may be the most sensitive immune parameter currently available to identify chemical perturbation. Several modifications and variations of the PFC assay are described in detail in this unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey E Anderson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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22
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Abstract
The complement cascade is a major contributor to the innate immune response. It has now been well accepted that complement plays a critical role in hyperacute rejection and acute antibody-mediated rejection of transplanted organ. There is also increasing evidence that complement proteins contribute to the pathogenesis of organ ischemia-reperfusion injury, and even to cell-mediated rejection. Furthermore, the chemoattractants C3a and C5a and the terminal membrane attack complex that are generated by complement activation can directly or indirectly mediate tissue injury and trigger adaptive immune responses. Here, we review recent findings concerning the role of complement in graft ischemia-reperfusion injury, antibody-mediated rejection and accommodation, and cell-mediated rejection. We also discuss the current status of complement intervention therapies in clinical transplantation and describe potential new therapeutic strategies for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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23
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Cornec D, Tempescul A, Querellou S, Hutin P, Pers JO, Jamin C, Bendaoud B, Berthou C, Renaudineau Y, Youinou P. Identification of patients with indolent B cell lymphoma sensitive to rituximab monotherapy. Ann Hematol 2011; 91:715-721. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-011-1369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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24
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Klimovich VB. IgM and its receptors: structural and functional aspects. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:534-49. [PMID: 21639833 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911050038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review combines the data obtained before the beginning of the 1990s with results published during the last two decades. The predominant form of the IgM molecule is a closed ring composed of five 7S subunits and a J chain. The new model of spatial structure of the pentamer postulates nonplanar mushroom-shaped form of the molecule with the plane formed by a radially-directed Fab regions and central protruding portion consisting of Cµ4 domains. Up to the year 2000 the only known Fc-receptor for IgM was pIgR. Interaction of IgM with pIgR results in secretory IgM formation, whose functions are poorly studied. The receptor designated as Fcα/µR is able to bind IgM and IgA. It is expressed on lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells, and macrophages. A receptor binding IgM only named FcµR has also been described. It is expressed on T- and B-lymphocytes. The discovery of new Fc-receptors for IgM requires revision of notions that interactions between humoral reactions involving IgM and the cells of the immune system are mediated exclusively by complement receptors. In the whole organism, apart from IgM induced by immunization, natural antibodies (NA) are present and comprise in adults a considerable part of the circulating IgM. NA are polyreactive, germ-line-encoded, and emerge during embryogenesis without apparent antigenic stimuli. They demonstrate a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and serve as first line of defense against microbial and viral infections. NA may be regarded as a transitional molecular form from invariable receptors of innate immunity to highly diverse receptors of adaptive immunity. By means of interaction with autoantigens, NA participate in maintenance of immunological tolerance and in clearance of dying cells. At the same time, NA may act as a pathogenic factor in atherosclerotic lesion formation and in development of tissue damage due to ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Klimovich
- Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, St. Petersburg.
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25
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Pidde-Queiroz G, Furtado MDF, Filgueiras CF, Pessoa LA, Spadafora-Ferreira M, van den Berg CW, Tambourgi DV. Human complement activation and anaphylatoxins generation induced by snake venom toxins from Bothrops genus. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:2537-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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El-Amouri IS, Bani-Ahmad M, Tang-Feldman Y, Lin F, Ko C, Pomeroy C, Oakley OR. Increased morbidity and mortality in murine cytomegalovirus-infected mice following allogeneic bone marrow transplant is associated with reduced surface decay accelerating factor expression. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 162:379-91. [PMID: 20840652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT). The manifestations of CMV infection can range from neurological and haematological abnormalities to diminished graft survival and, in extreme cases, death. Many clinical studies have shown a direct correlation between cytomegalovirus infection and increased morbidity and mortality post allo-BMT, yet the exact mechanism is not well understood. Although driven primarily by T cell responses, the role of complement activation in acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) has also become more evident in recent years. The present studies were performed to examine the effects of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection on decay accelerating factor (DAF) and MCMVs role in exacerbating morbidity and mortality post-allo-BMT. Mice infected previously with a sublethal dose of MCMV (1 × 10⁵ plaque-forming units) have reduced expression of DAF on lung tissues and lymphocytes following allo-BMT. More importantly, mortality rates post-allo-BMT in recipient DAF knock-out mice receiving wild-type bone marrow are increased, similar to wild-type MCMV-infected recipient mice. Similarly, DAF knock-out mice showed greater intracellular interferon (IFN)-γ production by lung CD8 T cells, and infection with MCMV further exacerbated both intracellular IFN-γ production by CD8 T cells and mortality rates post-allo-BMT. Together, these data support the hypothesis that MCMV infection augments morbidity and mortality post-allo-BMT by reducing surface DAF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S El-Amouri
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40536-0084, USA
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Zhang Z, Li Y, Xu S, Chen F, Zhang L, Jiang B, Chen X. Fusion to chicken C3d enhances the immunogenicity of the M2 protein of avian influenza virus. Virol J 2010; 7:89. [PMID: 20459691 PMCID: PMC2887435 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current vaccines to avian influenzae virus (AIV), a highly contagious disease of birds, need to be constantly updated due to the high level of variation in the target antigens. Therefore, a vaccine that could induce broad cross protection against AIV is required. The M2 membrane protein is structurally conserved amongst AIV subtypes but tends in induce a poor immune response, whereas C3d has been shown in many species to enhance immunogenicity. In this study, we investigated the potential of M2-avian C3d fusion proteins to provide effective immunity. RESULTS We fused chicken complement C3d to sM2 (M2 protein with the transmembrane region deleted) of AIV and expressed four fusion proteins, GST (Glutathione S-transferase tagged proteins in pGEX expression vector) -C3d-sM2, GST-C3d-L2-sM2, GST-C3d-L1-C3d-sM2 and GST-C3d-L1-C3d-L2-sM2 were used to immunize mice. In addition, Specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens were inoculated with the plasmids pcDNA-sM2, pcDNA-C3d-L1-C3d-L2-sM2, GST-sM2 and GST-C3d-L1-C3d-L2-sM2. The immune response was monitored by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for sM2 antibody, and all the test animals were challenged with A/chicken/Bei Jing/WD9/98 (H9N2) virus. Results revealed that the anti-sM2 antibody in mice and chickens vaccinated with these proteins was higher than the nonfused forms of sM2, the GST-C3d-L1-C3d-L2-sM2 groups have conferred the highest 30% and 20% protection ratio in mice and chickens respectively. In addition, the pcDNA-C3d-L1-C3d-L2-sM2 also enhances the antibody responses to sM2 compared to pcDNA-sM2 in chickens, and acquired 13.3% protection ratio. CONCLUSION These results indicated that chicken C3d enhanced the humoral immunity against AIV M2 protein either fused proteins expressed by the prokaryotic system or with the DNA vaccine. Nevertheless, in view of the poor protection ratio for these animals, we speculated that this is not a worthy developing of vaccine in these constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yongqing Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shufang Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Fuyong Chen
- College of Animal Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Beiyu Jiang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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28
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Logan GJ, Wang L, Zheng M, Coppel RL, Alexander IE. Antigen fusion with C3d
3
augments or inhibits humoral immunity to AAV genetic vaccines in a transgene‐dependent manner. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 88:228-32. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant J Logan
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and The Children's Hospital Westmead Australia
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Microbiology and The Victoria Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University Clayton Australia
| | - Maolin Zheng
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and The Children's Hospital Westmead Australia
| | - Ross L Coppel
- Department of Microbiology and The Victoria Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University Clayton Australia
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and The Children's Hospital Westmead Australia
- University of Sydney Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health Westmead Australia
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29
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Racila E, Link BK, Weng WK, Witzig TE, Ansell S, Maurer MJ, Huang J, Dahle C, Halwani A, Levy R, Weiner GJ. A polymorphism in the complement component C1qA correlates with prolonged response following rituximab therapy of follicular lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:6697-703. [PMID: 18927313 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Complement may play a role in the clinical response to rituximab and other monoclonal antibody-based therapies of cancer. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the C1qA([276]) polymorphism and the clinical response to rituximab in patients with follicular lymphoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Genotyping for C1qA([276A/G]) was done in 133 subjects with follicular lymphoma treated with single-agent rituximab, and correlation with clinical response was done using Cox regression analysis. RESULTS Prolonged remission was observed among subjects that responded clinically to rituximab therapy and were carriers of the A allele compared with homozygous G subjects. Homozygous G subjects had a time to progression of 282 days, whereas A-allele carriers had a time to progression of 708 days [hazard ratio, (HR), 2.5; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 2.0-3.1; P = 0.02]. Among subjects who achieved complete remission, homozygous G subjects had a time to progression of 250 days, whereas A-allele carriers had a time to progression of 1,118 days (HR, 4.5; 95% CI, 4.1-4.8, P = 0.04). The difference persisted after controlling for CD32 and CD16 polymorphisms. In patients who responded to rituximab used as first-line agent, a linear trend was observed among the C1qA([276]) genotypes, with homozygous A subjects achieving complete response at a higher rate compared with heterozygous or homozygous G subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that polymorphisms in the C1qA gene may affect the clinical response and duration of response to rituximab therapy of follicular lymphoma. These results could have direct implications on designing antibodies with improved efficiency and enhance our understanding of the role of complement in monoclonal antibody therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilian Racila
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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30
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Swartz MA, Hubbell JA, Reddy ST. Lymphatic drainage function and its immunological implications: from dendritic cell homing to vaccine design. Semin Immunol 2008; 20:147-56. [PMID: 18201895 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The slow interstitial flow that drains fluid from the blood capillaries into the lymphatic capillaries provides transport of macromolecular nutrients to cells in the interstitium. We discuss herein how this flow also provides continuous access to immune cells residing in the lymph nodes of antigens from self or from pathogens residing in the interstitium. We also address mechanisms by which dendritic cells in the periphery sense interstitial flow to home efficiently into the lymphatics after activation, and how lymphatic endothelium can be activated by this flow, including how it can act as a lymphatic morphoregulator. Further, we present concepts on how interstitial flow can be exploited with biomaterial systems to deliver antigen and adjuvant molecules directly into the lymphatics, to target dendritic cells residing in the lymph nodes rather than in the peripheral tissues, using particles that are small enough to be carried along by flow through the network structure of the interstitium. Finally, we present recent work on lymphatic and lymphoid tissue engineering, including how interstitial flow can be used as a design principle. Thus, an understanding of the physiological processes that govern transport in the interstitium guides new understanding of both immune cell interactions with the lymphatics as well as therapeutic interventions exploiting the lymphatics as a target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody A Swartz
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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31
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McGovern G, Jeffrey M. Scrapie-specific pathology of sheep lymphoid tissues. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1304. [PMID: 18074028 PMCID: PMC2110901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases often result in accumulation of disease-associated PrP (PrPd) in the lymphoreticular system (LRS), specifically in association with follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and tingible body macrophages (TBMs) of secondary follicles. We studied the effects of sheep scrapie on lymphoid tissue in tonsils and lymph nodes by light and electron microscopy. FDCs of sheep were grouped according to morphology as immature, mature or regressing. Scrapie was associated with FDC dendrite hypertrophy and electron dense deposit or vesicles. PrPd was located using immunogold labelling at the plasmalemma of FDC dendrites and, infrequently, mature B cells. Abnormal electron dense deposits surrounding FDC dendrites were identified as immunoglobulins suggesting that excess immune complexes are retained and are indicative of an FDC dysfunction. Within scrapie-affected lymph nodes, macrophages outside the follicle and a proportion of germinal centre TBMs accumulated PrPd within endosomes and lysosomes. In addition, TBMs showed PrPd in association with the cell membrane, non-coated pits and vesicles, and also with discrete, large and random endoplasmic reticulum networks, which co-localised with ubiquitin. These observations suggest that PrPd is internalised via the caveolin-mediated pathway, and causes an abnormal disease-related alteration in endoplasmic reticulum structure. In contrast to current dogma, this study shows that sheep scrapie is associated with cytopathology of germinal centres, which we attribute to abnormal antigen complex trapping by FDCs and abnormal endocytic events in TBMs. The nature of the sub-cellular changes in FDCs and TBMs differs from those of scrapie infected neurones and glial cells suggesting that different PrPd/cell membrane interactions occur in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian McGovern
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency Lasswade, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom.
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32
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Wang H, Arp J, Liu W, Faas SJ, Jiang J, Gies DR, Ramcharran S, Garcia B, Zhong R, Rother RP. Inhibition of Terminal Complement Components in Presensitized Transplant Recipients Prevents Antibody-Mediated Rejection Leading to Long-Term Graft Survival and Accommodation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:4451-63. [PMID: 17878341 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ab-mediated rejection (AMR) remains the primary obstacle in presensitized patients following organ transplantation, as it is refractory to anti-T cell therapy and can lead to early graft loss. Complement plays an important role in the process of AMR. In the present study, a murine model was designed to mimic AMR in presensitized patients. This model was used to evaluate the effect of blocking the fifth complement component (C5) with an anti-C5 mAb on prevention of graft rejection. BALB/c recipients were presensitized with C3H donor skin grafts 7 days before heart transplantation from the same donor strain. Heart grafts, transplanted when circulating anti-donor IgG Abs were at peak levels, were rejected in 3 days. Graft rejection was characterized by microvascular thrombosis and extensive deposition of Ab and complement in the grafts, consistent with AMR. Anti-C5 administration completely blocked terminal complement activity and local C5 deposition, and in combination with cyclosporine and short-term cyclophosphamide treatment, it effectively prevented heart graft rejection. These recipients achieved permanent graft survival for >100 days with normal histology despite the presence of systemic and intragraft anti-donor Abs and complement, suggesting ongoing accommodation. Furthermore, double-transplant experiments demonstrated that immunological alterations in both the graft and the recipient were required for successful graft accommodation to occur. These data suggest that terminal complement blockade with a functionally blocking Ab represents a promising therapeutic approach to prevent AMR in presensitized recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada.
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33
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Bykov I, Jauhiainen M, Olkkonen VM, Saarikoski ST, Ehnholm C, Junnikkala S, Väkevä A, Lindros KO, Meri S. Hepatic gene expression and lipid parameters in complement C3(-/-) mice that do not develop ethanol-induced steatosis. J Hepatol 2007; 46:907-14. [PMID: 17321001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Fatty infiltration initiates alcohol-induced liver changes and complement component C3 affects lipid metabolism. We recently observed that ethanol-induced steatosis seen in normal (C3(+/+)) mice was absent in livers of C3-deficient (C3(-/-)) mice. To understand the underlying molecular mechanisms we analyzed lipid parameters and liver gene expression profiles in these mice. METHODS A Western-type high-fat diet with ethanol or carbohydrates (control) was fed for 6 weeks to C3(+/+) and C3(-/-) mice. Serum and liver lipid parameters were analyzed and liver mRNA expression patterns studied by micro-array analysis and RT-PCR. RESULTS In both genotypes ethanol markedly reduced serum cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I, phospholipid transfer protein activity and hepatic mRNA levels of fatty acid-binding proteins and fatty acid beta-oxidation enzymes. In contrast, exclusively in C3(-/-) mice, ethanol treatment increased serum and liver adiponectin levels but down-regulated transcripts of lipogenic enzymes, adiponectin receptor 2 and adipose differentiation-related protein and up-regulated phospholipase D1. CONCLUSIONS We propose that these ethanol-induced alterations observed exclusively in C3(-/-) mice contribute to protection against fatty infiltration and subsequent inflammatory processes in the liver of these mice. The results suggest important cross-talk between complement factor C3 and lipid regulators in ethanol-induced steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Bykov
- National Public Health Institute, Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, Finland
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34
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Kulik L, Marchbank KJ, Lyubchenko T, Kuhn KA, Liubchenko GA, Haluszczak C, Gipson MG, Gibson MG, Boackle SA, Holers VM. Intrinsic B cell hypo-responsiveness in mice prematurely expressing human CR2/CD21 during B cell development. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:623-33. [PMID: 17301948 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that human CR2 (hCR2) prematurely expressed under a murine Vlambda2 promoter/Vlambda2-4 enhancer minigene during the CD43+ CD25- late pro-B cell stage of development results in peripheral B cells with impaired responses to immunization with T-dependent antigens. Herein, we show that hCR2 transgenic (Tg) mice also demonstrate a severe defect in T-independent antigen responses and are substantially protected from clinical arthritis, synovitis and cartilage/bone destruction in a collagen-induced arthritis model. This outcome is found despite the apparently normal development of autoreactive T cells with equivalent cytokine and proliferative responses to antigen when compared to non-Tg control mice. These data suggest the presence of an intrinsic B cell defect in the hCR2 Tg mice. We also show that an hCR2-dependent Ca2+ influx can be generated in both developing and mature Tg B cells, but with different rates of decay as compared to control wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, although analysis of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in WT and Tg B cells following B cell receptor (BCR)-induced activation revealed the presence of distinctly different phosphorylation patterns, no differences were identified in several candidate protein targets. Overall, these data suggest that premature hCR2 expression and the consequences thereof during B cell development intrinsically alters the way mature B cells develop and subsequently respond to antigen through the BCR signaling complex.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody Formation/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Complement 3d/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Complement 3d/genetics
- Receptors, Complement 3d/immunology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Kulik
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, UCHSC, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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35
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Palikhe A, Sinisalo J, Seppänen M, Haario H, Meri S, Valtonen V, Nieminen MS, Lokki ML. Serum complement C3/C4 ratio, a novel marker for recurrent cardiovascular events. Am J Cardiol 2007; 99:890-5. [PMID: 17398178 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome is an inflammatory disease, during which the complement cascade is activated. We assessed the complement C3 and C4 concentration ratio (C3/C4 ratio) in serum as a potential measurement to predict cardiovascular attacks. Patients with acute coronary syndrome (n=148) were followed after an initial attack for subsequent ischemic cardiovascular events (composite end point of death, myocardial infarction, recurrent unstable angina, or stroke). During the follow-up period (average 555 days), 44 patients met an end point. Blood samples were taken at hospitalization, 1 week, 3 months, and 1 year after hospital admission. Serum complement C3 and C4 concentrations and the C3/C4 ratio were analyzed. Patients with an end point had, throughout the follow-up period, a higher C3/C4 ratio than patients without these end points (repeated measures analysis of variance, p=0.007). When all traditional cardiovascular risk factors and other potential confounding factors were included in a Cox multivariate logistic regression survival analysis, the C3/C4 ratio emerged as the novel risk factor for any new cardiovascular event (odds ratio 1.33, 95% confidence interval 1.08 to 1.63, p=0.007). When the C3/C4 ratio was divided into 4 quartiles, 24% in quartiles 1 and 2 (lowest) and 48% in quartile 4 (highest) had end points during follow-up (odds ratio 3.04, 95% confidence interval 1.27 to 7.29, p=0.01). In conclusion, increased serum C3/C4 ratio is a readily available and novel marker for recurrent cardiovascular events in acute coronary syndrome. The relative increase in serum C3 protein and decrease in C4 protein could explain changes in the C3/C4 ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Palikhe
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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36
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Glaysher BR, Mabbott NA. Isolated lymphoid follicle maturation induces the development of follicular dendritic cells. Immunology 2006; 120:336-44. [PMID: 17163957 PMCID: PMC2265896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs) are recently identified lymphoid structures in the small intestine with features similar to Peyer's patches (PPs). Using immunohistochemistry we characterized the composition of ILFs in the small intestines of immunocompetent mice and of mice that lacked PPs as a result of either genetic deficiency of lymphotoxin or temporary in utero lymphotoxin-beta receptor-signalling blockade. We showed that although both immature and mature ILFs were present in the intestines of immunocompetent mice, PP-deficiency induced a significantly greater number of mature ILFs. We found that in addition to B-lymphocyte-containing germinal centres, mature ILFs also possessed large networks of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). These features were not detected within immature ILFs. Indeed, the presence of FDCs could be used to reliably distinguish ILF maturity. Further analysis revealed that the area occupied by the FDCs within mature ILFs was substantial. The total area occupied by FDCs in all the mature ILFs in mice lacking PPs was equivalent to the total area occupied by FDCs in all the PPs and the few mature ILFs in immunocompetent mice. Based on these data we reasoned that in the absence of PPs, mature ILFs are important inductive sites for intestinal immune responses. Indeed, in mice that lacked PPs, ILF maturation coincided with a restoration of faecal immunoglobulin A levels to values that were comparable to those found in immunocompetent mice. Taken together, these data imply that the induction of germinal centres and FDC networks within mature ILFs in response to PP deficiency provides an important compensatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget R Glaysher
- Institute for Animal Health, Ogston Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK
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37
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Kemper C, Atkinson JP. T-cell regulation: with complements from innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 7:9-18. [PMID: 17170757 DOI: 10.1038/nri1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The complement system was traditionally known as an effector arm of humoral immunity. Today we also recognize it as a main element of the innate immune system. In blood and other body fluids complement is a first line of defence against pathogens, because it becomes fully active within seconds. Active complement fragments attach to the invading pathogen to promote opsonization and lysis, triggering a local inflammatory response. This Review focuses on the evolving role of the complement system in the regulation of T-cell responses, from directing the initiation phase, through driving lineage commitment, to regulating the contraction phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kemper
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Campus Box 8045, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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38
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Bergmann-Leitner ES, Leitner WW, Tsokos GC. Complement 3d: from molecular adjuvant to target of immune escape mechanisms. Clin Immunol 2006; 121:177-85. [PMID: 16914381 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
C3d is a fragment of the complement factor C3 and is generated in the course of complement activation. When bound to antigen in single or multiple copies, the B cell receptor and complement receptor 2 become co-crosslinked resulting in decreased or increased B cell responses depending on the valence of the antigen-C3d construct. When antigen-C3d constructs are used for the purpose of generating a protective immune response (vaccines), they may either enhance the expected response or suppress it depending on the nature of the antigen. Various pathogens use C3d to evade the immune system by inhibiting complement activation, invading and homing in host cells or masking immunogenic areas of pathogen proteins. Therefore, future vaccination strategies for infectious diseases and cancer employing C3d as a molecular adjuvant need to be carefully evaluated before choosing a target antigen in order to take advantage of the adjuvant effect of the complement component while avoiding potential vaccine complications associated with immune escape mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke S Bergmann-Leitner
- Department of Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Room 3W76, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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39
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Kemper C, Verbsky JW, Price JD, Atkinson JP. T-cell stimulation and regulation: with complements from CD46. Immunol Res 2006; 32:31-43. [PMID: 16106057 DOI: 10.1385/ir:32:1-3:031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Crosslinking of CD46 and CD3 on naïve human CD4+ T-lymphocytes induces interleukin-10 secretion and granzyme B expression. These highly proliferative T-regulatory type 1-like T-regulatory T-cells (Tregs) can suppress an immune response. We propose that this process is important in the prevention of chronic inflammation such as at epithelial borders and in deactivation of a successful immune response. Relative to the latter, once a complement-fixing polyclonal antibody response has been mounted, in most cases, the pathogen will be rapidly destroyed. At this time, the C3b/C4b-bearing immune complexes could initiate the deactivation arm of an immune response by shutting down immunocompetent cells through CD46-generated T-cells. Herein, we review this pathway for the induction of Tregs, focusing on a role for the complement system and especially signaling through CD46 on human T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kemper
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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40
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Reilly BD. Structural comparison of human C4A3 and C4B1 after proteolytic activation by C1s. Mol Immunol 2006; 43:800-11. [PMID: 16098595 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The fourth component of human complement is an essential part of the classical and lectin pathways performing multifunctional roles in both host defense and immune regulation. C4 is the most polymorphic member of the complement proteins, and complete deficiency is strongly associated with autoimmune disease, especially, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Of the two C4 genes C4A, but not C4B, null alleles have been implicated as important independent disease susceptibility genes occurring in more than half of SLE patients. Whether and how this deficiency contributes to the development or pathology remains unclear. We do know that activation of C4 by C1s cleaves the thioester bond, thus inducing a conformational change that exposes numerous ligand-binding sites involved in functional activity. Structural comparison, among many other tools, plays an important role in predicting function. In this report, the tertiary structures of C4A and C4B were compared using near and far-UV circular dichroism, ANS fluorescence, site-specific monoclonal antibodies and isoelectric focusing. Negligible differences in the native proteins were found. However, the activated proteins were dissimilar in secondary and tertiary structure that was accompanied by significant differences in charge distribution and surface hydrophobicity. These conformational differences, together with known acceptor preferences, have functional implications for the association between C4A null alleles and SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Reilly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA.
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41
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de Agostino Biella C, Uecker M, Fernandes da Silva M, Barbosa JE, Silva CL, Crott LSP. Investigation of the role of complement and complement receptors in the modulation of B cell activation by a Paracoccidioides brasiliensis cell wall fraction. Clin Immunol 2006; 118:324-31. [PMID: 16343991 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Revised: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
F1 fraction from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a potent activator of the complement system. Considering that complement receptors CR1 and CR2 are involved in the regulation of B cell response, we evaluated the in vitro effect of the F1 in the activation of B lymphocytes, as well as the participation of complement receptors in this process. Murine splenocytes were cultured in order to evaluate the expression of CD40, CD45RB and CD69 on B lymphocyte, and IgG and IgM were quantified in the culture supernatant. F1 participated in the activation of B cells, showing a positive modulation effect on all markers analyzed. An increase in the production of IgG was detected in the supernatants when the opsonized F1 fraction was present. Complement receptor blockade with monoclonal antibodies led to a partial reduction in immunoglobulin secretion, suggesting that these receptors, especially CR2, play a role in modulating the function of B lymphocyte stimulated with the opsonized F1 fraction. These results may contribute for a better understanding of the B cell activation and differentiation processes in response to the F1 fraction from P. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla de Agostino Biella
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas-Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, S/N, B. Monte Alegre, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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42
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Schraml B, Baker MA, Reilly BD. A complement receptor for opsonized immune complexes on erythrocytes from Oncorhynchus mykiss but not Ictalarus punctatus. Mol Immunol 2005; 43:1595-603. [PMID: 16271392 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2005] [Accepted: 09/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune complexes activate the classical pathway of complement resulting in the covalent deposition of fragments of the third (C3b) and fourth (C4b) components of complement, thus opsonizing the complexes for uptake by CD35 found on human erythrocytes. The complexes are then transported to and cleared from the circulation by the reticuloendothelial system. It has been shown that rainbow trout can remove immune complexes from the circulation in a complement-dependent manner similar to that found in the human. However, the cell or cell types involved have not been identified. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a complement-dependent immune adherence receptor is expressed on erythrocytes from the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the channel catfish (Ictalarus punctatus). Coating fluorescent microparticles with BSA, and then binding them to anti-BSA created an artificial immune complex that was incubated with normal fish serum, normal human serum or EDTA-treated serum. The complement-coated immune complexes were then incubated with either fish or human erythrocytes and analyzed for binding by flow cytometry and further visualized by fluorescence microscopy. Our results indicate that erythrocytes from rainbow trout are capable of binding immune complexes when pretreated with serum from either the trout or human, but not when pretreated with serum containing EDTA. By contrast, erythrocytes from the channel catfish did not bind immune complexes pretreated with autologous or human serum. These data suggest that differences exist in receptor distribution between two closely related species of fish, and a potentially homologous relationship in receptor expression, and possibility function, exist between two highly divergent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schraml
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
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43
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Hu HG, Illges H, Gruss C, Knippers R. Distribution of the chromatin protein DEK distinguishes active and inactive CD21/CR2 gene in pre- and mature B lymphocytes. Int Immunol 2005; 17:789-96. [PMID: 15908448 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DEK is an abundant and ubiquitous chromatin protein that has only recently attracted attention. DEK preferentially binds to cruciform and superhelical DNA and induces positive supercoils into closed circular DNA. It is quite likely therefore that DEK performs an important architectural function in chromatin. However, it is not known how DEK is distributed in chromatin. As the first study of its kind, we investigate the distribution of DEK at the CD21/complement receptor 2 gene regulatory regions in two B lymphocyte lines, namely Ramos, which expresses the CD21 gene, and Nalm-6, which does not. We use a chromatin immunoprecipitation approach and show that DEK appears to be distributed over various regions of the expressed and silent genes, but occurs in 2- to 3-fold higher amounts at a promoter-proximal site of the expressed gene. Moreover, induction of CD21 expression in Nalm-6 cells leads to accumulation of DEK at this site. We propose that the accumulation of DEK is functionally linked to gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-gang Hu
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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44
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Mohan J, Bruce ME, Mabbott NA. Follicular dendritic cell dedifferentiation reduces scrapie susceptibility following inoculation via the skin. Immunology 2005; 114:225-34. [PMID: 15667567 PMCID: PMC1782078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.02074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of subacute infectious neurodegenerative diseases that are characterized by the accumulation in affected tissues of PrP(Sc), an abnormal isoform of the host prion protein (PrPc). Following peripheral exposure, TSE infectivity and PrP(Sc) usually accumulate in lymphoid tissues prior to neuroinvasion. Studies in mice have shown that exposure through scarified skin is an effective means of TSE transmission. Following inoculation via the skin, a functional immune system is critical for the transmission of TSEs to the brain, but until now, it has not been known which components of the immune system are required for efficient neuroinvasion. Temporary dedifferentiation of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) by treatment with an inhibitor of the lymphotoxin-beta receptor signalling pathway (LTbetaR-Ig) 3 days before or 14 days after inoculation via the skin, blocked the early accumulation of PrP(Sc) and TSE infectivity within the draining lymph node. Furthermore, in the temporary absence of FDCs before inoculation, disease susceptibility was reduced and survival time significantly extended. Treatment with LTbetaR-Ig 14 days after TSE inoculation also significantly extended the disease incubation period. However, treatment 42 days after inoculation did not affect disease susceptibility or survival time, suggesting that the infection may have already have spread to the nervous system. Together these data show that FDCs are essential for the accumulation of PrP(Sc) and infectivity within lymphoid tissues and subsequent neuroinvasion following TSE exposure via the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Mohan
- Institute for Animal Health, Ogston Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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45
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Grogg KL, Macon WR, Kurtin PJ, Nascimento AG. A survey of clusterin and fascin expression in sarcomas and spindle cell neoplasms: strong clusterin immunostaining is highly specific for follicular dendritic cell tumor. Mod Pathol 2005; 18:260-6. [PMID: 15467709 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Clusterin, a glycoprotein implicated in many cellular functions including apoptosis, has recently been shown to be strongly expressed in follicular dendritic cell tumors, and to be absent or only weakly expressed in other dendritic cell tumors. Fascin has also been investigated as a potential marker of dendritic cell neoplasms. We evaluated staining for antibodies directed against these two antigens in 202 spindle cell tumors, including cases of follicular dendritic cell tumor (n=14), interdigitating dendritic cell tumor (n=7), leiomyosarcoma (n=17), inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (n=13), inflammatory pseudotumor (n=2), spindle cell thymoma (n=17), synovial sarcoma (n=11), fibrosarcoma (n=14), liposarcoma (n=27), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (n=13), malignant fibrous histiocytoma (n=18), angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (n=4), angiosarcoma (n=10), malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (n=8), malignant melanoma (n=16), and spindle cell carcinoma (n=11). Among these spindle cell neoplasms, strong diffuse clusterin staining had an overall specificity of 93% and a sensitivity of 100% for follicular dendritic cell tumor. Clusterin staining was least reliable in distinguishing follicular dendritic cell tumor from spindle cell thymoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma, but these are entities that usually can be distinguished by clinical and morphologic data. Rare cases of leiomyosarcoma, fibrosarcoma and angiosarcoma may show strong clusterin staining. Fascin staining was very nonspecific among spindle cell tumors and thus does not imply a dendritic cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Grogg
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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46
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Manoj S, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Approaches to enhance the efficacy of DNA vaccines. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2004; 41:1-39. [PMID: 15077722 DOI: 10.1080/10408360490269251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines consist of antigen-encoding bacterial plasmids that are capable of inducing antigen-specific immune responses upon inoculation into a host. This method of immunization is advantageous in terms of simplicity, adaptability, and cost of vaccine production. However, the entry of DNA vaccines and expression of antigen are subjected to physical and biochemical barriers imposed by the host. In small animals such as mice, the host-imposed impediments have not prevented DNA vaccines from inducing long-lasting, protective humoral, and cellular immune responses. In contrast, these barriers appear to be more difficult to overcome in large animals and humans. The focus of this article is to summarize the limitations of DNA vaccines and to provide a comprehensive review on the different strategies developed to enhance the efficacy of DNA vaccines. Several of these strategies, such as altering codon bias of the encoded gene, changing the cellular localization of the expressed antigen, and optimizing delivery and formulation of the plasmid, have led to improvements in DNA vaccine efficacy in large animals. However, solutions for increasing the amount of plasmid that eventually enters the nucleus and is available for transcription of the transgene still need to be found. The overall conclusions from these studies suggest that, provided these critical improvements are made, DNA vaccines may find important clinical and practical applications in the field of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Manoj
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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47
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Wang L, Sunyer JO, Bello LJ. Fusion to C3d enhances the immunogenicity of the E2 glycoprotein of type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Virol 2004; 78:1616-22. [PMID: 14747527 PMCID: PMC369460 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.4.1616-1622.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of DNA and protein subunit vaccines in animals provides an opportunity to introduce vaccines that are arguably the safest that can be developed. For that reason, considerable effort is under way to devise methods of enhancing the immunogenicity of such vaccines. Seven years ago it was shown that fusing complement fragment C3d to hen egg lysozyme (HEL) enhanced the immunogenicity of HEL 10,000-fold. Based on this observation, we decided to evaluate the effect of C3d on the immunogenicity of the E2 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). E2 is the major target of neutralizing antibody during BVDV infection. To test the effect of C3d on E2 immunogenicity, expression cassettes encoding a secreted form of E2 alone (E2s) or E2 fused to three copies of murine C3d (E2s-C3d) were constructed. The proteins were purified from the supernatants of transfected cells and used to immunize mice. The immune response was monitored by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for E2s-specific antibody and by a virus neutralization test. The ELISA results indicated that the E2s-C3d protein is 10,000-fold more immunogenic than the E2s protein alone. The maximum primary immune response was elicited with <0.1 microg of E2s-C3d protein without an adjuvant. In addition, we have shown for the first time that high levels of anti-E2s and neutralizing antibodies can be elicited when this same low concentration of E2s-C3d is used to both prime and boost the immune response. We conclude that the E2s-C3d fusion protein has significant potential as a subunit vaccine against BVDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingshu Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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48
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Rezende SM, Simmonds RE, Lane DA. Coagulation, inflammation, and apoptosis: different roles for protein S and the protein S-C4b binding protein complex. Blood 2004; 103:1192-201. [PMID: 12907438 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-05-1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S (PS) has an established role as an important cofactor to activated protein C (APC) in the degradation of coagulation cofactors Va and VIIIa. This anticoagulant role is evident from the consequences of its deficiency, when there is an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. In human plasma, PS circulates approximately 40% as free PS (FPS) and 60% in complex with C4b-binding protein (C4BP). Formation of this complex results in loss of PS cofactor function, and C4BP can then modulate the anticoagulant activity of APC. It had long been predicted that the complex could act as a bridge between coagulation and inflammation due to the involvement of C4BP in regulating complement activation. This prediction was recently supported by the demonstration of binding of the PS-C4BP complex to apoptotic cells. This review aims to summarize recent findings on the structure and functions of PS, the basis and importance of its deficiency, its interaction with C4BP, and the possible physiologic and pathologic importance of the PS-C4BP interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suely Meireles Rezende
- Research Laboratory, Fundação HEMOMINAS, Alameda Ezequiel Dias, 321 Belo Horizonte-MG-Brazil, 30130-110.
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Koster T, Singh K, Zimmermann M, Gruys E. Emerging therapeutic agents for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies: a review. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2004; 26:315-26. [PMID: 14633183 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2003.00525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders associated with misfolding of prion protein, from PrPC to PrPSc. Different types of experimental studies have resulted in a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the prion diseases. Genetic and molecular properties of PrP isoforms have been explained but the conformational conversion of the PrPC isoform to the PrPSc isoform has not yet been entirely elucidated. However, a number of possible therapeutic agents have been tried and some have proven to be effective against TSEs but most have limitations in terms of toxicity and pharmacokinetics. Congo red (CR), anthracyclines, and polyanionic dextran sulfate have limited ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and may be toxic. The efficacy of polyene antibiotics seems to be restricted to certain scrapie strains. Tetrapyrroles and tetracyclines with low toxicities and favorable pharmacokinetics could be useful in preventing PrPSc accumulation. Compounds like branched polyamines, Cp-60, analogs of CR, quinacrine and chlorpromazine, beta-sheet breaker peptides and inhibitory peptides, active immunization using recombinant PrP and passive immunization with anti-PrP antibodies, have potential use as therapeutic agents but would need further research and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Koster
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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50
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Kuttner-Kondo LA, Dybvig MP, Mitchell LM, Muqim N, Atkinson JP, Medof ME, Hourcade DE. A Corresponding Tyrosine Residue in the C2/Factor B Type A Domain Is a Hot Spot in the Decay Acceleration of the Complement C3 Convertases. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:52386-91. [PMID: 14561755 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304620200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cleavage of C3 by the C3 convertases (C3bBb and C4b2a) determines whether complement activation proceeds. Dissociation (decay acceleration) of these central enzymes by the regulators decay-accelerating factor (DAF), complement receptor 1 (CR1), factor H, and C4-binding protein (C4BP) controls their function. In a previous investigation, we obtained evidence implicating the alpha4/5 region of the type A domain of Bb (especially Tyr338) in decay acceleration of C3bBb and proposed this site as a potential interaction point with DAF and long homologous repeat A of CR1. Because portions of only two DAF complement control protein domains (CCPs), CCP2 and CCP3, are necessary to mediate its decay of the CP C3 convertase (as opposed to portions of at least three CCPs in all other cases, e.g. CCPs 1-3 of CR1), DAF/C4b2a provides the simplest structural model for this reaction. Therefore, we examined the importance of the C2 alpha4/5 site on decay acceleration of C4b2a. Functional C4b2a complexes made with the C2 Y327A mutant, the C2 homolog to factor B Y338A, were highly resistant to DAF, C4BP, and long homologous repeat A of CR1, whereas C2 substitutions in two nearby residues (N324A and L328A) resulted in partial resistance. Our new findings indicate that the alpha4/5 region of C2a is critical to decay acceleration mediated by DAF, C4BP, and CR1 and suggest that decay acceleration of C4b2a and C3bBb requires interaction of the convertase alpha4/5 region with a CCP2/CCP3 site of DAF or structurally homologous sites of CR1 and C4BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Kuttner-Kondo
- Case Western Reserve University, Institute of Pathology, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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