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Mukai K, Tsai M, Saito H, Galli SJ. Mast cells as sources of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Immunol Rev 2019; 282:121-150. [PMID: 29431212 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are hematopoietic cells that reside in virtually all vascularized tissues and that represent potential sources of a wide variety of biologically active secreted products, including diverse cytokines and growth factors. There is strong evidence for important non-redundant roles of mast cells in many types of innate or adaptive immune responses, including making important contributions to immediate and chronic IgE-associated allergic disorders and enhancing host resistance to certain venoms and parasites. However, mast cells have been proposed to influence many other biological processes, including responses to bacteria and virus, angiogenesis, wound healing, fibrosis, autoimmune and metabolic disorders, and cancer. The potential functions of mast cells in many of these settings is thought to reflect their ability to secrete, upon appropriate activation by a range of immune or non-immune stimuli, a broad spectrum of cytokines (including many chemokines) and growth factors, with potential autocrine, paracrine, local, and systemic effects. In this review, we summarize the evidence indicating which cytokines and growth factors can be produced by various populations of rodent and human mast cells in response to particular immune or non-immune stimuli, and comment on the proven or potential roles of such mast cell products in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Mukai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hirohisa Saito
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health & Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Duarte JG, Nascimento RD, Martins PR, d'Ávila Reis D. Evaluation of the immunoreactivity of nerve growth factor and tropomyosin receptor kinase A in the esophagus of noninfected and infected individuals with Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1647-1655. [PMID: 29550999 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Megaesophagus is one of the major manifestations of the chronic phase of Chagas disease. Its primary symptom is generally dysphagia due to disturbance in the lower esophageal sphincter. Microscopically, the affected organ presents denervation, which has been considered as consequence of an inflammatory process that begins at the acute phase and persists in the chronic phase. Inflammatory infiltrates are composed of lymphocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, mast cells, and eosinophils. In this study, we evaluated the immunoreactivity of nerve growth factor (NGF), and of its receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA), molecules that are well known for having a relevant role in neuroimmune communication in the gastrointestinal tract. Esophageal samples obtained via autopsy or surgery procedures from six noninfected individuals, six infected individuals without megaesophagus, and six infected individuals with megaesophagus were analyzed. Infected individuals without megaesophagus presented increased numbers of NGF immunoreactive (IR) mast cells and increased areas of TrkA-IR epithelial cells and inner muscle cells. Infected individuals with megaesophagus showed increased numbers of NGF-IR eosinophils and mast cells, TrkA-IR eosinophils and mast cells, increased area of NGF-IR epithelial cells, and increased areas of TrkA-IR epithelials cells and inner muscle cells. The data presented here point to the participation of NGF and its TrkA receptor in the pathology of chagasic megaesophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Garcia Duarte
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Duarte Nascimento
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Vida, Instituto de Ciências da Vida, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Rocha Martins
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Débora d'Ávila Reis
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Lu D, Sanberg PR, Mahmood A, Li Y, Wang L, Sanchez-Ramos J, Chopp M. Intravenous Administration of Human Umbilical Cord Blood Reduces Neurological Deficit in the Rat after Traumatic Brain Injury. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/096020198389924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured the effect of treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the rat with human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) administered IV. HUCB cells were injected into the tail vein 24 h after TBI and the rats were sacrificed at day 28 after the treatment. The Rotarod test and the neurological severity score (NSS) were used to evaluate neurological function. The distribution of the donor cells in the brain, heart, lung, kidney, liver, spleen, bone marrow, and muscle were analyzed in recipient rats using immunohistochemical staining and laser confocal microscopy. HUCB cells injected IV significantly reduced motor and neurological deficits compared with control groups by day 28 after the treatment. The cells preferentially entered the brain and migrated into the parenchyma of the injured brain and expressed the neuronal markers, NeuN and MAP-2, and the astrocytic marker, GFAP. Some HUCB cells integrated into the vascular walls within the boundary zone of the injured area. Our data suggest that IV administration of HUCB may be useful in the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunyue Lu
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, MI
| | - Paul R. Sanberg
- Center for Aging and Repair, Departments of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Asim Mahmood
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, MI
| | - Yi Li
- Departments of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, MI
| | - Lei Wang
- Departments of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, MI
| | - Juan Sanchez-Ramos
- Center for Aging and Repair, Departments of Neurology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Michael Chopp
- Departments of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, MI
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI
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NGF and Its Receptors in the Regulation of Inflammatory Response. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051028. [PMID: 28492466 PMCID: PMC5454940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in the complex relationship between the nervous and immune systems and how its alteration can affect homeostasis and result in the development of inflammatory diseases. A key mediator in cross-talk between the two systems is nerve growth factor (NGF), which can influence both neuronal cell function and immune cell activity. The up-regulation of NGF described in inflamed tissues of many diseases can regulate innervation and neuronal activity of peripheral neurons, inducing the release of immune-active neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, but can also directly influence innate and adaptive immune responses. Expression of the NGF receptors tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is dynamically regulated in immune cells, suggesting a varying requirement for NGF depending on their state of differentiation and functional activity. NGF has a variety of effects that can be either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. This apparent contradiction can be explained by considering NGF as part of an endogenous mechanism that, while activating immune responses, also activates pathways necessary to dampen the inflammatory response and limit tissue damage. Decreases in TrkA expression, such as that recently demonstrated in immune cells of arthritis patients, might prevent the activation by NGF of regulatory feed-back mechanisms, thus contributing to the development and maintenance of chronic inflammation.
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Skaper SD. Nerve growth factor: a neuroimmune crosstalk mediator for all seasons. Immunology 2017; 151:1-15. [PMID: 28112808 PMCID: PMC5382350 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors comprise a broad family of biomolecules - most of which are peptides or small proteins - that support the growth, survival and differentiation of both developing and mature neurons. The prototypical example and best-characterized neurotrophic factor is nerve growth factor (NGF), which is widely recognized as a target-derived factor responsible for the survival and maintenance of the phenotype of specific subsets of peripheral neurons and basal forebrain cholinergic nuclei during development and maturation. In addition to being active in a wide array of non-nervous system cells, NGF is also synthesized by a range of cell types not considered as classical targets for innervation by NGF-dependent neurons; these include cells of the immune-haematopoietic lineage and populations in the brain involved in neuroendocrine functions. NGF concentrations are elevated in numerous inflammatory and autoimmune states such as multiple sclerosis, chronic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and mastocytosis, in conjunction with increased accumulation of mast cells. Intriguingly, NGF seems to be linked also with diabetic pathology and insulin homeostasis. Mast cells and NGF appear involved in neuroimmune interactions and tissue inflammation. As mast cells are capable of producing and responding to NGF, this suggests that alterations in mast cell behaviour could provoke maladaptive neuroimmune tissue responses, including those of an autoimmune nature. Moreover, NGF exerts a modulatory role on sensory nociceptive nerve physiology in the adult, which appears to correlate with hyperalgesic phenomena occurring in tissue inflammation. NGF can therefore be viewed as a multifactorial modulator of neuro-immune-endocrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Skaper
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
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Proshutinskaya DV, Makoveckaya OS. Clinical features of mastocytosis at pediatric patients. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2017. [DOI: 10.25208/0042-4609-2017-93-1-12-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastocytosis is relevant to heterogeneous disease group characterized with redundant accumulation and proliferation of mast cells in tissues. The skin form of mastocytosis is mainly occurs in children. The article contains the current data on etiology, pathogenesis, classification, clinical forms, diagnosis, prophylactics and mastocytosis treatment at children.
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Yu Y, Blokhuis BR, Garssen J, Redegeld FA. Non-IgE mediated mast cell activation. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 778:33-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Berdún S, Rychter J, Vergara P. Effects of nerve growth factor antagonist K252a on peritoneal mast cell degranulation: implications for rat postoperative ileus. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G801-6. [PMID: 26405114 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00152.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Stabilization of mast cell (MC) degranulation has been proposed to prevent postoperative ileus (POI). Nerve growth factor (NGF) mediates MC degranulation. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether NGF receptor antagonist K252a acts as a MC stabilizer in vitro and in vivo model of POI. Peritoneal mast cells (PMCs) were obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats and were incubated with K252a and exposed to NGF or Compound 48/80 (C48/80). MC degranulation was assessed by β-hexosaminidase assay. POI was induced in rats by intestinal manipulation (IM). Rats were pretreated with K252a (100 μg/kg sc) 20 min prior to POI induction. At 20 min after IM, release of rat mast cell protease 6 (RMCP-6) was evaluated in peritoneal lavage. At 24 h, intestinal transit (IT) and gastric emptying (GE) were evaluated. Ileal inflammation was assessed by myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, expression of IL-6, NGF, TrkA, RMCP-2 and 6, and MC density within the full-thickness ileum. C48/80 and NGF evoked degranulation of PMCs in a dose-dependent manner. K252a prevented NGF-evoked, but not C48/80-evoked, MC degranulation. IM evoked the release of peritoneal RMCP-6 and subsequently delayed IT and GE. IM increased MPO activity and expression of IL-6. In IM rats, K252a prevented upregulation of IL-6 expression and reduced TrkA. IT, GE, and inflammation were not affected by K252a. K252a inhibited NGF-evoked degranulation of PMCs in vitro. In vivo, K252a decreased IL-6 and PMC degranulation. This may be of relevance for the development of new therapeutic targets for POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Berdún
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Veterinary School, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Jakub Rychter
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Veterinary School, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patri Vergara
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Veterinary School, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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Dothel G, Barbaro MR, Boudin H, Vasina V, Cremon C, Gargano L, Bellacosa L, De Giorgio R, Le Berre-Scoul C, Aubert P, Neunlist M, De Ponti F, Stanghellini V, Barbara G. Nerve fiber outgrowth is increased in the intestinal mucosa of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:1002-1011.e4. [PMID: 25655556 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mediators released by the intestinal mucosa of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) affect the function of enteric and extrinsic sensory nerves, which can contribute to the development of symptoms. Little is known about the effects of mucosal mediators on intestinal neuroplasticity. We investigated how these mediators affect the phenotypes of colonic mucosa nerve fibers, neuron differentiation, and fiber outgrowth. METHODS We analyzed mucosal biopsy samples collected from 101 patients with IBS and 23 asymptomatic healthy individuals (controls). We measured levels of neuronal-specific enolase, growth-associated protein 43, nerve growth factor (NGF), and tyrosine kinase receptor A (NTRK1) by immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Primary rat enteric neurons and human SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with supernatants from the mucosal biopsies and analyzed by morphometric and polymerase chain reaction analyses. RESULTS Compared with mucosal tissues of controls, mucosa from patients with IBS had a significant increase in the area of lamina propria occupied by neuronal-specific enolase-positive (57.7% increase) and growth-associated protein 43-positive fibers (56.1% increase) and staining density of NGF (89.3% increase) (P < .05 for all). Levels of NGF protein were also increased in tissues from patients with IBS vs controls (18% increase; P = .16) along with levels of NTRK1 (64% increase; P < .05). Mucosal supernatants from tissues of patients with IBS induced higher levels of neuritogenesis in primary culture of enteric neurons, compared with controls, and more NGF-dependent neuronal sprouting in SH-SY5Y cells. CONCLUSIONS Nerve fiber density and sprouting, as well as expression of NGF and NTRK1, are significantly increased in mucosal tissues of patients with IBS. Mucosal mediators participate to these neuroplastic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Dothel
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Barbaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Hélène Boudin
- Inserm, U913, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif du CHU de Nantes; University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Valentina Vasina
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Cesare Cremon
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Luciana Gargano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Lara Bellacosa
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Catherine Le Berre-Scoul
- Inserm, U913, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif du CHU de Nantes; University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Aubert
- Inserm, U913, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif du CHU de Nantes; University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Inserm, U913, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif du CHU de Nantes; University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Fabrizio De Ponti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Stanghellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Barbara
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Italy.
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NGF in Early Embryogenesis, Differentiation, and Pathology in the Nervous and Immune Systems. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 29:125-152. [PMID: 26695167 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The physiology of NGF is extremely complex, and although the study of this neurotrophin began more than 60 years ago, it is far from being concluded. NGF, its precursor molecule pro-NGF, and their different receptor systems (i.e., TrkA, p75NTR, and sortilin) have key roles in the development and adult physiology of both the nervous and immune systems. Although the NGF receptor system and the pathways activated are similar for all types of cells sensitive to NGF, the effects exerted during embryonic differentiation and in committed mature cells are strikingly different and sometimes opposite. Bearing in mind the pleiotropic effects of NGF, alterations in its expression and synthesis, as well as variations in the types of receptor available and in their respective levels of expression, may have profound effects and play multiple roles in the development and progression of several diseases. In recent years, the use of NGF or of inhibitors of its receptors has been prospected as a therapeutic tool in a variety of neurological diseases and injuries. In this review, we outline the different roles played by the NGF system in various moments of nervous and immune system differentiation and physiology, from embryonic development to aging. The data collected over the past decades indicate that NGF activities are highly integrated among systems and are necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis. Further, more integrated and multidisciplinary studies should take into consideration these multiple and interactive aspects of NGF physiology in order to design new therapeutic strategies based on the manipulation of NGF and its intracellular pathways.
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Wang CC, Kuo YC. Capillary electrophoresis of induced pluripotent stem cells during differentiation toward neurons. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Harvima IT, Nilsson G. Stress, the neuroendocrine system and mast cells: current understanding of their role in psoriasis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 8:235-41. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Increased circulating levels of neurotrophins and elevated expression of their high-affinity receptors on skin and gut mast cells in mastocytosis. Blood 2013; 122:1779-88. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-12-469882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Patients with mastocytosis feature increased NT serum levels and elevated expression of modified NT receptors on skin and gut MCs. NTs might contribute to mastocytosis via increased migration of MC progenitors, MC differentiation, proliferation, and/or survival.
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Spinnler K, Fröhlich T, Arnold GJ, Kunz L, Mayerhofer A. Human tryptase cleaves pro-nerve growth factor (pro-NGF): hints of local, mast cell-dependent regulation of NGF/pro-NGF action. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:31707-13. [PMID: 21768088 PMCID: PMC3173076 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.233486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several factors regulate nerve growth factor (NGF), which is formed from pro-NGF by intracellular and extracellular enzymatic cleavage. The close proximity between mast cells expressing the protease tryptase and NGF-producing smooth muscle-like peritubular cells in the testes of infertile patients led us to examine whether tryptase is among those factors. Human peritubular cells express functional tryptase receptors (PAR-2). Recombinant enzymatically active β-tryptase increased NGF levels in the culture medium of primary human peritubular cells, but the peptide agonist for PAR-2 (SLIGKV) did not. Neither tryptase nor the peptide increased NGF mRNA levels. To test whether the increase in NGF is due to enzymatic activity of tryptase acting on pro-NGF, supernatants of peritubular cells and synthetic pro-NGF were treated with tryptase. Results of Western blot studies indicate enzymatic cleavage of pro-NGF by active tryptase. Heat-inactivated tryptase or SLIGKV was not effective. Mass spectrometry analysis of in vitro cleavage products from recombinant tryptase and synthetic pro-NGF revealed multiple cleavage sites within the pro-NGF sequence. The results also indicate the generation of mature NGF and smaller NGF fragments as a result of tryptase action. Thus, tryptase-secreting mast cells in the vicinity of pro-NGF/NGF-secreting cells in any human tissue are likely able to alter the ratios of pro-NGF/NGF. As NGF and pro-NGF have different affinities for their receptors, this indicates a novel way by which mast cells, via tryptase, can modify the microenvironment in human tissues with regard to neurotrophin actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Spinnler
- From the Institute for Cell Biology and Anatomy, Ludwig Maximilians University, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany, and
| | - Georg J. Arnold
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany, and
| | - Lars Kunz
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians University, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Artur Mayerhofer
- From the Institute for Cell Biology and Anatomy, Ludwig Maximilians University, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany
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Fujihara M, Azuma H, Ikeda H, Yamaguchi M, Hamada H. Bone marrow stromal cell line promotes the proliferation of mast cell progenitors derived from cord blood CD34+ cells under serum-free conditions with a combination of both cell-cell interaction and soluble factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 39:51-8. [PMID: 20626230 DOI: 10.3109/10731199.2010.501754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A higher production of functional mast cells (MCs) can be generated by co-culturing cord blood-derived CD34+ cells with a human bone marrow stromal cell line under serum-free conditions supplemented with stem cell factor and IL-6. We addressed the question of whether the higher proliferation of MCs in this co-culture system might be due to the higher proliferation of MC progenitors. The stromal cell line increased the cell numbers of MC progenitors derived from cord blood-derived CD34+ cells, in a combination of cell-cell interactions between stromal cells and CD34+ cells, and as yet unidentified soluble factors derived from stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Fujihara
- Japanese Red Cross, Hokkaido Red Cross Blood Center, Yamanote 2-2, Sapporo, Japan.
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Liu C, Liu Z, Li Z, Wu Y. Molecular regulation of mast cell development and maturation. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:1993-2001. [PMID: 19644767 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. In recent years, tremendous progresses have been made in studies of mast cell origination, migration, proliferation, maturation and survival, and the cytokines regulating these activities. These advances have significantly improved our understandings to mast cell biology and to the molecular mechanisms of mast cells in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiong Liu
- Allergy and Immunology Institute, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Welker P, Krämer S, Groneberg DA, Neumayer HH, Bachmann S, Amann K, Peters H. Increased mast cell number in human hypertensive nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F1103-9. [PMID: 18684889 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00374.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells have recently been related to nonallergic chronic organ damage and fibrosis. In the present study, we analyzed mast cell number, localization, and maturation in the kidney of a relatively unique group of middle-aged accident victims with primary essential hypertension and in normotensive controls (n=8 per group, Caucasians, predominantly male). Hypertensive kidneys showed a significantly higher degree of arteriolosclerosis. However, glomerular and tubulointerstitial matrix accumulation did not differ significantly to normotensive controls indicating a relatively early stage of hypertensive nephropathy. Using toluidine blue staining, renal mast cell number was found to be fivefold higher in hypertensive subjects compared with normotensive controls. Mast cells were primarily located in the peritubular interstitial spaces, some perivascular, but not in glomeruli. In a series of immunohistological staining studies, mast cell maturation grading showed that expression of early hematopoietic precursor cell marker CD34 did not differ between both groups. In contrast, mast cells were mostly positive for IgE receptor, tryptase, and chymase indicating a mature, differentiated cell phenotype in hypertensive nephropathy. Renal expression of stem cell factor was markedly upregulated in primary hypertension. Kidney macrophage and lymphocyte numbers were similar in both groups. In conclusion, human hypertensive kidney disease shows an early and conspicuous upregulation of stem cell factor along with an increased number of mature mast cells. The results suggest that renal mast cell accumulation may play a role in the pathogenesis of human hypertensive nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Welker
- Institute of Anatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Free University, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Abstract
Recently, we have shown that vestibular hyperinnervation and the presence of 8 or more mast cells in a 10 x 10 microscopic field can be used as diagnostic criteria in localized vulvodynia (vulvar vestibulitis). We have also documented that degranulation of mast cells occurs in these cases. The present study further examines the characteristics of vestibular hyperinnervation and mast cell function in localized vulvodynia to elucidate if the 2 processes-hyperinnervation and mast cell increase and degranulation-are related. We examined vestibular tissue from 7 women aged 18 to 48 with severe localized vulvodynia and from 7 healthy control women. Parallel sections were stained by Giemsa and then immunostained for CD117 and heparanase. Nerve fibers that expressed protein gene product 9.5 were examined. Tissues from women with localized vulvodynia documented a significant increase in vestibular mast cells, subepithelial heparanase activity, and intraepithelial hyperinnervation compared with healthy women. This is the first documentation of heparanase activity in localized vulvodynia. Heparanase, which is degranulated from mast cells, is capable of degrading the vestibular stroma and epithelial basement membrane, thus permitting stromal proliferation and intraepithelial extension of nerve fibers, as seen in the present study. The hyperinnervation has been thought to cause the vestibular hyperesthesia distinctive of localized vulvodynia.
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Brown JM, Wilson TM, Metcalfe DD. The mast cell and allergic diseases: role in pathogenesis and implications for therapy. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 38:4-18. [PMID: 18031566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells have long been recognized for their role in the genesis of allergic inflammation; and more recently for their participation in innate and acquired immune responses. Mast cells reside within tissues including the skin and mucosal membranes, which interface with the external environment; as well as being found within vascularized tissues next to nerves, blood vessels and glandular structures. Mast cells have the capability of reacting both within minutes and over hours to specific stimuli, with local and systemic effects. Mast cells express the high affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI) and upon aggregation of FcepsilonRI by allergen-specific IgE, mast cells release and generate biologically active preformed and newly synthesized mediators which are involved in many aspects of allergic inflammation. While mast cells have been well documented to be essential for acute allergic reactions, more recently the importance of mast cells in reacting through pattern recognition receptors in innate immune responses has become recognized. Moreover, as our molecular understanding of the mast cell has evolved, novel targets for modulation have been identified with promising therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Brown
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Groneberg DA, Fischer TC, Peckenschneider N, Noga O, Dinh QT, Welte T, Welker P. Cell type-specific regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in states of allergic inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:1386-91. [PMID: 17845420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a molecule influencing neuronal proliferation and differentiation. In states of allergy, it may orchestrate inflammatory changes by linking the immune system with the nervous system. Because the precise regulation of gene transcription in mast cells MCs is not clear, the present studies assessed the gene regulation of BDNF in this inflammatory cell type. METHODS Transcriptional expression of BDNF in human skin was studied in isolated cells using RT-PCR. In situ lesional MC BDNF protein expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry and related to the differential staining of MCs and functional effects of BDNF on HaCaT keratinocytes. RESULTS BDNF mRNA expression was found in isolated human skin MCs, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts. Also, low levels were found in endothelial cells and melanocytes. BDNF protein expression was found in situ in lesional and non-lesional MCs. A significantly decreased expression of BDNF protein was found in atopic dermatitis lesional MCs when compared with control MC expression. Functional in vitro experiments demonstrated that a decrease in BDNF stimulation led to increased secretion rates for stem cell factor and IL-8 in HaCaT keratinocytes. CONCLUSION The demonstration of a decreased level of BDNF gene transcription in lesional MCs points to a differential regulation of MC-released neutrotrophins in cutaneous allergic inflammation. Topically administered neurotrophin receptor-modulating compounds should be receptor target specific and not universally acting in diseases such as atopic dermatitis or allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Groneberg
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Free University and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Yamaguchi M, Azuma H, Fujihara M, Hamada H, Ikeda H. Generation of a considerable number of functional mast cells with a high basal level of FcepsilonRI expression from cord blood CD34+ cells by co-culturing them with bone marrow stromal cell line under serum-free conditions. Scand J Immunol 2007; 65:581-8. [PMID: 17523952 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The number of mast cells (MC) that can be obtained from tissue is limited, making it difficult to study the role of MC. Cultured MC derived from cord blood (CB)-CD34(+) cells proliferate well compared with those derived from adult CD34(+) cells; however, they have been reported to be phenotypically or functionally immature regardless of culture system. For example, very few cells express FcepsilonRI. To resolve this problem, we addressed the effect of human bone marrow stromal cell line on the development of cultured MC. CB-CD34(+) (1 x 10(4)) cells were cultured for 8 weeks in a serum-free medium containing rhIL-6 and rhSCF with or without a human bone marrow stromal cell line, namely, co-culture and liquid culture, and were compared in various regards. MC were basically determined by metachromatic staining of granules. The number of MC obtained (60.3 +/- 15.8 x 10(5) versus 2.0 +/- 1.0 x 10(5)), percentage of FcepsilonRI(+) cells (29.3 +/- 9.4% versus 1.9 +/- 0.8%), histamine content (9.7 +/- 2.8 pg/cell versus 5.8 +/- 2.3 pg/cell), and IgE-mediated histamine release (46 +/- 10% versus 17 +/- 7%) were higher (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05) in the co-culture than in the liquid culture. When CB-CD34(+) cells were developed in liquid culture with the co-culture supernatant (CM), a significant increase (P < 0.01) in the percentage of FcepsilonRI(+) cells and in cell number was observed but these values were lower than those of co-cultured MC. We concluded that this co-culture system was useful for obtaining a considerable number of mature MC with a high basal level of functional FcepsilonRI expression from CB-CD34(+) cells. Yet unknown humoral factors in CM may partly mediate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamaguchi
- Hokkaido Red Cross Blood Centre, Sapporo, Japan
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23
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Lorentz A, Hoppe J, Worthmann H, Gebhardt T, Hesse U, Bienenstock J, Bischoff SC. Neurotrophin-3, but not nerve growth factor, promotes survival of human intestinal mast cells. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2007; 19:301-8. [PMID: 17391246 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2007.00899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins are potent regulators of neuronal cell survival and function. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was shown to reduce apoptosis in cord blood-derived mast cells. Here, we examined the effect of the neurotrophins NGF and neurotrophin (NT)-3 on survival and mediator release of human intestinal mast cells. Mast cells isolated from normal intestinal tissue were cultured in the presence of NGF, NT-3, or stem cell factor (SCF) alone or in the presence of SCF together with each neurotrophin. NGF or NT-3 alone did not promote mast cell survival. In contrast, mast cell recovery was increased twofold when mast cells were cultured with NT-3 in addition to SCF for 14 days compared with control. Mast cell recovery was further increased following a combined addition of NT-3, SCF and IL-4. NT-3 mediated mast cell growth was dependent on the primary receptor for NT-3 TrkC. NGF in combination with SCF or with SCF and IL-4 showed no effect on mast cell survival. Histamine release and histamine content per mast cell remained unchanged, whereas leukotriene C4 release decreased if mast cells were cultured with NGF or NT-3 in addition to SCF. In summary, NT-3 affects mature human mast cells by promoting mast cell survival, whereas NGF does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lorentz
- Department of Nutritional Medicine and Immunology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Kanehira M, Kaifu T, Maya K, Kaji M, Nakamura A, Obinata M, Takai T. Novel mast cell lines with enhanced proliferative and degranulative abilities established from temperature-sensitive SV40 large T antigen transgenic mice. J Biochem 2006; 140:211-20. [PMID: 16822814 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvj140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) play crucial roles in innate immunity to parasitic and bacterial infections as well as in hypersensitivity, such as the induction and exacerbation of allergy and autoimmune diseases. The regulatory mechanisms for MC development and effector functions are of great interest for developing novel therapeutic strategies against such disorders. Here we report the establishment of novel, immortalized MC lines from bone marrow (BM) cells of a temperature-sensitive mutant of SV40 large T antigen-transgenic mice (termed SVMCs). BM cells from tsSV40LT mice were cultured in the presence of interleukin (IL)-3 for 3 weeks, and then subjected to limiting dilution and single-cell cloning, yielding 27 independent MC clones, three of which were subjected to further analysis. On culture with nerve growth factor, stem cell factor and IL-3, these SVMC clones showed morphologic and biochemical changes from mucosal MC-like to connective-tissue MC-like phenotypes. These SVMC lines exhibited a significantly enhanced proliferation rate, and a higher responsiveness to the high affinity Fc receptor for IgE-mediated intracellular calcium mobilization and degranulation than those of BM-derived cultured MCs. These cell lines should facilitate studies on the mechanisms for the development, differentiation and effector functions of MCs in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Kanehira
- Department of Experimental Immunology and the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) Program of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
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25
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Nockher WA, Renz H. Neurotrophins in allergic diseases: From neuronal growth factors to intercellular signaling molecules. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117:583-9. [PMID: 16522457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the complex pathophysiology of allergic diseases has been a main challenge of clinical and experimental research for many years. It is well known that the allergic inflammation triggers neuronal dysfunction and structural changes in the diseased tissues such as the airways or the skin. Recent evidence has emerged that the inflammatory response is also controlled by resident tissue cells such as neurons and structural cells. Therefore, signaling molecules that mediate inflammatory interactions among immune, neuronal, and structural cells are becoming a focus of allergy research. Neurotrophins, a family of homologous growth factors initially discovered in the nervous system, display such bidirectional signaling. The expression of neurotrophins, such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), is highly upregulated during allergic inflammation. Neurons, structural cells, and invading immune cells were now identified not only as sources but also as targets of neurotrophins within the inflamed tissue. In this review, we provide an actual overview of the role of neurotrophins in the pathobiology of allergic diseases. We discuss recent findings in human and animal studies such as the regulation of neurotrophin expression during allergic inflammation and the effect of neurotrophins on the development and magnitude of allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Andreas Nockher
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany.
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26
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Nassenstein C, Schulte-Herbrüggen O, Renz H, Braun A. Nerve growth factor: the central hub in the development of allergic asthma? Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 533:195-206. [PMID: 16458292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins like nerve growth factor (NGF), originally described as nerve growth factors in neuronal development, have been implicated in many physiological processes in the last years. They are now regarded as important factors involved in the resolution of pathological conditions. NGF has profound effects on inflammation, repair and remodeling of tissues. However, in the lung these beneficial effects can transact into disease promoting actions, e.g., in allergic inflammation or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Overproduction of NGF then enhances inflammation, and promotes (neuronal) airway hyperreactivity and neurogenic inflammation. We hypothesize that NGF overexpression in certain vulnerable time windows during infancy could be a major risk factor for the development of asthma symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nassenstein
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 30625 Hannover, and Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hospital of the Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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27
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Bischoff SC, Gebhardt T. Role of Mast Cells and Eosinophils in Neuroimmune Interactions Regulating Mucosal Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 579:177-208. [PMID: 16620019 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-33778-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C Bischoff
- Division of Clinical Nutrition/Prevention and Immunology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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28
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Nassenstein C, Braun A, Nockher WA, Renz H. Neurotrophin effects on eosinophils in allergic inflammation. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2005; 5:204-11. [PMID: 15842958 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-005-0039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Elevated neurotrophin concentrations have been shown in nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids as well as in the sera of patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma. Concentration of nerve growth factor correlated with disease severity, bronchial hyperreactivity, and levels of mediators released from eosinophils. Due to the release of cationic proteins, oxygen species, and cytokines after degranulation, eosinophils contribute to tissue damage and can influence airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma. It has been hypothesized that neurotrophins may be involved in the development of eosinophilia and in activation of these cells. The aim of this review is to elucidate the direct and indirect mechanisms of neurotrophins contributing to eosinophilia in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nassenstein
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hospital of the Philipps University, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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29
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Welker P, Wanner R, Zuberbier T, Groneberg DA, Henz BM. Gene expression and regulation of transcription factor activator protein-2 alpha in human mast cells. Allergy 2005; 60:1046-52. [PMID: 15969686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor activator protein (AP)-2 regulates cell-type specific gene expression during development and differentiation, but its role in mast cell development has so far not been explored. METHODS Gene expression and regulation of AP2 was assessed in normal skin, diseases with increased mast cell numbers, and in vitro models of mast cell differentiation. RESULTS AP-2alpha-protein was not detectable in normal skin but in mastocytoma lesional mast cells. AP-2alpha-mRNA and -protein were also detected in leukemic mast cells (HMC-1), in the adherent fraction of peripheral blood (PBMC) and umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC), and AP-2alpha-mRNA at low levels in isolated-purified mast cells. During culture with fibroblast supernatants or SCF, AP-2alpha-mRNA was de novo expressed in KU812-cells, maintained at about the same level in PBMC and CBMC, and upregulated in HMC-1-cells. On extended culture, a down-regulation was noted at mRNA and/or protein levels. In contrast, tryptase expression increased in all cells throughout culture, as did c-Kit in normal cells, whereas in both leukemic cell lines, c-Kit was maintained unchanged at about the same level. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a continuous activation of AP-2alpha in mastocytomas and mast cell leukemia and its transient upregulation during c-Kit dependent early steps of normal mast cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Welker
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité School of Medicine, Free University and Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
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30
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Nockher WA, Renz H. Neurotrophins in clinical diagnostics: pathophysiology and laboratory investigation. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 352:49-74. [PMID: 15653100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Revised: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
There is now growing evidence that a number of multifunctional signaling molecules, originally discovered as signal molecules in specific cells, exert their effects in various other tissue compartments. Neurotrophins, a class of homologues growth factors initially discovered to promote neuronal growth and survival, display such a dual activity and contribute to the development of a variety of non-neuronal tissues. Nowadays, several examples of essential non-neuronal functions played by neurotrophins and of variations of neurotrophin expression that accompany these processes can be presented. As will be shown, neurotrophins are found in many body tissues produced by a variety of non-neuronal cell types such as immune cells, adipocytes, endothelia, epithelia, fibroblasts, keratinocytes and endocrine cells. Assuming a general role as growth and survival factors, changes in neurotrophin expression may reflect physiological or pathological processes, such as activation, proliferation or repair followed by injury in the tissues. Neurotrophins were also present in the systemic blood circulation and variations in blood concentrations indicate vascular as well as peripheral production. In this review, we will discuss changes in local and systemic neurotrophin concentrations as well as their known pathophysiological relationship in various inflammatory and non-inflammatory disorders. Beside the nervous system, these will include diseases of the airways, skin and joints as well as systemic autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, new aspects of neurotrophin actions in maintenance of body energy balance and in reproductive endocrinology will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Andreas Nockher
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Philipps Universität, 35033 Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, Germany.
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31
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Groneberg DA, Serowka F, Peckenschneider N, Artuc M, Grützkau A, Fischer A, Henz BM, Welker P. Gene expression and regulation of nerve growth factor in atopic dermatitis mast cells and the human mast cell line-1. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 161:87-92. [PMID: 15748947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Revised: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The gene expression and regulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) in atopic dermatitis (AD) and the human mast cell line (HMC)-1 was investigated at the molecular level. NGF-stimulation of HMC-1 cells resulted in increases in tryptase activity and histamine contents, paralleled by an increase of tryptase and histamine at the transcriptional level. Also, an increased expression of NGF was found in AD lesions, in association with increased systemic NGF plasma levels. Further cutaneous sources for increased NGF levels were keratinocytes and fibroblasts. These findings demonstrate an increased expression of NGF in AD and effects on tryptase and histamine. Mast cells may be major mediators of neurotrophin effects in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Groneberg
- Allergy-Centre-Charité, Charité School of Medicine, Free and Humboldt University, Augustenburger Platz 1 OR-1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Koh DI, Armugam A, Jeyaseelan K. Sputa nerve growth factor forms a preferable substitute to mouse 7S-beta nerve growth factor. Biochem J 2005; 383:149-58. [PMID: 15225125 PMCID: PMC1134053 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Revised: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The NGF (nerve growth factor) from Naja sputatrix has been purified by gel filtration followed by reversed-phase HPLC. The protein showed a very high ability to induce neurite formation in PC12 cells relative to the mouse NGF. Two cDNAs encoding isoforms of NGF have been cloned and an active recombinant NGF, sputa NGF, has been produced in Escherichia coli as a His-tagged fusion protein. Sputa NGF has been found to be non-toxic under both in vivo and in vitro conditions. The induction of neurite outgrowth by this NGF has been found to involve the high-affinity trkA-p75NTR complex of receptors. The pro-survival mechanism of p75NTR has been mediated by the activation of nuclear factor kappaB gene by a corresponding down-regulation of inhibitory kappaB gene. Real-time PCR and protein profiling (by surface-enhanced laser-desorption-ionization time-of-flight) have confirmed that sputa NGF up-regulates the expression of the endogenous NGF in PC12 cells. Preliminary microarray analysis has also shown that sputa NGF is capable of promoting additional beneficial effects such as the up-regulation of arginine vasopressin receptor 1A, voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel. Hence, sputa NGF forms a new and useful NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn C.-I. Koh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - A. Armugam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - K. Jeyaseelan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Welker P, Grabbe J, Henz BM. Differential expression of mast cell characteristics in human myeloid cell lines. Exp Dermatol 2005; 13:535-42. [PMID: 15335353 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to better understand the mechanisms governing display of mast cell characteristics in human myeloid cells, we have studied the mast cell phenotype in human promyelocytic (HL-60) and myelocytic (U-937, TPH-1) vs. basophilic (KU-812) and mast cell (HMC-1) lines, in part also in skin mast cells and blood monocytes, at mRNA and protein level before and after stimulation with mast cell growth factors. In unstimulated cells, mRNA for the stem cell factor (SCF) receptor c-kit and the gamma chain of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI) was noted in all cells studied. Like mast and basophilic cells, THP-1 cells expressed the FcepsilonRIalpha and beta chains and weakly histidine decarboxylase (HDC), but they lacked mRNA for mast cell-specific proteases [tryptase, chymase, carboxypeptidase A (CPA)]. In contrast, HL-60 and U-937 cells lacked FcepsilonRIalpha, but expressed tryptase and chymase, HL-60 cells also CPA. KU-812 cells failed to express the basophil-specific marker 2D7. After a 10-day culture with SCF or fibroblast supernatants, baseline mRNA expression of most mast cell characteristics was upregulated, whereas c-kit mRNA expression decreased in all but THP-1 cells. Differential mRNA expression of FcepsilonRI vs. protease (tryptase) was confirmed at protein level by immunocytochemistry and enzymatic activity. KU-812 cells are thus closest to skin mast cells in that they express all molecules studied, except for chymase, followed by THP-1 cells that lack all mast cell proteases. In contrast, HL-60 and U-937 cells fail to express the FcepsilonRIalpha and beta chains but express most mast cell proteases. The selective and differential expression of mast cell characteristics in human myeloid cell lines suggests that induction of the mast cell phenotype is regulated by several independent genes and that mast cells and basophils branch off at early and distinct points of myeloid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Welker
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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Hitora T, Yamamoto T, Akisue T, Marui T, Nakatani T, Kawamoto T, Nagira K, Yoshiya S, Kurosaka M. Establishment and characterization of a KIT-positive and stem cell factor-producing cell line, KTHOS, derived from human osteosarcoma. Pathol Int 2005; 55:41-7. [PMID: 15693848 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2005.01787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor that commonly affects adolescents and young adults. In the present study a human osteosarcoma cell line, KTHOS, was established from a primary osteosarcoma lesion in the distal femur of a 16-year-old girl. After 106 passages, the KTHOS cell line retained the biological characteristics of osteosarcoma. The KTHOS cells had spindle to pleomorphic cytoplasm with round to ovoid nuclei containing multiple prominent nucleoli, as expected based on the mesodermic origin of osteoblasts. The KTHOS cells were immunoreactive for osteocalcin, osteonectin, stem cell factor (SCF), and KIT (CD117). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction indicated that the KTHOS cell line expressed mRNA for SCF and KIT. The KTHOS cells produced relatively high amounts of soluble SCF as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results suggest that cell proliferation of the KTHOS cell line might be involved in autocrine and/or paracrine loops of the SCF/KIT signaling system. The KTHOS cell line is a novel human osteosarcoma cell line that releases SCF and expresses KIT. This cell line can be used for studies to explore the mechanisms for oncogenesis of human osteosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Hitora
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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Lin TJ, Befus AD. Mast Cells In Mucosal Defenses and Pathogenesis. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Groneberg DA, Bester C, Grützkau A, Serowka F, Fischer A, Henz BM, Welker P. Mast cells and vasculature in atopic dermatitis--potential stimulus of neoangiogenesis. Allergy 2005; 60:90-7. [PMID: 15575937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis skin lesions are characterized by inflammatory changes and epithelial hyperplasia requiring angiogenesis. As mast cells may participate in this process via bidirectional secretion of tissue-damaging enzymes and pro-angiogenic factors, the present study aimed to assess the occurrence and possible function of mast cells in the papillary dermis and in epidermal layers of atopic dermatitis lesions. METHODS Semi-thin and serial sections in combination with immunohistochemistry, histochemistry and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-activity assays were used and related to epidermal thickness and targeted gene expression studies. RESULTS Mast cells were located in the papillary dermis and migrated through the basal lamina into the epidermis of atopic dermatitis lesions. An increased PCNA-activity in cells of superficial epidermal layers indicated an activation of keratinocytes and stimulation of endothelial growth. Only approximately 30% of the papillary mast cells stained with the tryptase were toluidin-blue-positive, and approximately 80% were chymase positive. A high number of mast cells expressed c-kit. Most papillary and epidermal mast cells were localized close to endothelial cells. Vascular expression of endoglin (CD105) demonstrated neoangiogenic processes. Mast cells stimulation led to the expression of proangiogenic factors. Also, gene expression of tissue-damaging factors such as matrix metalloproteinases was increased. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that in atopic dermatitis, mast cells are abundantly localized close to and within the epidermis where they may stimulate neoangiogenesis. Via the new vessels, inflammatory cells, together with complement components and antibodies, can be transported to the epidermis to aid in the defense against environmental antigens and to maintain chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Groneberg
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Division of Allergy Research, Charité School of Medicine, Free University and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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Lambiase A, Micera A, Sgrulletta R, Bonini S, Bonini S. Nerve growth factor and the immune system: old and new concepts in the cross-talk between immune and resident cells during pathophysiological conditions. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 4:425-30. [PMID: 15349043 DOI: 10.1097/00130832-200410000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review provides an overview of nerve growth factor and its involvement in the immune system. Furthermore, recent data are provided revealing new important insights into the mechanisms of action of nerve growth factor in allergic reaction. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies on the effects of nerve growth factor on the immune cells involved allergic reaction, and on the potential role of nerve growth factor in tissue remodelling are presented. SUMMARY Nerve growth factor has an extended function from the nervous system to a wide range of activities in the immune system. Several papers have highlighted the role of the factor in allergic inflammation. This review describes old and new concepts of nerve growth factor in the immune system: the relation between nerve growth factor and the main cells taking part in allergic inflammatory disorders, structural cells, mediators and cytokines/chemokines, as well as the mechanisms leading to nerve growth factor increase. Understanding these complex mechanisms will introduce new therapeutic approaches for nerve growth factor in the immune system, in addition to those already established in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Lambiase
- CIR Ophthalmology Laboratory, 'Campus Bio-Medico' and G.B. Bietti Eye Foundation, and San Raffaele H Research, Rome, Italy
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Zuo Y, Perkins NM, Tracey DJ, Geczy CL. Inflammation and hyperalgesia induced by nerve injury in the rat: a key role of mast cells. Pain 2004; 105:467-479. [PMID: 14527707 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(03)00261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory cells and their mediators are known to contribute to neuropathic pain following nerve injury. Mast cells play a key role in non-neural models of inflammation and we propose that mast cells and their mediators (in particular histamine) are important in the development of neuropathic pain. In rats, where the sciatic nerve was partially ligated, we showed that stabilisation of mast cells with sodium cromoglycate reduced the recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes to the injured nerve and suppressed the development of hyperalgesia. Treatment with histamine receptor antagonists suppressed the development of hyperalgesia following nerve injury and alleviated hyperalgesia once it was established. These results suggest that mast cell mediators such as histamine released within hours of nerve injury contribute to the recruitment of leukocytes and the development of hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Zuo
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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Abstract
The wound healing process following tissue injury consists of a highly regulated sequence of events. Besides many biological activities on both neuronal and nonneuronal cells, nerve growth factor (NGF) has been proposed as an important component of wound healing and tissue repair process in vivo and in vitro. For example, NGF accelerates the rate of wound healing both in normal mice and healing-impaired diabetic mice, and has a potent pharmacological effect in the treatment for ulcer of the skin and cornea in humans. This review summarizes the evidence for the role of NGF in wound healing and tissue repair, and introduces its clinical utility as a therapeutic agent for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kawamoto
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Nassenstein C, Kerzel S, Braun A. Neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors in allergic asthma. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 146:347-67. [PMID: 14699973 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(03)46022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophins nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and NT-4 play a pivotal role in the development of the nervous system. Despite their well-known effects on neurons, elevated neurotrophin concentrations have been observed under pathological conditions in sera of patients with inflammatory disorders. Patients with asthma feature both airway inflammation and an abnormal airway reactivity to many unspecific stimuli, referred to as airway hyperresponsiveness, which is, at least partly, neuronally controlled. Interestingly, these patients show increased levels of neurotrophins in the blood as well as locally in the lung. It has been demonstrated that neurotrophin release from immune cells is triggered by allergen contact. The presence of neurotrophins and the neurotrophin receptors p75 (p75NTR), tyrosine kinase A (TrkA), TrkB and TrkC have been described in several immune cells. There is strong evidence for an involvement of neurotrophins in regulation of hematopoiesis and, in addition, in modulation of immune cell function in mature cells circulating in blood or resting in lymphatic organs and peripheral tissues. The aim of this review is to demonstrate possible roles of neurotrophins during an allergic reaction in consideration of the temporospatial compartimentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nassenstein
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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Nockher WA, Renz H. Neurotrophins in inflammatory lung diseases: modulators of cell differentiation and neuroimmune interactions. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2003; 14:559-78. [PMID: 14563357 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(03)00071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory lung diseases represent a group of severe diseases with increasing prevalence as well as epidemiological importance. Inflammatory lung diseases could result from allergic or infectious genesis. There is growing evidence that the immune and nervous system are closely related not only in physiological but also in pathological reactions in the lung. Extensive communications between neurons and immune cells are responsible for the magnitude of airway inflammation and the development of airway hyperreactivity, a consequence of neuronal dysregulation. Neurotrophins are molecules regulating and controlling this crosstalk between the immune and peripheral nervous system (PNS) during inflammatory lung diseases. They are constitutively expressed by resident lung cells and produced in increasing quantities by immune cells invading the airways under inflammatory conditions. They act as activation, differentiation and survival factors for cells of both the immune and nervous system. This article will review the most recent data of neurotrophin signaling in the normal and inflamed lung and as yet unexplored, roles of neurotrophins in the complex communication within the neuroimmune network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Andreas Nockher
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35033, Germany.
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Micera A, Puxeddu I, Aloe L, Levi-Schaffer F. New insights on the involvement of Nerve Growth Factor in allergic inflammation and fibrosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2003; 14:369-74. [PMID: 12948520 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(03)00047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), that was originally discovered for its properties of stimulating growth and differentiation of neurons, is now also considered responsible for several activities in the immune system and beyond. Mast cells and eosinophils, key cells of allergic inflammation, are a source of NGF and are influenced by it. These observations have prompted studies on NGF in allergy and tissue repair. Recent evidences link NGF and these two processes. While NGF is clearly a new tool in the management of untreatable ulcers, its role in allergic inflammation, although appearing to be pro-inflammatory, is still not clearly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Micera
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Abstract
The neurotrophins are a family of polypeptide growth factors that are essential for the development and maintenance of the vertebrate nervous system. In recent years, data have emerged indicating that neurotrophins could have a broader role than their name might suggest. In particular, the putative role of NGF and its receptor TrkA in immune system homeostasis has become a much studied topic, whereas information on the other neurotrophins is scarce in this regard. This paper reviews what is known about the expression and possible functions of neurotrophins and their receptors in different immune tissues and cells, as well as recent data obtained from studies of transgenic mice in our laboratory. Results from studies to date support the idea that neurotrophins may regulate some immune functions. They also play an important role in the development of the thymus and in the survival of thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Vega
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
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Groneberg DA, Welker P, Fischer TC, Dinh QT, Grützkau A, Peiser C, Wahn U, Henz BM, Fischer A. Down-regulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor expression in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111:1099-105. [PMID: 12743576 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2003.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptors for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) have recently been suggested to play a key role in immunomodulation with genetically modified mice. However, it is not known whether changes in receptor gene regulation are involved in the pathogenesis of human immune disorders. OBJECTIVE We studied the expression of VPAC(2) in acute lesions of the human immune disease atopic dermatitis. METHODS By using nonradioactive in situ hybridization, quantitative immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and gene array studies, the expression status of VPAC(2) was assessed in atopic dermatitis and control tissues and in the human mast cell line HMC-1. RESULTS In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry demonstrated VPAC(2) mRNA and protein expression in human mast cells surrounded by VIP positive nerve fibers. Gene array experiments and RT-PCR studies showed high levels of VPAC(2) mRNA expression in mast cells that were increased compared to other receptors such as VPAC(1) or VIP in the human mast cell line HMC-1. Stimulation of HMC-1 cells led to a downregulation of VPAC(2). Similarly, quantitative immunohistochemistry for VPAC(2) in acute atopic dermatitis lesions showed a significantly decreased VPAC(2) immunoreactivity in mast cells. CONCLUSION The downregulation of VPAC(2) in human mast cells in acute lesions of atopic dermatitis suggests a role of this G-protein;coupled receptor in the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Groneberg
- Clinical Research Unit of Allergology, Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité School of Medicine, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
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Hermes B, Zuberbier T, Haas N, Henz BM. Decreased cutaneous expression of stem cell factor and of the p75NGF receptor in urticaria. Br J Dermatol 2003; 148:411-7. [PMID: 12653731 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells, the main effector cells in urticaria, have been reported to be increased in number in lesional and nonlesional skin of urticaria patients, but the underlying mechanisms have so far not been studied. Serum NGF has however, been reported to be increased in urticaria. OBJECTIVES We have therefore explored the potential involvement of known mast cell growth modulating factors in urticaria. METHODS Tissue sections from patients with different types of urticaria and healthy controls were studied for the immunohistochemical expression of known mast cell growth factors (stem cell factor, SCF; nerve growth factor, NGF), of the inhibitory granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and of the corresponding receptors, using the alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase technique. RESULTS Compared to skin of normal controls, staining for SCF, but not for NGF and GM-CSF, was significantly decreased in epidermis, endothelium and perivascular cells in lesional and nonlesional skin of all urticarias. On separate analysis of urticaria subtypes, decreased expression reached significance only in delayed pressure urticaria. Expression of the p75NGF receptor (p75NGFR) was also significantly decreased on endothelium and on perivascular cells of lesional and nonlesional skin in all urticarias. On evaluation of serial sections, p75NGFR expression was also decreased on c-Kit positive dermal mast cells. In contrast, expression of the NGF receptor tyrosine kinase and of the SCF and GM-CSF receptors was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that SCF and p75NGFR are selectively and systemically down-regulated in the skin of urticaria patients and may represent a negative feedback to increased mast cell reactivity and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hermes
- Department of Dermatology, Prenzlauer Berg Hospital, Berlin, Germany
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46
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Artuc M, Steckelings UM, Grützkau A, Smorodchenko A, Henz BM. A long-term coculture model for the study of mast cell-keratinocyte interactions. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:411-5. [PMID: 12190864 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Physiologic and pathologic events associated with cutaneous differentiation and repair are the result of a concerted action of various types of resident tissue cells. In vitro models simulating this complex in vivo situation are therefore needed to clarify the specific contribution and relevant interaction of, for example, dermal mast cells with other major cutaneous cells. The aim of this study was to establish a long-term coculture model that includes dermal mast cells, dermal fibroblasts, and keratinocytes in a human skin equivalent organotypic setting. Normal dermal mast cells and fibroblasts (1:4) were enclosed in collagen gel and normal keratinocytes were grown on top with exposure to the air interface. Under these conditions, mast cell integrity and functionality was preserved even after 4 wk of culture, as shown by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry using antibodies against the mast-cell-specific granule enzyme tryptase and the receptors for stem cell factor and IgE. Mast cells also released histamine on stimulation with anti-IgE, and on ultrastructure were found to degranulate, with decrease of granule matrix density and formation of cell-cell contacts with fibroblasts. After 2 wk of culture, keratinocytes had formed an epidermis-like multilayer and were able to proliferate and differentiate, as shown by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation of basal cells and immunohistochemical staining for transglutaminase and cytokeratins 1 and 10. The model presented here thus provides a potentially relevant tool to further clarify the interaction of dermal mast cells with major other skin cells and their contribution to cutaneous physiology, repair processes, and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Artuc
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Humboldt-University, Charité, Berlin, Germany.
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47
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Hartmann K, Henz BM. Classification of cutaneous mastocytosis: a modified consensus proposal. Leuk Res 2002; 26:483-4; author reply 485-6. [PMID: 11916523 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(01)00157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lorentz A, Schuppan D, Gebert A, Manns MP, Bischoff SC. Regulatory effects of stem cell factor and interleukin-4 on adhesion of human mast cells to extracellular matrix proteins. Blood 2002; 99:966-72. [PMID: 11807000 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.3.966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are inflammatory and immunoregulatory cells resident in tissues. They develop from bone marrow-derived progenitor cells that enter the tissue through the blood circulation. The specific localization and migration of mast cells in tissues is dependent on their interaction with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Adhesion of human mast cells isolated from intestinal mucosa and cultured in the presence of stem cell factor (SCF) to ECM proteins is analyzed. It was observed that SCF is a unique cytokine enhancing mast cell adhesion to all tested ECM proteins (fibronectin, laminin, collagen I, III, IV, VI, XIV) up to 5-fold, particularly to fibronectin (54% +/- 12% of mast cells) and to denatured collagens (40% +/- 12% on cyanogen bromide-cleaved peptides of collagen I). Most noteworthy, preculture of mast cells with interleukin-4 (IL-4), in addition to SCF, reduced their potency to adhere to ECM proteins to one third compared to mast cells cultured with SCF alone. Mast cell adhesion was preferentially mediated by beta1 integrins, and most cells expressed the ECM-binding integrins alpha2beta1, alpha3beta1, alpha4beta1, alpha5beta1, and alphaVbeta3. SCF-induced mast cell adhesion was totally blocked by wortmannin and apigenin, indicating an involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase, and it was related to an up-regulation of the HUTS-21 beta1 epitope, which is associated with an activated conformation of beta1. In conclusion, these data indicate that SCF induces the adhesion of cultured mast cells to ECM proteins, whereas IL-4 may promote detachment from the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Lorentz
- Department of Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology, Medical School of Hannover, D-30623 Hannover, Germany
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Vries AD, Rijnsoever CV, Engels F, Henricks PAJ, Nijkamp FP. The role of sensory nerve endings in nerve growth factor-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine in guinea-pigs. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:771-6. [PMID: 11606317 PMCID: PMC1573003 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Nerve growth factor induces an airway hyperresponsiveness in vivo in guinea-pigs, as we have shown previously. Since antagonizing the neurokinin-1 (NK(1)) receptor can prevent this NGF-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and since sensory nerves release tachykinins, we investigated the role of sensory nerves in the NGF-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. 2. We used isolated tracheal rings from guinea-pigs to measure tracheal contractility. In these rings sensory nerve endings are present, but these endings lack any contact with their cell bodies. 3. In this in vitro system, NGF dose-dependently induced a tracheal hyperresponsiveness to histamine. The NK(1) receptor antagonist SR140333 could block the induction of tracheal hyperresponsiveness. 4. To further investigate the involvement of sensory nerve endings we used the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB(1)) agonist R-methanandamide to inhibit excitatory events at the nerve terminal. The CB(1) receptor agonist was capable of blocking the tracheal hyperresponsiveness to NGF in the isolated system, as well as the airway hyperresponsiveness to NGF in vivo. 5. This indicates that NGF can induce an increase in airway responsiveness in the absence of sensory nerve cell bodies. NGF may act by increasing substance P release from sensory nerve endings, without upregulation of substance P in the neurons. Substance P in its turn is responsible for the induction of the NGF-induced airway hyperresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick de Vries
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien van Rijnsoever
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdi Engels
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Paul A J Henricks
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans P Nijkamp
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is widely recognized as a target-derived factor responsible for the survival and maintenance of the phenotype of specific subsets of peripheral neurons and basal forebrain cholinergic nuclei during development and maturation. Other NGF-responsive cells are now known to belong to the hemopoietic-immune system and to populations in the brain involved in neuroendocrine functions. The concentration of NGF is elevated in a number of inflammatory and autoimmune states in conjunction with increased accumulation of mast cells. Mast cells and NGF appear to be involved in neuroimmune interactions and tissue inflammation. Mast cells themselves are capable of producing and responding to NGF, suggesting that alterations in mast cell behavior may trigger maladaptive neuroimmune tissue responses, including those of an autoimmune nature. Moreover, NGF exerts a modulatory role on sensory nociceptive nerve physiology in the adult, and appears to correlate with hyperalgesic phenomena occurring in tissue inflammation. NGF can thus be viewed as a multifactorial modulator of neuroimmune-endocrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Skaper
- Neurology Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, North, Harlow, Essex, UK.
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