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Bello-Gil D, Khasbiullina N, Shilova N, Bovin N, Mañez R. Repertoire of BALB/c Mice Natural Anti-Carbohydrate Antibodies: Mice vs. Humans Difference, and Otherness of Individual Animals. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1449. [PMID: 29163519 PMCID: PMC5681490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most common genetic backgrounds for mice used as a model to investigate human diseases is the inbred BALB/c strain. This work is aimed to characterize the pattern of natural anti-carbohydrate antibodies present in the serum of 20 BALB/c mice by printed glycan array technology and to compare their binding specificities with that of human natural anti-carbohydrate antibodies. Natural antibodies (NAbs) from the serum of BALB/c mice interacted with 71 glycans from a library of 419 different carbohydrate structures. However, only seven of these glycans were recognized by the serum of all the animals studied, and other five glycans by at least 80% of mice. The pattern of the 12 glycans mostly recognized by the circulating antibodies of BALB/c mice differed significantly from that observed with natural anti-carbohydrate antibodies in humans. This lack of identical repertoires of natural anti-carbohydrate antibodies between individual inbred mice, and between mice and humans, should be taken into consideration when mouse models are intended to be used for investigation of NAbs in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bello-Gil
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Nailya Khasbiullina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Shilova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nicolai Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rafael Mañez
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Intensive Care Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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Lobo PI, Schlegel KH, Bajwa A, Huang L, Okusa MD. Natural IgM and TLR Agonists Switch Murine Splenic Pan-B to "Regulatory" Cells That Suppress Ischemia-Induced Innate Inflammation via Regulating NKT-1 Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:974. [PMID: 28878768 PMCID: PMC5572342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural IgM anti-leukocyte autoantibodies (IgM-ALAs) inhibit inflammation by several mechanisms. Here, we show that pan-B cells and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) are switched to regulatory cells when pretreated ex vivo with IgM. B cells are also switched to regulatory cells when pretreated ex vivo with CpG but not with LPS. Pre-emptive infusion of such ex vivo induced regulatory cells protects C57BL/6 mice from ischemia-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) via regulation of in vivo NKT-1 cells, which normally amplify the innate inflammatory response to DAMPS released after reperfusion of the ischemic kidney. Such ex vivo induced regulatory pan-B cells and BMDC express low CD1d and inhibit inflammation by regulating in vivo NKT-1 in the context of low-lipid antigen presentation and by a mechanism that requires costimulatory molecules, CD1d, PDL1/PD1, and IL10. Second, LPS and CpG have opposite effects on induction of regulatory activity in BMDC and B cells. LPS enhances regulatory activity of IgM-pretreated BMDC but negates the IgM-induced regulatory activity in B cells, while CpG, with or without IgM pretreatment, induces regulatory activity in B cells but not in BMDC. Differences in the response of pan-B and dendritic cells to LPS and CpG, especially in the presence of IgM-ALA, may have relevance during infections and inflammatory disorders where there is an increased IgM-ALA and release of TLRs 4 and 9 ligands. Ex vivo induced regulatory pan-B cells could have therapeutic relevance as these easily available cells can be pre-emptively infused to prevent AKI that can occur during open heart surgery or in transplant recipients receiving deceased donor organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter I Lobo
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Kailo H Schlegel
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Amandeep Bajwa
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Liping Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Mark D Okusa
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Lobo PI. Role of Natural IgM Autoantibodies (IgM-NAA) and IgM Anti-Leukocyte Antibodies (IgM-ALA) in Regulating Inflammation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 408:89-117. [PMID: 28698955 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural IgM autoantibodies (IgM-NAA) are rapidly produced to inhibit pathogens and abrogate inflammation mediated by invading microorganisms and host neoantigens. IgM-NAA achieve this difficult task by being polyreactive with low binding affinity but with high avidity, characteristics that allow these antibodies to bind antigenic determinants shared by pathogens and neoantigens. Hence the same clones of natural IgM can bind and mask host neoantigens as well as inhibit microorganisms. In addition, IgM-NAA regulate the inflammatory response via mechanisms involving binding of IgM to apoptotic cells to enhance their removal and binding of IgM to live leukocytes to regulate their function. Secondly, we review how natural IgM prevents autoimmune disorders arising from pathogenic IgG autoantibodies as well as by autoreactive B and T cells that have escaped tolerance mechanisms. Thirdly, using IgM knockout mice, we show that regulatory B and T cells require IgM to effectively regulate inflammation mediated by innate, adaptive and autoimmune mechanisms. It is therefore not surprising why the host positively selects such autoreactive B1 cells that generate protective IgM-NAA, which are also evolutionarily conserved. Fourthly, we show that IgM anti-leukocyte autoantibodies (IgM-ALA) levels and their repertoire can vary in normal humans and disease states and this variation may partly explain the observed differences in the inflammatory response after infection, ischemic injury or after a transplant. Finally we also show how protective IgM-NAA can be rendered pathogenic under non-physiological conditions. IgM-NAA have therapeutic potential. Polyclonal IgM infusions can be used to abrogate ongoing inflammation. Additionally, inflammation arising after ischemic kidney injury, e.g., during high-risk elective cardiac surgery or after allograft transplantation, can be prevented by pre-emptively infusing polyclonal IgM, or DC pretreated ex vivo with IgM, or by increasing in vivo IgM with a vaccine approach. Cell therapy with IgM pretreated cells, is appealing as less IgM will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter I Lobo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Center of Immunology, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia Health Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Lobo PI. Role of Natural Autoantibodies and Natural IgM Anti-Leucocyte Autoantibodies in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 7:198. [PMID: 27375614 PMCID: PMC4893492 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We review how polyreactive natural IgM autoantibodies (IgM-NAA) protect the host from invading micro-organisms and host neo-antigens that are constantly being produced by oxidation mechanisms and cell apoptosis. Second, we discuss how IgM-NAA and IgM anti-leukocyte antibodies (IgM-ALA) inhibits autoimmune inflammation by anti-idiotypic mechanisms, enhancing removal of apoptotic cells, masking neo-antigens, and regulating the function of dendritic cells (DC) and effector cells. Third, we review how natural IgM prevents autoimmune disorders arising from pathogenic IgG autoantibodies, triggered by genetic mechanisms (e.g., SLE) or micro-organisms, as well as by autoreactive B and T cells that have escaped tolerance mechanisms. Studies in IgM knockout mice have clearly demonstrated that regulatory B and T cells require IgM to effectively regulate inflammation mediated by innate, adaptive, and autoimmune mechanisms. It is, therefore, not surprising why the host positively selects such autoreactive B1 cells that generate IgM-NAA, which are also evolutionarily conserved. Fourth, we show that IgM-ALA levels and their repertoire can vary in normal humans and disease states and this variation may partly explain the observed differences in the inflammatory response after infection, ischemic injury, or after a transplant. We also show how protective IgM-NAA can be rendered pathogenic under non-physiological conditions. We also review IgG-NAA that are more abundant than IgM-NAA in plasma. However, we need to understand if the (Fab)(2) region of IgG-NAA has physiological relevance in non-disease states, as in plasma, their functional activity is blocked by IgM-NAA having anti-idiotypic activity. Some IgG-NAA are produced by B2 cells that have escaped tolerance mechanisms and we show how such pathogenic IgG-NAA are regulated to prevent autoimmune disease. The Fc region of IgG-NAA can influence inflammation and B cell function in vivo by binding to activating and inhibitory FcγR. IgM-NAA has therapeutic potential. Polyclonal IgM infusions can be used to abrogate on-going inflammation. Additionally, inflammation arising after ischemic kidney injury, e.g., during high-risk elective cardiac surgery or after allograft transplantation, can be prevented by pre-emptively infusing polyclonal IgM or DC pretreated ex vivo with IgM or by increasing in vivo IgM with a vaccine approach. Cell therapy is appealing as less IgM will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Isaac Lobo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Center of Immunology, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia Health Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) consist of IgG concentrated from pooled plasma of numerous donors. Their contents is variable, depending in part on the method of preparation. Natural antibodies and natural autoantibodies are prominent in these preparations and their function. Among these, are the idiotype (Id)/anti-Id dimers. Attention has recently been paid to Fc-gamma receptors and sialylation of the IgG from IVIg.
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Zhou ZH, Zhang Y, Hu YF, Wahl LM, Cisar JO, Notkins AL. The broad antibacterial activity of the natural antibody repertoire is due to polyreactive antibodies. Cell Host Microbe 2008; 1:51-61. [PMID: 18005681 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 12/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Polyreactive antibodies bind to a variety of structurally unrelated antigens. The function of these antibodies, however, has remained an enigma, and because of their low binding affinity their biological relevance has been questioned. Using a panel of monoclonal polyreactive antibodies, we showed that these antibodies can bind to both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and acting through the classical complement pathway can inhibit bacterial growth by lysis, generate anaphylatoxin C5a, enhance phagocytosis, and neutralize the functional activity of endotoxin. Polyreactive antibody-enriched, but not polyreactive antibody-reduced, IgM prepared from normal human serum displays antibacterial activity similar to that of monoclonal polyreactive IgM. We conclude that polyreactive antibodies are a major contributor to the broad antibacterial activity of the natural antibody repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Hua Zhou
- Experimental Medicine Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Nayak RC, Lynch K, Gustavsson C, Kwok MGK, Farthing-Nayak PJ, Agardh CD, Agardh E. Circulating antipericyte autoantibodies: a novel modifier of risk of progression of diabetic retinopathy? Retina 2007; 27:211-5. [PMID: 17290204 DOI: 10.1097/01.iae.0000230397.24818.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antipericyte autoantibodies (APAAs) are present in high frequency among diabetic subjects with and without nonproliferative retinopathy. This study aimed to determine whether progression of retinopathy in type 2 diabetes was associated with the same medical risk factors in APAA-positive subjects as in APAA-negative subjects. METHODS Type 2 diabetic patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy at baseline were followed prospectively for 2 years monitoring progression of retinopathy. Thirty-eight (21.7%) of 175 patients had progression in Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study grade by > or =2 steps in at least 1 eye. Serum APAAs were detected by immunofluorescence on tissue-cultured bovine retinal pericytes. RESULTS Progression of retinopathy was associated with HbA(1c) level (P = 0.002), diabetes duration (P = 0.03), and albumin/creatinine ratio (P = 0.02) in APAA-negative subjects but not in APAA-positive subjects. The association between progression and APAAs was strongest in the upper quartile for HbA(1c) level (>8.0%), where 71.4% of patients negative for APAAs had progression of retinopathy while only 24.1% of patients positive for APAAs had progression (P = 0.007). CONCLUSION The results suggest that APAA presence is a modifier of risk of progression of retinopathy due to hyperglycemia and that it could be useful as a biochemical marker of risk of progression of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients with poor metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh C Nayak
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA.
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van de Velde NC, Mottram PL, Hogarth PM. FcgammaRII and multi-system autoimmune disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 28:329-38. [PMID: 17091247 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-006-0056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The FcR are a crucial link in the immune response between humoral and cellular immunity and cell-based effector systems, mediating a wide variety of physiological and biochemical responses. The FcR for IgG (FcgammaR) and in particular the most widely expressed of these, FcgammaRII, are important in regulating adaptive immunity. Disruption of their function is a key factor in the development of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which are characterized by chronic, multi-organ inflammation. Studies of the FcgammaRII include structure/function relationships, investigation of the associations between FcR polymorphisms and human disease and animal studies using knockout or transgenic mouse models. These investigations showed that the various forms of FcgammaRII interact with immune complexes to either initiate or inhibit inflammation. In conjunction with environmental antigens and genotype, the FcgammaRII activating and inhibitory receptors determine the nature and magnitude of response to antigens. In this review, the structure and function of the FcgammaRIIs and their role in immune complex-mediated auto-immunity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C van de Velde
- Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Austin Hospital, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia,
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Marchalonis JJ, Adelman MK, Schluter SF, Ramsland PA. The antibody repertoire in evolution: chance, selection, and continuity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 30:223-47. [PMID: 16083959 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2005.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
All jawed vertebrates contain the genetic elements essential for the function of the adaptive/combinatorial immune response, have diverse sets of natural antibodies resulting from segmental gene recombination, express comparable functional repertoires and can produce specific antibodies following appropriate immunization. Profound variability occurs in the third hypervariable (CDR3) segments of light and heavy chains even within antibodies of the same ostensible specificity. Germline VH and VL elements, as well as the joining (J) segments are highly conserved among the distinct vertebrate species. Conservation is particularly noted among the VH3-like sequences of all jawed vertebrates in the FR2 and FR3 segments, as well as in the FGXGT(R or K)L J-segment characteristic of light chains and TCRs and the WGXGT(uncharged)VT JH segments. Human VH3-53 and Vlambda6 family orthologs may be present over the entire range of vertebrates. Models of the three-dimensional structures of shark VH/VL combining sites indicate similarity in framework structure and comparable CDR usage to those of man. Although carcharhine shark VH regions show greater than 50% identity to the human VH germline prototype, searches of lower deuterostome and invertebrate databases fail to detect molecules with significant relatedness. Overall, antibodies of jawed vertebrates show tremendous individual diversity, but are constructed incorporating design features that arose with the evolutionary emergence of the jawed vertebrates and have been conserved through at least 450 million years of evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Marchalonis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724-5049, USA.
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Shoenfeld Y, Toubi E. Protective autoantibodies: Role in homeostasis, clinical importance, and therapeutic potential. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:2599-606. [PMID: 16142758 DOI: 10.1002/art.21252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Department of Medicine "B", Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
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Adelman MK, Schluter SF, Marchalonis JJ. The natural antibody repertoire of sharks and humans recognizes the potential universe of antigens. Protein J 2004; 23:103-18. [PMID: 15106876 DOI: 10.1023/b:jopc.0000020077.73751.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In ancestral sharks, a rapid emergence in the evolution of the immune system occurred, giving jawed-vertebrates the necessary components for the combinatorial immune response (CIR). To compare the natural antibody (NAb) repertoires of the most divergent vertebrates with the capacity to produce antibodies, we isolated NAbs to the same set of antigens by affinity chromatography from two species of Carcharhine sharks and from human polyclonal IgG and IgM antibody preparations. The activities of the affinity-purified anti-T-cell receptor (anti-TCR) NAbs were compared with those of monoclonal anti-TCR NAbs that were generated from a systemic lupus erythematosus patient. We report that sharks and humans, representing the evolutionary extremes of vertebrate species sharing the CIR, have NAbs to human TCRs, Igs, the human senescent cell antigen, and to numerous retroviral antigens, indicating that essential features of the combinatorial repertoire and the capacity to recognize the potential universe of antigens is shared among all jawed-vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda K Adelman
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Marchalonis JJ, Jensen I, Schluter SF. Structural, antigenic and evolutionary analyses of immunoglobulins and T cell receptors. J Mol Recognit 2002; 15:260-71. [PMID: 12447902 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have had the pleasure of collaborating with Allen Edmundson for the past 15 years on the structure, binding properties and evolution of immunoglobulins and T cell receptors. Among the most significant contributions of our joint efforts were: (1) the predictive use of structural features of immunoglobulin domains to model the three-dimensional structures of the immunoglobulin domains of human T-cell receptor alpha and beta chains as well as shark light chains and V(H) domains; (2) the finding that normal humans and other vertebrates express autoantibodies against combining site epitopes of their own T cell receptors; (3) the mapping of the peptide autoepitopes recognized in health, autoimmunity and retroviral infection; and (4) the determination that epitope recognition promiscuity is a characteristic property of the combining sites of IgM immunoglobulins ranging from those of sharks to those of humans. We briefly review the salient findings and status of these studies and indicate the future directions that we will pursue in their continuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Marchalonis
- University of Arizona, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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