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Ataş O, Bılge K, Yıldız S, Dundar S, Calik I, Gezer Ataş A, Bozoglan A. Systemic effect of calcium silicate-based cements with different radiopacifiers-histopathological analysis in rats. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15376. [PMID: 37312877 PMCID: PMC10259441 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim This in vivo study aimed to examine the systemic effects of contemporary calcium silicate cements (CSC) contain different radiopacifiers in rats. Materials & Methods Polyethylene tubes filled with BIOfactor MTA (BIO), Neo MTA Plus (NEO), MTA Repair HP (REP), Biodentine (DENT) and empty tubes (control group) were implanted into the subcutaneous tissues of 80 male Spraque Dawley rats for 7 and 30 days (n = 8). After 7 and 30 day, samples of liver and kidney tissues were submitted to histopathological analysis. Blood samples were collected to evaluate changes in hepatic and renal functions of rats. Wilcoxon and post hoc Dunn Bonferroni tests were used to compare between the 7th and 30th days in order to evaluate the histopathological data. Paired-sample t-test was used to compare laboratory values between the 7th and 30th days, ANOVA analysis and a post hoc Tukey test were used to compare values between groups (p < 0.05). Results On the 7th day, REP, BIO and NEO groups were statistically similar in kidney tissue and the degree of inflammation was found to be significantly higher in these groups compared to the control and DENT groups. On the 30th day, the degree of inflammation of the REP and NEO groups in the kidney tissue was found to be significantly higher than the control, BIO and DENT groups. Although the inflammation in the liver was moderate and mild on the 7th and 30th days, no statistically significant difference was observed between the groups. Vascular congestion was evaluated as mild and moderate in kidney and liver in all groups, and no statistically significant difference was observed between the groups. While there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the 7th day AST, ALT and urea values, when the creatinine values were compared, the DENT and NEO groups were found to be statistically similar and significantly lower than the control group. On the 30th day, ALT values were statistically similar between the groups. The AST values of the BIO group were found to be significantly higher than the DENT group. While BIO, DENT, NEO and control groups had statistically similar urea values, the REP group was found to be significantly higher than the other groups. The creatinine value of the REP group was significantly higher than the groups other than the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion CSCs with different radiopacifiers had similar and acceptable effects on the histological examination of the kidneys and liver systemically, and serum ALT, AST, urea, creatinine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Ataş
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Firat (Euphrates) University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Kubra Bılge
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Semsettin Yıldız
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Firat (Euphrates) University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Serkan Dundar
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Firat (Euphrates) University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ilknur Calik
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Firat (Euphrates) University, Elazig, Turkey
| | | | - Alihan Bozoglan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Firat (Euphrates) University, Elazig, Turkey
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Camilleri J, Atmeh A, Li X, Meschi N. Present status and future directions: Hydraulic materials for endodontic use. Int Endod J 2022; 55 Suppl 3:710-777. [PMID: 35167119 PMCID: PMC9314068 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydraulic materials are used in Endodontics due to their hydration characteristics namely the formation of calcium hydroxide when mixing with water and also because of their hydraulic properties. These materials are presented in various consistencies and delivery methods. They are composed primarily of tricalcium and dicalcium silicate, and also include a radiopacifier, additives and an aqueous or a non-aqueous vehicle. Only materials whose primary reaction is with water can be classified as hydraulic. OBJECTIVES Review of the classification of hydraulic materials by Camilleri and the literature pertaining to specific uses of hydraulic cements in endodontics namely intra-coronal, intra-radicular and extra-radicular. Review of the literature on the material properties linked to specific uses providing the current status of these materials after which future trends and gaps in knowledge could be identified. METHODS The literature was reviewed using PUBMED, and for each clinical use, the in vitro properties such as physical, chemical, biological and antimicrobial characteristics and clinical data were extracted and evaluated. RESULTS A large number of publications were retrieved for each clinical use and these were grouped depending on the property type being investigated. CONCLUSIONS The hydraulic cements have made a difference in clinical outcomes. The main shortcoming is the poor testing methodologies employed which provide very limited information and also inhibits adequate clinical translation. Furthermore, the clinical protocols need to be updated to enable the materials to be employed effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josette Camilleri
- School of DentistryCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Amre Atmeh
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM)Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU)DubaiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Oral Health SciencesBIOMAT – Biomaterials Research GroupKU Leuven and DentistryUniversity Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Nastaran Meschi
- Department of Oral Health SciencesBIOMAT – Biomaterials Research GroupKU Leuven and DentistryUniversity Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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Demirci GK, Kaval ME, Kurt SM, Serefoglu B, Güneri P, Hülsmann M, Caliskan MK. Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry Analysis and Radiopacity of Five Different Root Canal Sealers. Braz Dent J 2021; 32:1-11. [PMID: 34877971 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202104638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Root canal sealers should have optimum adhesion to the root dentin, low cytotoxicity, sufficient radiopacity and high dimensional stability, which depend mainly on their chemical composition. The aims of this study were to evaluate the chemical composition of Syntex (Cerkamed, Stalowa Wola, Poland), Adseal (Meta Biomed, Cheongju-si, Korea), Sealapex (SybronEndo, Scafati, Italy), MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil) and GuttaFlow Bioseal (Coltene/Whaledent, Altstätten, Switzerland) and to determine their radiopacity comparatively. Stainless steel molds with an inner diameter of 5 mm and a depth of 2 mm were constructed. Tested root-canal sealers were mixed and poured into the molds. Following setting, digital periapical radiographs of the specimens (n=12) were taken under standard exposure conditions and the mean gray-values of specimens were measured using a computer graphics program. Then the specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy, and Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis was performed. The data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA followed by Holm-Sidak multi-comparison test (p = 0.05). Sealapex showed higher calcium peak than MTA Fillapex, GuttaFlow Bioseal, Adseal and Syntex sealers. MTA Fillapex contained a highest amount of tungstate. Sealapex presented the highest radiopacity value among the tested materials (p < 0.05), whereas MTA Fillapex was the least radiopaque material (p < 0.05). Each root canal sealer contains different compositions of radiopacifiers including bismuth oxide, calcium tungstate and zirconium oxide. The tested root canal sealers had radiopacity values above the ISO-specified limit. Sealapex was the most radiopaque root canal sealer followed by GuttaFlow Bioseal, Syntex, Adseal and MTA Fillapex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehmet Emin Kaval
- Department of Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Burcu Serefoglu
- Department of Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Pelin Güneri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Michael Hülsmann
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Hoshino RA, da Silva GF, Delfino MM, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Tanomaru-Filho M, Sasso-Cerri E, Bonetti Filho I, Cerri PS. Physical Properties, Antimicrobial Activity and In Vivo Tissue Response to Apexit Plus. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13051171. [PMID: 32151089 PMCID: PMC7085033 DOI: 10.3390/ma13051171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the physical properties, antimicrobial activity, and tissue reaction to Apexit Plus in comparison to Sealapex. Flow, radiopacity, setting time, and solubility were evaluated in each material. The antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis was performed. Polyethylene tubes containing Apexit Plus or Sealapex, and without material (control group) were implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of rats. At 7, 15, 30, and 60 days of implantation, the specimens were paraffin-embedded and the number of inflammatory cells (ICs) and the amount of birefringent collagen (BC) were quantified. The von Kossa reaction followed by immunohistochemistry for detection of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was also performed. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA and Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). The flow value of Apexit Plus was greater than Sealapex, whereas the radiopacity (3.44 mm Al) was lower than Sealapex (6.82 mm Al). Apexit Plus showed lower solubility and shorter initial and final setting (p < 0.0001), whereas the antimicrobial activity was significantly greater than Sealapex. Although the number of ICs was higher in Apexit Plus (p = 0.0009) at 7 days, no significant difference was detected between Apexit Plus and Sealapex at 15, 30, and 60 days. All groups showed higher values for BC in the capsules over time. ALP-immunolabelled cells were observed, mainly around von Kossa-positive structures, either in the capsules of Apexit Plus or Sealapex. Therefore, our results revealed that Apexit Plus exhibited a greater effectiveness against Enterococcus faecalis and better physical properties than Sealapex, except for the radiopacity. In vivo findings indicate that Apexit Plus is biocompatible and presents potential bioactivity in the subcutaneous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Alameda Hoshino
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School—São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, Brazil; (R.A.H.); (G.F.d.S.); (M.M.D.); (J.M.G.-T.); (I.B.F.)
| | - Guilherme Ferreira da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School—São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, Brazil; (R.A.H.); (G.F.d.S.); (M.M.D.); (J.M.G.-T.); (I.B.F.)
| | - Mateus Machado Delfino
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School—São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, Brazil; (R.A.H.); (G.F.d.S.); (M.M.D.); (J.M.G.-T.); (I.B.F.)
| | - Juliane Maria Guerreiro-Tanomaru
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School—São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, Brazil; (R.A.H.); (G.F.d.S.); (M.M.D.); (J.M.G.-T.); (I.B.F.)
| | - Mario Tanomaru-Filho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School—São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, Brazil; (R.A.H.); (G.F.d.S.); (M.M.D.); (J.M.G.-T.); (I.B.F.)
| | - Estela Sasso-Cerri
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Dental School—São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, Brazil;
| | - Idomeo Bonetti Filho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School—São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, Brazil; (R.A.H.); (G.F.d.S.); (M.M.D.); (J.M.G.-T.); (I.B.F.)
| | - Paulo Sérgio Cerri
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Dental School—São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3301-6497; Fax: +55-16-3301-6433
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Celikten B, Jacobs R, de Faria Vasconcelos K, Huang Y, Shaheen E, Nicolielo LFP, Orhan K. Comparative evaluation of cone beam CT and micro-CT on blooming artifacts in human teeth filled with bioceramic sealers. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:3267-3273. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Chen MS, Chen SH, Lai FC, Chen CY, Hsieh MY, Chang WJ, Yang JC, Lin CK. Sintering Pmperature-Dependence on Radiopacity of Bi (2-x) ZrxO (3+x/2) Powders Prepared by Sol-Gel Process. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1685. [PMID: 30208658 PMCID: PMC6165246 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃) is an effective additive used to enhance radiography resolution for dental materials. However, there are potential concerns regarding its biocompatibility and connection to tissue discoloration. In the present study, we modified the radiopacity properties of Bi₂O₃ with zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) using a sol-gel process and investigated the composition, as well as the effects of heat treatment temperature using Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The harvested Bi2-xZrxO3+x/2 particles showed that the dominant phase transferred from α-Bi₂O₃ to β-Bi7.38Zr0.62O12.31 after a heat treatment of over 750 °C for 2 h. As the x values of Bi2-xZrxO3+x/2 increased from 0.2 to 1.0, more zirconium oxide precipitated onto the particle surface, thus enhancing the surface roughness of particles. For sol-gel Bi1.8Zr0.2O3.1 powders (x = 0.2), the radiopacity values became 4.90 ± 0.23 and 5.83 ± 0.22 mmAl after a heat treatment of 500 °C and 750 °C, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- May-Show Chen
- School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Hsun Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
| | - Fu-Chih Lai
- College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Yi Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Yuan Hsieh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Jen Chang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Dental Department, Taipei Medical University, Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei 235, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Chang Yang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-52, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Kwei Lin
- School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Research Center of Digital Oral Science and Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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Hrab D, Chisnoiu AM, Badea ME, Moldovan M, Chisnoiu RM. Comparative radiographic assessment of a new bioceramic-based root canal sealer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 90:226-230. [PMID: 28559709 PMCID: PMC5433577 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims The aim of this study was to assess the radiopacity of two bioceramic-based root canal sealers, the conventional TotalFill BC sealer (FKG Dentaire Switzerland) and a new experimental filling material developed in collaboration with ‘Raluca Ripan’ Institute for Research in Chemistry, Cluj-Napoca. Methods Five disc samples were prepared using both materials (10 mm diameter × 1 mm thickness), being subjected to digital radiography together with aluminum step wedges (1 to 12 mm in thickness), in accordance with ISO 6876: 2012. Radiopacity was determined by the computer analysis of the images obtained. Four different areas were selected for each sample, corresponding to a disk-sample quadrant. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA. Results Both materials showed a radiopacity that was 3 mm greater than the equivalent thickness of aluminum. Total Fill BC showed greater radiopacity than the experimental material, but the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions Both materials comply with ISO 6876: 2012 recommendations on minimum radiopacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Hrab
- Odontology, Endodontics and Oral Pathology Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrea Maria Chisnoiu
- Prosthetic Dentistry Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mindra Eugenia Badea
- Preventive Dentistry Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marioara Moldovan
- Polymeric Composite Department, Raluca Ripan Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Radu Marcel Chisnoiu
- Odontology, Endodontics and Oral Pathology Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Development of novel tricalcium silicate-based endodontic cements with sintered radiopacifier phase. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:967-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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An in vitro study of different material properties of Biodentine compared to ProRoot MTA. Head Face Med 2015; 11:16. [PMID: 25934270 PMCID: PMC4424823 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-015-0074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to compare solubility, microhardness, radiopacity, and setting time of Biodentine with ProRoot MTA. Methods Solubility in distilled water, radioopacity, and setting time were evaluated in accordance with International Standard ISO 6876:2001. In addition, the solubility in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) buffer was determined. For microhardness-testing, ten samples of each cement were produced. All samples were loaded with a diamond indenter point with a weight of 100 g for 30s. All data were analysed using the Student-t-test. Results Both materials fulfilled the requirements of the International Standard ISO 6876:2001 and showed a solubility of <3% after 24 h. At all exposure times Biodentine was significantly more soluble than ProRoot MTA (p < 0.0001). After immersion in PBS-buffer a precipitation of hydroxyapatite was visible. The Vickers microhardness for Biodentine was significantly higher (62.35 ± 11.55HV) compared with ProRoot MTA (26.93 ± 4.66HV) (p < 0.0001). ProRoot MTA was significantly more radiopaque (6.40 ± 0.06 mm Al) than Biodentine (1.50 ± 0.10 mm Al) (p < 0.0001). The setting time for Biodentine (85.66 ± 6.03 min) was significantly lower than for ProRoot MTA (228.33 ± 2.88 min) (p < 0.0001). Conclusions Biodentine and ProRoot MTA displayed different material properties. The solubility of both cements was in accordance with the International Standard ISO 6876:2001, whereas ProRoot MTA showed a significantly lower solubility. With regard to microhardness, Biodentine may be used to replace dentine. The radioopacity of Biodentine did not fulfil the requirements laid down in the International Standard ISO 6876:2001. The setting time for ProRoot MTA is significantly higher. Both materials can be used in different indications where specific material properties may be favourable. Hence, the here tested material properties are of clinical relevance.
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GUERREIRO TANOMARU JM, STORTO I, DA SILVA GF, BOSSO R, COSTA BC, BERNARDI MIB, TANOMARU-FILHO M. Radiopacity, pH and antimicrobial activity of Portland cement associated with micro- and nanoparticles of zirconium oxide and niobium oxide. Dent Mater J 2014; 33:466-70. [DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2013-328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Akcay I, Ilhan B, Dundar N. Comparison of conventional and digital radiography systems with regard to radiopacity of root canal filling materials. Int Endod J 2012; 45:730-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Borges AH, Pedro FLM, Semanoff-Segundo A, Miranda CES, Pécora JD, Cruz Filho AM. Radiopacity evaluation of Portland and MTA-based cements by digital radiographic system. J Appl Oral Sci 2011; 19:228-32. [PMID: 21625738 PMCID: PMC4234334 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572011000300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the radiopacity of Portland and MTA-based cements using the Digora TM digital radiographic system. MATERIAL AND METHODS The performed tests followed specification number 57 from the American National Standard Institute/American Dental Association (2000) for endodontic sealing materials. The materials were placed in 5 acrylic plates, especially designed for this experiment, along with a graduated aluminum stepwedge varying from 1 to 10 mm in thickness. The set was radiographed at a 30 cm focus-object distance and with 0.2 s exposure time. After the radiographs were taken, the optical laser readings of radiographs were performed by Digora TM system. Five radiographic density readings were performed for each studied material and for each step of the aluminum scale. RESULTS White ProRoot MTA (155.99±8.04), gray ProRoot MTA (155.96±16.30) and MTA BIO (143.13±16.94) presented higher radiopacity values (p<0.05), while white non-structural Portland (119.76±22.34), gray Portland (109.71±4.90) and white structural Portland (99.59±12.88) presented lower radiopacity values (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that MTA-based cements were the only materials presenting radiopacity within the ANSI/ADA specifications.
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Replacement of radiopacifier in mineral trioxide aggregate; characterization and determination of physical properties. Dent Mater 2011; 27:879-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Camilleri J, Cutajar A, Mallia B. Hydration characteristics of zirconium oxide replaced Portland cement for use as a root-end filling material. Dent Mater 2011; 27:845-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Moseke C, Gbureck U. Tetracalcium phosphate: Synthesis, properties and biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3815-23. [PMID: 20438869 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Monoclinic tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP, Ca(4)(PO(4))(2)O), also known by the mineral name hilgenstockite, is formed in the (CaO-P(2)O(5)) system at temperatures>1300 degrees C. TTCP is the only calcium phosphate with a Ca/P ratio greater than hydroxyapatite (HA). It appears as a by-product in plasma-sprayed HA coatings and shows moderate reactivity and concurrent solubility when combined with acidic calcium phosphates such as dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA, monetite) or dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD, brushite). Therefore it is widely used in self-setting calcium phosphate bone cements, which form HA under physiological conditions. This paper aims to review the synthesis and properties of TTCP in biomaterials applications such as cements, sintered ceramics and coatings on implant metals.
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Pires de Souza FC, Pardini LC, Cruvinel DR, Hamida HM, Garcia LF. In vitro comparison of the radiopacity of cavity lining materials with human dental structures. J Conserv Dent 2010; 13:65-70. [PMID: 20859477 PMCID: PMC2936092 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.66713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To compare the optical densities (OD) of calcium hydroxide (CH) and glass ionomer cement with the same thicknesses of the dental structures. Materials and Methods: Eighteen specimens of each material, with thicknesses of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 mm were made in a Teflon matrix. To compare the radiopacity of the materials with the dental structures, dental cuts of the first molars, increasing in thickness from 0.5 to 3.0 mm, were obtained. To standardize the radiographs, a transparent acrylic matrix (Standardizing Device) was developed and used. Thirty radiographs were taken, five for each tested material. Results: Statistical analysis (Two-way ANOVA - Bonferroni, P < 0.05) demonstrated that when the materials were compared, there was statistically significant difference between the ODs, only for the thickness of 1.0 mm (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The thickness of the material contributed to its radiopacity, and these materials had to be used in a thickness between 1.5 and 2.0 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Cp Pires de Souza
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirao Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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Camilleri J. Evaluation of the physical properties of an endodontic Portland cement incorporating alternative radiopacifiers used as root-end filling material. Int Endod J 2010; 43:231-40. [PMID: 20158535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2009.01670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the physical and chemical properties of Portland cement (PC) loaded with alternative radiopacifying materials for use as root-end filling materials in a mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-like system. METHODOLOGY Portland cement loaded with barium sulphate, gold and silver/tin alloy was mixed with water, and the physical and chemical properties of the hydrated cements were evaluated. MTA and intermediate restorative material (IRM) were used as controls. The radiopacity was compared to the equivalent thickness of aluminium, and the setting time of the cements was assessed using an indentation technique. The compressive strength and the stress-strain relationship were determined at 28 days. The stress-strain relationship was determined by monitoring the strain generated when the cement was subjected to compressive load. In addition, the pH was determined in water and simulated body fluid for a period of 28 days. RESULTS The radiopacity of the cements using alternative radiopacifiers was comparable to MTA (P > 0.05). IRM demonstrated a higher radiopacity than all the materials tested (P < 0.05). All the cements with the exception of IRM exhibited an alkaline pH and had an extended setting time when compared to IRM. MTA had a longer setting time than the PC (P < 0.001), and its setting time was similar to the gold-loaded cement (P = 0.159). The addition of a radiopacifier retarded the setting time (P < 0.001) but did not have any effect on the compressive strength as all loaded cements had comparable strength to PC (P > 0.05). IRM was the weakest cement tested (P < 0.001). The cement loaded with gold radiopacifier had comparable strength to MTA (P = 1). The stress-strain relationship was linear for all the cements with IRM generating more strain on loading. CONCLUSIONS Within the parameters set in this study, bismuth oxide in MTA can be replaced by gold or silver/tin alloy. The physical, mechanical and chemical properties of the cement replaced with alternative radiopacifiers were similar and comparable to ProRoot MTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Camilleri
- Department of Building and Civil Engineering, Faculty for the Built Environment, University of Malta, Msida MSD, Malta.
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Camilleri J, Gandolfi MG. Evaluation of the radiopacity of calcium silicate cements containing different radiopacifiers. Int Endod J 2010; 43:21-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2009.01621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gorduysus M, Avcu N. Evaluation of the radiopacity of different root canal sealers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 108:e135-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 04/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Saliba E, Abbassi-Ghadi S, Vowles R, Camilleri J, Hooper S, Camilleri J. Evaluation of the strength and radiopacity of Portland cement with varying additions of bismuth oxide. Int Endod J 2009; 42:322-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Taşdemir T, Yesilyurt C, Yildirim T, Er K. Evaluation of the Radiopacity of New Root Canal Paste/Sealers by Digital Radiography. J Endod 2008; 34:1388-1390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Kim EC, Lee BC, Chang HS, Lee W, Hong CU, Min KS. Evaluation of the radiopacity and cytotoxicity of Portland cements containing bismuth oxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 105:e54-7. [PMID: 18155604 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed at evaluating the radiopacity and cytotoxicity of Portland cements containing bismuth oxide (PcBo) in varying ratios. STUDY DESIGN Specimens measuring 10 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness were radiographed with an aluminum step wedge using an occlusal film. The radiographs were digitized, and the radiopacity of each material was compared to the different thicknesses of the aluminum step wedge. Using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the cytotoxicity of each material was determined in immortalized human periodontal ligament (IPDL) cells. RESULTS The results demonstrated that Portland cement with 20% bismuth oxide presented greater radiopacity (P < .05) compared to the mixtures with less bismuth oxide. The cell viabilities of all PcBo groups were statistically similar (P > .05) throughout the experimental period. CONCLUSION These results indicate that Portland cement with 20% bismuth oxide has a greater potential for being used as a root-end filling material compared to Portland cement with less bismuth oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Cheol Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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Tanomaru-Filho M, Jorge EG, Tanomaru JMG, Gonçalves M. Evaluation of the radiopacity of calcium hydroxide- and glass-ionomer-based root canal sealers. Int Endod J 2007; 41:50-3. [PMID: 17916070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the radiopacity of calcium hydroxide-based root canal sealers (Acroseal, Sealapex and Sealer 26), a glass-ionomer-based sealer (Activ GP Sealer) and a zinc oxide and eugenol-based sealer (Intrafill). METHODOLOGY Five disc-shaped specimens (10 x 1 mm) were fabricated from each material, according to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 6876/2001 standard. After setting of the materials, radiographs were taken using occlusal films and a graduated aluminum step-wedge varying from 2 to 16 mm in thickness. The dental X-ray unit (GE1000) was set at 50 Kvp, 10 mA, 18 pulses s(-1) and distance of 33.5 cm. The radiographs were digitized and the radiopacity compared with that of the aluminum step-wedge, using WIXWIN-2000 software (Gendex). Data (mm Al) were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test. RESULTS Intrafill was the most radiopaque material (7.67 mm Al) followed by Sealer 26 (6.33 mm Al), Sealapex (6.05 mm Al) and Acroseal (4.03 mm Al). Activ GP was the least radiopaque material (1.95 mm Al, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The sealers evaluated in this study had different radiopacities. However, except for the glass-ionomer-based sealer, all materials had radiopacity values above the minimum recommended by the ISO standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tanomaru-Filho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Bodrumlu E, Sumer AP, Gungor K. Radiopacity of a new root canal sealer, Epiphany. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 104:e59-61. [PMID: 17764983 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiopacity of a new root canal sealer, Epiphany, relative to 3 other root canal sealing materials, AH 26, Sealapex, and Ketac-Endo. STUDY DESIGN Radiographs were taken of 1-mm-thick specimens of 4 root canal sealers and dentine slides, as well as a range of aluminum thicknesses, by using a step-wedge. The radiographic density of each specimen was measured and correlated with the equivalent thickness of aluminum. RESULTS All sealers were found to be more radiopaque than dentine (1.05 +/- 0.2-mm aluminum) and to possess radiopacity of greater than 3-mm aluminum. The radiopacity values reported in this study were 11.27 +/- 0.18-mm, 10.88 +/- 0.16-mm, 10.35 +/- 0.15-mm, and 9.78 +/- 0.21-mm aluminum for Sealapex, Ketac-Endo, Epiphany, and AH 26, respectively, which were significantly different from each other (P < .01). CONCLUSION Radiopacity measurements for Epiphany, Ketac-Endo, Sealapex, and AH 26 exceeded the minimum standard for root canal sealers. Epiphany has higher radiopacity than dentine. Therefore, this sealer is suitable for endodontic usage in terms of radiographic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Bodrumlu
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
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Danesh G, Dammaschke T, Gerth HUV, Zandbiglari T, Schäfer E. A comparative study of selected properties of ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate and two Portland cements. Int Endod J 2006; 39:213-9. [PMID: 16507075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2006.01076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare solubility, microhardness and radiopacity of ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) with two Portland cements (PC: CEM I and CEM II). METHODOLOGY Solubility: for standardized samples (n = 12/group) ring moulds were filled with the cements. These samples were immersed in double-distilled water for 1 min, 10 min, 1 h, 24 h, 72 h, and 28 days. Mean loss of weight was determined. Microhardness: five samples of each cement were produced. All samples were loaded with a diamond indenter point with a weight of 100 g for 30 s. Radiopacity: five samples per cement were produced. These samples were tested according to the ISO standards to compare their radiodensity to that of an aluminium step wedge (1-9 mm). Differences between the three materials with respect to their solubility, microhardness and radiopacity were analysed using ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls. RESULTS After 28 days MTA was of low solubility (0.78%) compared with CEM I (31.38%) and CEM II (33.33%). At exposure times >1 min the two PCs were significantly more soluble than MTA (P < 0.05). The microhardness for MTA was significantly higher (39.99 HV; P < 0.001) compared with the two PC (CEM I: 16.32 HV; CEM II: 13.51 HV). MTA was significantly more radiopaque (5.34 mm Al) than CEM I (3.32 mm Al) and CEM II (2.52 mm Al) (P < 0.05), whereas CEM I was significantly more radiopaque than CEM II (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Mineral trioxide aggregate displayed superior material properties than both Portland cements.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Danesh
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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26
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Dammaschke T, Gerth HUV, Züchner H, Schäfer E. Chemical and physical surface and bulk material characterization of white ProRoot MTA and two Portland cements. Dent Mater 2005; 21:731-8. [PMID: 15935463 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2005.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The chemical and physical properties of white ProRoot MTA were analyzed in the bulk and at the surface and compared with two common Portland cements types CEM1 and CEM2. METHODS The main components were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and the minor constituents were identified with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Moreover, the setting of the different cements was studied: the chemical composition of the surface of both powder and bound cement was investigated by XPS and the morphological changes were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS In ProRoot MTA, the amount of gypsum is approximately half of that of the Portland cements. ProRoot MTA consists of less toxic heavy metals (Cu, Mn, Sr), less chromophores (Fe3+), and less Al-species, but contains about 2 at % Bi. In contrast to Portland cements, ProRoot MTA contains about 2 at.% Bi. In all three products, the amount of sulfur at the surface in the bound cements was 3 times higher than in the powder, indicating that in terms of the kinetics of the hardening reaction, a sulfate action mechanism prolongs the setting time. The Portland cements are composed of particles with a wide range of size, whereas ProRoot MTA showed a uniform and smaller particle size. SIGNIFICANCE With regard to chemical and physical surface and bulk properties, ProRoot MTA cannot simply be substituted by the cheaper Portland cement. Both products are similar but not equal and exhibit marked differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Dammaschke
- Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Tanomaru JMG, Cezare L, Gonçalves M, Tanomaru Filho M. Evaluation of the radiopacity of root canal sealers by digitization of radiographic images. J Appl Oral Sci 2004; 12:355-7. [PMID: 20976411 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572004000400019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2004] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiopacity of a zinc oxide and eugenol-based (Endofill), a calcium hydroxide-based (Sealapex), two resin-based (Sealer 26 and AH Plus), and a silicone-based root canal sealer (Roeko Seal). Specimens, measuring 10mm in diameter and 1mm in thickness, were radiographed simultaneously with an aluminum step wedge using occlusal films, according to ISO 6876/2001 standards. Radiographs were digitized, and the radiopacity of sealers was compared to the different thicknesses of the aluminum step wedge, using the VIXWIN 2000 software. Results demonstrated that AH Plus was the most radiopaque sealer, while Sealapex was the least radiopaque (p<0.05). Roeko Seal, Endofill and Sealer 26 presented intermediate radiopacity values. Sealapex presented less radiopacity than the other types of root canal sealers.
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Tagger M, Katz A. A standard for radiopacity of root-end (retrograde) filling materials is urgently needed. Int Endod J 2004; 37:260-4. [PMID: 15056352 DOI: 10.1111/j.0143-2885.2004.00787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the radiopacity of materials used, or recommended for use, as apical root-end (retrograde) fillings. METHODOLOGY The radiopacity of 14 materials falling into the category of root-end filling materials was measured in equivalent millimetres of aluminium (mm Al) using a new computerized method. These included temporary or intermediate sealing materials; composite, compomer and GIC filling materials; EBA-derived cements; amalgam, etc. Gutta-percha cone material was added as a control. Samples of 1 mm thickness were radiographed on periapical film alongside an aluminium step wedge calibrated in millimetres, and the opacity of the materials, in greyscale or pseudo-colour, was compared with the equivalent step. RESULTS The radiopacity ranged from 1.75 mm Al to >10 mm Al. The lower range appears insufficient for routine clinical detection when it is compared with the minimal requirement for intracanal fillings. CONCLUSIONS Because of the proliferation of root-end filling materials with a broad range of radiopacity, an international standard stipulating the required minimal radiopacity, as well as other properties, is needed urgently. It should be based on in vitro results and on large-scale clinical radiographic surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tagger
- Department of Endodontology, The Maurice & Gabriela School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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