Salutogenesis as a framework for child protection: literature review

Salutogenesis as a theoretical framework for psychosocial rehabilitation: the case of the Clubhouse model

Purpose: This study explored whether the holistic theory of salutogenesis may be a suitable theoretical framework for the Clubhouse model of psychosocial rehabilitation, a pioneer among psychosocial rehabilitation programmes.

Methods: A systematic examination of elements of the Clubhouse model, as prescribed by the Clubhouse standards, was performed within the context of the theory of salutogenesis including its basic salutogenic orientation and the main concepts of sense of coherence and resistance resources.

Results: We found that several standards and practices within the Clubhouse model can be understood as applications of salutogenesis. We have hypothesized that the Clubhouse model promotes peoples’ sense of coherence and mental health. However, our investigation also showed that, to enhance the recovery of Clubhouse members, more explicitly incorporating some salutogenic principles, such as “appropriate challenges” and “active adaptation as the ideal in treatment”, may benefit Clubhouse practice.

Conclusions: The Clubhouse model of psychosocial rehabilitation is very consistent with the salutogenic orientation and main salutogenic concepts. The present study suggests that salutogenesis may be a suitable theoretical framework for the Clubhouse model and possibly in the psychosocial rehabilitation field in general.

A Clinician and Service User's Perspective on Managing MS: Pleasure, Purpose, Practice

There is a growing body of evidence that points to an important role for modification of lifestyle factors and promotion of health-related quality of life in the secondary prevention of disease progression in multiple sclerosis (D'Hooghe et al., 2010; Weiland et al., 2014; Hadgkiss et al., 2015). As a clinical psychologist diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in 2012 I have gained a unique insight into ways in which people living with MS and clinicians can usefully integrate evidence-based lifestyle modifications that enhance self-efficacy and self-management to improve wider psychological and physical health. The framework presented here enables clinicians to engage in salutogenic health promotion by placing value upon the importance of healthy, evidence-based behavior change. Furthermore, the framework provides a structure which can empower and provide guidance for people living with MS on what and how to implement and sustain behavior change and emotional wellbeing in the face of this life-changing diagnosis.

Sense of Coherence and Childbearing: A Scoping Review of the Literature

OBJECTIVE: To undertake a scoping review of the literature to understand how a woman’s sense of coherence (SOC) score affects her childbearing.

METHOD: Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify articles published in English from 2000 to 2014 using combinations of specified search terms. Included articles were assessed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme.

FINDINGS: This scoping review identified 15 studies focusing on SOC scores and childbearing. Childbearing women with strong SOC were less likely to smoke and more likely to seek out useful support compared to women with low SOC. Women with strong SOC demonstrated increased emotional health, experiencing less depression, anxiety, stress, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Women with strong SOC were more likely to experience uncomplicated birth and birth at home, identify normal birth as their preferred birth option in pregnancy and identify a desire to avoid epidural anesthesia in labor compared to women with low SOC.

CONCLUSION: This scoping review of the literature identified significant associations between strong SOC and positive childbearing, including increased emotional health, improved health behaviors, and increased normal birth choices and outcomes.

A systematic integrated literature review of systematic integrated literature reviews in nursing

As faculty members, we frequently find that first-year doctoral students in nursing are confused about how to conduct a systematic integrated literature review. This could be due to its vague definition and a lack of recent literature that provides directions for conducting a systematic integrated literature review. This article aims to provide directions for conducting a systematic integrated literature review by identifying the essential components of published literature reviews in nursing. To achieve this goal, the literature was searched by using the keywords nursing, systematic, and review in multiple databases. A total of 267 articles were selected and are included in this systematic integrated literature review. The articles were then sorted by study design and analyzed in six areas of interests. Finally, a practical guideline for conducting systematic integrated literature reviews is proposed based on the analysis of the literature.

Utilisation of theoretical models and frameworks in the process of evidence synthesis

BACKGROUND

A systematic review is a comprehensive enquiry or study of secondary data sources. There is a research question, an a priori articulation of methods and a set of procedures to focus the investigation. Despite these rigorous structures to guide the review, synthesising evidence is a challenging, resource intense and time consuming process. Large volumes of information complicate not only the search functions, but also the conceptualisation of the evidence needed to create the concise and integrated results. Use of a theoretical model or framework could serve as an essential element in effectively focusing the review and designing the methods to respond to the knowledge question.

OBJECTIVE

This scoping review sought to confirm the value of models or frameworks used by authors working within traditional methodologies for evidence synthesis.

INCLUSION CRITERIA

Types of participants The focus of this review was on the context of health care.Types of intervention(s)/phenomena of interest All studies that discussed models or frameworks used specifically to address the process of synthesis were included.Types of studies Discussion, scholarship or methodology papers and reviews were included.Types of outcome All theoretical models or frameworks were described, with specific attention to the purpose of the framework for each study, and the contribution of the framework to the process of synthesis.

SEARCH STRATEGY

The search strategy aimed to find both published and unpublished studies. A three-step search strategy was utilised. The databases for published material included CINAHL; Medline; EMBASE; PsycINFO; AMED; Cochrane; Biomed Central; Scirus; and Mednar. Databases for unpublished material included Dissertation Abstracts; Sociological Abstracts; Conference proceedings.

METHODOLOGICAL QUALITY

The review was a focused scoping review to locate and describe the contribution of theoretical models or frameworks to the process of synthesis. The methodological quality of the discussion papers was therefore not assessed.

DATA COLLECTION

Data was extracted from the discussion papers using an adaptation of the standardised data extraction tool from the Joanna Briggs Institute Data Extraction for Narrative, Expert opinion & text (JBI-NOTARI).

DATA SYNTHESIS

Results were discussed in narrative form. The use of frameworks in each step of the synthesis process was discussed.

RESULTS

Eight studies (nine papers) formed the final set included in this review. The studies targeted the following issues: Child protection; end-of-life care; predictors of adolescent sexual behaviour and intention; primary care career choice; prognosis of acute whiplash; reluctance to care; use of Information Technology; young child's post-divorce adjustment. Frameworks were used in four of the seven steps of synthesis, and integration of the data indicated that the use of frameworks in the process of evidence synthesis was valuable and had many advantages.

CONCLUSION

This review illustrates that the addition of structure and guidance provided by a framework can serve to benefit the process of integration. Studies in this review indicated that the use of frameworks helped to inform the association between variables, guide the search strategy, structure and clarify the outcomes, identify knowledge gaps and indicate areas for future research. Used in this manner, frameworks could provide a valuable foundation for the process of synthesis.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Evidence from systematic reviews informs practice. The incorporation of a theoretical model or framework helps to guide the process of synthesis and clarify the outcomes. This added transparency will facilitate the assimilation of the evidence by the target audience.

IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH

Systematic reviews are the highest level of evidence available at this time. The use of theoretical models or frameworks in the review process strengthens the rigor and transparency of the integrative method. Further research into the contribution of theoretical models or conceptual frameworks to the process of synthesis may be valuable.

Salutogenesis as a framework for improving health resources of adolescent boys

Background and aims: A salutogenetic approach may play an important role in developing adolescent understanding of health. On the basis of sense of coherence the study examined the relationships between self-assessed physical fitness and actual performed cardiorespiratory fitness. Methods: Data were collected from 199 boys aged 13, randomly assigned to either an experimental or a control group. Frequency of out-of-school moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was self-rated by pupils while cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using 20-meter Shuttle Run test (20SRT) from the battery of Eurofit. Sense of coherence was measured with a SOC-13 questionnaire. A three semesters (15 months) intervention into a physical education programme, based on the Hellison's Teaching Responsibility through Physical Activity (TRPA) model, was introduced in the experimental group. Results: In the experimental group post-test examination revealed that cardiorespiratory fitness had improved significantly as the number of minutes completed in 20SRT increased. A similar situation was observed in the case of sense of coherence. No such findings were observed in the control group, and in a post-test comparison both the average results in 20SRT and in sense of coherence were statistically (p50.05) lower than in the experimental group. Conclusions: A health-related physical education programme based on developing individual responsibility through self-planned out-of-school activity can provide pupils with substantially more physical activity during the day (and thus improve cardiorespiratory fitness) when it is based on self-determined and individualized objectives.

Experiences of a feasibility study of children with albinism in Zimbabwe: a discussion paper

BACKGROUND

Feasibility studies are often a helpful prelude to constructing fundable research proposals. Where the intended research is in a foreign country, focuses on a vulnerable population, and is aggravated by political and pragmatic challenges, feasibility studies become essential. Albinism, a genetic condition of reduced melanin synthesis, is a major public health issue in southern Africa. Whilst much is known about the health needs of children with albinism, little is understood about how to address these effectively in low income countries. Further, the child care and protection needs of children with albinism are largely unexplored. Zimbabwe's current political and economic climate presents additional challenges to research on the topic.

METHOD

The technical, economic, legal, collaborative, operational, schedule and political feasibilities (acronym TELCOSP) to undertaking a study on children with albinism in Zimbabwe were explored over a six week period of fieldwork in the country.

RESULTS

Using the TELSCOSP framework allowed a deconstruction of each challenge to provide innovative solutions. The economic and legal feasibility aspects presented some difficulties that will require flexibility and perseverance to overcome.

CONCLUSION

With the assistance of the local communities and people with albinism in Zimbabwe, the obstacles appear surmountable. The feasibility study provided a productive framework for addressing potential challenges in studying the needs of Zimbabwe's children living with albinism.

Promoting coping: salutogenesis among people with mental health problems

This article aims to illustrate how Antonovsky's salutogenic theory and its central concept of sense of coherence can be operationalized into salutogenic therapy principles and an intervention program for promoting a sense of coherence, coping, and mental health among people with mental health problems. The intervention is based on the following five basic components or therapy principles: (1) the health continuum model; (2) the story of the person; (3) health-promoting (salutary) factors; (4) the understanding of tension and strain as potentially health promoting, and (5) active adaptation. The program is a talk therapy group intervention and consists of 16 group meetings and homework. The intervention may serve as a guide to mental health nursing practice when coping is the main target.

The role of the student: Salutogenic or pathogenic?

Associations between sense of coherence (SOC) and school-related resources (supportive school environment, adequate learning conditions) and stress (pressure of schoolwork, bored of school) were explored in a representative sample of 4116 Norwegian school adolescents, aged 11, 13 and 15 years. The students participated in the World Health Organization Cross-National Survey 'Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children 1997/98 (HBSC)'. Multiple linear regression analyses were applied. In unadjusted analyses, all resources and stress factors were significantly related to SOC. In analyses adjusted for all these factors, support from teacher was the only variable that did not remain significant. The strongest and most adverse association with SOC was seen in the relation with feeling pressured by schoolwork among both genders. The next strongest associations were found with support from peers and adequate expectations. In general, the associations with SOC were stronger among girls than boys, but a similar tendency was found for both genders. Implications for school health promotion are discussed.

Failure to thrive: still a problem of definition

The term 'failure to thrive' (FTT) is widely used to describe inadequate growth in early childhood. However, no consensus exists concerning the specific anthropometrical criteria to define this description. The aim of this study was to make an updated assessment concerning the use of FTT definitions and describe possible trends regarding the use of specific criteria. A cross-sectional review was done covering English-language articles published from January 2003 until June 2004, and recent textbooks of general pediatrics. Most of the reviewed literature broadly defined FTT as inadequate growth and total agreement existed to define FTT based solely on anthropometrical parameters. Large differences, however, were seen regarding which growth parameters to use and whether to use attained values or velocities. Weight was the most predominant choice, but many included more than one anthropometrical parameter. Failure to thrive in children is currently described solely based on anthropometrical indicators, with weight gain as the predominant choice of indicator and cut off around the 5th percentile. Discussion is needed as to whether the term 'failure to thrive' is still a useful common term for pediatric undernutrition of different types.