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Hajiagha MN, Kafil HS. Efflux pumps and microbial biofilm formation. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023:105459. [PMID: 37271271 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm-related infections are resistant forms of pathogens that are regarded as a medical problem, particularly due to the spread of multiple drug resistance. One of the factors associated with biofilm drug resistance is the presence of various types of efflux pumps in bacteria. Efflux pumps also play a role in biofilm formation by influencing Physical-chemical interactions, mobility, gene regulation, quorum sensing (QS), extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and toxic compound extrusion. According to the findings of studies based on efflux pump expression analysis, their role in the anatomical position within the biofilm will differ depending on the biofilm formation stage, encoding gene expression level, the type and concentration of substrate. In some cases, the function of the efflux pumps can overlap with each other, so it seems necessary to accurate identify the efflux pumps of biofilm-forming bacteria along with their function in this process. Such studies will help to choose treatment strategy, at least in combination with antibiotics. Furthermore, if the goal of treatment is an efflux pump manipulation, we should not limit it to inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdyeh Neghabi Hajiagha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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2
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Lyons KM, Cannon RD, Beumer J, Bakr MM, Love RM. The Role of Biofilms and Material Surface Characteristics in Microbial Adhesion to Maxillary Obturator Materials: A Literature Review. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2019; 57:487-498. [PMID: 31665902 DOI: 10.1177/1055665619882555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maxillofacial prosthetics includes restoration of maxillary defects resulting from resection of palate and nasosinus neoplasms with obturator prostheses which may be colonized by microorganisms and function as a reservoir of infection. Patients with neoplasms commonly also require radiotherapy that can result in changes in saliva quality and quantity and changes in the oral microbial flora. The altered flora, in individuals immunocompromised from cancer therapy, increases their risk of prosthesis-related infections. OBJECTIVES In this review article, we explore microbial biofilms, their main components, mechanisms of microbial adhesion, and stages of biofilm development. We also discuss the different materials that are used for manufacturing maxillary obturators, their characteristic features, and how these can affect microbial adhesion. Furthermore, we shed some light on the factors that affect microbial adhesion to the surface of maxillary obturators including tissue proteins, protein adsorption, and the acquired enamel pellicle. CONCLUSIONS The conclusions drawn from this literature review are that it is imperative to minimize the risk of local and systemic infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer having maxillary defects. It is also important to determine the role of saliva in microbial adhesion to obturator materials as well as develop materials that have a longer life span with surface characteristics that promote less microbial adhesion than current materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl M Lyons
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard D Cannon
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - John Beumer
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mahmoud M Bakr
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert M Love
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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3
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Zhou X, Li M, Xu L, Shi C, Shi X. Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance Genes, Plasmids, Biofilm Formation, andIn VitroInvasion Capacity ofSalmonellaEnteritidis Isolates from Children with Gastroenteritis. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:1191-1198. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Zhou
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiya Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Xu
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlei Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianming Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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4
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González Ocampo JI, Bassous N, Ossa Orozco CP, Webster TJ. Evaluation of cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of an injectable bone substitute of carrageenan and nano hydroxyapatite. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:2984-2993. [PMID: 30367558 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A successful post-surgical implant is associated with accelerated recovery periods, involving the efficient regeneration of lost or non-viable tissue and a reduction in microbial growth. Alternatively, the long-term success of an implant is guided by the selection of an engineered biomimetic material that is biocompatible, non-biodegradable, and stable at the site of implantation, without invoking any non-essential or undesirable biological responses. The potential for developing an injectable bone substitute (IBS) was investigated here. In particular, carrageenan (CG) and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) injectable composites were fabricated by chemical cross-linking, and the in vitro behavior of mammalian cells and bacteria on the IBS surface structures were evaluated. Formulations consisting of 1%, 1.5%, and 2.5% CG and 60% nHA by weight were then evaluated for their interactions with human osteoblasts (or bone forming cells). MTS viability testing indicated that osteoblast adhesion and viability on the IBS were excellent and uniform among various formulation types. Bacteria assays were also performed to assess antimicrobial functions on the CG/nHA composite against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains. A higher CG content, as found in some samples, correlated with improved Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth inhibition, although other bacteria strains appeared unaffected by the IBS. In summary, this study highlights CG/nHA composites as innovative biomaterials that should be further studied for reduced bacteria activity and promoted osteoblast responses which was achieved without using pharmaceutical drugs. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 2984-2993, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmín I González Ocampo
- Biomaterials Research Group, Bioengineering Program, Engineering Faculty, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Nicole Bassous
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Claudia P Ossa Orozco
- Biomaterials Research Group, Bioengineering Program, Engineering Faculty, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
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5
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Singh S, Singh SK, Chowdhury I, Singh R. Understanding the Mechanism of Bacterial Biofilms Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents. Open Microbiol J 2017; 11:53-62. [PMID: 28553416 PMCID: PMC5427689 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801711010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A biofilm is a group of microorganisms, that causes health problems for the patients with indwelling medical devices via attachment of cells to the surface matrix. It increases the resistance of a microorganism for antimicrobial agents and developed the human infection. Current strategies are removed or prevent the microbial colonies from the medical devices, which are attached to the surfaces. This will improve the clinical outcomes in favor of the patients suffering from serious infectious diseases. Moreover, the identification and inhibition of genes, which have the major role in biofilm formation, could be the effective approach for health care systems. In a current review article, we are highlighting the biofilm matrix and molecular mechanism of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriti Singh
- Department of Kriya Sharir, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi- 221 005 UP India
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Indrajit Chowdhury
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Bay DC, Stremick CA, Slipski CJ, Turner RJ. Secondary multidrug efflux pump mutants alter Escherichia coli biofilm growth in the presence of cationic antimicrobial compounds. Res Microbiol 2016; 168:208-221. [PMID: 27884783 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli possesses many secondary active multidrug resistance transporters (MDTs) that confer overlapping substrate resistance to a broad range of antimicrobials via proton and/or sodium motive force. It is uncertain whether redundant MDTs uniquely alter cell survival when cultures grow planktonically or as biofilms. In this study, the planktonic and biofilm growth and antimicrobial resistance of 13 E. coli K-12 single MDT gene deletion strains in minimal and rich media were determined. Antimicrobial tolerance to tetracycline, tobramycin and benzalkonium were also compared for each ΔMDT strain. Four E. coli MDT families were represented in this study: resistance nodulation and cell division members acrA, acrB, acrD, acrE, acrF and tolC; multidrug and toxin extruder mdtK; major facilitator superfamily emrA and emrB; and small multidrug resistance members emrE, sugE, mdtI and mdtJ. Deletions of multipartite efflux system genes acrB, acrE and tolC resulted in significant reductions in both planktonic and biofilm growth phenotypes and enhanced antimicrobial susceptibilities. The loss of remaining MDT genes produced similar or enhanced (acrD, acrE, emrA, emrB, mdtK, emrE and mdtJ) biofilm growth and antimicrobial resistance. ΔMDT strains with enhanced antimicrobial tolerance also enhanced biofilm biomass. These findings suggest that many redundant MDTs regulate biofilm formation and drug tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denice C Bay
- University of Manitoba, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Carol A Stremick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carmine J Slipski
- University of Manitoba, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Raymond J Turner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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7
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Rao V, Ghei R, Chambers Y. Biofilms Research—Implications to Biosafety and Public Health. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/153567600501000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkat Rao
- Computer Sciences Corporation, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Rashmi Ghei
- Computer Sciences Corporation, Rockville, Maryland
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8
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Thiol reductive stress induces cellulose-anchored biofilm formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11392. [PMID: 27109928 PMCID: PMC4848537 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) forms biofilms harbouring antibiotic-tolerant bacilli in vitro, but the factors that induce biofilm formation and the nature of the extracellular material that holds the cells together are poorly understood. Here we show that intracellular thiol reductive stress (TRS) induces formation of Mtb biofilms in vitro, which harbour drug-tolerant but metabolically active bacteria with unchanged levels of ATP/ADP, NAD(+)/NADH and NADP(+)/NADPH. The development of these biofilms requires DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. Transcriptional analysis suggests that Mtb modulates only ∼7% of its genes for survival in biofilms. In addition to proteins, lipids and DNA, the extracellular material in these biofilms is primarily composed of polysaccharides, with cellulose being a key component. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying Mtb biofilm formation, although the clinical relevance of Mtb biofilms in human tuberculosis remains unclear.
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Abstract
E. coli is a relevant model organism for the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying surface colonization. This process requires two essential steps: adhesion to a surface, followed by cell-cell adhesion counteracting the shear forces of the environment, with both steps contributing to the formation of a biofilm. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the genetic analyses aiming at identifying factors involved in both of these two highly related biological processes, with a particular emphasis on studies performed in Escherichia coli K-12. Bacterial adhesion to abiotic surfaces is likely to be highly dependent on the physicochemical and electrostatic interactions between the bacterial envelope and the substrate, which is itself often conditioned by the fluids to which it is exposed. Genetic analyses have revealed the diversity of genetic factors in E. coli that participate in colonization and biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces. The study of surface colonization and biofilm formation represents a rapidly expanding field of investigation. The use of E. coli K-12 to investigate the genetic basis of bacterial interactions with surfaces has led to the identification of a large repertoire of adhesins whose expression is subject to a complex interplay between regulatory networks. Understanding how E. coli K-12 behaves in complex biofilm communities will certainly contribute to an understanding of how natural commensal and pathogenic E. coli isolates develop.
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10
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Yamasaki S, Wang LY, Hirata T, Hayashi-Nishino M, Nishino K. Multidrug efflux pumps contribute to Escherichia coli biofilm maintenance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 45:439-41. [PMID: 25637119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Li-Yuan Wang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hirata
- Department of Cell Membrane Biology, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Hayashi-Nishino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Nishino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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11
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Heidary M, Momtaz H, Madani M. Characterization of Diarrheagenic Antimicrobial Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated From Pediatric Patients in Tehran, Iran. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2014; 16:e12329. [PMID: 24910786 PMCID: PMC4028759 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Acute infectious diarrhea is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Objectives: The objective of this study was to characterize antimicrobial resistant diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic children in Tehran, IR Iran. Patients and Methods: In total, 550 stool samples from diarrheic pediatric patients, aged less than 60 months, were collected and immediately transferred to the laboratory. Isolation and identification of E. coli strains was done using bacteriological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion technique. Multiplex PCR was used to detect aadA1, tetA, tetB, dfrA1, qnr, aac (3)-IV, sul1, blaSHV, CITM, cat1, and cmlA antibiotic resistance genes. Results: From the total of 550 fecal samples examined, 154 samples (28%) were positive for diarraheagenic E. coli. High rates of antibiotic resistance were seen against penicillin ﴾100%), ampicillin ﴾89.6%﴿ and tetracycline ﴾83.1%﴿. Resistance against ciprofloxacin was low ﴾28.6%﴿. The prevalence of different resistance genes in the studied strains varied from 96.10% for aadA1 gene to 40.25% for sul1 gene. The frequencies of aadA1, tetA, tetB, dfrA1, qnr, aac(3)-IV, sul1, blaSHV, CITM, cat1, and cmlA genes were 96.10%, 85.06%, 84.41%, 51.94%, 72.07%, 54.54%, 40.25%, 57.79%, 90.25%, 59.74% and 60.38%, respectively. Conclusions: Our results indicated that antibiotic resistance is increasing in diarraheagenic E. coli strains in Iran. It is imperative to develop strategies for prevention and control of resistant organisms. Changes in patterns of resistance against commonly used antibiotics in Iran indicate that an applied surveillance system and introduction of guidelines for appropriate antibiotic prescription are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Heidary
- Department of Microbiology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan, IR Iran
| | - Hassan Momtaz
- Department of Microbiology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Hassan Momtaz, Department of Microbiology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-3361064, E-mail:
| | - Mahboobeh Madani
- Department of Microbiology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan, IR Iran
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12
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Soto SM. Role of efflux pumps in the antibiotic resistance of bacteria embedded in a biofilm. Virulence 2013; 4:223-9. [PMID: 23380871 PMCID: PMC3711980 DOI: 10.4161/viru.23724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are complex microbial associations anchored to abiotic or biotic surfaces, embedded in extracellular matrix produced by the biofilms themselves where they interact with each other and the environment. One of the main properties of biofilms is their capacity to be more resistant to antimicrobial agents than planktonic cells. Efflux pumps have been reported as one of the mechanisms responsible for the antimicrobial resistance in biofilm structures. Evidence of the role of efflux pump in biofilm resistance has been found in several microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. However, in spite of the studies on the importance of efflux pumps in biofilm growth and about their relevance in antimicrobial resistance forming biofilm, the exact role of these efflux systems has not been determined as yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Soto
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clinic-University of Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Abstract
N4-like bacteriophages are a class of virulent Podoviridae phages for which few genome sequences are present in GenBank. IME11, a novel lytic Escherichia bacteriophage with a wide host range, was isolated, and the whole genome was sequenced. It has a circular double-stranded DNA genome of 72,570 bp. Genomic analysis showed that it resembles another Escherichia phage, vB_EcoP_G7C. Here we announce its complete genome and major findings from its annotation.
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14
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May T, Okabe S. Enterobactin is required for biofilm development in reduced-genome Escherichia coli. Environ Microbiol 2011; 13:3149-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Planchon S, Desvaux M, Chafsey I, Chambon C, Leroy S, Hébraud M, Talon R. Comparative subproteome analyses of planktonic and sessile Staphylococcus xylosus C2a: new insight in cell physiology of a coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in biofilm. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1797-809. [PMID: 19253936 DOI: 10.1021/pr8004056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus xylosus is a Gram-positive bacterium found on the skin of mammals and frequently isolated from food plants and fermented cheese or meat. To gain further insight in protein determinants involved in biofilm formation by this coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, a comparative proteomic analysis between planktonic and sessile cells was performed. With the use of a protocol previously developed, protein patterns of the cytoplasmic and cell envelope fractions were compared by 2-DE. Following protein identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analyses, this study revealed differences in expression levels of 89 distinct proteins with 55 up-expressed and 34 down-expressed proteins in biofilm compared to planktonic cells. Most proteins differentially expressed were related to nitrogen and carbon metabolisms. Besides amino acid biosynthesis and protein translation, protein determinants related to protein secretion were up-expressed in biofilm, suggesting a more active protein trafficking in sessile cells. While up-expression of several enzymes involved in pentose phosphate and glycolytic pathways was observed in biofilm, connections with unexpected metabolic routes were further unravelled. Indeed, this proteomic analysis allowed identifying novel proteins that could be involved in a previously uncovered exopolysaccharide biosynthetic pathway in S. xylosus as well as several enzymes related to polyketide biosynthesis. This findings are particularly relevant considering exopolysaccharide production in S. xylosus is ica-independent contrary to coagulase-negative model strain Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Planchon
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
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Singh J, Khalichi P, Cvitkovitch DG, Santerre JP. Composite resin degradation products from BisGMA monomer modulate the expression of genes associated with biofilm formation and other virulence factors inStreptococcus mutans. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 88:551-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Dowd SE, Killinger-Mann K, Brashears M, Fralick J. Evaluation of gene expression in a single antibiotic exposure-derived isolate of Salmonella enterica typhimurium 14028 possessing resistance to multiple antibiotics. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2008; 5:205-21. [PMID: 18407759 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2007.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are important tools used to control infections. Unfortunately, microbes can become resistant to antibiotics, which limit the drugs' usefulness for clinical and veterinary use. It is necessary to improve our understanding of mechanisms that contribute to or enhance antibiotic resistance. Using nalidixic acid (NA) exposure as a sole selective agent, a resistant strain of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium 14028 was derived (2a) that had acquired resistance to chloramphenicol, sulfisoxazole, cefoxitin, tetracycline, and NA. We employed gene array analysis to further characterize this derivative. Results indicate a significant difference (FDR < 5%) in the expression of 338 genes (fold regulation > 1.3) between the derivative and the parent strain growing exponentially under the same conditions at 37 degrees C. Strain 2a showed comparative induction of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2) transcripts and repression of SPI1 genes. Differences in expression were related to efflux pumps (increased expression), porins (decreased expression), type III secretion systems (increased expression), lipopolysaccharide synthesis (decreased expression), motility-related genes (decreased expression), and PhoP/PhoQ and peptidoglycan synthesis (increased expression). It appears that 2a developed altered regulation of gene expression to decrease the influx and increase the efflux of deleterious environmental agents (antibiotics) into and out of the cell, respectively. Mechanism(s) by which this was accomplished or the reason for alterations in gene expression of other genetic systems (curli, flagella, PhoP/PhoQ, and peptidoglycan) are not immediately apparent. Evaluation of transcriptomes within multiple antibiotic-resistant mutants hopefully will enable us to better understand those generalized mechanisms by which bacteria become resistant to multiple antibiotics. Future work in sequencing these genomes and evaluating pathogenicity are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scot E Dowd
- Livestock Issues Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, Texas 79403, USA.
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18
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Rivas L, Fegan N, Dykes GA. Expression and Putative Roles in Attachment of Outer Membrane Proteins ofEscherichia coliO157 from Planktonic and Sessile Culture. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2008; 5:155-64. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2007.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Rivas
- Food Science Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Narelle Fegan
- Food Science Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gary A. Dykes
- Food Science Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Tomlinson S, Palombo EA. Characterisation of antibacterial Australian medicinal plant extracts by investigation of the mechanism of action and the effect of interfering substances. J Basic Microbiol 2005; 45:363-70. [PMID: 16187270 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200410534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Propidium iodide (PI) uptake and salt tolerance assays were used to investigate the mechanism of antibacterial action of an extract of the leaves of Eremophila duttonii, a traditional Australian medicinal plant previously shown to have potent bactericidal activity against Gram positive bacteria. The extract compromised the integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane of Staphylococcus aureus , leading to increased membrane permeability (indicated by uptake of PI) and a decrease in ability to exclude NaCl. The bactericidal action of the E. duttonii extract was concluded to be due to its membrane-active properties. The effect of contaminants on the efficacy of this extract and other medicinal plant extracts was also investigated. Organic contaminants (bakers' yeast and skim milk powder) decreased the efficacy of all extracts investigated, while hard water had no effect. Greater understanding of the biocidal properties of the plant extracts investigated may determine if they have medical, industrial or environmental applications. ((c) 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Tomlinson
- Environment and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Otto K, Hermansson M. Inactivation of ompX causes increased interactions of type 1 fimbriated Escherichia coli with abiotic surfaces. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:226-34. [PMID: 14679242 PMCID: PMC303450 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.1.226-234.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2003] [Accepted: 10/03/2003] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During the initial steps of biofilm formation, bacteria have to adapt to a major change in their environment. The adhesion-induced phenotypic changes in a type 1 fimbriated Escherichia coli strain included reductions in the levels of several outer membrane proteins, one of which was identified as OmpX. Here, the phenotypes of mutant strains that differ at the ompX locus were studied with regard to adhesion, cell surface properties, and resistance to stress and antimicrobial compounds. The kinetics of adhesion were measured online by an extended quartz crystal microbalance technique for wild-type and mutant strains with a fimbriated or nonfimbriated background. Deletion of ompX led to significantly increased cell-surface contact in fimbriated strains but to decreased cell-surface contact in a nonfimbriated strain. Phenotypic characterization of the ompX mutant demonstrated that ompX interferes with proper regulation of cell surface structures that play a key role in mediating firm contact of the cell with a surface (i.e., type 1 fimbriae, flagellae, and exopolysaccharides). These phenotypic changes were accompanied by increased tolerance to several antibiotic compounds and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Based on these results, we propose that changes in the composition of outer membrane proteins during fimbria-mediated adhesion may be part of a coordinated adaptive response to the attached mode of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Otto
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Schwartz T, Hoffmann S, Obst U. Formation of natural biofilms during chlorine dioxide and u.v. disinfection in a public drinking water distribution system. J Appl Microbiol 2003; 95:591-601. [PMID: 12911708 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The influence of two disinfection techniques on natural biofilm development during drinking water treatment and subsequent distribution is compared with regard to the supply of a high-quality drinking water. METHODS AND RESULTS The growth of biofilms was studied using the biofilm device technique in a real public technical drinking water asset. Different pipe materials which are commonly used in drinking water facilities (hardened polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, steel and copper) were used as substrates for biofilm formation. Apart from young biofilms, several months old biofilms were compared in terms of material dependence, biomass and physiological state. Vital staining of biofilms with 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) and the DNA-specific 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining resulted in a significant difference in physiological behaviour of biofilm populations depending on the disinfection technique. Compared with chlorine dioxide disinfection (0.12-0.16 mg l-1), the respiratory activities of the micro-organisms were increased on all materials during u.v. disinfection (u.v.254; 400 J m-2). The biofilm biocoenosis was analysed by in situ hybridization with labelled oligonucleotides specific for some subclasses of Proteobacteria. Using PCR and additional hybridization techniques, the biofilms were also tested for the presence of Legionella spp., atypical mycobacteria and enterococci. The results of the molecular-biological experiments in combination with cultivation tests showed that enterococci were able to pass the u.v. disinfection barrier and persist in biofilms of the distribution system, but not after chlorine dioxide disinfection. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that bacteria are able to regenerate and proliferate more effectively after u.v. irradiation at the waterworks, and chlorine dioxide disinfection appears to be more applicative to maintain a biological stable drinking water. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY As far as the application of u.v. disinfection is used for conditioning of critical water sources for drinking water, the efficiency of u.v. irradiation in natural systems should reach a high standard to avoid adverse impacts on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Water Technology and Geotechnology Division, Institute for Technical Chemistry, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Gilbert P, McBain AJ. Potential impact of increased use of biocides in consumer products on prevalence of antibiotic resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003; 16:189-208. [PMID: 12692093 PMCID: PMC153147 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.16.2.189-208.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There has recently been much controversy surrounding the increased use of antibacterial substances in a wide range of consumer products and the possibility that, as with antibiotics, indiscriminate use of biocides might contribute to the overall pattern of susceptibility in the general environment and in the clinic. Such speculation, based on the isolation of resistant mutants from in vitro monoculture experiments, is not reflected by an emergence of biocide-resistant strains in vivo. This review provides a broad coverage of the biocide and resistance literature and evaluates the potential risks, perceived from such laboratory monoculture experiments, against evidence gathered over 50 years of field studies. An explanation for the continued effectiveness of broad-spectrum biocidal agents against the decline in efficacy of therapeutic agents is provided based on the fitness costs of resistance and the ubiquity of naturally occurring substances that possess antibacterial effect. While we conclude from this review of the literature that the incorporation of antibacterial agents into a widening sphere of personal products has had little or no impact on the patterns of microbial susceptibility observed in the environment, the associated risks remain finite. The use of such products should therefore be associated with a clear demonstration of added value either to consumer health or to the product life. Hygienic products should therefore be targeted to applications for which the risks have been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gilbert
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Pathogenic fungi in the genus Candida can cause both superficial and serious systemic disease, and are now recognized as major agents of hospital-acquired infection. Many Candida infections involve the formation of biofilms on implanted devices such as indwelling catheters or prosthetic heart valves. Biofilms of Candida albicans formed in vitro on catheter material consist of matrix-enclosed microcolonies of yeasts and hyphae, arranged in a bilayer structure. The biofilms are resistant to a range of antifungal agents currently in clinical use, including amphotericin B and fluconazole, and there appear to be multiple resistance mechanisms. Recent studies with mixed biofilms containing Candida and bacterial species suggest that extensive and striking interactions occur between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in these adherent populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Julia Douglas
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
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Abstract
Bacteria that attach to a surface and grow as a biofilm are protected from killing by antibiotics. Reduced antibiotic susceptibility contributes to the persistence of biofilm infections such as those associated with implanted devices. The protective mechanisms at work in biofilms appear to be distinct from those that are responsible for conventional antibiotic resistance. In biofilms, poor antibiotic penetration, nutrient limitation and slow growth, adaptive stress responses, and formation of persister cells are hypothesized to constitute a multi-layered defense. The genetic and biochemical details of these biofilm defenses are only now beginning to emerge. Each gene and gene product contributing to this resistance may be a target for the development of new chemotherapeutic agents. Disabling biofilm resistance may enhance the ability of existing antibiotics to clear infections involving biofilms that are refractory to current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S Stewart
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717-3980, USA.
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Gilbert P, Allison D, McBain A. Biofilms in vitro
and in vivo
: do singular mechanisms imply cross-resistance? J Appl Microbiol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.92.5s1.5.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ramage G, Vande Walle K, Wickes BL, López-Ribot JL. Standardized method for in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:2475-9. [PMID: 11502517 PMCID: PMC90680 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.9.2475-2479.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is implicated in many biomaterial-related infections. Typically, these infections are associated with biofilm formation. Cells in biofilms display phenotypic traits that are dramatically different from those of their free-floating planktonic counterparts and are notoriously resistant to antimicrobial agents. Consequently, biofilm-related infections are inherently difficult to treat and to fully eradicate with normal treatment regimens. Here, we report a rapid and highly reproducible microtiter-based colorimetric assay for the susceptibility testing of fungal biofilms, based on the measurement of metabolic activities of the sessile cells by using a formazan salt reduction assay. The assay was used for in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of several C. albicans strains grown as biofilms against amphotericin B and fluconazole and the increased resistance of C. albicans biofilms against these antifungal agents was demonstrated. Because of its simplicity, compatibility with a widely available 96-well microplate platform, high throughput, and automation potential, we believe this assay represents a promising tool for the standardization of in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of fungal biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ramage
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA
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Gilbert P, McBain AJ. Biofilms: their impact on health and their recalcitrance toward biocides. Am J Infect Control 2001; 29:252-5. [PMID: 11486267 DOI: 10.1067/mic.2001.115673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Gilbert
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Bacteria that adhere to implanted medical devices or damaged tissue can encase themselves in a hydrated matrix of polysaccharide and protein, and form a slimy layer known as a biofilm. Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in the biofilm mode of growth contributes to the chronicity of infections such as those associated with implanted medical devices. The mechanisms of resistance in biofilms are different from the now familiar plasmids, transposons, and mutations that confer innate resistance to individual bacterial cells. In biofilms, resistance seems to depend on multicellular strategies. We summarise the features of biofilm infections, review emerging mechanisms of resistance, and discuss potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Stewart
- Center for Biofilm Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3980, USA.
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McBain AJ, Allison D, Gilbert P. Emerging strategies for the chemical treatment of microbial biofilms. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2001; 17:267-79. [PMID: 11255669 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10647995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A J McBain
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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Otto K, Norbeck J, Larsson T, Karlsson KA, Hermansson M. Adhesion of type 1-fimbriated Escherichia coli to abiotic surfaces leads to altered composition of outer membrane proteins. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:2445-53. [PMID: 11274103 PMCID: PMC95160 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.8.2445-2453.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2000] [Accepted: 01/22/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic differences between planktonic bacteria and those attached to abiotic surfaces exist, but the mechanisms involved in the adhesion response of bacteria are not well understood. By the use of two-dimensional (2D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we have demonstrated that attachment of Escherichia coli to abiotic surfaces leads to alteration in the composition of outer membrane proteins. A major decrease in the abundance of resolved proteins was observed during adhesion of type 1-fimbriated E. coli strains, which was at least partly caused by proteolysis. Moreover, a study of fimbriated and nonfimbriated mutants revealed that these changes were due mainly to type 1 fimbria-mediated surface contact and that only a few changes occurred in the outer membranes of nonfimbriated mutant strains. Protein synthesis and proteolytic degradation were involved to different extents in adhesion of fimbriated and nonfimbriated cells. While protein synthesis appeared to affect adhesion of only the nonfimbriated strain, proteolytic activity mostly seemed to contribute to adhesion of the fimbriated strain. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, six of the proteins resolved by 2D analysis were identified as BtuB, EF-Tu, OmpA, OmpX, Slp, and TolC. While the first two proteins were unaffected by adhesion, the levels of the last four were moderately to strongly reduced. Based on the present results, it may be suggested that physical interactions between type 1 fimbriae and the surface are part of a surface-sensing mechanism in which protein turnover may contribute to the observed change in composition of outer membrane proteins. This change alters the surface characteristics of the cell envelope and may thus influence adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Otto
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Abstract
Biofilms are communities of microorganisms attached to a surface. It has become clear that biofilm-grown cells express properties distinct from planktonic cells, one of which is an increased resistance to antimicrobial agents. Recent work has indicated that slow growth and/or induction of an rpoS-mediated stress response could contribute to biocide resistance. The physical and/or chemical structure of exopolysaccharides or other aspects of biofilm architecture could also confer resistance by exclusion of biocides from the bacterial community. Finally, biofilm-grown bacteria might develop a biofilm-specific biocide-resistant phenotype. Owing to the heterogeneous nature of the biofilm, it is likely that there are multiple resistance mechanisms at work within a single community. Recent research has begun to shed light on how and why surface-attached microbial communities develop resistance to antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Mah
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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