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Olabode IR, Sachivkina N, Karamyan A, Mannapova R, Kuznetsova O, Bobunova A, Zhabo N, Avdonina M, Gurina R. In Vitro Activity of Farnesol against Malassezia pachydermatis Isolates from Otitis Externa Cases in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071259. [PMID: 37048514 PMCID: PMC10093264 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic otitis externa of dogs is a significant problem due to the prevalence and complexity of the treatment of such animals. There is evidence that in 60-80% of cases of infectious diseases microorganisms located in the biofilm phenotype play the main role. Microorganisms in the biofilm phenotype have a number of advantages, the most significant of which is considered to be increased resistance to various external factors. Among them, a special place is occupied by resistance to antibiotics. In recent decades, research has been conducted at an increasing scale on the role of biofilm infections in various pathologies in veterinary medicine. The etiology and therapy of dog otitis externa caused by Malassezia pachydermatis biofilm has not been fully studied. This is why we consider relevant the scientific and practical aspects of research on the etiology and therapy of dog otitis externa from the position of biofilm infection. In this work, it has been statistically proven that there is a relationship between the optical density of Malassezia pachydermatis biofilms and their sensitivity to drugs, and this relationship is statistically significant. In addition, we have demonstrated that Farnesol has a good antibiofilm effect at a concentration of more 1.6 μM/mL (24% OD decrease of biofilm), and its highest antibiofilm effect (71-55%-more than a half) was observed at a concentration of 200-12.5 μM/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifarajimi Rapheal Olabode
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian Technological Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Sachivkina
- Department of Microbiology V.S. Kiktenko, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Arfenia Karamyan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian Technological Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ramziya Mannapova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Russian State Agrarian University, Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 127434 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Kuznetsova
- Department of Biochemistry T.T. Berezov, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Bobunova
- Department of Foreign Languages, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natallia Zhabo
- Department of Foreign Languages, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Avdonina
- Department of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication, Moscow State Linguistic University, 119034 Moscow, Russia
| | - Regina Gurina
- Department of Technosphere Safety, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Yeasts of the Malassezia Genus – Recent Findings. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2022-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The genus Malassezia is a medically important genus of yeasts that can colonize the skin of humans and other warm-blooded animals. The genus currently comprises 18 species of which four new species were identified recently. The most widely known species, M. pachydermatis, occurs in animals but was detected also in humans, namely at life endangering septicaemias and in prematurely born children. Proliferation of Malassezia occurs most frequently as a result of disturbances in the normal homeostasis of host immunity on the one hand and virulence of these yeasts on the other hand. The successful management of the disease depends on the therapeutic control of overgrowth of the yeasts and any concurrent bacterial infection by local or systemic anti microbial treatment, as well as, on identification and potential correction of the predisposing factors.
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3
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Hobi S, Cafarchia C, Romano V, Barrs VR. Malassezia: Zoonotic Implications, Parallels and Differences in Colonization and Disease in Humans and Animals. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070708. [PMID: 35887463 PMCID: PMC9324274 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia spp. are commensals of the skin, oral/sinonasal cavity, lower respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. Eighteen species have been recovered from humans, other mammals and birds. They can also be isolated from diverse environments, suggesting an evolutionary trajectory of adaption from an ecological niche in plants and soil to the mucocutaneous ecosystem of warm-blooded vertebrates. In humans, dogs and cats, Malassezia-associated dermatological conditions share some commonalities. Otomycosis is common in companion animals but is rare in humans. Systemic infections, which are increasingly reported in humans, have yet to be recognized in animals. Malassezia species have also been identified as pathogenetic contributors to some chronic human diseases. While Malassezia species are host-adapted, some species are zoophilic and can cause fungemia, with outbreaks in neonatal intensive care wards associated with temporary colonization of healthcare worker’s hands from contact with their pets. Although standardization is lacking, susceptibility testing is usually performed using a modified broth microdilution method. Antifungal susceptibility can vary depending on Malassezia species, body location, infection type, disease duration, presence of co-morbidities and immunosuppression. Antifungal resistance mechanisms include biofilm formation, mutations or overexpression of ERG11, overexpression of efflux pumps and gene rearrangements or overexpression in chromosome 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hobi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, (Bari), 70010, Italy; (C.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Valentina Romano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, (Bari), 70010, Italy; (C.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (V.R.B.)
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4
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Díaz L, Castellá G, Bragulat MR, Paytuví-Gallart A, Sanseverino W, Cabañes FJ. Study of the variation of the Malassezia load in the interdigital fold of dogs with pododermatitis. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:385-396. [PMID: 35704160 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09951-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Malassezia pachydermatis is a common inhabitant of the skin and mucosae of dogs. However, under certain circumstances this yeast can overgrow and act as an opportunistic pathogen causing otitis and dermatitis in dogs. Canine pododermatitis is a common disorder in dogs in which M. pachydermatis acts as an opportunistic pathogen. In the present study, the presence of Malassezia yeasts was assessed and quantified in samples collected from the interdigital space of dogs with pododermatitis before and after treatment, and from healthy dogs. The samples were subjected to two different cytological examinations, culture on Sabouraud glucose agar and modified Dixon's agar and a quantitative PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genomic region. A selection of samples was analyzed by next generation sequencing (NGS) using the D1D2 domain of the large subunit of the ribosomal DNA as target. The pododermatitis samples before treatment showed higher cell counts, colony-forming units and ITS copies than the rest of samples. The NGS analysis revealed that Ascomycota was the main phylum in the healthy and post-treatment samples. However, Basidiomycota and M. pachydermatis was more abundant in the pododermatitis samples before treatment. These results support M. pachydermatis as an opportunistic agent in canine pododermatitis by a variety of methods, and demonstrate the correlation between cytologic and molecular methods for quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyna Díaz
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gemma Castellá
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - M Rosa Bragulat
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | - F Javier Cabañes
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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5
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A Review of Recent Developments in Veterinary Otology. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9040161. [PMID: 35448659 PMCID: PMC9032795 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9040161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge gap between practical research and its implementation in veterinary practice is becoming harder to bridge, as researchers now have a plethora of journals in which to publish. This paper summarizes recent research from the latest publications related to ear disease in dogs which have implications for veterinary practitioners. The topics reviewed include 16s rRNA new-generation sequencing, the use of oclacitinib in pinnal ulceration, the etiopathogenesis of aural hematoma, contamination of the middle ear during elective myringotomy and how to avoid it, and the use of carbon dioxide lasers in chronic obstructive otitis.
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6
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Lee T, Hyun J, Kang Y, Baek S, Hwang C. In vitro antifungal activity of cold atmospheric microwave plasma and synergistic activity against
Malassezia pachydermatis
when combined with chlorhexidine gluconate. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:524-529. [PMID: 35089639 PMCID: PMC8959290 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Objective Methods Results Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae‐Hyun Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Dermatology and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science College of Veterinary Medicine Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Eun Hyun
- Institute of Animal Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Gyeongsang National University Jinju Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong‐Hun Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Dermatology and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science College of Veterinary Medicine Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seung‐Joon Baek
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction College of Veterinary Medicine Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol‐Yong Hwang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Dermatology and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science College of Veterinary Medicine Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
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De Luca V, Angeli A, Mazzone V, Adelfio C, Carginale V, Scaloni A, Carta F, Selleri S, Supuran CT, Capasso C. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterisation of the recombinant β-carbonic anhydrase (MpaCA) from the warm-blooded vertebrate pathogen malassezia pachydermatis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 37:62-68. [PMID: 34894958 PMCID: PMC8667878 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1994559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Warm-blooded animals may have Malassezia pachydermatis on healthy skin, but changes in the skin microenvironment or host defences induce this opportunistic commensal to become pathogenic. Malassezia infections in humans and animals are commonly treated with azole antifungals. Fungistatic treatments, together with their long-term use, contribute to the selection and the establishment of drug-resistant fungi. To counteract this rising problem, researchers must find new antifungal drugs and enhance drug resistance management strategies. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, adenylyl cyclase, and bicarbonate have been found to promote fungal virulence, adhesion, hydrolase synthesis, and host cell death. The CO2/HCO3-/pH-sensing in fungi is triggered by HCO3- produced by metalloenzymes carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1). It has been demonstrated that the growth of M. globosa can be inhibited in vivo by primary sulphonamides, which are the typical CA inhibitors. Here, we report the cloning, purification, and characterisation of the β-CA (MpaCA) from the pathogenic fungus M. pachydermatis, which is homologous to the enzyme encoded in the genome of M. globosa and M. restricta, that are responsible for dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis. Fungal CAs could be thus considered a new pharmacological target for combating fungal infections and drug resistance developed by most fungi to the already used drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana De Luca
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Napoli, Italy.,Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Valeria Mazzone
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia Adelfio
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Silvia Selleri
- Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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8
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De Luca V, Angeli A, Mazzone V, Adelfio C, Carta F, Selleri S, Carginale V, Scaloni A, Supuran CT, Capasso C. Inhibitory Effects of Sulfonamide Derivatives on the β-Carbonic Anhydrase (MpaCA) from Malassezia pachydermatis, a Commensal, Pathogenic Fungus Present in Domestic Animals. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212601. [PMID: 34830480 PMCID: PMC8620791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are exposed to various environmental variables during their life cycle, including changes in CO2 concentration. CO2 has the potential to act as an activator of several cell signaling pathways. In fungi, the sensing of CO2 triggers cell differentiation and the biosynthesis of proteins involved in the metabolism and pathogenicity of these microorganisms. The molecular machineries involved in CO2 sensing constitute a promising target for the development of antifungals. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are crucial enzymes in the CO2 sensing systems of fungi, because they catalyze the reversible hydration of CO2 to proton and HCO3-. Bicarbonate in turn boots a cascade of reactions triggering fungal pathogenicity and metabolism. Accordingly, CAs affect microorganism proliferation and may represent a potential therapeutic target against fungal infection. Here, the inhibition of the unique β-CA (MpaCA) encoded in the genome of Malassezia pachydermatis, a fungus with substantial relevance in veterinary and medical sciences, was investigated using a series of conventional CA inhibitors (CAIs), namely aromatic and heterocyclic sulfonamides. This study aimed to describe novel candidates that can kill this harmful fungus by inhibiting their CA, and thus lead to effective anti-dandruff and anti-seborrheic dermatitis agents. In this context, current antifungal compounds, such as the azoles and their derivatives, have been demonstrated to induce the selection of resistant fungal strains and lose therapeutic efficacy, which might be restored by the concomitant use of alternative compounds, such as the fungal CA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana De Luca
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (V.D.L.); (V.M.); (C.A.); (V.C.)
- Proteomics, Metabolomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment, CNR, P.le Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici (Napoli), Italy;
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; (A.A.); (F.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Valeria Mazzone
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (V.D.L.); (V.M.); (C.A.); (V.C.)
| | - Claudia Adelfio
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (V.D.L.); (V.M.); (C.A.); (V.C.)
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; (A.A.); (F.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Silvia Selleri
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; (A.A.); (F.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Vincenzo Carginale
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (V.D.L.); (V.M.); (C.A.); (V.C.)
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics, Metabolomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment, CNR, P.le Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici (Napoli), Italy;
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; (A.A.); (F.C.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (C.T.S.); (C.C.); Tel.: +39-055-4573729 (C.T.S.); +39-081-613-2559 (C.C.)
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (V.D.L.); (V.M.); (C.A.); (V.C.)
- Correspondence: (C.T.S.); (C.C.); Tel.: +39-055-4573729 (C.T.S.); +39-081-613-2559 (C.C.)
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9
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Boone JM, Bond R, Loeffler A, Ferguson EA, Hendricks A. Malassezia otitis unresponsive to primary care: outcome in 59 dogs. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:441-e119. [PMID: 34189776 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Otitis externa (OE) is a common disorder in dogs. Infection by the commensal yeast, Malassezia pachydermatis, may result in chronic disease that does not respond to standard primary care. Chronic infectious OE may be associated with otitis media (OM). HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE To report medical management, clinical outcomes and frequency of middle ear involvement, in dogs with Malassezia otitis unresponsive to primary care. ANIMALS Fifty-nine dogs from one referral veterinary hospital from January 2007 to September 2018. METHODS AND MATERIALS Retrospective analysis of medical records of dogs referred with chronic otitis and treated for Malassezia otitis at a referral veterinary hospital. RESULTS Chronic Malassezia OE was treated successfully in 91% of ears, in 87% of these cases with one ear flush intervention. Median time-to-resolution was 27 days after ear flush intervention. Neither duration of otitis, presence of neutrophils in aural discharge nor administration of oral itraconazole affected clinical outcome. Malassezia OM occurred concurrently in 17% of ears. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings assist clinicians and carers of affected dogs in decision-making, by documenting that most cases of canine Malassezia otitis that have not resolved with standard primary care, can be treated successfully with a well-staged and intense medical treatment plan. Malassezia OM should be suspected to occur concurrently in around a fifth of affected ears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann M Boone
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Ross Bond
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Anette Loeffler
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Ewan A Ferguson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Anke Hendricks
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
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10
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Guillot J, Bond R. Malassezia Yeasts in Veterinary Dermatology: An Updated Overview. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:79. [PMID: 32181160 PMCID: PMC7059102 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipophilic yeasts of the genus Malassezia are important skin commensals and opportunistic skin pathogens in a variety of animals. The species M. pachydermatis was first isolated from the skin of a captive Indian rhinoceros with an exfoliative dermatitis in 1925, recognized as an important otic pathogen of dogs in the 1950's, and finally accepted, after several years of controversy, as a common cause of canine dermatitis in the 1990's. Since then, there has been considerable research into the biology of Malassezia yeasts and their interaction with their animal hosts. In dogs and cats, M. pachydermatis is associated with ceruminous otitis externa and a "seborrhoeic" dermatitis, wherein pruritic, erythematous skin lesions, often with brown/black greasy, malodourous material matting hairs, preferentially develop in intertriginous areas. Skin disease is favored by folds, underlying hypersensitivity disorders, endocrinopathies, defects of cornification, and in cats, various visceral paraneoplastic syndromes. Diagnosis is based on detecting the yeast in compatible skin lesions, usually by cytology, and observing a clinical and mycological response to therapy. Treatment normally comprises topical or systemic azole therapy, often with miconazole-chlorhexidine shampoos or oral itraconazole or ketoconazole. Management of concurrent diseases is important to minimize relapses. Historically, wild-type Malassezia isolates from dogs and cats were typically susceptible to azoles, with the exception of fluconazole, but emerging azole resistance in field strains has recently been associated with either mutations or quadruplication of the ERG11 gene. These observations have prompted increased interest in alternative topical antifungal drugs, such as chlorhexidine, and various essential oils. Further clinical trials are awaited with interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Guillot
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BioPôle Alfort, EA Dynamyc, UPEC, EnvA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ross Bond
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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11
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Puig L, Castellá G, Cabañes FJ. Quantification of Malassezia pachydermatis by real-time PCR in swabs from the external ear canal of dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:440-447. [PMID: 30943876 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719840686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Malassezia pachydermatis is part of the normal microbiota of canine skin and external ear canal, and is also associated with otitis externa in dogs. Laboratory detection of Malassezia otitis relies on the presence of elevated numbers of the yeast on cytologic examination of otic exudate. Although cytology has high specificity, it has low sensitivity, resulting in false-negatives and posing a challenge for clinicians to accurately diagnose Malassezia otitis. We developed a quantitative PCR (qPCR) to detect and quantify M. pachydermatis yeasts and validate the method with swabs from external ear canals of dogs. Our qPCR uses the β-tubulin gene, a single-copy gene, as a target. The limit of quantification was established as 0.18 ng/reaction, equivalent to 2.0 × 104 genome equivalents (gEq). Swabs from healthy dogs yielded quantification values of ≤2.7 × 104 gEq in the qPCR, whereas swabs from dogs with otitis yielded quantification values of ≥2.5 × 105 gEq. Our qPCR assay provides accurate quantification of M. pachydermatis yeasts from swab samples from dogs, is more sensitive than cytology, and could be used to monitor response to treatment. Our assay could also be valuable in a research setting to better understand the pathogenesis of M. pachydermatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Puig
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gemma Castellá
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - F Javier Cabañes
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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12
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Abstract
Abstract
The antifungal activities of 14 selected essential oils (at the concentrations of 0.5 %, 5 %, and 30 %) against the yeast Malassezia pachydermatis (18 isolates and one reference strain) were investigated. The isolates of M. pachydermatis were obtained from swabs of external ear canals of healthy dogs using sterile swabs. The determination of the efficacy was based on a modified disc diffusion method (CLSI M44-A2). The best antifungal efficacy (100 %) was shown by clove, cinnamon and oregano at the concentration of 30 %; less significant efficacy was shown at the concentration of 5 % (38 %, 33 % and 5 %, respectively). Satureja inhibited the growth of Malassezia (efficacy of 16 %) only at the concentration of 30 %. Bergamot, lavender, juniper, cedar, sage, tea-tree, grapefruit, pine, chamomile and yarrow essential oils were not able to form inhibition zones as defined in the methodology used (greater or equal to 15 mm) in all concentrations used. Therefore, according to the interpretation criterion, they were considered ineffective. In all cases, the concentration of 0.5 % was not effective against the growth of Malassezia yeasts.
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13
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Silva FA, Conde-Felipe M, Rosario I, Ferrer O, Real F, Déniz S, Acosta F, Padilla D, Acosta-Hernández B. Susceptibility ofMalassezia pachydermatisto aminoglycosides. Mycoses 2017; 60:796-799. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Alejandro Silva
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA); Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Arucas Las Palmas Spain
| | - Magnolia Conde-Felipe
- Departamento de Patología Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Arucas Las Palmas Spain
| | - Inmaculada Rosario
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA); Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Arucas Las Palmas Spain
| | - Otilia Ferrer
- Departamento de Patología Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Arucas Las Palmas Spain
| | - Fernando Real
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA); Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Arucas Las Palmas Spain
| | - Soraya Déniz
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA); Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Arucas Las Palmas Spain
| | - Félix Acosta
- Parque Científico Tecnológico Marino; Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria - Ctra.; Las Palmas Spain
| | - Daniel Padilla
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA); Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Arucas Las Palmas Spain
| | - Begoña Acosta-Hernández
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA); Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Arucas Las Palmas Spain
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Puig L, Bragulat MR, Castellá G, Cabañes FJ. Characterization of the species Malassezia pachydermatis and re-evaluation of its lipid dependence using a synthetic agar medium. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179148. [PMID: 28586389 PMCID: PMC5460872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Malassezia includes lipophilic yeasts, which are part of the skin microbiota of various mammals and birds. Unlike the rest of Malassezia species, M. pachydermatis is described as non-lipid-dependent, as it is able to grow on Sabouraud glucose agar (SGA) without lipid supplementation. In this study we have examined the phenotypic variability within M. pachydermatis and confirmed its lipid-dependent nature using a synthetic agar medium. We used a selection of representative non-lipid-dependent strains from different animal species and three atypical lipid-dependent strains of this species, which were not able to grow after multiple passages on SGA. More than 400 lipid-dependent Malassezia isolates from animals were studied in order to detect the three lipid-dependent strains of M. pachydermatis. The identity of the atypical strains was confirmed by DNA sequencing. On the other hand, we have modified the Tween diffusion test, which is widely used in the characterization of these yeasts, by using a synthetic agar-based medium instead of SGA. This modification has proved to be useful for differentiation of M. pachydermatis strains, providing reproducible results and a straightforward interpretation. The finding of these peculiar lipid-dependent strains exemplifies the large variability within the species M. pachydermatis, which involves rare atypical strains with particular growth requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Puig
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M. Rosa Bragulat
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Gemma Castellá
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - F. Javier Cabañes
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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15
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Silva FA, Ferrer O, Déniz S, Rosario I, Conde-Felipe M, Díaz EL, Acosta-Hernández B. In vitro
susceptibility testing of Malassezia pachydermatis
to gentamicin. Vet Dermatol 2017; 28:348-e76. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Freddy A. Silva
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA); Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; 35413 Arucas Las Palmas Spain
| | - Otilia Ferrer
- Departamento de Patología Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; 35413 Arucas Las Palmas Spain
| | - Soraya Déniz
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA); Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; 35413 Arucas Las Palmas Spain
| | - Inmaculada Rosario
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA); Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; 35413 Arucas Las Palmas Spain
| | - Magnolia Conde-Felipe
- Departamento de Patología Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; 35413 Arucas Las Palmas Spain
| | - Esther L. Díaz
- Departamento de Patología Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; 35413 Arucas Las Palmas Spain
| | - Begoña Acosta-Hernández
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA); Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; 35413 Arucas Las Palmas Spain
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16
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Roman J, Bagla P, Ren P, Blanton LS, Berman MA. Malassezia pachydermatis fungemia in an adult with multibacillary leprosy. Med Mycol Case Rep 2016; 12:1-3. [PMID: 27354932 PMCID: PMC4910295 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia pachydermatis is a relatively rare agent of bloodstream infections. We describe an unusual case of Malassezia fungemia in an adult patient hospitalized for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia who was also found to have multibacillary leprosy. Treatment of the patient required extensive medical management but resulted in a good outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Roman
- School of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Prabhava Bagla
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ping Ren
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Lucas S Blanton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Megan A Berman
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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17
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Heidrich D, Daboit TC, Stopiglia CDO, Magagnin CM, Vetoratto G, Amaro TG, Scroferneker ML. SIXTEEN YEARS OF PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR IN METROPOLITAN AREA OF PORTO ALEGRE, SOUTHERN BRAZIL. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57:277-80. [PMID: 26422149 PMCID: PMC4616910 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pityriasis versicolor is the most common of the diseases caused by Malassezia yeasts. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of pityriasis versicolor and its etiological aspects in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Brazil. A retrospective cross-sectional study with data from patients of a reference hospital from 1996 to 2011 was performed. Collected data included: date, age, gender, ethnicity, anatomical region of lesion and the direct mycological examination results. Among the positive results in the direct mycological examination, 5.8% (2,239) were positive for pityriasis versicolor. The angular coefficient (B) was -0.3%/year, showing a decrease over the years. The disease was more prevalent in men (7.1% of men versus 5.1% of women that underwent the direct mycological examination); younger age (median 31 years old); "pardo" and black people (3.7% more than expected in the sample); trunk (73.44% of the affected anatomic sites). Lesions in rare sites (groin, genitals, legs, feet and hands) were also observed in this study. In conclusion, due to the decrease in the prevalence of pityriasis versicolor, long-term epidemiological studies in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Brazil, are needed to continue the monitoring of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Heidrich
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
| | | | | | | | - Gerson Vetoratto
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
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18
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Petit JY, Cavana P, Thoumire S, Guillot J, Perrot S. Use of a modified hair strand test to assess the antifungal activity kinetics of dog hair after a 2% climbazole shampoo application. Vet Dermatol 2016; 27:148-e38. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Yanique Petit
- Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Dermatology; Dynamyc Research Group; Université Paris-Est, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort
- Institut de Recherche Clinique d'Alfort; École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort; UPE 94704 Maisons-Alfort France
| | - Paola Cavana
- Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Dermatology; Dynamyc Research Group; Université Paris-Est, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort
| | - Sandra Thoumire
- INRA; UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction; École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort; UPE 94704 Maisons-Alfort France
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Dermatology; Dynamyc Research Group; Université Paris-Est, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort
- BioPôle d'Alfort; École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort; UPE 94704 Maisons-Alfort France
| | - Sébastien Perrot
- Institut de Recherche Clinique d'Alfort; École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort; UPE 94704 Maisons-Alfort France
- BioPôle d'Alfort; École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort; UPE 94704 Maisons-Alfort France
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19
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Khosravi A, Shokri H, Fahimirad S. Efficacy of medicinal essential oils against pathogenic Malassezia sp. isolates. J Mycol Med 2016; 26:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Prohic A, Jovovic Sadikovic T, Krupalija-Fazlic M, Kuskunovic-Vlahovljak S. Malasseziaspecies in healthy skin and in dermatological conditions. Int J Dermatol 2015; 55:494-504. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asja Prohic
- Department of Dermatovenereology; University Clinical Center of Sarajevo; Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Tamara Jovovic Sadikovic
- Department of Dermatovenereology; University Clinical Center of Sarajevo; Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mersiha Krupalija-Fazlic
- Department of Dermatovenereology; University Clinical Center of Sarajevo; Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina
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21
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Czyzewska U, Siemieniuk M, Pyrkowska A, Nowakiewicz A, Bieganska M, Dabrowska I, Bartoszewicz M, Dobrzyn P, Tylicki A. Comparison of lipid profiles ofMalassezia pachydermatisstrains isolated from dogs withotitis externaand without clinical symptoms of disease. Mycoses 2015; 59:20-7. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Czyzewska
- Department of Cytobiochemistry; Institute of Biology; University of Bialystok; Bialystok Poland
| | - Magdalena Siemieniuk
- Department of Cytobiochemistry; Institute of Biology; University of Bialystok; Bialystok Poland
| | - Aleksandra Pyrkowska
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disorders; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology; Warsaw Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- SubDepartment of Veterinary Mikrobiology; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - Malgorzata Bieganska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - Iwona Dabrowska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - Marek Bartoszewicz
- Department of Microbiology; Institute of Biology; University of Bialystok; Bialystok Poland
| | - Pawel Dobrzyn
- Laboratory of Molecular and Medical Biochemistry; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology; Warsaw Poland
| | - Adam Tylicki
- Department of Cytobiochemistry; Institute of Biology; University of Bialystok; Bialystok Poland
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22
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Wu G, Zhao H, Li C, Rajapakse MP, Wong WC, Xu J, Saunders CW, Reeder NL, Reilman RA, Scheynius A, Sun S, Billmyre BR, Li W, Averette AF, Mieczkowski P, Heitman J, Theelen B, Schröder MS, De Sessions PF, Butler G, Maurer-Stroh S, Boekhout T, Nagarajan N, Dawson TL. Genus-Wide Comparative Genomics of Malassezia Delineates Its Phylogeny, Physiology, and Niche Adaptation on Human Skin. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005614. [PMID: 26539826 PMCID: PMC4634964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Malassezia is a unique lipophilic genus in class Malasseziomycetes in Ustilaginomycotina, (Basidiomycota, fungi) that otherwise consists almost exclusively of plant pathogens. Malassezia are typically isolated from warm-blooded animals, are dominant members of the human skin mycobiome and are associated with common skin disorders. To characterize the genetic basis of the unique phenotypes of Malassezia spp., we sequenced the genomes of all 14 accepted species and used comparative genomics against a broad panel of fungal genomes to comprehensively identify distinct features that define the Malassezia gene repertoire: gene gain and loss; selection signatures; and lineage-specific gene family expansions. Our analysis revealed key gene gain events (64) with a single gene conserved across all Malassezia but absent in all other sequenced Basidiomycota. These likely horizontally transferred genes provide intriguing gain-of-function events and prime candidates to explain the emergence of Malassezia. A larger set of genes (741) were lost, with enrichment for glycosyl hydrolases and carbohydrate metabolism, concordant with adaptation to skin’s carbohydrate-deficient environment. Gene family analysis revealed extensive turnover and underlined the importance of secretory lipases, phospholipases, aspartyl proteases, and other peptidases. Combining genomic analysis with a re-evaluation of culture characteristics, we establish the likely lipid-dependence of all Malassezia. Our phylogenetic analysis sheds new light on the relationship between Malassezia and other members of Ustilaginomycotina, as well as phylogenetic lineages within the genus. Overall, our study provides a unique genomic resource for understanding Malassezia niche-specificity and potential virulence, as well as their abundance and distribution in the environment and on human skin. Malassezia are the dominant eukaryotic residents of human skin and are associated with the most common skin disorders, including dandruff, atopic dermatitis, eczema, and others. Despite significant effort, the role of Malassezia in skin disease and homeostasis remains unclear. Malassezia are also unique among fungi by requiring lipids for growth, but the breadth and genetic basis of their lipophilic lifestyle has not been comprehensively studied. Here we report the complete genomes of all 14 Malassezia species (including multiple strains of the most common species found on humans) and systematically identify features that define the genus and its sub-lineages, including horizontally transferred genes likely to represent key gain-of-function events and which may have enabled evolution of the genus from plant to animal inhabitants. Genus wide expansion of lipid hydrolases and loss of carbohydrate metabolism genes underscore the entire genus’ gradual evolution to lipid-dependency, which was confirmed even in the previously thought to be lipophilic M. pachydermatis, via genomics with experimental confirmation. Finally, these reference genomes will serve as a valuable resource for future metagenomic investigations into the role of Malassezia species in normal healthy skin and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxi Wu
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - He Zhao
- Procter & Gamble Singapore Innovation Center, Singapore
| | - Chenhao Li
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | | | | | - Jun Xu
- Procter & Gamble Mason Business Center, Mason, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Charles W. Saunders
- Procter & Gamble Mason Business Center, Mason, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nancy L. Reeder
- Procter & Gamble Mason Business Center, Mason, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Raymond A. Reilman
- Procter & Gamble Mason Business Center, Mason, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Annika Scheynius
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sheng Sun
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Wenjun Li
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anna Floyd Averette
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Piotr Mieczkowski
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bart Theelen
- Fungal Biodiversity Centre, CBS-KNAW, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
| | - Teun Boekhout
- Fungal Biodiversity Centre, CBS-KNAW, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niranjan Nagarajan
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
- * E-mail: (NN); (TLD)
| | - Thomas L. Dawson
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
- * E-mail: (NN); (TLD)
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23
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Newbold GM, Outerbridge CA, Kass PH, Maggs DJ. Malasseziaspp on the periocular skin of dogs and their association with blepharitis, ocular discharge, and the application of ophthalmic medications. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244:1304-8. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.244.11.1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Ishikawa T, Itoh F, Yoshida S, Saijo S, Matsuzawa T, Gonoi T, Saito T, Okawa Y, Shibata N, Miyamoto T, Yamasaki S. Identification of distinct ligands for the C-type lectin receptors Mincle and Dectin-2 in the pathogenic fungus Malassezia. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 13:477-88. [PMID: 23601109 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Various C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), including Mincle and Dectin-2, function as pattern recognition receptors and play a central role in immunity to fungal pathogens. However, the precise structures of the CLR ligands in various pathogenic fungi have yet to be completely defined. Here we report that Malassezia, an opportunistic skin fungal pathogen, is cooperatively recognized by Mincle and Dectin-2 through distinct ligands. Solvent-based fractionation revealed that Mincle and Dectin-2 recognize lipophilic and hydrophilic components of Malassezia, respectively. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealed glyceroglycolipid and unique mannosyl fatty acids linked to mannitol as two Mincle ligands. An O-linked mannobiose-rich glycoprotein was identified as a Malassezia ligand for Dectin-2. Cytokine production in response to the Mincle ligands and the Dectin-2 ligand was abrogated in Mincle(-/-) and Dectin-2(-/-) dendritic cells, respectively. These results demonstrate that Mincle and Dectin-2 recognize distinct ligands in Malassezia to induce host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuaki Ishikawa
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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25
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Cafarchia C, Immediato D, Paola GD, Magliani W, Ciociola T, Conti S, Otranto D, Polonelli L. In vitro and in vivo activity of a killer peptide against Malassezia pachydermatis causing otitis in dogs. Med Mycol 2014; 52:350-5. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myt016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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26
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Weiler CB, de Jesus FPK, Nardi GH, Loreto ES, Santurio JM, Coutinho SD, Alves SH. Susceptibility variation of Malassezia pachydermatis to antifungal agents according to isolate source. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:174-8. [PMID: 24159302 PMCID: PMC3804196 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013005000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia pachydermatis is associated with dermatomycoses and otomycosis in dogs and cats. This study compared the susceptibility of M. pachydermatis isolates from sick (G1) and healthy (G2) animals to azole and polyene antifungals using the M27-A3 protocol. Isolates from G1 animals were less sensitive to amphotericin B, nystatin, fluconazole, clotrimazole and miconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Borges Weiler
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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27
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Ortiz G, Martín MC, Carrillo-Muñoz AJ, Payá MJ. [Phospholipase and proteinase production by Malassezia pachydermatis isolated in dogs with and without otitis]. Rev Iberoam Micol 2013; 30:235-8. [PMID: 23428748 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malassezia pachydermatis is part of the skin microbiota of dogs and cats. M. pachydermatis has been associated with external otitis and seborrhoeic dermatitis, reported more often in dogs than in cats. When the physical, chemical or immunological mechanisms of the skin are altered, M. pachydermatis could act as a pathogen. Thus, several virulence factors, such as the ability to produce esterase, lipase, lipoxygenase, protease, chondroitin sulphatase, and hyaluronidase, have been studied. AIMS In the present study, we aim to identify the phospholipase activity measured at pH 6.3, and the proteinase activity measured at pH 6.3 and pH 6.8 (pH from ears of dogs with external otitis) of M. pachydermatis strains isolated from dogs with and without external otitis. METHODS The phospholipase activity was measured using a semi-quantitative method with egg yolk, and the proteinase activity with a semi-quantitative method using bovine serum albumin agar. The study was performed on 96 isolates of M. pachydermatis, 43 isolated from dogs without clinical symptoms of otitis, and 52 isolated from dogs with otitis. RESULTS In our study, 75.8% of the isolates showed phospholipase activity at pH 6.3, and 81 and 97.9% of them showed proteinase activity measured at pH 6.3 and 6.8, respectively. A higher phospholipase activity was detected in strains isolated from dogs with otitis. The proteinase activity was increased at a pH of 6.8 (97.9%) in comparison to a pH of 6.3 (81%). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the phospholipase activity may play an important role in the invasion of host tissues in chronic canine otitis cases. The proteinase activity results obtained in this study suggest that a reduction in the pH of the treatment may improve its efficacy in the resolution of M. pachydermatis otitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ortiz
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España; Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, España.
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28
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Finger S, Wiegand C, Buschmann HJ, Hipler UC. Antimicrobial properties of cyclodextrin-antiseptics-complexes determined by microplate laser nephelometry and ATP bioluminescence assay. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:851-6. [PMID: 22877865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial effects of substances can be determined with different methods that measure distinct parameters. Thus, a comparison of the results obtained can be difficult. In this study, two in vitro methods were employed to determine concentration and time dependent effects of cyclodextrin (CD)-complexes with the antiseptics chlorhexidine diacetate (CHX), iodine (IOD) and polihexanide (PHMB) on Candida albicans and Malassezia pachydermatis. Using both, microplate laser nephelometry and the ATP bioluminescence assay, it could be shown that CD-antiseptics-complexes tested exhibited significant antifungal effects with the exception of γ-CD-CHX in the case of C. albicans. Microplate laser nephelometry (MLN) is an optical method and enables a quantitative determination of particle concentrations in solution. By means of this method, microbial growth under influence of potential antimicrobial substances can be monitored over a prolonged time period. In addition, the antimicrobial activity was analyzed by measurement of the microbial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content with a bioluminescent assay. The luminescent signal is directly proportional to the amount of ATP, and thus, a linear function of the number of living microbial cells present. Both methods were compared according to the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) calculated and the statistical evaluation of Pearson's correlation coefficient (r). In summary, it could be demonstrated that both methods yield similar results although they differ in the parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Finger
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Jena, Germany.
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Budach SC, Mueller RS. Reproducibility of a semiquantitative method to assess cutaneous cytology. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:426-e80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Prevalence of Malassezia pachydermatis in dogs with suspected Malassezia dermatitis or otitis in Slovakia. ACTA VET BRNO 2011. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201180030249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of yeast Malassezia pachydermatis in dogs from Slovakia in relation to different predisposition factors (sex, age, body localisation, hair type, and season). Samples of ear swabs (58) and dermal swabs (131) from 147 dogs with clinical symptoms of suspected yeast dermatitis and/or otitis, were examined between June 2005 to June 2007. Relatively higher prevalence of M. pachydermatis was found in samples taken from males (45.2%) than in females (35.2%), and in geriatric dogs (63.6%) than in young (42.5%) or adult (38.5%) dogs. Malassezia pachydermatis was isolated more often from ear swabs (44.8%) than from skin swabs (38.9%). Prevalence of M. pachydermatis was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in samples from the trunk area (60.3%) than in samples from other skin areas. Significantly higher prevalence was found in samples from long-haired (51.5%) and short-haired (45.9%) dogs compared to smooth-haired (21.4%) dogs. The prevalence was relatively higher in the samples taken in autumn (52.6%), than the other seasons: spring (36.1%), summer (27.3%), winter (45.7%); those differences were not significant. Malassezia pachydermatis is one of the most frequent yeasts isolated in dogs. Knowledge of factors predisposing to development of infection is valuable attribute of the correct diagnostic approach and case management.
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Morais PMD, Cunha MDGS, Frota MZM. Clinical aspects of patients with pityriasis versicolor seen at a referral center for tropical dermatology in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. An Bras Dermatol 2011; 85:797-803. [PMID: 21308302 DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962010000600004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pityriasis versicolor (tinea versicolor) is a chronic superficial mycosis caused by yeasts of the Malassezia spp. genus commensal of the keratinized layers of the skin. Under conditions not yet understood, it becomes pathogenic determining the clinical manifestations of the disease. It is a recurrent skin condition and persistent hypopigmentation may remain after treatment, causing social problems to those affected. OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical and epidemiological features of patients diagnosed with tinea versicolor treated at a referral center for dermatology (Alfredo da Matta Foundation). METHODS Case-studies in which cutaneous manifestations and epidemiological characteristics of patients diagnosed with tinea versicolor treated at Alfredo da Matta Foundation were detailed. RESULTS One hundred and sixteen patients were included in the study from January to August 2008. Most subjects were male, of mixed ethnicity and young age. Most were students who were predisposed to the development of macules. The majority had extensive injuries and past history of the disease. CONCLUSION The results revealed a high proportion of individuals with extensive clinical manifestations and duration of the disease.
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Jesus F, Lautert C, Zanette R, Mahl D, Azevedo M, Machado M, Dutra V, Botton S, Alves S, Santurio J. In vitro susceptibility of fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant isolates of Malassezia pachydermatis against azoles. Vet Microbiol 2011; 152:161-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Blanco J, Garcia M. Are fungi important in veterinary medicine? Vet J 2011; 187:10-1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bensignor E. Treatment of Malassezia
overgrowth with itraconazole in 15 cats. Vet Rec 2010; 167:1011-2. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c3854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Bensignor
- Veterinary Dermatology Service; 6 rue de la Mare Pavée 35510 Cesson-Sévigné France
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35
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Machado ML, Ferreiro L, Ferreira RR, Corbellini LG, Deville M, Berthelemy M, Guillot J. Malassezia dermatitis in dogs in Brazil: diagnosis, evaluation of clinical signs and molecular identification. Vet Dermatol 2010; 22:46-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Aspíroz C, Gilaberte Y, Rezusta A, Boekhout T, Rubio MC. Gentamycin inhibits the growth of Malassezia pachydermatis in culture. Rev Iberoam Micol 2010; 27:20-1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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SHOKRI H, KHOSRAVI A, RAD M, JAMSHIDI S. Occurrence of Malassezia Species in Persian and Domestic Short Hair Cats with and without Otitis Externa. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:293-6. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hojjatollah SHOKRI
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran
| | - AliReza KHOSRAVI
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran
| | - MohammadAli RAD
- Small Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran
| | - Shahram JAMSHIDI
- Small Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran
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Shibata N, Saitoh T, Tadokoro Y, Okawa Y. The cell wall galactomannan antigen from Malassezia furfur and Malassezia pachydermatis contains β-1,6-linked linear galactofuranosyl residues and its detection has diagnostic potential. Microbiology (Reading) 2009; 155:3420-3429. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.029967-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipophilic yeasts of the genus Malassezia are associated with several skin diseases, such as pityriasis versicolor, Malassezia folliculitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis and atopic dermatitis, and are also increasingly associated with catheter-related fungaemia. The cell wall components of pathogenic micro-organisms behave as an antigen and/or ligand of the innate immune response. Live cells of Malassezia furfur and Malassezia pachydermatis did not react with an anti-α-1,2-mannoside antibody. However, they showed a strong hydrophobicity and reactivity with an anti-β-1,3-glucan antibody compared to those of C. albicans. The cell wall polysaccharides of M. furfur and M. pachydermatis were isolated and their structures analysed by 1H and 13C NMR experiments. Both polysaccharides were shown to be β-1,6-linked linear galactofuranosyl polymers with a small amount of mannan. The presence of galactomannan on cells of Malassezia species has not been described previously. The galactomannan did not react with an anti-Aspergillus fumigatus monoclonal antibody which has specificity for β-1,5-linked galactofuranosyl residues. An anti-M. furfur antibody strongly reacted with the galactomannans of M. furfur and M. pachydermatis, but did not react with the galactomannans of Trichophyton rubrum, A. fumigatus or Fonsecaea pedrosoi. The characteristics of the anti-M. furfur antibody suggest that there is potential for diagnosis of Malassezia infections by antigen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Shibata
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan
| | - Tomomi Saitoh
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan
| | - Yukari Tadokoro
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshio Okawa
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan
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Blaes A, Cavert W, Morrison V. Malassezia: is it a pulmonary pathogen in the stem cell transplant population? Transpl Infect Dis 2009; 11:313-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2009.00404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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40
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Nascente PDS, Meinerz ARM, de Faria RO, Schuch LFD, Meireles MCA, de Mello JRB. CLSI broth microdilution method for testing susceptibility of Malassezia pachydermatis to thiabendazole. Braz J Microbiol 2009; 40:222-6. [PMID: 24031347 PMCID: PMC3769738 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822009000200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiabendazole, classified as antiparasitic and also used as an antifungal drug, can be found as otological solution indicated for treatment of parasitic and fungal external otitis in small animals. Malassezia pachydermatis is a yeast recognized as a normal inhabitant on the skin and mucous membranes of dogs and cats. However, it is considered an opportunistic agent that causes external otitis and dermatitis in these animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of thiabendazole against 51 isolates of M. pachydermatis using the CLSI Broth Microdilution method that has been adapted for this yeast species (NCCLS, 2002). Based on this test, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of thiabendazol was calculated. Subsequently, the susceptibility of each isolate against this antifungal was determined. It was observed that the MIC of thiabendazole against M. pachydermatis ranged from 0.03 to > 4 µg/mL. A total of 13.7% of the isolates were found to be resistant, 47.1% were intermediate and 39.2% were sensitive to the drug. The rate of resistance of the yeasts against thiabendazole was similar to the results previously obtained with other antifungals, while the adapted broth microdilution technique used in this study proved to be efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia da Silva Nascente
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS , Brasil
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Alaei H, De Backer M, Nuytinck J, Maes M, Höfte M, Heungens K. Phylogenetic relationships of Puccinia horiana and other rust pathogens of Chrysanthemum×morifolium based on rDNA ITS sequence analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 113:668-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Negre A, Bensignor E, Guillot J. Evidence-based veterinary dermatology: a systematic review of interventions for Malassezia dermatitis in dogs. Vet Dermatol 2009; 20:1-12. [PMID: 19152584 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of antifungal treatments for Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and, when possible, to propose recommendation for or against their use. Electronic searches were carried out using PubMed MEDLINE(R), CABDirect and CONSULTANT database. The volumes of Advances in Veterinary Dermatology, the proceedings of ESVD/ECVD and AAVD/ACVD congresses were hand-searched for studies relevant to this review. All articles and book chapters discussing treatment of Malassezia dermatitis were scanned for additional citations. Lastly, a request was sent to the Vetderm Listserv to share recent clinical trials. The analysis evaluated study design, methodology quality, subject enrolment quality, type of interventions and outcome measures. The searches identified 35 articles, and 14 trials that fulfilled the following selection criteria: (i) in vivo clinical trials, (ii) dogs showing clinical lesions of Malassezia dermatitis and (iii) enrolment of at least five dogs. Among these, only eight studies fulfilled the following additional criterion: (iv) prospective in vivo clinical trials reporting clinical and mycological outcome measures. A total number of 14 different treatment protocols included four blinded, randomized and controlled trials (quality of evidence grade A), four controlled studies lacking blinding and/or randomization (grade B), five open uncontrolled trials (grade C) and one descriptive study (grade D). This systematic review allowed us to recommend, with good evidence, the use of only one topical treatment of Malassezia dermatitis (2% miconazole nitrate +2% chlorhexidine, twice a week for 3 weeks) and with fair evidence the use of two systemic treatments with azole derivatives (ketoconazole, 10 mg kg(-1) day(-1) and itraconazole, 5 mg kg(-1) day(-1) for 3 weeks).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Negre
- Veterinary Clinic, 7 rue de l'Hôtel de Ville, le Châtelet-en-Brie, France
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Abstract
The molecular characterization of Malassezia spp. isolates from animals and humans has not been thoroughly studied. We have analysed the DNA profile by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR to compare the genetic diversity between isolates from the external ears of cattle, dogs and humans. The analysis of electrophoretic profiles on 8% polyacrylamide gel and their phenograms showed genetic heterogeneity between RAPD profiles of Malassezia furfur and Malassezia slooffiae isolates from humans and cattle and between Malassezia pachydermatis isolates from dogs and cattle. Intra-species variations in DNA pattern of Malassezia isolates and the presence of specific genetic types in cattle, dogs or humans were observed. A review of genetic heterogeneity of these yeast in veterinary and human medicine studies is given considering a possible transmission animal to human or human to animal. Additional studies must clarify the differences between the RAPD band patterns observed in this and other studies, which would facilitate monitoring of Malassezia spp. carriage in domestic animals and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Duarte
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil.
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44
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The anatomical distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of yeast species isolated from healthy dogs. Vet J 2008; 182:320-6. [PMID: 19109040 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to identify the predominant yeast species present at different anatomical sites in healthy dogs and to determine their in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility using a broth microdilution assay. Samples were collected from the preputial, vaginal, oral and perianal mucosae and the isolates cultured were identified according to their morphological characteristics and biochemical profile. Malassezia pachydermatis was the most commonly isolated yeast, followed by Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhodotorula spp. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the azole derivatives ketoconazole, itraconazole and fluconazole against Candida spp. were 0.03-16 microg/mL, 0.06 to >16 microg/mL and 0.5-64 microg/mL, respectively and Candida isolates were sensitive to caspofungin and amphotericin B. Although all isolates of M. pachydermatis were sensitive to itraconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole and amphotericin B, they were found to be resistant to caspofungin. The study has highlighted that Candida spp., M. pachydermatis, S. cerevisiae and Rhodotorula spp. are part of the normal canine surface microbiota and some of these organisms exhibit in vitro resistance to commonly used antimicrobials.
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45
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Tylicki A, Ziolkowska G, Bolkun A, Siemieniuk M, Czerniecki J, Nowakiewicz A. Comparative study of the activity and kinetic properties of malate dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase from Candida albicans, Malassezia pachydermatis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Can J Microbiol 2008; 54:734-41. [PMID: 18772936 DOI: 10.1139/w08-062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans and Malassezia pachydermatis cause human and animal infections of the skin and internal organs. We compare the properties of two enzymes, pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH), from these species and from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultivated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions to find differences between the enzymes that adapt pathogens for virulence and help us in searching for new antifungal agents. Malassezia pachydermatis did not show any growth under anaerobic conditions, as opposed to C. albicans and S. cerevisiae. Under aerobic conditions, C. albicans showed the highest growth rate. Malassezia pachydermatis, contrary to the others, did not show any PDC activity, simultaneously showing the highest MDH activity under aerobic conditions and a Km value for oxaloacetate lower than S. cerevisiae. Candida albicans and S. cerevisiae showed a strong decrease in MDH activity under anaerobic conditions. Candida albicans shows four different isoforms of MDH, while M. pachydermatis and S. cerevisiae are characterized by two and three isoforms. Candida albicans shows about a twofold lower activity of PDC but, simultaneously, almost a threefold lower Km value for pyruvate in comparison with S. cerevisiae. The PDC apoform share under aerobic conditions in C. albicans was 47%, while in S. cerevisiae was only 26%; under anaerobic conditions, the PDC apoform decreased to 12% and 8%, respectively. The properties of enzymes from C. albicans show its high metabolic flexibility (contrary to M. pachydermatis) and cause easy switching between fermentative and oxidative metabolism. This feature allows C. albicans to cause both surface and deep infections. We take into consideration the use of thiamin antimetabolites as antifungal factors that can affect both oxidative and fermentative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Tylicki
- Institute of Biology, University of Białystok, Swierkowa 20B, 15-950 Białystok, Poland.
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46
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47
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Gao Z, Li B, Zheng C, Wang G. Molecular detection of fungal communities in the Hawaiian marine sponges Suberites zeteki and Mycale armata. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:6091-101. [PMID: 18676706 PMCID: PMC2565983 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01315-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic microbes play a variety of fundamental roles in the health and habitat ranges of their hosts. While prokaryotes in marine sponges have been broadly characterized, the diversity of sponge-inhabiting fungi has barely been explored using molecular approaches. Fungi are an important component of many marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and they may be an ecologically significant group in sponge-microbe interactions. This study tested the feasibility of using existing fungal primers for molecular analysis of sponge-associated fungal communities. None of the eight selected primer pairs yielded satisfactory results in fungal rRNA gene or internal transcribed spacer (ITS) clone library constructions. However, 3 of 10 denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) primer sets, which were designed to preferentially amplify fungal rRNA gene or ITS regions from terrestrial environmental samples, were successfully amplified from fungal targets in marine sponges. DGGE analysis indicated that fungal communities differ among different sponge species (Suberites zeteki and Mycale armata) and also vary between sponges and seawater. Sequence analysis of DGGE bands identified 23 and 21 fungal species from each of the two sponge species S. zeteki and M. armata, respectively. These species were representatives of 11 taxonomic orders and belonged to the phyla of Ascomycota (seven orders) and Basidiomycota (four orders). Five of these taxonomic orders (Malasseziales, Corticiales, Polyporales, Agaricales, and Dothideomycetes et Chaetothyriomcetes incertae sedis) have now been identified for the first time in marine sponges. Seven and six fungal species from S. zeteki and M. armata, respectively, are potentially new species because of their low sequence identity (< or =98%) with their references in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis indicated sponge-derived sequences were clustered into "marine fungus clades" with those from other marine habitats. This is the first report of molecular analysis of fungal communities in marine sponges, adding depth and dimension to our understanding of sponge-associated microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Gao
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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48
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Prado MR, Brilhante RSN, Cordeiro RA, Monteiro AJ, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Frequency of yeasts and dermatophytes from healthy and diseased dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:197-202. [PMID: 18319432 DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of dermatophytes and yeasts in healthy and diseased dogs. A total of 633 samples were collected from 26 healthy animals (104 samples), 131 with dermatitis (343 samples), 74 with otitis (148 samples), and 19 with ocular diseases (38 samples). Cultures from healthy animals were positive for Malassezia pachydermatis in 13.5% (7/52) of samples from skin, 42.3% (11/26) from ear, and 3.8% (1/26) from eye. Fungal growth was observed in 20.4% (70/343) samples from animals with dermatitis. Microsporum canis was the most isolated fungus (n = 39), followed by M. pachydermatis (n = 30) and Malassezia sp. (n = 3). Of the 148 samples from dogs with otitis, 90 (60.8%) were positive for M. pachydermatis, and of the clinical specimens from the conjunctiva of animals with ophthalmic disease, 2.6% (1/38) presented positive cultures for M. pachydermatis. Only 14.3% (2/14) of the positive cultures for M. pachydermatis and 40.9% (9/22) of those for M. canis were positive in the direct exam. Direct exams were positive in 84.3% (70/83) of the culture positive samples from affected ears of dogs with otitis. Malassezia pachydermatis may act as an aggravating factor in the occurrence of cutaneous diseases, or the isolation of M. canis may be associated with the onset of dermatophytosis. Fungal culture, rather than microscopic examination, should be used as the definitive diagnostic test for dermatomycoses and otitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena R Prado
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza/CE, Brazil, CEP 60.150-170.
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49
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Blanco JL, Garcia ME. Immune response to fungal infections. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 125:47-70. [PMID: 18565595 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The immune mechanisms of defence against fungal infections are numerous, and range from protective mechanisms that were present early in evolution (innate immunity) to sophisticated adaptive mechanisms that are induced specifically during infection and disease (adaptive immunity). The first-line innate mechanism is the presence of physical barriers in the form of skin and mucous membranes, which is complemented by cell membranes, cellular receptors and humoral factors. There has been a debate about the relative contribution of humoral and cellular immunity to host defence against fungal infections. For a long time it was considered that cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was important, but humoral immunity had little or no role. However, it is accepted now that CMI is the main mechanism of defence, but that certain types of antibody response are protective. In general, Th1-type CMI is required for clearance of a fungal infection, while Th2 immunity usually results in susceptibility to infection. Aspergillosis, which is a disease caused by the fungus Aspergillus, has been the subject of many studies, including details of the immune response. Attempts to relate aspergillosis to some form of immunosuppression in animals, as is the case with humans, have not been successful to date. The defence against Aspergillus is based on recognition of the pathogen, a rapidly deployed and highly effective innate effector phase, and a delayed but robust adaptive effector phase. Candida albicans, part of the normal microbial flora associated with mucous surfaces, can be present as congenital candidiasis or as acquired defects of cell-mediated immunity. Resistance to this yeast is associated with Th1 CMI, whereas Th2 immunity is associated with susceptibility to systemic infection. Dermatophytes produce skin alterations in humans and other animals, and the essential role of the CMI response is to destroy the fungi and produce an immunoprotective status against re-infection. The resolution of the disease is associated with a delayed hypersensitive response. There are many effective veterinary vaccines against dermatophytoses. Malassezia pachydermatis is an opportunistic yeast that needs predisposing factors to cause disease, often related to an atopic status in the animal. Two species can be differentiated within the genus Cryptococcus with immunologic consequences: C. neoformans infects predominantly immunocompromised hosts, and C. gattii infects non-immunocompromised hosts. Pneumocystis is a fungus that infects only immunosupressed individuals, inducing a host defence mechanism similar to that induced by other fungal pathogens, such as Aspergillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Blanco
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Crespo-Erchiga V, Gómez-Moyano E, Crespo M. Pityriasis Versicolor and the Yeasts of Genus Malassezia. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1578-2190(08)70364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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