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Crystal growth in dentinal tubules with bio-calcium carbonate-silica sourced from equisetum grass. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 119:1835-1841. [PMID: 32192793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE One effective way to deal with dentin hypersensitivity is to develop materials to seal the tubules. The porous bio-calcium carbonate-silica (BCCS) contained well-dispersed CaCO3 would form calcium phosphates to seal the dentinal tubules when mixed with an acidic solution. The acidic hydrothermal treatment and calcination to isolate the BCCS from the agricultural waste like equisetum grass was used, which would be more environmentally friendly than chemically synthesized mesoporous biomaterials. The aim of this study was to develop mesoporous materials from natural resources to occlude the dentinal tubules which could be more environmentally-friendly. METHODS Dentin disc samples were prepared and treated with different methods as follows: (1) BCCS mixed with H3PO4; (2) BCCS mixed with KH2PO4; (3) Seal & Protect® was used as a comparison group. Sealing efficacy was evaluated by measuring the depths and percentages of precipitate occlusion in dentinal tubules with SEM. RESULTS The N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm of the BCCS demonstrated a pore size of around 15.0 nm and a surface area of 61 m2g-1. From the results of occlusion percentage and depth, the BCCS treated with H3PO4 or KH2PO4 demonstrated promising sealing efficacy than the commercial product. CONCLUSION This synthetic process used the agricultural waste equisetum grass to produce bio-calcium carbonate-silica would be environmentally friendly, which has great potential in treating exposed dentin related diseases.
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Nd:YAP laser in the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity: An ex vivo study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 203:111740. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nizami M, Nishina Y, Yamamoto T, Shinoda-Ito Y, Takashiba S. Functionalized Graphene Oxide Shields Tooth Dentin from Decalcification. J Dent Res 2019; 99:182-188. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034519894583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This in vitro study assessed the efficacy of functionalized graphene oxide (f-GO) nanocomposites on the decalcification of dentin, because dental caries of the root surface is becoming one of the new problems in aged society. Hydroxyapatite plates (HAP) and dentin slices were coated with f-GO nanocomposites by comparing them to silver diamine fluoride as a positive control, then treated with decalcification solutions such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and citrate at 37°C for 24 h. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed significant protection of the surface morphology of HAP and dentin. On the other hand, a cariogenic Streptococcus mutans growth was inhibited by f-GO nanocomposites. In addition, cytotoxicity of them to epithelial cells was much less than that of povidone-iodine, which is commonly used for oral disinfectant. We synthesized 5 different f-GO nanocomposites such as GO–silver (Ag), GO-Ag–calcium fluoride (CaF2), GO-CaF2, GO-zinc, and GO–tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2). They were standardized by evaluating under SEM, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), and Raman spectra after being synthesized in an aseptic technique. The abilities of GO-Ag, GO-Ag-CaF2, and GO-CaF2 nanocomposites were most preventive for decalcification. In addition, GO-Ag and GO-Ag-CaF2 almost completely inhibited S. mutans growth. However, they did not exhibit cytotoxicity to epithelial cells except at the highest concentration (0.1 w/v%) of GO-Ag and GO-Ag-CaF2. Furthermore, these f-GO nanocomposites exhibited less or no discoloration of dentin, although commonly used silver diamine fluoride causes discoloration of dentin to black. Thus, these f-GO nanocomposites are useful to protect dental caries on the tooth root that becomes a social problem in aged society.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.Z.I. Nizami
- Department of Pathophysiology—Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Y. Nishina
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - T. Yamamoto
- Department of Pathophysiology—Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Y. Shinoda-Ito
- Department of Periodontics and endodontic, Okayama University Hospital, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - S. Takashiba
- Department of Pathophysiology—Periodontal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
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Creeth J, Maclure R, Seong J, Gomez-Pereira P, Budhawant C, Sufi F, Holt J, Chapman N, West N. Three randomized studies of dentine hypersensitivity reduction after short-term SnF 2 toothpaste use. J Clin Periodontol 2019; 46:1105-1115. [PMID: 31381157 PMCID: PMC6851588 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aim To evaluate effects of a 0.454% stannous fluoride test toothpaste on dentine hypersensitivity (DH) applied by fingertip, then 3 days’ brushing, versus a sodium monofluorophosphate‐based control. Materials and Methods In three randomized clinical studies, DH was assessed using evaporative (Schiff scale) and tactile (Yeaple probe) stimuli. Participants applied toothpaste to two sensitive teeth by fingertip (60 s each); DH was re‐assessed, prior to brushing. Test treatment participants brushed their sensitive teeth, with all participants then brushing all teeth for ≥60 s, twice daily for 3 days. DH was re‐assessed. Data were analysed by study and then pooled. Results In two studies, test treatment significantly reduced DH versus control treatment after fingertip application and 3 days’ brushing (both measures). In one study, both treatments significantly reduced DH without between‐treatment differences. Mean Schiff differences (95% confidence intervals) for fingertip/3d were as follows: Study 1: −0.09 (−0.280, 0.092)/ −0.18 (−0.442, 0.072); Study 2: −0.72 (−0.839, −0.610)/ −1.02 (−1.150, −0.882); and Study 3: −0.26 (−0.387, −0.123)/ −0.92 (−1.055, −0.793). Pooled analysis indicated test treatment significantly reduced DH versus control (both timepoints, both measures). Toothpastes were generally well‐tolerated. Conclusion Studies indicated that single, fingertip application of a SnF2 toothpaste reduced DH versus a control. DH relief increased over 3 days.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joon Seong
- Clinical Trials Unit (Periodontology), Bristol Dental School and Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas Chapman
- Clinical Trials Unit (Periodontology), Bristol Dental School and Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicola West
- Clinical Trials Unit (Periodontology), Bristol Dental School and Hospital, Bristol, UK
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Choi AN, Jang IS, Son SA, Jung KH, Park JK. Effect of erosive and abrasive stress on sealing ability of different desensitizers: In-vitro study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220823. [PMID: 31369650 PMCID: PMC6675100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This in vitro study examined the sealing ability of different desensitizing agents under a chemo-mechanical stress condition. For the study, a total of 144 extracted, caries-free human third molars were used to produce 1 mm-thick dentin discs. The specimens were divided randomly into four groups: Superseal (SS), Gluma (GL), Gluma Self-etch (GS), and Tooth Coat (TC). For each group, the permeability was measured before and after applying the desensitizer, after being exposed to Coca Cola for 5 minutes, and after 3150 strokes of a brushing abrasion. The decrease in permeability after the erosive and abrasive stress was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. As a result, the dentin permeability decreased significantly for all desensitizers immediately after application (p < 0.05). SS and GS showed a significant difference in permeability reduction observed immediately after application and after acid action with Coca Cola (p < 0.05). After brushing abrasion, the permeability reduction decreased significantly for all desensitizers tested in this study (p < 0.05). TC showed the largest decrease in dentinal permeability compared to that of the other desensitizers and the differences were significant after brushing abrasion (p < 0.05). All tested desensitizers were effective in reducing dentin permeability. The behavioral characteristics under erosive and abrasive stress varied according to the products used. TC exhibited excellent sealing ability among the other desensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Na Choi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Dental Research Institute, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Il-Seok Jang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Sung-Ae Son
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Dental Research Institute, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hwa Jung
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Dental Research Institute, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jeong-Kil Park
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Dental Research Institute, Yangsan, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Novel calcium encapsulated mesocellular siliceous foams for crystal growth in dentinal tubules. J Dent 2019; 83:61-66. [PMID: 30825570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the novel mesocellular siliceous foams (MCF) containing CaCO3 nanoparticles (denoted as CMCF) combined with phosphoric acid could occlude dentinal tubules through the formation of biomimetic crystal barrier. METHODS Ultrastructures of MCF and CMCF were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Elemental components were analyzed with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). CMCF was mixed with distilled water, 10%, 20% and 30% phosphoric acid then applied on dentine discs. Crystals were characterized by X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD). The sealing efficacy of the dentinal tubules was examined by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS TEM images showed MCF presented a pore size of approximately 30.0 nm and CMCF contained abundant nano-CaCO3. Sealing efficacy showed that CMCF, when reacted with 30% phosphoric acid, would form crystals in the dentinal tubules to a depth of 83.2 ± 17.6 μm at an occlusion percentage of 75.6 ± 12.8% on average; both occlusion percentage and depth were higher than those obtained with 10% or 20% phosphoric acid (p < 0.05). The results of XRD and EDS indicated that the crystal growth in the dentinal tubules could be transformed into the biomimetic crystals. CONCLUSION This study showed that the CMCF with 30% phosphoric acid could effectively occlude the dentinal tubules through the formation of biomimetic crystal barrier. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The novel CMCF combined with phosphoric acid may have potential for the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity.
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Bakri MM, Hossain MZ, Razak FA, Saqina ZH, Misroni AA, Ab-Murat N, Kitagawa J, Saub RB. Dentinal tubules occluded by bioactive glass-containing toothpaste exhibit high resistance toward acidic soft drink challenge. Aust Dent J 2017; 62:186-191. [PMID: 27813093 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dentine hypersensitivity is a common problem attributed by patent dentinal tubules. Ingredients incorporated in toothpastes aim to occlude patent dentinal tubules to minimize the dentine hypersensitivity. However, frequent consumption of acidic soft drinks may reverse the dentinal tubules' occlusion. In this in vitro study, the efficacy of dentinal tubules occluded by commercially available toothpastes to withstand different durations of an acidic soft drink challenge was investigated. METHODS One hundred and twenty dentine discs were divided into three groups. The discs from each group were brushed with toothpaste containing bioactive glass, arginine and control toothpaste. Each group was then divided into four subgroups and exposed to acidic soft drink over four different time durations. RESULTS The scoring and the percentage of occluded dentinal tubules by Novamin-containing toothpaste was significantly better compared with arginine or the control toothpaste. Acidic soft drink challenge reduced the extent of dentinal tubules occlusion along with time. Dentinal tubules occluded by Novamin-containing toothpaste withstand the acidic challenge comparatively for a longer period. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrated that occlusion of dentinal tubules is more efficient by the bioactive glass-containing toothpaste and thus may contribute to its better resistance to acidic soft drink challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Bakri
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Z Hossain
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano, Japan
| | - F A Razak
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Z H Saqina
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A A Misroni
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N Ab-Murat
- Department of Community Oral Health and Clinical Prevention, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - J Kitagawa
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano, Japan
| | - R B Saub
- Department of Community Oral Health and Clinical Prevention, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Arnold WH, Gröger C, Bizhang M, Naumova EA. Dentin abrasivity of various desensitizing toothpastes. Head Face Med 2016; 12:16. [PMID: 27038781 PMCID: PMC4818862 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-016-0113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to compare the abrasivity of various commercially available toothpastes that claim to reduce dentin hypersensitivity. Methods Dentin discs were prepared from 70 human extracted molars. The discs were etched with lemon juice for 5 min, and one half of the discs were covered with aluminum tape. Following this, they were brushed with 6 different toothpastes, simulating a total brushing time of 6 months. As a negative control, discs were brushed with tap water only. The toothpastes contained pro-arginine and calcium carbonate, strontium acetate, stannous fluoride, zinc carbonate and hydroxyapatite, new silica, or tetrapotassium pyrophosphate and hydroxyapatite. After brushing, the height differences between the control halves and the brushed halves were determined with a profilometer and statistically compared using a Mann–Whitney U test for independent variables. Results A significant difference (p < 0.001) in height difference between the controls and the toothpaste-treated samples was found in all cases, except for the stannous fluoride-containing toothpaste (p = 0.583). The highest abrasion was found in the toothpaste containing zinc carbonate and hydroxyapatite, and the lowest was found in the toothpaste containing pro-arginine and calcium carbonate. Conclusions Desensitizing toothpastes with different desensitizing ingredients have different levels of abrasivity, which may have a negative effect on their desensitizing abilities over a long period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Arnold
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
| | - Ch Gröger
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - M Bizhang
- Department of Preventive and Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - E A Naumova
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
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9
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Strontium effects on root dentin tubule occlusion and nanomechanical properties. Dent Mater 2016; 32:240-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Souza-Rodrigues RDD, Ferreira SDS, D'Almeida-Couto RS, Lachowski KM, Sobral MÂP, Marques MM. Choice of toothpaste for the elderly: an in vitro study. Braz Oral Res 2015; 29:S1806-83242015000100288. [PMID: 26176359 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2015.vol29.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyposalivation and dental root exposure in the elderly are problems that require special oral care. In this context, the characteristics of certain toothpastes are of particular importance. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and dentin wear caused by seven different toothpastes. For dentin wear analysis, 40 root dentin specimens were submitted to 20,000 brushing cycles with the different toothpastes and distilled water (control group-CG), using a brushing machine. Dentin surface loss (SL) was measured by contact profilometer. The cytotoxicity of each toothpaste was tested using cultured fibroblasts submitted to a cell-culture-conditioned medium. Fresh medium served as the control. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay after 24 h of contact with the conditioned media. The data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test (p < 0.05). The SL of the CG was minimal and significantly lower than that of the Oral B Pro Health (OBPH) group (p < 0.05). All other groups presented SL in between that of the CG and the Oral B Pro Health OBPH group, except for the Sensodyne (SEN) group, which presented SL similar to that of CG (p = 0.05). The SEN group presented a percentage of viable cells similar to that of CG: between 60-89%. All the other toothpastes showed high cytotoxicity, with cell viability less than 50% of the CG. Considering study limitations, we concluded that only one of the seven tested toothpastes exhibited the most desirable toothpaste characteristics for the worldwide growing elderly population (e.g. low cytotoxicity and low-abrasive potential).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stella da Silva Ferreira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Ângela Pita Sobral
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Martins Marques
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Bae JH, Kim YK, Myung SK. Desensitizing toothpaste versus
placebo for dentin hypersensitivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42:131-41. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Bae
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; Section of Dentistry; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital; Seongnam Korea
| | - Young-Kyun Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Section of Dentistry; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital; Seongnam Korea
| | - Seung-Kwon Myung
- Family Medicine Clinic and Center for Cancer Prevention and Detection (Hospital); Cancer Epidemiology Branch (Research Institute); Research Institute; National Cancer Center; 2 Goyang Korea
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Lin J, Zheng WY, Liu PRF, Zhang N, Lin HP, Fan YJ, Gu XH, Vollrath O, Mehl C. Influence of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate application, smear layer removal, and storage time on resin-dentin bonding. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2014; 15:649-60. [PMID: 25001224 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1300216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of Tooth Mousse (TM) application, smear layer removal, and storage time on resin-dentin microtensile bond strength (µTBS). Dentin specimens were divided into two groups: (1) smear layer covered; (2) smear layer removed using 15% EDTA for 90 s. In each group, half the specimens were treated once with TM for 60 min. After bonding procedures using a two-step self-etching adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond (CSE); Kuraray Medical, Tokyo, Japan), an all-in-one adhesive (G-Bond (GB); GC Corp, Tokyo, Japan), and a total-etch adhesive (Adper Single Bond 2 (SB); 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA), the specimens were stored for 3 d or 6 months in deionized water at 37 °C, and µTBS was tested and analyzed. With the exception of SB (no TM application) and GB, the μTBS was significantly increased for CSE and SB using EDTA pre-conditioning and 3 d of storage (P≤0.001). Bond strength of GB decreased significantly when using EDTA (3 d storage, P<0.05). TM application only increased the μTBS of GB (no EDTA) and SB (with EDTA) after 3 d (P≤0.02). Comparing the adhesives after 3 d of storage, CSE exhibited the greatest μTBS values followed by GB and SB (P≤0.02). The factors of adhesive, EDTA, and TM did not show any significant impact on μTBS when specimens were stored for 6 months (P>0.05). The additional application of TM and EDTA for cavity preparation seems only to have a short-term effect, and no influence on µTBS of dentin bonds after a period of 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lin
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 16, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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13
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Investigation of the prevalence, clinical features, and risk factors of dentin hypersensitivity in a selected Brazilian population. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 18:651-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Palazon MT, Scaramucci T, Aranha ACC, Prates RA, Lachowski KM, Hanashiro FS, Youssef MN. Immediate and short-term effects of in-office desensitizing treatments for dentinal tubule occlusion. Photomed Laser Surg 2013; 31:274-82. [PMID: 23675985 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2012.3405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the immediate and short-term effects of laser neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) irradiation and in-office desensitizing treatment on dentin tubule occlusion. BACKGROUND DATA Literature shows a lack of long-lasting treatments for dentin hypersensitivity. METHODS Forty-eight dentin slabs (4×4×2 mm) were ground flat, polished, and treated with 27% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to open the dentinal tubules. Specimens were randomly divided into the following experimental groups (n=12): Group 1: Control (no treatment); Group 2: Nd:YAG laser irradiation (100 mJ, 85 J/cm(2) per pulse with a quartz fiber of 400 μm, in scanning movements); Group 3: In-office prophylaxis with pumice; Group 4: In-office Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief™ Desensitizing Paste. Treatments were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. After treatment, the specimens were submitted to a sequence of erosive and abrasive challenges, twice a day for 5 days. The specimens were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated by scanning electron microscopy immediately after treatment and after 4 and 5 days. The response variable was the amount of occluded dentin tubules per area, determined by three different examiners with the use of visual criteria, with a standardized grade created in the PowerPoint program. Data were compared with ANOVA and Tukey's test, considering a 5% significance level. RESULTS Immediately after treatment, a reduction in the number of opened dentin tubules was observed for the laser group when compared with the control group (p<0.05). After the experimental procedures, there were no quantitative differences between the amount of opened dentin tubules for all groups; however, micrographs showed some qualitative tubule occlusion for the laser group after the erosive/abrasive challenge. CONCLUSIONS only laser irradiation was capable of immediately sealing the dentinal tubules; however, none of the treatments showed efficacy in maintaining tubule occlusion after the chemical and mechanical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Traversa Palazon
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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15
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West NX, Lussi A, Seong J, Hellwig E. Scaffold-free microtissues: differences from monolayer cultures and their potential in bone tissue engineering. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 17:9-17. [PMID: 22695872 PMCID: PMC3585766 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cell-based therapies for bone augmentation after tooth loss and for the treatment of periodontal defects improve healing defects. Usually, osteogenic cells or stem cells are cultivated in 2D primary cultures, before they are combined with scaffold materials, even though this means a loss of the endogenous 3D microenvironment for the cells. Moreover, the use of single-cell suspensions for the inoculation of scaffolds or for the direct application into an area of interest has the disadvantages of low initial cell numbers and susceptibility to unwanted cellular distribution, respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS We addressed the question whether an alternative to monolayer cultures, namely 3D microtissues, has the potential to improve osteogenic tissue engineering and its clinical outcome. RESULTS By contrast, to monolayer cultures, osteogenic differentiation of 3D microtissues is enhanced by mimicking in vivo conditions. It seems that the osteogenic differentiation in microtissues is enhanced by strong integrin-extracellular matrix interaction and by stronger autocrine BMP2 signaling. Moreover, microtissues are less prone to wash out by body fluids and allow the precise administration of large cell numbers. CONCLUSION Microtissue cultures have closer characteristics with cells in vivo and their enhanced osteogenic differentiation makes scaffold-free microtissues a promising concept in osteogenic tissue engineering. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Microtissues are particularly suitable for tissue engineering because they improve seeding efficiency of biomaterials by increasing the cell load of a scaffold. This results in accelerated osteogenic tissue formation and could contribute to earlier implant stability in mandibular bone augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. X. West
- />Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, Bristol Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY UK
| | - A. Lussi
- />Department of Operative Dentistry, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J. Seong
- />Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, Bristol Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY UK
| | - E. Hellwig
- />Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dental School and Hospital Dentistry, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Evaluation of potassium binoxalate gel and Nd:YAG laser in the management of dentinal hypersensitivity: a split-mouth clinical and ESEM study. Lasers Med Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-012-1239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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West NX, Lussi A, Seong J, Hellwig E. Scaffold-free microtissues: differences from monolayer cultures and their potential in bone tissue engineering. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17 Suppl 1:S9-19. [PMID: 22695872 PMCID: PMC3585766 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The paper’s aim is to review dentin hypersensitivity (DHS), discussing pain mechanisms and aetiology. Materials and methods Literature was reviewed using search engines with MESH terms, DH pain mechanisms and aetiology (including abrasion, erosion and periodontal disease). Results The many hypotheses proposed for DHS attest to our lack of knowledge in understanding neurophysiologic mechanisms, the most widely accepted being the hydrodynamic theory. Dentin tubules must be patent from the oral environment to the pulp. Dentin exposure, usually at the cervical margin, is due to a variety of processes involving gingival recession or loss of enamel, predisposing factors being periodontal disease and treatment, limited alveolar bone, thin biotype, erosion and abrasion. Conclusions The current pain mechanism of DHS is thought to be the hydrodynamic theory. The initiation and progression of DHS are influenced by characteristics of the teeth and periodontium as well as the oral environment and external influences. Risk factors are numerous often acting synergistically and always influenced by individual susceptibility. Clinical relevance Whilst the pain mechanism of DHS is not well understood, clinicians need to be mindful of the aetiology and risk factors in order to manage patients’ pain and expectations and prevent further dentin exposure with subsequent sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. X. West
- />Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, Bristol Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY UK
| | - A. Lussi
- />Department of Operative Dentistry, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J. Seong
- />Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, Bristol Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY UK
| | - E. Hellwig
- />Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dental School and Hospital Dentistry, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Davies M, Paice EM, Jones SB, Leary S, Curtis AR, West NX. Efficacy of desensitizing dentifrices to occlude dentinal tubules. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119:497-503. [PMID: 22112037 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dentine hypersensitivity occurs when patent dentinal tubules are subjected to external stimuli, with pain being reduced by products that occlude tubules. This study compared the efficacy of a recently developed arginine-containing dentifrice, two established strontium-based products, and a fluoride control to occlude tubules when subjected to acid challenge. Dentine specimens with patent tubules were divided into four groups that were treated with a slurry consisting of one of the pastes mixed with stimulated human saliva. Treated specimens were further subdivided and soaked in 0.3% citric acid for 10 s, 30 s, 2 min, 5 min or 10 min. Tubule occlusion on representative scanning electron microscopy images was scored by blind review. All three desensitizing pastes offered good tubule occlusion, which was maintained to varying degrees following acidic challenge. After immersion in acid for 10 and 30 s, the strontium acetate- and arginine-containing pastes almost fully occluded tubules, but only the strontium acetate paste retained this level of occlusion after immersion in acid for 2 min, with strong statistical evidence that this paste occluded more tubules than the other pastes after immersion in acid for 2 or 5 min. This suggests that strontium acetate pastes may be the most effective at reducing dentine hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Davies
- Clinical Trials Group, School of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Bristol School of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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19
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West NX, Hooper SM, O'Sullivan D, Hughes N, North M, Macdonald EL, Davies M, Claydon NCA. In situ randomised trial investigating abrasive effects of two desensitising toothpastes on dentine with acidic challenge prior to brushing. J Dent 2011; 40:77-85. [PMID: 22051246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine if brushing dentine with 2 moderate RDA desensitising toothpastes, results in a significant dentine wear difference and whether this difference continues to be relevant when preceded with an erosive challenge. METHODS An in situ, single centre, single blind, randomised, split mouth study, evaluated the difference in abrasion of 2 toothpastes (SFM - Sensodyne Fresh Mint(®) RDA 70; CPHM - Crest Pro-Health Clean Mint(®) RDA 120) in 28 healthy volunteers. Two toothpaste treatments were administered 3×/day, for each of the two 15 day periods, subjects wearing bi-lateral, lower buccal appliances each with 4 dentine sections. A 2 min extra-oral acidic challenge preceded toothbrushing for 2 study arms. Contact profilometry measured samples at baseline, days 5, 10 and 15. RESULTS Brushing with SFM was significantly less abrasive than brushing with CPHM at all time points, with or without a preceding acidic challenge (p<0.0001). The additional dentine loss arising from the erosive challenge prior to brushing with each paste was linear with time and independent of abrasive effect. CONCLUSIONS The desensiting toothpastes' RDA, directly related to dentine loss with toothbrushing. An acidic challenge prior to brushing did not negate the benefits of reduced wear from the lower RDA paste compared to the higher RDA paste. When brushing eroded dentine, the additional wear appeared independent of abrasive effect. Dentine hypersensitivity sufferers should be recommended to use a low-moderate RDA toothpaste, not to brush more than 2×/day and not immediately following an acidic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- N X West
- Applied Clinical Research Group, Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, UK.
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20
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Abstract
Dentinal hypersensitivity is exemplified by brief, sharp, well-localized pain in response to thermal, evaporative, tactile, osmotic, or chemical stimuli that cannot be ascribed to any other form of dental defect or pathology. Pulpal pain is usually more prolonged, dull, aching, and poorly localized and lasts longer than the applied stimulus. Up to 30% of adults have dentinal hypersensitivity at some time. Current techniques for treatment may be only transient in nature and results are not always predictable. Two methods of treatment of dentin hypersensitivity are tubular occlusion and blockage of nerve activity. A differential diagnosis needs to be accomplished before any treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Trushkowsky
- Advanced Program for International Dentists in Aesthetic Dentistry, Department of Cariology and Comprehensive Care, New York University College of Dentistry, 345 East 24th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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21
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Bakry AS, Tamura Y, Otsuki M, Kasugai S, Ohya K, Tagami J. Cytotoxicity of 45S5 bioglass paste used for dentine hypersensitivity treatment. J Dent 2011; 39:599-603. [PMID: 21726598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 45S5 bioglass mixed with 50% phosphoric acid has been suggested to treat dentine hypersensitivity and incipient enamel caries. This study is going to evaluate the biocompatibility of using the aforementioned technique with the rat pulpal cells. METHODS The relative cytotoxicity of 45S5 bioglass on rat dental pulp cells was compared to the cytotoxicity of a temporary filling material (Caviton; GC, Japan), Type 1 glass ionomer cement (Fuji I; GC, Tokyo, Japan) and commercial desensitising agent (SuperSeal; Phoenix Dental, Fenton, MI, USA) using a transwell insert model. Cell viability was measured by means of a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The number of viable cell counts were compared using one way ANOVA (p<0.05). The morphological alterations of the pulp cells were observed directly by phase contrast microscope. RESULTS The results of this study indicated that cell viability recorded by the 45S5 bioglass paste group did not differ significantly from those of the Caviton, glass ionomer or superseal, moreover pulpal cells microscopic analysis revealed that 45S5 bioglass elicited minimal toxic effect. CONCLUSIONS 45S5 bioglass paste can serve as a biocompatible material that can potentially be used safely on dentine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Samir Bakry
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry Department, Graduate school of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
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Bakry A, Takahashi H, Otsuki M, Sadr A, Yamashita K, Tagami J. CO2 Laser Improves 45S5 Bioglass Interaction with Dentin. J Dent Res 2010; 90:246-50. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034510387793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioglass 45S5 is a bioactive glass that can create a layer of calcium-phosphate crystals on mineralized hard tissues. In this study, 45S5 bioglass was mixed with phosphoric acid and irradiated with CO2 laser and examined as a possible aid in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity. The dentinal surface modified by the aforementioned technique was chemically and micro-morphologically examined with a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscope (EDS), and the crystalline structures of the examined dentinal surfaces were examined by x-ray diffraction (XRD). Moreover, the mechanical properties of the newly formed layer were examined by nanoindentation. The results showed that 45S5 bioglass could occlude the dentinal tubule orifices with calcium-phosphate crystals. The application of CO2 laser potentially improved the mechanical organization of these crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.S. Bakry
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1–5–45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8549, Japan, and Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - H. Takahashi
- Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1–5–45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8549, Japan
| | - M. Otsuki
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1–5–45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8549, Japan
| | - A. Sadr
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Global Center of Excellence Program, ICTB at Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K. Yamashita
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2–3–10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101–0062, Japan
| | - J. Tagami
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1–5–45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8549, Japan, and Global Center of Excellence Program, ICTB at Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Eitner S, Bittner C, Wichmann M, Nickenig HJ, Sokol B. Comparison of conventional therapies for dentin hypersensitivity versus medical hypnosis. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2010; 58:457-75. [PMID: 20799124 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2010.499350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the efficacy of conventional treatments for dentin hypersensitivity (DHS) and hypnotherapy. During a 1-month period at an urban practice in a service area of approximately 22,000 inhabitants, all patients were examined. A total of 102 individuals were included in the evaluation. Values of 186 teeth were analyzed. The comparison of the different treatment methods (desensitizer, fluoridation, and hypnotherapy) did not show significant differences in success rates. However, a noticeable difference was observed in terms of onset and duration of effect. For both desensitizer and hypnotherapy treatments, onset of effect was very rapid. Compared to the other methods studied, hypnotherapy effects had the longest duration. In conclusion, hypnotherapy was as effective as other methods in the treatment of DHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Eitner
- Department of Prosthodontics,Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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24
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Wang Z, Sa Y, Sauro S, Chen H, Xing W, Ma X, Jiang T, Wang Y. Effect of desensitising toothpastes on dentinal tubule occlusion: a dentine permeability measurement and SEM in vitro study. J Dent 2010; 38:400-10. [PMID: 20097250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effectiveness of a new bioglass-containing and two commercial desensitising toothpastes on dentinal tubule occlusion after citric acid challenge or artificial saliva (AS) immersion. METHODS One hundred dentin discs from human third molars were used. Specimens were randomly divided into five groups (n=20), Group 1: EDTA-treated dentin; Group 2: brushing with distilled water; Group 3: brushing with Novamin; Group 4: brushing with Sensodyne Freshmint; Group 5: brushing with Colgate Sensitive. In each group, samples were then equally split into two subgroups (n=10) to test two post-treatments: 6% citric acid challenge or 24h immersion in artificial saliva. Dentine permeability of each specimen was measured before and after each treatment using a hydrostatic device working at 20cm H(2)O pressure. Data were analysed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA to determine if there were any significant differences within or between groups. Dentine morphology and surface deposits were observed by SEM. RESULTS All three desensitising toothpastes significantly reduced dentine permeability and created precipitates on the treated dentine surfaces. Moreover, the reductions in dentine permeability showed partial recovery after a citric acid and artificial saliva immersion. Sensodyne showed significant resistant to acid attack and Novamin exhibited the lowest permeability after artificial saliva immersion for 24h. CONCLUSIONS The application of the three toothpastes resulted in effective dentinal tubule occlusion. However, the new bioglass-containing toothpaste (Novamin) represented excellent occlusion effects after brushing treatment and AS immersion, while Sensodyne demonstrated more reduction in permeability when citric acid challenged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhejun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
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25
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LEE SY, KWON HK, KIM BI. Effect of dentinal tubule occlusion by dentifrice containing nano-carbonate apatite. J Oral Rehabil 2008; 35:847-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2008.01876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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27
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West NX. Dentine hypersensitivity: preventive and therapeutic approaches to treatment. Periodontol 2000 2008; 48:31-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Nogués L, Martinez-Gomis J, Molina C, Peraire M, Salsench J, Sevilla P, Gil FJ. Dental casting alloys behaviour during power toothbrushing with toothpastes with various abrasivities. Part I: wear behavior. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2008; 19:3041-3048. [PMID: 18389345 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-008-3433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long term effect of abrasivity of toothpastes normally used over the surface and mechanical properties of dental casting alloys. Three dental casting alloys (Ni-Cr, Co-Cr, c.p. Ti) and one ceramic were chosen. Four specimens of each material were immersed in artificial saliva, brushed without or with one of four toothpastes of different Relative Dentine Abrasivity (RDA 50, 52, 80, and 114). An electric toothbrush with a load of 250 g was used for 420 min. Mass loss was determined by difference in weight, microhardness and surface roughness were also measured. Two-way ANOVA and non-parametric tests were used to detect significant differences. Titanium specimens (478 microg/cm(2)) exhibited the most mass loss, whereas ceramic (282 microg/cm(2)) and Co-Cr (262 microg/cm(2)) exhibited the least. However, ceramic demonstrated the most volume loss (0.239 mm(3)). The abrasivity effect of the toothpaste correlated with the RDA values. Slight variations in microhardness were observed after toothbrushing and depended on the material but not on the toothpaste used. Material surfaces were slightly smoothed by toothbrushing but no significant differences were detected. Dental casting alloys and ceramic are susceptible to abrasion by brushing with an electric toothbrush depending on the RDA value of the toothpaste. Variations in microhardness and surface roughness were not clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ll Nogués
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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MARKOWITZ K, PASHLEY DH. Discovering new treatments for sensitive teeth: the long path from biology to therapy. J Oral Rehabil 2008; 35:300-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2007.01798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Clinical Relevance
Depending on the application of the individual adhesives used, dentin adhesives seal dentin surfaces and reduce dentinal permeability. Dentin adhesives possessing a high sealing ability for dentin surfaces are suggested for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiping Fu
- Dept of Stomatology, No 1 Hospital Aff to Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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31
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Abstract
Carbonate apatite has a similar structure to the inorganic component of teeth and bone. Although carbonate apatite is widely used as a bone substitute, there are no reports on its use as a desensitizing dentifrice. This in vitro study evaluated the relative abrasivity of the dentifrice containing nano-sized carbonated apatite (n-CAPs) using a Surface Profile Method (SPM). The dentin specimens were made from the root of extracted human molars. The cervical part of the teeth was sectioned with a diamond wheel disk. The teeth were embedded into an epoxy resin mold and the surface was gradually polished using silicone carbide paper. After grinding, the degree of surface roughness was examined within the range of 2 mm with tapping. The British Standard Institution reference dentifrice (BSI: CaCO3 40%) and the experimental dentifrices (group 1: n-CAPs 30%, group 2: n-CAPs 15% and silica 15%, group 3: n-CAPs 5% and silica 25%, group 4: silica 30%, group 5: CaCO3 10% and SrCl2 10%) were compared. The dentifrice slurries were prepared by mixing 24 grams of the dentifrice in 12 ml distilled water. Each tooth specimen was brushed 1,000 times with the dentifrice slurries using a back-and-forth stroke. The relative abrasivity of each dentifrice was evaluated by determining the ratio of the BSI standard dentifrice to each experiment. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons using Window SPSS (Statistical analysis system) 12.0. According to the results, Group 1 (3.2), which contained only n-CAPs appeared to have the lowest abrasivity than the BSI dentifrice (100). However, Groups 2 (124.2), 3 (137.9) and 4 (178.1), which contained n-CAPs and silica, appeared to have a higher abrasivity than the BSI dentifrice (p>0.05). The relative abrasivity of group 5 (38), which was a commercial desensitizing dentifrice, was relatively lower. It appears that the higher abrasivity of the experimental is due to the shape and size of the silica component. Therefore, n-CAPs itself has no influence on the abrasivity of the dentifrice. The main reason for the low abrasivity of n-CAPs is believed to be its small particle size (range 50-90nm).
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Joiner A. Review of the extrinsic stain removal and enamel/dentine abrasion by a calcium carbonate and perlite containing whitening toothpaste. Int Dent J 2006; 56:175-80. [PMID: 16972390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2006.tb00091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an increase in the demand from consumers and patients for products that whiten teeth. To meet this demand, a whitening toothpaste containing calcium carbonate and perlite as the abrasive system and an efficacious fluoride source has recently been launched. The aim of the current paper is to review the toothpaste's stain removal efficacy and its effects on enamel and dentine wear. It has been shown to be effective at removing model extrinsic stain in vitro. Further, it has been shown to be more effective in removing naturally occurring extrinsic tooth stain than a silica non-whitening control toothpaste after two weeks of twice daily brushing in a parallel group, double-blind clinical study using 152 adult volunteers. In addition, the enhanced whitening effect did not give a clinically relevant level of wear to enamel or a significant increase in dentine wear compared to marketed non-whitening toothpaste formulations, as shown by using an in situ type model with ex vivo brushing.
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Moore C, Addy M. Wear of dentine in vitro by toothpaste abrasives and detergents alone and combined. J Clin Periodontol 2006; 32:1242-6. [PMID: 16269001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2005.00857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To measure in vitro the abrasion of dentine by toothpaste detergents and abrasives alone and combined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Detergents used were tego betain, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), adinol and pluronic diluted to 1% w/v. Abrasives were three artificial silicas, tixosil 73 and 123 and Zeodent 113, and calcium carbonate used at 2.5% w/v. Flat human dentine specimens were brushed with aqueous detergent solutions or abrasive slurries, detergent abrasive slurries and water for 20,000 brush strokes. Dentine loss was measured by non-contacting profilometry at 10,000 and 20,000 strokes. Silica particle size distribution was measured by laser deflection. RESULTS Loss of dentine occurred with all detergents, abrasives and detergent abrasion combinations, but was not linear with number of brush strokes. Water appeared to remove the smear layer only, but all detergents exceeded the predicted smear layer thickness. The silica abrasives differed in abrasion properties despite similar particle size distribution. Different detergents modulated the abrasives actions in mainly positive or mainly negative directions. CONCLUSIONS Detergents appear able to attack the dentine surface to produce wear. Abrasives vary considerably in wear produced under similar conditions. Detergents modulate the effect of abrasives in a way that may reflect the rheological properties of the mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Moore
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, Bristol, UK
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34
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Abstract
Evidence suggests that patients suffer the painful symptoms of dentine hypersensitivity when dentine is exposed and the dentinal tubule system is opened to the oral cavity to allow stimuli to trigger a neural response in the pulp via a hydrodynamic mechanism. The processes needed to localise lesions of dentine hypersensitivity include loss of enamel and/or gingival recession. Whilst tooth brushing with or without toothpaste appears to cause minimal wear to enamel (in the absence of acids), circumstantial evidence implicates tooth brushing with gingival recession and exposure of dentine. Other tooth wear processes notably attrition and acid erosion cause loss of enamel and can expose dentine. Therefore sensitivity may result. How lesions of dentine hypersensitivity are initiated is a matter of conjecture and based on extrapolating data from studies, mainly in vitro, to affect in vivo. Again this circumstantial type of evidence suggests that abrasion by some toothpastes and erosion by dietary acid could open the tubule system. Little is known about the actual effect of desensitising toothpastes on lesions of dentine hypersensitivity even though they are formulated to either occlude dentinal tubules or block the neural response in the pulp. Clinical studies have produced contradictory findings for the efficacy of products and there have been extremely few evidence based reviews. In conclusion, available evidence supports a probable link of tooth brushing, with or without toothpaste and an acidic diet to both tooth wear and dentine hypersensitivity, and suggests also that dentine hypersensitivity is a tooth wear phenomenon. Although there is a need for more direct clinical and scientific evidence for these associations, it is recommended that they be taken into consideration when planning management strategies for the dentine hypersensitivity sufferer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Addy
- Bristol Dental School, Lower Maudlin St, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK.
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35
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Kumar NG, Mehta DS. Short-Term Assessment of the Nd:YAG Laser With and Without Sodium Fluoride Varnish in the Treatment of Dentin Hypersensitivity – A Clinical and Scanning Electron Microscopy Study. J Periodontol 2005; 76:1140-7. [PMID: 16018757 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.7.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to evaluate clinically and under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the efficacy of Nd:YAG laser irradiation alone and in combination with 5% sodium fluoride varnish in the management of dentin hypersensitivity. METHODS The study was conducted on 40 patients divided into four groups who had at least one tooth of Grade III mobility with clinically elicitable dentin hypersensitivity. Following the pretreatment assessment of hypersensitivity using the visual analog scale (VAS) and cold air blast test, the selected tooth in all the groups received 1% citric acid treatment for 1 minute. Group 1 patients received no further treatment; group 2, 3, and 4 patients received additional treatment with 5% sodium fluoride varnish, Nd:YAG laser for 2 minutes, and a combination of 5% sodium fluoride varnish and Nd:YAG laser, respectively. Two hours following treatment, hypersensitivity was again assessed, and the teeth were extracted, sectioned, and scanned using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS The mean VAS score in group 1 showed a 27% increase from baseline, but groups 2, 3, and 4 showed a decrease of 33%, 44%, and 62%, respectively. The mean cold air blast score showed a 22% increase in group 1, but values decreased by 43%, 50%, and 83% in groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The number of patent tubules also progressively decreased from group 1 through group 4. CONCLUSIONS The combination of Nd:YAG laser and 5% sodium fluoride varnish seems to show an impressive efficacy, when compared to either treatment alone, in treating dentin hypersensitivity. The SEM findings seem to relate to the clinical findings in that reduction in number/patency of tubules was associated with improvement in treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gautham Kumar
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere-577004, Karnataka State, India
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36
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Philpotts CJ, Weader E, Joiner A. The measurement in vitro of enamel and dentine wear by toothpastes of different abrasivity. Int Dent J 2005; 55:183-7. [PMID: 16004251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2005.tb00057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the in vitro enamel and dentine wear by toothpastes with a range of Relative Dentine Abrasivity (RDA) and Relative Enamel Abrasivity (REA) values. METHODS Human enamel/dentine (approximately 50:50) blocks (approximately 4 x 4 mm) were polished and the enamel indented with four Knoop indents. The step across the enamel-dentine junction was measured by interference microscopy. Specimens were brushed in vitro with toothpastes with a range of RDA/REA values using a flat trim toothbrush mounted in a Wira brushing machine for 360 s and a load of 375 g. After brushing the Knoop indent length and the enamel-dentine step were remeasured and the amount of wear to the enamel and dentine was calculated. RESULTS The mean enamel wear ranged from 0.05 to 0.40 microns, with the highest wear for the highest REA product. The mean dentine wear for all toothpaste products tested was positively correlated with RDA value (R2 = 0.897). The correlation was further improved if median wear values were used (R2 = 0.930). CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated a rapid technique for the simultaneous investigation of the abrasive wear of toothpaste on enamel and dentine. There was a good correlation between median dentine wear and RDA values.
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Pickles MJ, Joiner A, Weader E, Cooper YL, Cox TF. Abrasion of human enamel and dentine caused by toothpastes of differing abrasivity determined using an in situ wear model. Int Dent J 2005; 55:188-93. [PMID: 16004252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2005.tb00058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the rates of enamel and dentine wear in situ during tooth brushing with a range of five toothpastes of differing RDA and REA values. METHODS Enamel/dentine inserts were placed in the buccal aspects of full upper dentures of human volunteers. Enamel wear was determined by change in Knoop indent length and dentine wear was determined from the enamel-dentine step height, measured using optical profilometry. RESULTS Significant differences between the test products were found for both enamel and dentine (p < 0.05). However for the conventional toothpastes the rate of wear was similar and differences between the products were not generally statistically significant for either enamel or dentine, despite the fact that their RDA values differed by more than a factor of two. The rate of wear was found to decrease throughout the duration of the study. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated that the methodology used is capable of assessing enamel and dentine wear in situ within a relatively short period of time. The data suggest that whilst in vitro tests have value in understanding differences in abrasivity between products, they cannot be used to predict in vivo effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pickles
- Unilever Oral Care, Port Sunlight Laboratory, Bebington, Wirral, UK.
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Joiner A, Collins LZ, Cox TF, Pickles MJ, Weader E, Liscombe C, Holt JS. The measurement of enamel and dentine abrasion by tooth whitening products using an in situ model. Int Dent J 2005; 55:194-6. [PMID: 16004253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2005.tb00059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the enamel and dentine wear of two whitening toothpastes using an in situ model with ex vivo brushing. METHODS Human enamel/dentine (approximately 50:50) blocks (approximately 4 x 4mm) were placed in the upper buccal aspects of full or partial dentures of a group of 25 subjects. Subjects brushed the specimens ex vivo with either a calcium carbonate/perlite or silica containing whitening toothpaste under exaggerated conditions as compared to normal for 30 s, twice per day. Specimens were removed after 4, 8 and 12 weeks and the wear to the enamel and dentine was determined. Enamel wear was determined by change in Knoop indent length and dentine wear was determined from the enamel-dentine step height, measured using optical profilometry. RESULTS The mean wear after 12 weeks was for enamel 0.27 and 0.19 microns, and for dentine 34.3 and 61.1 microns, for the calcium carbonate/perlite and silica toothpastes respectively. There were no significant differences between products after 12 weeks. The rate of wear was found to decrease throughout the duration of the study. CONCLUSION There were no significant differences between the two whitening toothpastes in terms of enamel and dentine wear after 12 weeks brushing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Joiner
- Unilever Oral Care, Port Sunlight Laboratory, Bebington, Wirral, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the tubule occluding ability of three commercial available dentifrices (Sensodyne, Emoform and Sorriso) by Scanning Electron Microscopy. METHODS Fifty cervical areas from buccal and lingual surfaces of sound third human molars were used. Cervical enamel was wet abraded to expose flat dentin surfaces and further polished with diamond pastes. Specimens were randomly divided into five groups (n=10): G1-no brushing; G2-brushing without dentifrice; G3-brushing with Sensodyne; G4-brushing with Emoform; G5-brushing with Sorriso. Brushed specimens were treated for 4 min per day, for 7 days in a toothbrushing machine. Specimens were prepared and observed under SEM for calculation of the percentage of occluded tubules. In addition, slurries of toothpastes were analyzed by X-ray microanalysis. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0.05). RESULTS Means of occluded tubules in descending order were: G5-98.83+/-3.31% (a), G4-96.02+/-5.24% (a), G3-80.12+/-24.65% (a), G1-37.31+/-24.22% (b); G2-22.92+/-15.19% (b). The three tested dentifrices produced increased dentinal occlusion as compared to controls (p<0.05) but equivalent occlusion among each other. Calcium from calcium-carbonate abrasive was identified in all dentifrices. CONCLUSIONS Results indicated that the use of all dentifrices occluded tubules more than no brushing and brushing without dentifrices groups. Thus, the tested dentifrices seem effective for desensitization by tubule occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Augusto Galvão Arrais
- Department of Restorative Dentistry/Operative Dentistry, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, UNICAMP. Av. Limeira, #901, Piracicaba, SP 13414-900, Brazil
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Abstract
Circumstantial evidence based on anecdote, case reports, epidemiological data and studies in vitro and in situ implicate tooth brushing with toothpaste with tooth wear, gingival recession and dentine hypersensitivity. This review attempts to assess the clinical significance of the potential harm produced by this most common oral hygiene habit. The toothbrush alone appears to have no effect on enamel and very little on dentine. Most toothpaste also has very little effect on enamel and in normal use would not cause significant wear of dentine in a lifetime of use. Wear of enamel and dentine can be dramatically increased if tooth brushing follows an erosive challenge. Gingival recession has a multi-factorial aetiology and certain individuals and specific teeth may be predisposed to trauma from tooth brushing. Tooth brushing is known to cause gingival abrasions but how these relate to gingival recession is not known. The role of toothpaste in gingival abrasion and recession surprisingly has received little if any attention. Gingival recession most commonly exposes dentine and localises sites for dentine hypersensitivity. Some toothpaste products can expose dentinal tubules but erosion is probably the more dominant factor in dentine hypersensitivity. There is no evidence to indicate that electric and manual toothbrushes differ in effects on soft and hard tissues. It is only under, over or abusive use or when combined with erosion that significant harm may be thus caused. In normal use it must be concluded that the benefits of tooth brushing far out-way the potential harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Addy
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Bristol, UK.
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