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Ravishankar S, Baldelli V, Angeletti C, Raffaelli N, Landini P, Rossi E. Fluoropyrimidines affect de novo pyrimidine synthesis impairing biofilm formation in Escherichia coli. Biofilm 2024; 7:100180. [PMID: 38370152 PMCID: PMC10869245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Antivirulence agents are considered a promising strategy to treat bacterial infections. Fluoropyrimidines possess antivirulence and antibiofilm activity against Gram-negative bacteria; however, their mechanism of action is yet unknown. Consistent with their known antibiofilm activity, fluoropyrimidines, particularly 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), impair curli-dependent surface adhesion by Escherichia coli MG1655 via downregulation of curli fimbriae gene transcription. Curli inhibition requires fluoropyrimidine conversion into fluoronucleotides and is not mediated by c-di-GMP or the ymg-rcs envelope stress response axis, previously suggested as the target of fluorouracil antibiofilm activity in E. coli. In contrast, 5-FC hampered the transcription of curli activators RpoS and stimulated the expression of Fis, a curli repressor affected by nucleotide availability. This last observation suggested a possible perturbation of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis by 5-FC: indeed, exposure to 5-FC resulted in a ca. 2-fold reduction of UMP intracellular levels while not affecting ATP. Consistently, expression of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis genes carB and pyrB was upregulated in the presence of 5-FC. Our results suggest that the antibiofilm activity of fluoropyrimidines is mediated, at least in part, by perturbation of the pyrimidine nucleotide pool. We screened a genome library in search of additional determinants able to counteract the effects of 5-FC. We found that a DNA fragment encoding the unknown protein D8B36_18,480 and the N-terminal domain of the penicillin-binding protein 1b (PBP1b), involved in peptidoglycan synthesis, could restore curli production in the presence of 5-FC. Deletion of the PBP1b-encoding gene mrcB, induced csgBAC transcription, while overexpression of the gene encoding the D8B36_18,480 protein obliterated its expression, possibly as part of a coordinated response in curli regulation with PBP1b. While the two proteins do not appear to be direct targets of 5-FC, their involvement in curli regulation suggests a connection between peptidoglycan biosynthesis and curli production, which might become even more relevant upon pyrimidine starvation and reduced availability of UDP-sugars needed in cell wall biosynthesis. Overall, our findings link the antibiofilm activity of fluoropyrimidines to the redirection of at least two global regulators (RpoS, Fis) by induction of pyrimidine starvation. This highlights the importance of the de novo pyrimidines biosynthesis pathway in controlling virulence mechanisms in different bacteria and makes the pathway a potential target for antivirulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlo Angeletti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Italy
| | - Nadia Raffaelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Italy
| | - Paolo Landini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Rossi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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2
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Estrada EM, Harris LJ. Phenotypic Characteristics That May Contribute to Persistence of Salmonella Strains in the Pistachio Supply Chain. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100268. [PMID: 38493873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strain diversity in California pistachios is limited; some strains have persisted in the pistachio supply chain for ≥10 years. Representative isolates of six persistent strains and three sporadic strains isolated from California pistachios were selected to evaluate copper resistance, growth in pistachio hull slurry, biofilm formation, desiccation tolerance, and survival during subsequent storage. The presence of a copper homeostasis and silver-resistance island sequence in three of the persistent strains was associated with an increase in tolerance to CuSO4 from 7.5 mM to 15 mM under anaerobic but not aerobic conditions; all isolates were resistant to ≥120 mM Cu-EDTA under both anerobic and aerobic conditions. When inoculated into pistachio hull slurry at 2.75 ± 0.04 log CFU/mL and incubated at 30 °C, the populations of Salmonella Enteritidis strain A (sporadic) increased to significantly lower levels than the other strains at 16, 20, 24, and 28 h but not at 40 and 48 h. Maximum populations of 8.70-8.85 log CFU/mL were observed for all strains at ≥40 h of incubation. All nine Salmonella strains produced weak to strong biofilms after 4 days at 25 °C; seven strains, including two sporadic strains, produced moderate biofilms, and Salmonella Liverpool strain A (persistent) produced a strong biofilm. The rdar+ and rdar- morphotypes were observed in both persistent and sporadic Salmonella strains. Population declines of 5.03 log were observed for Salmonella Enteritidis strain A within 18 h of drying on filter paper whereas reductions of 0.50-1.25 log were observed for the other eight Salmonella strains. Population reductions (3.98-5.12 log) of these eight strains were not significantly different after storage at 25 ± 1 °C and 35% relative humidity for 50 days. The phenotypic characteristics evaluated here do not independently account for the persistence of a small number of Salmonella strains associated with the California pistachio production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika M Estrada
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Linda J Harris
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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3
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Lendel AM, Antonova NP, Grigoriev IV, Usachev EV, Gushchin VA, Vasina DV. Biofilm-disrupting effects of phage endolysins LysAm24, LysAp22, LysECD7, and LysSi3: breakdown the matrix. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:186. [PMID: 38683213 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The ability of most opportunistic bacteria to form biofilms, coupled with antimicrobial resistance, hinder the efforts to control widespread infections, resulting in high risks of negative outcomes and economic costs. Endolysins are promising compounds that efficiently combat bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains and biofilms, without a low probability of subsequent emergence of stable endolysin-resistant phenotypes. However, the details of antibiofilm effects of these enzymes are poorly understood. To elucidate the interactions of bacteriophage endolysins LysAm24, LysAp22, LysECD7, and LysSi3 with bacterial films formed by Gram-negative species, we estimated their composition and assessed the endolysins' effects on the most abundant exopolymers in vitro. The obtained data suggests a pronounced efficiency of these lysins against biofilms with high (Klebsiella pneumoniae) and low (Acinetobacter baumannii) matrix contents, or dual-species biofilms, resulting in at least a twofold loss of the biomass. These peptidoglycan hydrolases interacted diversely with protective compounds of biofilms such as extracellular DNA and polyanionic carbohydrates, indicating a spectrum of biofilm-disrupting effects for bacteriolytic phage enzymes. Specifically, we detected disruption of acid exopolysaccharides by LysAp22, strong DNA-binding capacity of LysAm24, both of these interactions for LysECD7, and neither of them for LysSi3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya M Lendel
- Laboratory of Pathogen Population Variability Mechanisms, N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia.
| | - Nataliia P Antonova
- Laboratory of Pathogen Population Variability Mechanisms, N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- Translational Biomedicine Laboratory, N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Evgeny V Usachev
- Translational Biomedicine Laboratory, N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Gushchin
- Laboratory of Pathogen Population Variability Mechanisms, N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Daria V Vasina
- Laboratory of Pathogen Population Variability Mechanisms, N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
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4
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Gerlach RG, Wittmann I, Heinrich L, Pinkenburg O, Meyer T, Elpers L, Schmidt C, Hensel M, Schnare M. Subversion of a family of antimicrobial proteins by Salmonella enterica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1375887. [PMID: 38505286 PMCID: PMC10948614 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1375887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a food-borne pathogen able to cause a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from mild gastroenteritis to systemic infections. During almost all stages of the infection process Salmonella is likely to be exposed to a wide variety of host-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). AMPs are important components of the innate immune response which integrate within the bacterial membrane, thus forming pores which lead ultimately to bacterial killing. In contrast to other AMPs Bactericidal/Permeability-increasing Protein (BPI) displayed only weak bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects towards Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium (STM) cultures. Surprisingly, we found that sub-antimicrobial concentrations of BPI fold-containing (BPIF) superfamily members mediated adhesion of STM depending on pre-formed type 1 fimbriae. BPIF proteins directly bind to type 1 fimbriae through mannose-containing oligosaccharide modifications. Fimbriae decorated with BPIF proteins exhibit extended binding specificity, allowing for bacterial adhesion on a greater variety of abiotic and biotic surfaces likely promoting host colonization. Further, fimbriae significantly contributed to the resistance against BPI, probably through sequestration of the AMP before membrane interaction. In conclusion, functional subversion of innate immune proteins of the BPIF family through binding to fimbriae promotes Salmonella virulence by survival of host defense and promotion of host colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman G. Gerlach
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Irene Wittmann
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Olaf Pinkenburg
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Torben Meyer
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Laura Elpers
- Division of Microbiology and CellNanOs – Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, School of Biology/Chemistry, University Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Michael Hensel
- Division of Microbiology and CellNanOs – Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, School of Biology/Chemistry, University Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Markus Schnare
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Ray S, Löffler S, Richter-Dahlfors A. High-Resolution Large-Area Image Analysis Deciphers the Distribution of Salmonella Cells and ECM Components in Biofilms Formed on Charged PEDOT:PSS Surfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2307322. [PMID: 38225703 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Biofilms, comprised of cells embedded in extracellular matrix (ECM), enable bacterial surface colonization and contribute to pathogenesis and biofouling. Yet, antibacterial surfaces are mainly evaluated for their effect on bacterial cells rather than the ECM. Here, a method is presented to separately quantify amounts and distribution of cells and ECM in Salmonella biofilms grown on electroactive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). Within a custom-designed biofilm reactor, biofilm forms on PEDOT:PSS surfaces electrically addressed with a bias potential and simultaneous recording of the resulting current. The amount and distribution of cells and ECM in biofilms are analyzed using a fluorescence-based spectroscopic mapping technique and fluorescence confocal microscopy combined with advanced image processing. The study shows that surface charge leads to upregulated ECM production, leaving the cell counts largely unaffected. An altered texture is also observed, with biofilms forming small foci or more continuous structures. Supported by mutants lacking ECM production, ECM is identified as an important target when developing antibacterial strategies. Also, a central role for biofilm distribution is highlighted that likely influences antimicrobial susceptibility in biofilms. This work provides yet a link between conductive polymer materials and bacterial metabolism and reveals for the first time a specific effect of electrochemical addressing on bacterial ECM formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhita Ray
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Susanne Löffler
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Agneta Richter-Dahlfors
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
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Carneiro DG, Pereira Aguilar A, Mantovani HC, Mendes TADO, Vanetti MCD. The quorum sensing molecule C12-HSL promotes biofilm formation and increases adrA expression in Salmonella Enteritidis under anaerobic conditions. BIOFOULING 2024; 40:14-25. [PMID: 38254292 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2024.2305385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) are quorum-sensing signaling molecules in Gram-negative bacteria and positively regulate biofilm formation in Salmonella under specific conditions. In this study, biofilm formation in Salmonella enterica was evaluated at 28 and 37 °C, under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Additionally, the influence of the N-dodecanoyl-DL-homoserine lactone (C12-HSL) on biofilm formation and the expression of genes related to the synthesis of structural components, regulation, and quorum sensing was assessed under anaerobiosis at 28 and 37 °C. Biofilm formation was found not to be influenced by the atmospheric conditions at 28 °C. However, it was reduced at 37 °C under anaerobiosis. C12-HSL enhanced biofilm formation at 37 °C under anaerobiosis and increased the expression of the adrA and luxS genes, suggesting an increase in c-di-GMP, a second messenger that controls essential physiological functions in bacteria. These results provide new insights into the regulation of biofilm formation in Salmonella under anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ananda Pereira Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Hilário Cuquetto Mantovani
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of WI, Madison, USA
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Pradhan J, Pradhan D, Sahu JK, Mishra S, Mallick S, Das S, Negi VD. A novel rspA gene regulates biofilm formation and virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106432. [PMID: 37926364 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria and belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Although much has been known about Salmonella pathogenesis, the functional characterizations of certain genes are yet to be explored. The rspA (STM14_1818) is one such gene with putative dehydratase function, and its role in pathogenesis is unknown. The background information showed that rspA gene is upregulated in Salmonella when it resides inside macrophages, which led us to investigate its role in Salmonella pathogenesis. We generated the rspA knockout strain and complement strain in S. Typhimurium 14028. Ex-vivo and in-vivo infectivity was looked at macrophage and epithelial cell lines and Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The mutant strain differentially formed the biofilm at different temperatures by altering the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of cellulose and curli. Besides, the mutant strain is hyperproliferative intracellularly and showed increased bacterial burden in C. elegans. The mutant strain became more infectious and lethal, causing faster death of the worms than the wild type, and also modulates the worm's innate immunity. Thus, we found that the rspA deletion mutant was more pathogenic. In this study, we concluded that the rspA gene differentially regulates the biofilm formation in a temperature dependent manner by modulating the genes involved in the synthesis of cellulose and curli and negatively regulates the Salmonella virulence for longer persistence inside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Pradhan
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Diana Pradhan
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Jugal Kishor Sahu
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Satyajit Mishra
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Swarupa Mallick
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Surajit Das
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Vidya Devi Negi
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
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8
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Galkin AP, Sysoev EI, Valina AA. Amyloids and prions in the light of evolution. Curr Genet 2023; 69:189-202. [PMID: 37165144 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-023-01270-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Functional amyloids have been identified in a wide variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and vertebrates. Intracellular and extracellular amyloid fibrils of different proteins perform storage, protective, structural, and regulatory functions. The structural organization of amyloid fibrils determines their unique physical and biochemical properties. The formation of these fibrillar structures can provide adaptive advantages that are picked up by natural selection. Despite the great interest in functional and pathological amyloids, questions about the conservatism of the amyloid properties of proteins and the regularities in the appearance of these fibrillar structures in evolution remain almost unexplored. Using bioinformatics approaches and summarizing the data published previously, we have shown that amyloid fibrils performing similar functions in different organisms have been arising repeatedly and independently in the course of evolution. On the other hand, we show that the amyloid properties of a number of bacterial and eukaryotic proteins are evolutionarily conserved. We also discuss the role of protein-based inheritance in the evolution of microorganisms. Considering that missense mutations and the emergence of prions cause the same consequences, we propose the concept that the formation of prions, similarly to mutations, generally causes a negative effect, although it can also lead to adaptations in rare cases. In general, our analysis revealed certain patterns in the emergence and spread of amyloid fibrillar structures in the course of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey P Galkin
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, St. Petersburg Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, 199034.
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, 199034.
| | - Evgeniy I Sysoev
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, St. Petersburg Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, 199034
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, 199034
| | - Anna A Valina
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, 199034
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Cordisco E, Zanor MI, Moreno DM, Serra DO. Selective inhibition of the amyloid matrix of Escherichia coli biofilms by a bifunctional microbial metabolite. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:81. [PMID: 37857690 PMCID: PMC10587114 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00449-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The propensity of bacteria to grow collectively in communities known as biofilms and their ability to overcome clinical treatments in this condition has become a major medical problem, emphasizing the need for anti-biofilm strategies. Antagonistic microbial interactions have extensively served as searching platforms for antibiotics, but their potential as sources for anti-biofilm compounds has barely been exploited. By screening for microorganisms that in agar-set pairwise interactions could antagonize Escherichia coli's ability to form macrocolony biofilms, we found that the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis strongly inhibits the synthesis of amyloid fibers -known as curli-, which are the primary extracellular matrix (ECM) components of E. coli biofilms. We identified bacillaene, a B. subtilis hybrid non-ribosomal peptide/polyketide metabolite, previously described as a bacteriostatic antibiotic, as the effector molecule. We found that bacillaene combines both antibiotic and anti-curli functions in a concentration-dependent order that potentiates the ecological competitiveness of B. subtilis, highlighting bacillaene as a metabolite naturally optimized for microbial inhibition. Our studies revealed that bacillaene inhibits curli by directly impeding the assembly of the CsgB and CsgA curli subunits into amyloid fibers. Moreover, we found that curli inhibition occurs despite E. coli attempts to reinforce its protective ECM by inducing curli genes via a RpoS-mediated competition sensing response trigged by the threatening presence of B. subtilis. Overall, our findings illustrate the relevance of exploring microbial interactions not only for finding compounds with unknown and unique activities, but for uncovering additional functions of compounds previously categorized as antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Cordisco
- Laboratorio de Estructura y Fisiología de Biofilms Microbianos, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET-UNR), Predio CONICET Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, (2000), Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Inés Zanor
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo y Señalización en Plantas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET-UNR), Predio CONICET Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, (2000), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Diego Martín Moreno
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Predio CONICET Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, (2000) Rosario, Argentina. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Suipacha 531, (2000), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Diego Omar Serra
- Laboratorio de Estructura y Fisiología de Biofilms Microbianos, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET-UNR), Predio CONICET Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, (2000), Rosario, Argentina.
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10
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Ou C, Dozois CM, Daigle F. Differential regulatory control of curli (csg) gene expression in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi requires more than a functional CsgD regulator. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14905. [PMID: 37689734 PMCID: PMC10492818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42027-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The human-specific Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) causes typhoid fever, a systemic disease with no known reservoir. Curli fimbriae are major components of biofilm produced by Salmonella and are encoded by the csg gene cluster (csgBAC and csgDEFG). The role of curli in S. Typhi is unknown, although detection of anti-curli antibodies suggests they are produced during host infection. In this study, we investigated curli gene expression in S. Typhi. We demonstrated that the CsgD regulatory protein binds weakly to the csgB promoter. Yet, replacing S. Typhi csgD with the csgD allele from S. Typhimurium did not modify the curli negative phenotype on Congo Red medium suggesting that differential regulation of curli gene expression in S. Typhi is not dependent on modification of the CsgD regulator. The entire csg gene cluster from S. Typhimurium was also cloned into S. Typhi, but again, despite introduction of a fully functional csg gene cluster from S. Typhimurium, curli were still not detected in S. Typhi. Thus, in addition to intrinsic genomic differences in the csg gene cluster that have resulted in production of a modified CsgD protein, S. Typhi has likely undergone other changes independent of the csg gene cluster that have led to distinctive regulation of csg genes compared to other Salmonella serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ou
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montréal, 2900 Bd Édouard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- CRIPA, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Charles M Dozois
- CRIPA, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 Boul des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - France Daigle
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montréal, 2900 Bd Édouard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
- CRIPA, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada.
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11
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Cimdins-Ahne A, Naemi AO, Li F, Simm R, Römling U. Characterisation of Variants of Cyclic di-GMP Turnover Proteins Associated with Semi-Constitutive rdar Morphotype Expression in Commensal and Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Strains. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2048. [PMID: 37630608 PMCID: PMC10459773 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of rdar (red, dry, and rough) colony morphology-based biofilm formation in Escherichia coli is highly variable. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of semi-constitutive rdar morphotype formation, we compared their cyclic di-GMP turnover protein content and variability to the highly regulated, temperature-dependent morphotype of the historical and modern ST10 isolates E. coli MG1655 and Fec10, respectively. Subsequently, we assessed the effects of cyclic di-GMP turnover protein variants of the EAL phosphodiesterases YcgG and YjcC and the horizontally transferred diguanylate cyclase DgcX on biofilm formation and motility. The two YcgG variants with truncations of the N-terminal CSS signaling domain were oppositely effective in targeting downregulation of rdar biofilm formation compared to the full-length reference protein. Expression of the C-terminal truncated variants YjcCFec67 and YjcCTob1 showed highly diminished apparent phosphodiesterase activity compared to the reference YjcCMG1655. For YjcCFec101, substitution of the C-terminus led to an apparently inactive enzyme. Overexpression of the diguanylate cyclase DgcX contributed to upregulation of cellulose biosynthesis but not to elevated expression of the major biofilm regulator csgD in the "classical" rdar-expressing commensal strain E. coli Fec10. Thus, the c-di-GMP regulating network is highly complex with protein variants displaying substantially different apparent enzymatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Cimdins-Ahne
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.C.-A.); (F.L.)
| | - Ali-Oddin Naemi
- Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway; (A.-O.N.); (R.S.)
| | - Fengyang Li
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.C.-A.); (F.L.)
| | - Roger Simm
- Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway; (A.-O.N.); (R.S.)
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.C.-A.); (F.L.)
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12
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Liang Z, Nilsson M, Kragh KN, Hedal I, Alcàcer-Almansa J, Kiilerich RO, Andersen JB, Tolker-Nielsen T. The role of individual exopolysaccharides in antibiotic tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa aggregates. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1187708. [PMID: 37333638 PMCID: PMC10272609 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1187708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is involved in chronic infections of cystic fibrosis lungs and chronic wounds. In these infections the bacteria are present as aggregates suspended in host secretions. During the course of the infections there is a selection for mutants that overproduce exopolysaccharides, suggesting that the exopolysaccharides play a role in the persistence and antibiotic tolerance of the aggregated bacteria. Here, we investigated the role of individual P. aeruginosa exopolysaccharides in aggregate-associated antibiotic tolerance. We employed an aggregate-based antibiotic tolerance assay on a set of P. aeruginosa strains that were genetically engineered to over-produce a single, none, or all of the three exopolysaccharides Pel, Psl, and alginate. The antibiotic tolerance assays were conducted with the clinically relevant antibiotics tobramycin, ciprofloxacin and meropenem. Our study suggests that alginate plays a role in the tolerance of P. aeruginosa aggregates toward tobramycin and meropenem, but not ciprofloxacin. However, contrary to previous studies we did not observe a role for Psl or Pel in the tolerance of P. aeruginosa aggregates toward tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, and meropenem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Liang
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Nilsson
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Nørskov Kragh
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Hedal
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Júlia Alcàcer-Almansa
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Bacterial Infections: Antimicrobial Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rikke Overgaard Kiilerich
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bo Andersen
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tim Tolker-Nielsen
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Römling U, Cao LY, Bai FW. Evolution of cyclic di-GMP signalling on a short and long term time scale. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001354. [PMID: 37384391 PMCID: PMC10333796 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Diversifying radiation of domain families within specific lineages of life indicates the importance of their functionality for the organisms. The foundation for the diversifying radiation of the cyclic di-GMP signalling network that occurred within the bacterial kingdom is most likely based in the outmost adaptability, flexibility and plasticity of the system. Integrative sensing of multiple diverse extra- and intracellular signals is made possible by the N-terminal sensory domains of the modular cyclic di-GMP turnover proteins, mutations in the protein scaffolds and subsequent signal reception by diverse receptors, which eventually rewires opposite host-associated as well as environmental life styles including parallel regulated target outputs. Natural, laboratory and microcosm derived microbial variants often with an altered multicellular biofilm behaviour as reading output demonstrated single amino acid substitutions to substantially alter catalytic activity including substrate specificity. Truncations and domain swapping of cyclic di-GMP signalling genes and horizontal gene transfer suggest rewiring of the network. Presence of cyclic di-GMP signalling genes on horizontally transferable elements in particular observed in extreme acidophilic bacteria indicates that cyclic di-GMP signalling and biofilm components are under selective pressure in these types of environments. On a short and long term evolutionary scale, within a species and in families within bacterial orders, respectively, the cyclic di-GMP signalling network can also rapidly disappear. To investigate variability of the cyclic di-GMP signalling system on various levels will give clues about evolutionary forces and discover novel physiological and metabolic pathways affected by this intriguing second messenger signalling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lian-Ying Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Feng-Wu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
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14
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Vasicek EM, Gunn JS. Invasive Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Lineage Biofilm Formation and Gallbladder Colonization Vary But Do Not Correlate Directly with Known Biofilm-Related Mutations. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0013523. [PMID: 37129526 PMCID: PMC10187132 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00135-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars have a broad host range and cause gastroenteritis in humans. However, invasive NTS (iNTS) bloodstream infections have increased in the last decade, causing 60,000 deaths annually. Human-specific typhoidal Salmonella colonizes and forms biofilms on gallstones, resulting in chronic, asymptomatic infection. iNTS lineages are undergoing genomic reduction and may have adapted to person-to-person transmission via mutations in virulence, bile resistance, and biofilm formation. As such, we sought to determine the capacity of iNTS lineages for biofilm formation and the development of chronic infections in the gallbladder in our mouse model. Of the lineages tested (L1, L2, L3 and UK), only L2 and UK were defective for the rough, dry and red (RDAR) morphotype, correlating with the known bcsG (cellulose) mutation but not with csgD (curli) gene mutations. Biofilm-forming ability was assessed in vitro, which revealed a biofilm formation hierarchy of L3 > ST19 > UK > L1 = L2, which did not correlate directly with either the bcsG or the csgD mutation. By confocal microscopy, biofilms of L2 and UK had significantly less curli and cellulose, while L1 biofilms had significantly lower cellulose. All iNTS strains were able to colonize the mouse gallbladder, liver, and spleen in a similar manner, while L3 had a significantly higher bacterial load in the gallbladder and increased lethality. While there was iNTS lineage variability in biofilm formation, gallbladder colonization, and virulence in a chronic mouse model, all tested lineages were capable of colonization despite possessing biofilm-related mutations. Thus, iNTS strains may be unrecognized chronic pathogens in endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Vasicek
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - John S. Gunn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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15
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Baek J, Yoon H. Cyclic di-GMP Modulates a Metabolic Flux for Carbon Utilization in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0368522. [PMID: 36744926 PMCID: PMC10100716 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03685-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is an enteric pathogen spreading via the fecal-oral route. Transmission across humans, animals, and environmental reservoirs has forced this pathogen to rapidly respond to changing environments and adapt to new environmental conditions. Cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) is a second messenger that controls the transition between planktonic and sessile lifestyles, in response to environmental cues. Our study reveals the potential of c-di-GMP to alter the carbon metabolic pathways in S. Typhimurium. Cyclic di-GMP overproduction decreased the transcription of genes that encode components of three phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP):carbohydrate phosphotransferase systems (PTSs) allocated for the uptake of glucose (PTSGlc), mannose (PTSMan), and fructose (PTSFru). PTS gene downregulation by c-di-GMP was alleviated in the absence of the three regulators, SgrS, Mlc, and Cra, suggesting their intermediary roles between c-di-GMP and PTS regulation. Moreover, Cra was found to bind to the promoters of ptsG, manX, and fruB. In contrast, c-di-GMP increased the transcription of genes important for gluconeogenesis. However, this effect of c-di-GMP in gluconeogenesis disappeared in the absence of Cra, indicating that Cra is a pivotal regulator that coordinates the carbon flux between PTS-mediated sugar uptake and gluconeogenesis, in response to cellular c-di-GMP concentrations. Since gluconeogenesis supplies precursor sugars required for extracellular polysaccharide production, Salmonella may exploit c-di-GMP as a dual-purpose signal that rewires carbon flux from glycolysis to gluconeogenesis and promotes biofilm formation using the end products of gluconeogenesis. This study sheds light on a new role for c-di-GMP in modulating carbon flux, to coordinate bacterial behavior in response to hostile environments. IMPORTANCE Cyclic di-GMP is a central signaling molecule that determines the transition between motile and nonmotile lifestyles in many bacteria. It stimulates biofilm formation at high concentrations but leads to biofilm dispersal and planktonic status at low concentrations. This study provides new insights into the role of c-di-GMP in programming carbon metabolic pathways. An increase in c-di-GMP downregulated the expression of PTS genes important for sugar uptake, while simultaneously upregulating the transcription of genes important for bacterial gluconeogenesis. The directly opposing effects of c-di-GMP on sugar metabolism were mediated by Cra (catabolite repressor/activator), a dual transcriptional regulator that modulates the direction of carbon flow. Salmonella may potentially harness c-di-GMP to promote its survival and fitness in hostile environments via the coordination of carbon metabolic pathways and the induction of biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Baek
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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16
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Kao S, Serfecz J, Sudhakar A, Likosky K, Romiyo V, Tursi S, Tükel Ç, Wilson JW. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium STM1266 encodes a regulator of curli biofilm formation: the brfS gene. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2023; 370:fnad012. [PMID: 36792064 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The major biofilm pathway in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium involves specific growth conditions that induce the csgA gene whose product forms surface curli fibers that mediate biofilm formation. We have found that the previously uncharacterized STM1266 gene in S. Typhimurium plays a role in regulating biofilm formation via the curli pathway. S. Typhimurium ΔSTM1266 strains display a biofilm defect, and overexpression of STM1266 results in enhanced biofilm formation. STM1266 deletion resulted in lowered csgA expression using promoter-reporter β-galactosidase assays, and csgA and csgD deletions abrogate the effects of STM1266 overexpression on biofilm formation while deletion of bcsA (encoding an essential enzyme for cellulose formation) has no effect. In a mouse infection model, the ΔSTM1266 strain displayed results similar to those seen for previously reported ΔcsgA strains. The STM1266 gene is predicted to encode a DNA-binding transcriptional regulator of the MerR family and is homologous to the Escherichia coli BluR regulator protein. We respectfully propose to ascribe the name brfS (biofilm regulator for Salmonella Typhimurium) to the STM1266 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Kao
- Department of Biology, Mendel Hall, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Serfecz
- Department of Biology, Mendel Hall, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Architha Sudhakar
- Department of Biology, Mendel Hall, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Keely Likosky
- Department of Biology, Mendel Hall, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Vineeth Romiyo
- Department of Biology, Mendel Hall, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Sarah Tursi
- Center for Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Çağla Tükel
- Center for Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - James W Wilson
- Department of Biology, Mendel Hall, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
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17
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Römling U. Is biofilm formation intrinsic to the origin of life? Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:26-39. [PMID: 36655713 PMCID: PMC10086821 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are multicellular, often surface-associated, communities of autonomous cells. Their formation is the natural mode of growth of up to 80% of microorganisms living on this planet. Biofilms refractory towards antimicrobial agents and the actions of the immune system due to their tolerance against multiple environmental stresses. But how did biofilm formation arise? Here, I argue that the biofilm lifestyle has its foundation already in the fundamental, surface-triggered chemical reactions and energy preserving mechanisms that enabled the development of life on earth. Subsequently, prototypical biofilm formation has evolved and diversified concomitantly in composition, cell morphology and regulation with the expansion of prokaryotic organisms and their radiation by occupation of diverse ecological niches. This ancient origin of biofilm formation thus mirrors the harnessing environmental conditions that have been the rule rather than the exception in microbial life. The subsequent emergence of the association of microbes, including recent human pathogens, with higher organisms can be considered as the entry into a nutritional and largely stress-protecting heaven. Nevertheless, basic mechanisms of biofilm formation have surprisingly been conserved and refunctionalized to promote sustained survival in new environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Shikov AE, Belousova ME, Belousov MV, Nizhnikov AA, Antonets KS. Salmonella-Based Biorodenticides: Past Applications and Current Contradictions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314595. [PMID: 36498920 PMCID: PMC9736839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea of using pathogens to control pests has existed since the end of the 19th century. Enterobacteria from the genus Salmonella, discovered at that time, are the causative agents of many serious diseases in mammals often leading to death. Mostly, the strains of Salmonella are able to infect a wide spectrum of hosts belonging to vertebrates, but some of them show host restriction. Several strains of these bacteria have been used as biorodenticides due to the host restriction until they were banned in many countries in the second part of the 20th century. The main reason for the ban was their potential pathogenicity for some domestic animals and poultry and the outbreaks of gastroenteritis in humans. Since that time, a lot of data regarding the host specificity and host restriction of different strains of Salmonella have been accumulated, and the complexity of the molecular mechanisms affecting it has been uncovered. In this review, we summarize the data regarding the history of studying and application of Salmonella-based rodenticides, discuss molecular systems controlling the specificity of Salmonella interactions within its multicellular hosts at different stages of infection, and attempt to reconstruct the network of genes and their allelic variants which might affect the host-restriction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton E. Shikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Maria E. Belousova
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Belousov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Anton A. Nizhnikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Kirill S. Antonets
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Shared biophysical mechanisms determine early biofilm architecture development across different bacterial species. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001846. [PMID: 36288405 PMCID: PMC9605341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are among the most abundant multicellular structures on Earth and play essential roles in a wide range of ecological, medical, and industrial processes. However, general principles that govern the emergence of biofilm architecture across different species remain unknown. Here, we combine experiments, simulations, and statistical analysis to identify shared biophysical mechanisms that determine early biofilm architecture development at the single-cell level, for the species Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown as microcolonies in flow chambers. Our data-driven analysis reveals that despite the many molecular differences between these species, the biofilm architecture differences can be described by only 2 control parameters: cellular aspect ratio and cell density. Further experiments using single-species mutants for which the cell aspect ratio and the cell density are systematically varied, and mechanistic simulations show that tuning these 2 control parameters reproduces biofilm architectures of different species. Altogether, our results show that biofilm microcolony architecture is determined by mechanical cell-cell interactions, which are conserved across different species.
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20
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Yan X, Gu C, Yu Z, Ding L, He M, Xiao W, Zhao M, Qing Y, He L. Comprehensive analysis of transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveal new targets of Glaesserella parasuis glucose-specific enzyme IIBC (PtsG). Microb Pathog 2022; 172:105785. [PMID: 36150554 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The ptsG (hpIIBCGlc) gene, belonging to the glucose-specific phosphotransferase system, encodes the bacterial glucose-specific enzyme IIBC. In this study, the effects of a deletion of the ptsG gene were investigated by metabolome and transcriptome analyses. At the transcriptional level, we identified 970 differentially expressed genes between ΔptsG and sc1401 (Padj<0.05) and 2072 co-expressed genes. Among these genes, those involved in methane metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, phosphotransferase system (PTS), biotin metabolism, Two-component system and Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis showed significant changes in the ΔptsG mutant strain. Metabolome analysis revealed that a total of 310 metabolites were identified, including 20 different metabolites (p < 0.05). Among them, 15 metabolites were upregulated and 5 were downregulated in ΔptsG mutant strain. Statistical analysis revealed there were 115 individual metabolites having correlation, of which 89 were positive and 26 negative. These metabolites include amino acids, phosphates, amines, esters, nucleotides, benzoic acid and adenosine, among which amino acids and phosphate metabolites dominate. However, not all of these changes were attributable to changes in mRNA levels and must also be caused by post-transcriptional regulatory processes. The knowledge gained from this lays the foundation for further study on the role of ptsG in the pathogenic process of Glaesserella parasuis (G.parasuis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Yan
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Congwei Gu
- Experimental Animal Center, Technology Department, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
| | - Zehui Yu
- Experimental Animal Center, Technology Department, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
| | - Lingqiang Ding
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye, China
| | - Manli He
- Experimental Animal Center, Technology Department, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
| | - Wudian Xiao
- Experimental Animal Center, Technology Department, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
| | - Mingde Zhao
- Experimental Animal Center, Technology Department, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
| | - Yunfeng Qing
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Zhaohua District, Guangyuan, China
| | - Lvqin He
- Experimental Animal Center, Technology Department, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China.
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21
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Pérez-Mendoza D, Romero-Jiménez L, Rodríguez-Carvajal MÁ, Lorite MJ, Muñoz S, Olmedilla A, Sanjuán J. The Role of Two Linear β-Glucans Activated by c-di-GMP in Rhizobium etli CFN42. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091364. [PMID: 36138843 PMCID: PMC9495663 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are secreted biopolymers with often critical roles in bacterial physiology and ecology. In addition to their biological role, there is increasing interest for EPS in various industrial sectors. β-glucans are among the most important ones including cellulose as the most abundant organic polymer on earth, but also newcomers, such as the bacterial Mixed Linkage β-Glucan (MLG), displaying a unique repeating unit suggestive of biotechnological potential. In this work we describe Rhizobium etli as the first bacterium reported to be able to produce these two linear β-glucans cellulose and MLG. Rhizobium etli is an agronomic relevant rhizobacteria able to perform Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) in a symbiotic association with common bean plants. The production and regulation of cellulose and MLG by Rhizobium etli CFN42 is discussed and their impact on its free-living and symbiotic lifestyles evaluated. Abstract Bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) have been implicated in a variety of functions that assist in bacterial survival, colonization, and host–microbe interactions. Among them, bacterial linear β-glucans are polysaccharides formed by D-glucose units linked by β-glycosidic bonds, which include curdlan, cellulose, and the new described Mixed Linkage β-Glucan (MLG). Bis-(3′,5′)-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a universal bacterial second messenger that usually promote EPS production. Here, we report Rhizobium etli as the first bacterium capable of producing cellulose and MLG. Significant amounts of these two β-glucans are not produced under free-living laboratory conditions, but their production is triggered upon elevation of intracellular c-di-GMP levels, both contributing to Congo red (CR+) and Calcofluor (CF+) phenotypes. Cellulose turned out to be more relevant for free-living phenotypes promoting flocculation and biofilm formation under high c-di-GMP conditions. None of these two EPS are essential for attachment to roots of Phaseolus vulgaris, neither for nodulation nor for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. However, both β-glucans separately contribute to the fitness of interaction between R. etli and its host. Overproduction of these β-glucans, particularly cellulose, appears detrimental for symbiosis. This indicates that their activation by c-di-GMP must be strictly regulated in time and space and should be controlled by different, yet unknown, regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pérez-Mendoza
- Department of Soil and Plant Microbiology, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.P.-M.); (J.S.); Tel.: +34-958-526-522 (D.P.-M.); +34-958-526-552 (J.S.)
| | - Lorena Romero-Jiménez
- Department of Soil and Plant Microbiology, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | | | - María J. Lorite
- Department of Soil and Plant Microbiology, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Socorro Muñoz
- Department of Soil and Plant Microbiology, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Adela Olmedilla
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Sanjuán
- Department of Soil and Plant Microbiology, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.P.-M.); (J.S.); Tel.: +34-958-526-522 (D.P.-M.); +34-958-526-552 (J.S.)
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22
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Jung J, Schaffner DW. The role of
Salmonella
Newport cell surface structures on bacterial attachment and transfer during cucumber peeling. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:1246-1253. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiin Jung
- Department of Food Science Rutgers University 65 Dudley Road New Brunswick
- School of Occupational and Public Health Toronto Metropolitan University 350 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario Canada M5B 2K3
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23
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Patatin-like phospholipase CapV in Escherichia coli - morphological and physiological effects of one amino acid substitution. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:39. [PMID: 35546554 PMCID: PMC9095652 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In rod-shaped bacteria, morphological plasticity occurs in response to stress, which blocks cell division to promote filamentation. We demonstrate here that overexpression of the patatin-like phospholipase variant CapVQ329R, but not CapV, causes pronounced sulA-independent pyridoxine-inhibited cell filamentation in the Escherichia coli K-12-derivative MG1655 associated with restriction of flagella production and swimming motility. Conserved amino acids in canonical patatin-like phospholipase A motifs, but not the nucleophilic serine, are required to mediate CapVQ329R phenotypes. Furthermore, CapVQ329R production substantially alters the lipidome and colony morphotype including rdar biofilm formation with modulation of the production of the biofilm activator CsgD, and affects additional bacterial traits such as the efficiency of phage infection and antimicrobial susceptibility. Moreover, genetically diverse commensal and pathogenic E. coli strains and Salmonella typhimurium responded with cell filamentation and modulation in colony morphotype formation to CapVQ329R expression. In conclusion, this work identifies the CapV variant CapVQ329R as a pleiotropic regulator, emphasizes a scaffold function for patatin-like phospholipases, and highlights the impact of the substitution of a single conserved amino acid for protein functionality and alteration of host physiology.
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24
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Petrin S, Mancin M, Losasso C, Deotto S, Olsen JE, Barco L. Effect of pH and Salinity on the Ability of Salmonella Serotypes to Form Biofilm. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:821679. [PMID: 35464965 PMCID: PMC9021792 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.821679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major cause of food-borne infections in Europe, and the majority of human infections are caused by only a few serotypes, among them are Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Enteritidis (hereafter Salmonella Enteritidis), Salmonella Typhimurium, and the monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium. The reason for this is not fully understood, but could include virulence factors as well as increased ability to transfer via the external environment. Formation of biofilm is considered an adaptation strategy used by bacteria to overcome environmental stresses. In order to assess the capability of different Salmonella serotypes to produce biofilm and establish whether this is affected by pH and salinity, 88 Salmonella isolates collected from animal, food, and human sources and belonging to 15 serotypes, including those most frequently responsible for human infections, were tested. Strains were grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB), TSB with 4% NaCl pH 4.5, TSB with 10% NaCl pH 4.5, TSB with 4% NaCl pH 7, or TSB with 10% NaCl pH 7, and biofilm production was assessed after 24 h at 37°C using crystal violet staining. A linear mixed effect model was applied to compare results from the different experimental conditions. Among the tested serotypes, S. Dublin showed the greatest ability to form biofilm even at pH 4.5, which inhibited biofilm production in the other tested serotypes. Salmonella Senftenberg and the monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium showed the highest biofilm production in TSB with 10% NaCl pH 7. In general, pH had a high influence on the ability to form biofilm, and most of the tested strains were not able to produce biofilm at pH 4.5. In contrast, salinity only had a limited influence on biofilm production. In general, serotypes causing the highest number of human infections showed a limited ability to produce biofilm in the tested conditions, indicating that biofilm formation is not a crucial factor in the success of these clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Petrin
- Microbial Ecology and Microorganisms Genomics Laboratory - SCS1, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Marzia Mancin
- OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Carmen Losasso
- Microbial Ecology and Microorganisms Genomics Laboratory - SCS1, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Carmen Losasso,
| | - Silvia Deotto
- Clinical Diagnostics Laboratory - SCT4, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Basaldella di Campoformido, Italy
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lisa Barco
- OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
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25
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Choong FX, Huzell S, Rosenberg M, Eckert JA, Nagaraj M, Zhang T, Melican K, Otzen DE, Richter-Dahlfors A. A semi high-throughput method for real-time monitoring of curli producing Salmonella biofilms on air-solid interfaces. Biofilm 2021; 3:100060. [PMID: 34841245 PMCID: PMC8605384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2021.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms enable bacteria to colonize numerous ecological niches. Bacteria within a biofilm are protected by the extracellular matrix (ECM), of which the fibril-forming amyloid protein curli and polysaccharide cellulose are major components in members of Salmonella, Eschericha and Mycobacterium genus. A shortage of real-time detection methods has limited our understanding of how ECM production contributes to biofilm formation and pathogenicity. Here we present optotracing as a new semi-high throughput method for dynamic monitoring of Salmonella biofilm growth on air-solid interfaces. We show how an optotracer with binding-induced fluorescence acts as a dynamic fluorescent reporter of curli expression during biofilm formation on agar. Using spectrophotometry and microscopic imaging of fluorescence, we analyse in real-time the development of the curli architecture in relation to bacterial cells. With exceptional spatial and temporal precision, this revealed a well-structured, non-uniform distribution of curli organised in distally projecting radial channel patterns. Dynamic monitoring of the biofilm also showed defined regions undergoing different growth phases. ECM structures were found to assemble in regions of late exponential growth phase, suggesting that ECM forms on site after bacteria colonize the surface. As the optotracer biofilm method expedites screening of curli production, providing exceptional spatial-temporal understanding of the surface-associated biofilm lifestyle, this method adds a new technique to further our understanding of bacterial biofilms. Design and evaluation of a method for real-time biofilm experimentation. Optotracing enables real-time monitoring of biofilm formation on solid supports. Definitive biofilm monitoring by selective tracking of ECM components. A method reducing the inherent biases of morphotyping. A semi-high throughput method increasing the ease and efficiency of biofilm detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand X Choong
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Smilla Huzell
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ming Rosenberg
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes A Eckert
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Madhu Nagaraj
- iNANO and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Keira Melican
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- iNANO and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Agneta Richter-Dahlfors
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Lamprokostopoulou A, Römling U. Yin and Yang of Biofilm Formation and Cyclic di-GMP Signaling of the Gastrointestinal Pathogen Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. J Innate Immun 2021; 14:275-292. [PMID: 34775379 PMCID: PMC9275015 DOI: 10.1159/000519573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the last 60 years, microbiological research has challenged many dogmas such as bacteria being unicellular microorganisms directed by nutrient sources; these investigations produced new dogmas such as cyclic diguanylate monophosphate (cyclic di-GMP) second messenger signaling as a ubiquitous regulator of the fundamental sessility/motility lifestyle switch on the single-cell level. Successive investigations have not yet challenged this view; however, the complexity of cyclic di-GMP as an intracellular bacterial signal, and, less explored, as an extracellular signaling molecule in combination with the conformational flexibility of the molecule, provides endless opportunities for cross-kingdom interactions. Cyclic di-GMP-directed microbial biofilms commonly stimulate the immune system on a lower level, whereas host-sensed cyclic di-GMP broadly stimulates the innate and adaptive immune responses. Furthermore, while the intracellular second messenger cyclic di-GMP signaling promotes bacterial biofilm formation and chronic infections, oppositely, Salmonella Typhimurium cellulose biofilm inside immune cells is not endorsed. These observations only touch on the complexity of the interaction of biofilm microbial cells with its host. In this review, we describe the Yin and Yang interactive concepts of biofilm formation and cyclic di-GMP signaling using S. Typhimurium as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Echarren ML, Figueroa NR, Vitor-Horen L, Pucciarelli MG, García-Del Portillo F, Soncini FC. Balance between bacterial extracellular matrix production and intramacrophage proliferation by a Salmonella-specific SPI-2 encoded transcription factor. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:1022-1032. [PMID: 34342063 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis and secretion of a complex extracellular matrix (EM) is a hallmark of Salmonella biofilm formation, impacting on its relationship with both the environment and the host. Cellulose is a major component of Salmonella EM. It is considered an anti-virulence factor because it interferes with Salmonella proliferation inside macrophages and virulence in mice. Its synthesis is stimulated by CsgD, the master regulator of biofilm formation in enterobacteria, which in turn is under the control of MlrA, a MerR-like transcription factor. In this work we identified a SPI-2 encoded Salmonella-specific transcription factor homolog to MlrA, MlrB, that represses transcription of its downstream gene, orf319, and of csgD inside host cells. MlrB is induced in laboratory media mimicking intracellular conditions and inside macrophages, and it is required for intramacrophage proliferation. An increased csgD expression is observed in the absence of MlrB inside host cells. Interestingly, inactivation of the CsgD-controlled cellulose synthase-coding gene restored intramacrophage proliferation to rates comparable to wild type bacteria in the absence of MlrB. These data indicate that MlrB represses CsgD expression inside host cells and suggest that this repression lowers the activation of the cellulose synthase. Our findings provide a novel link between biofilm formation and Salmonella virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Echarren
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Nicolás R Figueroa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Luisina Vitor-Horen
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - M Graciela Pucciarelli
- Departmento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CBMSO)-CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio de Patógenos Bacterianos Intracelulares. Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Del Portillo
- Laboratorio de Patógenos Bacterianos Intracelulares. Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando C Soncini
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
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28
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Trebino MA, Shingare RD, MacMillan JB, Yildiz FH. Strategies and Approaches for Discovery of Small Molecule Disruptors of Biofilm Physiology. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154582. [PMID: 34361735 PMCID: PMC8348372 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms, the predominant growth mode of microorganisms, pose a significant risk to human health. The protective biofilm matrix, typically composed of exopolysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, combined with biofilm-grown bacteria’s heterogenous physiology, leads to enhanced fitness and tolerance to traditional methods for treatment. There is a need to identify biofilm inhibitors using diverse approaches and targeting different stages of biofilm formation. This review discusses discovery strategies that successfully identified a wide range of inhibitors and the processes used to characterize their inhibition mechanism and further improvement. Additionally, we examine the structure–activity relationship (SAR) for some of these inhibitors to optimize inhibitor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Trebino
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;
| | - Rahul D. Shingare
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;
| | - John B. MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.B.M.); (F.H.Y.)
| | - Fitnat H. Yildiz
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.B.M.); (F.H.Y.)
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29
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Reid AN, Conklin C, Beaton K, Donahue N, Jackson E, LoCASCIO B, Marsocci C, Szemreylo E, Szemreylo K. Inoculum Preparation Conditions Influence Adherence of Salmonella enterica Serovars to Red Leaf Lettuce (Lactuca sativa). J Food Prot 2021; 84:857-868. [PMID: 33411904 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica has been increasingly linked to outbreaks involving consumption of fresh produce. Although researchers have identified genes whose products are involved in mediating S. enterica-plant interactions, the use of various experimental approaches, serovars, and plant types has generated variable and conflicting data. The purpose of this study was to determine whether conditions under which inocula are prepared for in vitro plant interaction studies influence the outcome of these studies. Seven S. enterica serovars were grown in media that differed in salinity and physical state with incubation at 25 or 37°C. These cultures were then used to inoculate red leaf lettuce, and adherent microbes were subsequently recovered. Although all Salmonella serovars were influenced by inoculum preparation conditions, the amount of variation differed. Analysis of pooled serovar data revealed that inocula prepared from either agar plates or biphasic cultures had higher levels of interaction with red leaf lettuce than those prepared from broth cultures. Incubation at 37°C enhanced adherence after 30 s or 5 days of contact time, and adherence after 1 h of contact time was increased in low-salt medium. Broth inoculum cultures were highly influenced by medium salinity and incubation temperature, whereas plate and biphasic inoculum cultures were only minimally affected. Therefore, inocula prepared from bacteria grown on plates or in biphasic culture would be most suitable for evaluation of strategies used to interfere with plant-Salmonella interactions. However, pooled data mask serovar-specific responses, and care should be taken when extrapolating these findings to individual serovars. The previous association of a serovar with outbreaks involving leafy greens was not correlated with levels of interaction with red leaf lettuce, suggesting that the occurrence of these serovars in or on these commodities does not reflect their fitness in the plant environment. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne N Reid
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, 100 Ochre Point Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840, USA
| | - Courtney Conklin
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, 100 Ochre Point Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840, USA
| | - Kimberly Beaton
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, 100 Ochre Point Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840, USA
| | - Nora Donahue
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, 100 Ochre Point Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840, USA
| | - Emily Jackson
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, 100 Ochre Point Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840, USA
| | - Brianna LoCASCIO
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, 100 Ochre Point Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840, USA
| | - Cristina Marsocci
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, 100 Ochre Point Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840, USA
| | - Emily Szemreylo
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, 100 Ochre Point Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840, USA
| | - Katlin Szemreylo
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, 100 Ochre Point Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840, USA
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30
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Martín‐Rodríguez AJ, Villion K, Yilmaz‐Turan S, Vilaplana F, Sjöling Å, Römling U. Regulation of colony morphology and biofilm formation in Shewanella algae. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:1183-1200. [PMID: 33764668 PMCID: PMC8085958 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial colony morphology can reflect different physiological stages such as virulence or biofilm formation. In this work we used transposon mutagenesis to identify genes that alter colony morphology and cause differential Congo Red (CR) and Brilliant Blue G (BBG) binding in Shewanella algae, a marine indigenous bacterium and occasional human pathogen. Microscopic analysis of colonies formed by the wild-type strain S. algae CECT 5071 and three transposon integration mutants representing the diversity of colony morphotypes showed production of biofilm extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and distinctive morphological alterations. Electrophoretic and chemical analyses of extracted EPS showed differential patterns between strains, although the targets of CR and BBG binding remain to be identified. Galactose and galactosamine were the preponderant sugars in the colony biofilm EPS of S. algae. Surface-associated biofilm formation of transposon integration mutants was not directly correlated with a distinct colony morphotype. The hybrid sensor histidine kinase BarA abrogated surface-associated biofilm formation. Ectopic expression of the kinase and mutants in the phosphorelay cascade partially recovered biofilm formation. Altogether, this work provides the basic analysis to subsequently address the complex and intertwined networks regulating colony morphology and biofilm formation in this poorly understood species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katia Villion
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Secil Yilmaz‐Turan
- Division of GlycoscienceDepartment of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyAlbaNova University CentreStockholmSweden
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of GlycoscienceDepartment of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyAlbaNova University CentreStockholmSweden
| | - Åsa Sjöling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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31
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Ray S, Da Costa R, Thakur S, Nandi D. Salmonella Typhimurium encoded cold shock protein E is essential for motility and biofilm formation. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 166:460-473. [PMID: 32159509 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to form biofilms increases their survival under adverse environmental conditions. Biofilms have enormous medical and environmental impact; consequently, the factors that influence biofilm formation are an important area of study. In this investigation, the roles of two cold shock proteins (CSP) during biofilm formation were investigated in Salmonella Typhimurium, which is a major foodborne pathogen. Among all CSP transcripts studied, the expression of cspE (STM14_0732) was higher during biofilm growth. The cspE deletion strain (ΔcspE) did not form biofilms on a cholesterol coated glass surface; however, complementation with WT cspE, but not the F30V mutant, was able to rescue this phenotype. Transcript levels of other CSPs demonstrated up-regulation of cspA (STM14_4399) in ΔcspE. The cspA deletion strain (ΔcspA) did not affect biofilm formation; however, ΔcspEΔcspA exhibited higher biofilm formation compared to ΔcspE. Most likely, the higher cspA amounts in ΔcspE reduced biofilm formation, which was corroborated using cspA over-expression studies. Further functional studies revealed that ΔcspE and ΔcspEΔcspA exhibited slow swimming but no swarming motility. Although cspA over-expression did not affect motility, cspE complementation restored the swarming motility of ΔcspE. The transcript levels of the major genes involved in motility in ΔcspE demonstrated lower expression of the class III (fliC, motA, cheY), but not class I (flhD) or class II (fliA, fliL), flagellar regulon genes. Overall, this study has identified the interplay of two CSPs in regulating two biological processes: CspE is essential for motility in a CspA-independent manner whereas biofilm formation is CspA-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semanti Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Rochelle Da Costa
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Samriddhi Thakur
- Department of Undergraduate Studies, Indian Insitute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Dipankar Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
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32
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Nitrate Is an Environmental Cue in the Gut for Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Biofilm Dispersal through Curli Repression and Flagellum Activation via Cyclic-di-GMP Signaling. mBio 2021; 13:e0288621. [PMID: 35130730 PMCID: PMC8822344 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02886-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Curli, a major component of the bacterial biofilms in the intestinal tract, activates pattern recognition receptors and triggers joint inflammation after infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The factors that allow S. Typhimurium to disperse from biofilms and invade the epithelium to establish a successful infection during acute inflammation remain unknown. Here, we studied S. Typhimurium biofilms in vitro and in vivo to understand how the inflammatory environment regulates the switch between multicellular and motile S. Typhimurium in the gut. We discovered that nitrate generated by the host is an environmental cue that induces S. Typhimurium to disperse from the biofilm. Nitrate represses production of an important biofilm component, curli, and activates flagella via the modulation of intracellular cyclic-di-GMP levels. We conclude that nitrate plays a central role in pathogen fitness by regulating the sessile-to-motile lifestyle switch during infection. IMPORTANCE Recent studies provided important insight into our understanding of the role of c-di-GMP signaling and the regulation of enteric biofilms. Despite an improved understanding of how c-di-GMP signaling regulates S. Typhimurium biofilms, the processes that affect the intracellular c-di-GMP levels and the formation of multicellular communities in vivo during infections remain unknown. Here, we show that nitrate generated in the intestinal lumen during infection with S. Typhimurium is an important regulator of biofilm formation in vivo.
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33
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Bharti S, Maurya RK, Venugopal U, Singh R, Akhtar MS, Krishnan MY. Rv1717 Is a Cell Wall - Associated β-Galactosidase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis That Is Involved in Biofilm Dispersion. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:611122. [PMID: 33584576 PMCID: PMC7873859 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.611122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the function of conserved hypothetical protein (CHP)s expressed by a pathogen in the infected host can lead to better understanding of its pathogenesis. The present work describes the functional characterization of a CHP, Rv1717 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Rv1717 has been previously reported to be upregulated in TB patient lungs. Rv1717 belongs to the cupin superfamily of functionally diverse proteins, several of them being carbohydrate handling proteins. Bioinformatic analysis of the amino acid sequence revealed similarity to glycosyl hydrolases. Enzymatic studies with recombinant Rv1717 purified from Escherichia coli showed that the protein is a β-D-galactosidase specific for pyranose form rather than the furanose form. We expressed the protein in Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm), which lacks its ortholog. In MsmRv1717, the protein was found to localize to the cell wall (CW) with a preference to the poles. MsmRv1717 showed significant changes in colony morphology and cell surface properties. Most striking observation was its unusual Congo red colony morphotype, reduced ability to form biofilms, pellicles and autoagglutinate. Exogenous Rv1717 not only prevented biofilm formation in Msm, but also degraded preformed biofilms, suggesting that its substrate likely exists in the exopolysaccharides of the biofilm matrix. Presence of galactose in the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) has not been reported before and hence we used the galactose-specific Wisteria floribunda lectin (WFL) to test the same. The lectin extensively bound to Msm and Mtb EPS, but not the bacterium per se. Purified Rv1717 also hydrolyzed exopolysaccharides extracted from Msm biofilm. Eventually, to decipher its role in Mtb, we downregulated its expression and demonstrate that the strain is unable to disperse from in vitro biofilms, unlike the wild type. Biofilms exposed to carbon starvation showed a sudden upregulation of Rv1717 transcripts supporting the potential role of Rv1717 in Mtb dispersing from a deteriorating biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Bharti
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Maurya
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Radhika Singh
- Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Md Sohail Akhtar
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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AKINOLA STEPHENABIOLA, TSHIMPAMBA MPINDAEDOAURD, MWANZA MULUNDA, ATEBA COLLINSNJIE. Biofilm Production Potential of Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Chickens in North West Province, South Africa. Pol J Microbiol 2020; 69:427-439. [PMID: 33574871 PMCID: PMC7812364 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2020-046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms have recently gained considerable interest in the food production and medical industries due to their ability to resist destruction by disinfectants and other antimicrobials. Biofilms are extracellular polymer matrices that may enhance the survival of pathogens even when exposed to environmental stress. The effect of incubation temperatures (25°C, 37°C, and 40°C) and Salmonella serotype on biofilm-forming potentials was evaluated. Previously typed Salmonella serotypes (55) isolated from the gut of chickens were accessed for biofilms formation using a standard assay. Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028TM and Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 13076TM (positive controls), Escherichia coli (internal control) and un-inoculated Luria Bertani (LB) broth (negative control) were used. The isolates formed no biofilm (11.86-13.56%), weak (11.86-45.76%), moderate (18.64-20.34%), strong biofilms (23.73-54.24%) across the various temperatures investigated. Serotypes, Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Weltevreden were the strongest biofilm formers at temperatures (25°C, 37°C, and 40°C, respectively). The potential of a large proportion (80%) of Salmonella serotypes to form biofilms increased with increasing incubation temperatures but decreased at 40°C. Findings indicate that average temperature favours biofilm formation by Salmonella serotypes. However, the influence of incubation temperature on biofilm formation was greater when compared to serotype. A positive correlation exists between Salmonella biofilm formed at 25°C, 37°C and 40°C (p ≥ 0.01). The ability of Salmonella species to form biofilms at 25°C and 37°C suggests that these serotypes may present severe challenges to food-processing and hospital facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- STEPHEN ABIOLA AKINOLA
- Department of Microbiology, Bacteriophage Therapy and Phage Bio-Control Laboratory, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
- Phytochemical Food Network Research Group, Department of Crop Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - MPINDA EDOAURD TSHIMPAMBA
- Center for Animal Health Studies, Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - MULUNDA MWANZA
- Center for Animal Health Studies, Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - COLLINS NJIE ATEBA
- Department of Microbiology, Bacteriophage Therapy and Phage Bio-Control Laboratory, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
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Arginine-Rich Small Proteins with a Domain of Unknown Function, DUF1127, Play a Role in Phosphate and Carbon Metabolism of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00309-20. [PMID: 33093235 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00309-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In any given organism, approximately one-third of all proteins have a yet-unknown function. A widely distributed domain of unknown function is DUF1127. Approximately 17,000 proteins with such an arginine-rich domain are found in 4,000 bacteria. Most of them are single-domain proteins, and a large fraction qualifies as small proteins with fewer than 50 amino acids. We systematically identified and characterized the seven DUF1127 members of the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens They all give rise to authentic proteins and are differentially expressed as shown at the RNA and protein levels. The seven proteins fall into two subclasses on the basis of their length, sequence, and reciprocal regulation by the LysR-type transcription factor LsrB. The absence of all three short DUF1127 proteins caused a striking phenotype in later growth phases and increased cell aggregation and biofilm formation. Protein profiling and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of the wild type and triple mutant revealed a large number of differentially regulated genes in late exponential and stationary growth. The most affected genes are involved in phosphate uptake, glycine/serine homeostasis, and nitrate respiration. The results suggest a redundant function of the small DUF1127 paralogs in nutrient acquisition and central carbon metabolism of A. tumefaciens They may be required for diauxic switching between carbon sources when sugar from the medium is depleted. We end by discussing how DUF1127 might confer such a global impact on cell physiology and gene expression.IMPORTANCE Despite being prevalent in numerous ecologically and clinically relevant bacterial species, the biological role of proteins with a domain of unknown function, DUF1127, is unclear. Experimental models are needed to approach their elusive function. We used the phytopathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a natural genetic engineer that causes crown gall disease, and focused on its three small DUF1127 proteins. They have redundant and pervasive roles in nutrient acquisition, cellular metabolism, and biofilm formation. The study shows that small proteins have important previously missed biological functions. How small basic proteins can have such a broad impact is a fascinating prospect of future research.
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Clarithromycin Exerts an Antibiofilm Effect against Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium rdar Biofilm Formation and Transforms the Physiology towards an Apparent Oxygen-Depleted Energy and Carbon Metabolism. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00510-20. [PMID: 32839186 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00510-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon biofilm formation, production of extracellular matrix components and alteration in physiology and metabolism allows bacteria to build up multicellular communities which can facilitate nutrient acquisition during unfavorable conditions and provide protection toward various forms of environmental stresses to individual cells. Thus, bacterial cells within biofilms become tolerant against antimicrobials and the immune system. In the present study, we evaluated the antibiofilm activity of the macrolides clarithromycin and azithromycin. Clarithromycin showed antibiofilm activity against rdar (red, dry, and rough) biofilm formation of the gastrointestinal pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028 (Nalr) at a 1.56 μM subinhibitory concentration in standing culture and dissolved cell aggregates at 15 μM in a microaerophilic environment, suggesting that the oxygen level affects the activity of the drug. Treatment with clarithromycin significantly decreased transcription and production of the rdar biofilm activator CsgD, with biofilm genes such as csgB and adrA to be concomitantly downregulated. Although fliA and other flagellar regulon genes were upregulated, apparent motility was downregulated. RNA sequencing showed a holistic cell response upon clarithromycin exposure, whereby not only genes involved in the biofilm-related regulatory pathways but also genes that likely contribute to intrinsic antimicrobial resistance, and the heat shock stress response were differentially regulated. Most significantly, clarithromycin exposure shifted the cells toward an apparent oxygen- and energy-depleted status, whereby the metabolism that channels into oxidative phosphorylation was downregulated, and energy gain by degradation of propane 1,2-diol, ethanolamine and l-arginine catabolism, potentially also to prevent cytosolic acidification, was upregulated. This analysis will allow the subsequent identification of novel intrinsic antimicrobial resistance determinants.
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Kamal SM, Cimdins-Ahne A, Lee C, Li F, Martín-Rodríguez AJ, Seferbekova Z, Afasizhev R, Wami HT, Katikaridis P, Meins L, Lünsdorf H, Dobrindt U, Mogk A, Römling U. A recently isolated human commensal Escherichia coli ST10 clone member mediates enhanced thermotolerance and tetrathionate respiration on a P1 phage-derived IncY plasmid. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:255-271. [PMID: 32985020 PMCID: PMC7984374 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous human commensal Escherichia coli has been well investigated through its model representative E. coli K‐12. In this work, we initially characterized E. coli Fec10, a recently isolated human commensal strain of phylogroup A/sequence type ST10. Compared to E. coli K‐12, the 4.88 Mbp Fec10 genome is characterized by distinct single‐nucleotide polymorphisms and acquisition of genomic islands. In addition, E. coli Fec10 possesses a 155.86 kbp IncY plasmid, a composite element based on phage P1. pFec10 harbours multiple cargo genes such as coding for a tetrathionate reductase and its corresponding regulatory two‐component system. Among the cargo genes is also the Transmissible Locus of Protein Quality Control (TLPQC), which mediates tolerance to lethal temperatures in bacteria. The disaggregase ClpGGI of TLPQC constitutes a major determinant of the thermotolerance of E. coli Fec10. We confirmed stand‐alone disaggregation activity, but observed distinct biochemical characteristics of ClpGGI‐Fec10 compared to the nearly identical Pseudomonas aeruginosa ClpGGI‐SG17M. Furthermore, we noted a unique contribution of ClpGGI‐Fec10 to the exquisite thermotolerance of E. coli Fec10, suggesting functional differences between both disaggregases in vivo. Detection of thermotolerance in 10% of human commensal E. coli isolates hints to the successful establishment of food‐borne heat‐resistant strains in the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shady Mansour Kamal
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Changhan Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fengyang Li
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Zaira Seferbekova
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, RAS, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Robert Afasizhev
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Panagiotis Katikaridis
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Meins
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Axel Mogk
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Liu Y, Lee C, Li F, Trček J, Bähre H, Guo RT, Chen CC, Chernobrovkin A, Zubarev R, Römling U. A Cyclic di-GMP Network Is Present in Gram-Positive Streptococcus and Gram-Negative Proteus Species. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2672-2687. [PMID: 32786278 PMCID: PMC7551669 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) network is highly redundant with numerous GGDEF domain proteins as diguanylate cyclases and EAL domain proteins as c-di-GMP specific phosphodiesterases comprising those domains as two of the most abundant bacterial domain superfamilies. One hallmark of the c-di-GMP network is its exalted plasticity as c-di-GMP turnover proteins can rapidly vanish from species within a genus and possess an above average transmissibility. To address the evolutionary forces of c-di-GMP turnover protein maintenance, conservation, and diversity, we investigated a Gram-positive and a Gram-negative species, which preserved only one single clearly identifiable GGDEF domain protein. Species of the family Morganellaceae of the order Enterobacterales exceptionally show disappearance of the c-di-GMP signaling network, but Proteus spp. still retained one diguanylate cyclase. As another example, in species of the bovis, pyogenes, and salivarius subgroups as well as Streptococcus suis and Streptococcus henryi of the genus Streptococcus, one candidate diguanylate cyclase was frequently identified. We demonstrate that both proteins encompass PAS (Per-ARNT-Sim)-GGDEF domains, possess diguanylate cyclase catalytic activity, and are suggested to signal via a PilZ receptor domain at the C-terminus of type 2 glycosyltransferase constituting BcsA cellulose synthases and a cellulose synthase-like protein CelA, respectively. Preservation of the ancient link between production of cellulose(-like) exopolysaccharides and c-di-GMP signaling indicates that this functionality is even of high ecological importance upon maintenance of the last remnants of a c-di-GMP signaling network in some of today's free-living bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department
of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology and Department of Medical Biochemistry
and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Changhan Lee
- Department
of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology and Department of Medical Biochemistry
and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fengyang Li
- Department
of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology and Department of Medical Biochemistry
and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Janja Trček
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology, University
of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Heike Bähre
- Research
Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical
School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative
Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei
Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Chi Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative
Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei
Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P.R. China
| | - Alexey Chernobrovkin
- Department
of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology and Department of Medical Biochemistry
and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman Zubarev
- Department
of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology and Department of Medical Biochemistry
and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Pharmacological & Technological Chemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119146, Russia
| | - Ute Römling
- Department
of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology and Department of Medical Biochemistry
and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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39
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Wang F, Deng L, Huang F, Wang Z, Lu Q, Xu C. Flagellar Motility Is Critical for Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Biofilm Development. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1695. [PMID: 33013719 PMCID: PMC7509047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The food-borne pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) causes self-limiting gastroenteritis in humans and is not easily eradicated because it often attaches to suitable surfaces to form biofilms that have high resistance to disinfectants and antimicrobials. To develop an alternative strategy for the treatment of biofilms, it is necessary to further explore the effects of flagellar motility on the development process of Salmonella biofilms. Here, we constructed flagella mutants (ΔflgE and ΔfliC) to systematically study this process. By comparing them with wild-type strains, we found that these mutants lacking flagellar motility form fewer biofilms in the early stage, and the formed mature biofilms contain more cells and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). In addition, fewer mutant cells adhered to glass plates compared with wild-type cells even after 6 h of incubation, suggesting that flagellar motility plays a significant role in preliminary cell-surface interactions. More importantly, the motility of wild-type strain was greatly decreased when they were treated with carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, which inhibited flagellar motility and reduced biofilm formation, as in the case of the ΔflgE mutant. Overall, these findings suggest that flagellar motility plays an important role in Salmonella biofilm initiation and maturation, which can help us to counteract the mechanisms involved in biofilm formation and to develop more rational control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Le Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Fangfang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zefeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiujun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenran Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Jeffries J, Thongsomboon W, Visser JA, Enriquez K, Yager D, Cegelski L. Variation in the ratio of curli and phosphoethanolamine cellulose associated with biofilm architecture and properties. Biopolymers 2020; 112:e23395. [PMID: 32894594 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are communities of bacteria entangled in a self-produced extracellular matrix (ECM). Escherichia coli direct the assembly of two insoluble biopolymers, curli amyloid fibers, and phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) cellulose, to build remarkable biofilm architectures. Intense curiosity surrounds how bacteria harness these amyloid-polysaccharide composites to build biofilms, and how these biopolymers function to benefit bacterial communities. Defining ECM composition involving insoluble polymeric assemblies poses unique challenges to analysis and, thus, to comparing strains with quantitative ECM molecular correlates. In this work, we present results from a sum-of-the-parts 13 C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis to define the curli-to-pEtN cellulose ratio in the isolated ECM of the E. coli laboratory K12 strain, AR3110. We compare and contrast the compositional analysis and comprehensive biofilm phenotypes for AR3110 and a well-studied clinical isolate, UTI89. The ECM isolated from AR3110 contains approximately twice the amount of pEtN cellulose relative to curli content as UTI89, revealing plasticity in matrix assembly principles among strains. The two parent strains and a panel of relevant gene mutants were investigated in three biofilm models, examining: (a) macrocolonies on agar, (b) pellicles at the liquid-air interface, and (c) biomass accumulation on plastic. We describe the influence of curli, cellulose, and the pEtN modification on biofilm phenotypes with power in the direct comparison of these strains. The results suggest that curli more strongly influence adhesion, while pEtN cellulose drives cohesion. Their individual and combined influence depends on both the biofilm modality (agar, pellicle, or plastic-associated) and the strain itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Jeffries
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | | | - Kyle Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Deborah Yager
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lynette Cegelski
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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41
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Miller AL, Pasternak JA, Medeiros NJ, Nicastro LK, Tursi SA, Hansen EG, Krochak R, Sokaribo AS, MacKenzie KD, Palmer MB, Herman DJ, Watson NL, Zhang Y, Wilson HL, Wilson RP, White AP, Tükel Ç. In vivo synthesis of bacterial amyloid curli contributes to joint inflammation during S. Typhimurium infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008591. [PMID: 32645118 PMCID: PMC7347093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive arthritis, an autoimmune disorder, occurs following gastrointestinal infection with invasive enteric pathogens, such as Salmonella enterica. Curli, an extracellular, bacterial amyloid with cross beta-sheet structure can trigger inflammatory responses by stimulating pattern recognition receptors. Here we show that S. Typhimurium produces curli amyloids in the cecum and colon of mice after natural oral infection, in both acute and chronic infection models. Production of curli was associated with an increase in anti-dsDNA autoantibodies and joint inflammation in infected mice. The negative impacts on the host appeared to be dependent on invasive systemic exposure of curli to immune cells. We hypothesize that in vivo synthesis of curli contributes to known complications of enteric infections and suggest that cross-seeding interactions can occur between pathogen-produced amyloids and amyloidogenic proteins of the host. Our manuscript focuses on curli, a ‘functional amyloid’ produced by Salmonella as well as other enteric bacteria. We present the first biochemical evidence that these fibers are produced in the gastrointestinal tract of mice after oral infection, the natural route for Salmonella infections. This finding is significant because of the immune impacts on the host; we show that curli cause an increase in autoimmunity and inflammation in the knee joints of infected mice. Reactive arthritis is a known autoimmune complication after enteric infections and our results indicate that presence of curli in the gut provides a novel linchpin of pathogenesis. As curli or curli-like amyloids are also produced by the commensal bacteria, it is possible that the unintended release of amyloids produced by the microbiota could trigger similar autoimmune reactions. Finally, our work provides conceptual evidence for the possibility of cross-seeding between bacterial amyloids like curli and human amyloids involved in amyloid-associated diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease via the gut microbiome or infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - J. Alex Pasternak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Nicole J. Medeiros
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lauren K. Nicastro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Tursi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ryan Krochak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Akosiererem S. Sokaribo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Keith D. MacKenzie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Melissa B. Palmer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Dakoda J. Herman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Nikole L. Watson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Heather L. Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - R. Paul Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aaron P. White
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail: (APW); (CT)
| | - Çagla Tükel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (APW); (CT)
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42
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Sokaribo AS, Hansen EG, McCarthy M, Desin TS, Waldner LL, MacKenzie KD, Mutwiri G, Herman NJ, Herman DJ, Wang Y, White AP. Metabolic Activation of CsgD in the Regulation of Salmonella Biofilms. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E964. [PMID: 32604994 PMCID: PMC7409106 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Among human food-borne pathogens, gastroenteritis-causing Salmonella strains have the most real-world impact. Like all pathogens, their success relies on efficient transmission. Biofilm formation, a specialized physiology characterized by multicellular aggregation and persistence, is proposed to play an important role in the Salmonella transmission cycle. In this manuscript, we used luciferase reporters to examine the expression of csgD, which encodes the master biofilm regulator. We observed that the CsgD-regulated biofilm system responds differently to regulatory inputs once it is activated. Notably, the CsgD system became unresponsive to repression by Cpx and H-NS in high osmolarity conditions and less responsive to the addition of amino acids. Temperature-mediated regulation of csgD on agar was altered by intracellular levels of RpoS and cyclic-di-GMP. In contrast, the addition of glucose repressed CsgD biofilms seemingly independent of other signals. Understanding the fine-tuned regulation of csgD can help us to piece together how regulation occurs in natural environments, knowing that all Salmonella strains face strong selection pressures both within and outside their hosts. Ultimately, we can use this information to better control Salmonella and develop strategies to break the transmission cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akosiererem S. Sokaribo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
| | - Elizabeth G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Madeline McCarthy
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
| | - Taseen S. Desin
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
- Basic Sciences Department, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Landon L. Waldner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Keith D. MacKenzie
- Institute for Microbial Systems and Society, Faculty of Science, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada;
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - George Mutwiri
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Nancy J. Herman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Dakoda J. Herman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Yejun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Aaron P. White
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
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Escherichia coli O157:H7 Curli Fimbriae Promotes Biofilm Formation, Epithelial Cell Invasion, and Persistence in Cattle. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040580. [PMID: 32316415 PMCID: PMC7232329 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) is noninvasive and a weak biofilm producer; however, a subset of O157 are exceptions. O157 ATCC 43895 forms biofilms and invades epithelial cells. Tn5 mutagenesis identified a mutation responsible for both phenotypes. The insertion mapped within the curli csgB fimbriae locus. Screening of O157 strains for biofilm formation and cell invasion identified a bovine and a clinical isolate with those characteristics. A single base pair A to T transversion, intergenic to the curli divergent operons csgDEFG and csgBAC, was present only in biofilm-producing and invasive strains. Using site-directed mutagenesis, this single base change was introduced into two curli-negative/noninvasive O157 strains and modified strains to form biofilms, produce curli, and gain invasive capability. Transmission electron microscopy (EM) and immuno-EM confirmed curli fibers. EM of bovine epithelial cells (MAC-T) co-cultured with curli-expressing O157 showed intracellular bacteria. The role of curli in O157 persistence in cattle was examined by challenging cattle with curli-positive and -negative O157 and comparing carriage. The duration of bovine colonization with the O157 curli-negative mutant was shorter than its curli-positive isogenic parent. These findings definitively demonstrate that a single base pair stably confers biofilm formation, epithelial cell invasion, and persistence in cattle.
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Chen J, Wang Y. Genetic determinants of Salmonella enterica critical for attachment and biofilm formation. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 320:108524. [PMID: 32000116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is a bacterial pathogen frequently involved in human gastrointestinal infections including those associated with low-moisture foods such as dehydrated food powders/spices, vegetable seeds, and tree nuts. The survival/persistence of Salmonella on low moisture foods and in dry environments is enhanced by its ability in developing biofilms. This study was undertaken to identify the genetic determinants critical for Salmonella attachment and biofilm formation. E. coli SM10 lambda pir, with a kanamycin resistant marker on mini-Tn10 (mini-Tn10:lacZ:kanr), an ampicillin resistant marker on the mini-Tn10-bearing suicidal plasmid pLBT and a streptomycin sensitive marker on the SM10 chromosome, was used as a donor (ampr, kanr, streps), and three Salmonella strains (amps, kans, strepr) were used as recipients in a transposon mutagenesis study. The donor and each recipient were co-incubated overnight on tryptic soy agar at 37 °C, and mutant colonies (amps, kanr, strepr) were subsequently selected. A single-banded degenerate PCR product, amplified from each mutant genome using oligonucleotide primers derived from the end of min-Tn10 and restriction enzyme EcoR I- or Pst I-recognizing sequence, were analyzed using the Sanger sequencing technology. Acquired DNA sequences were compared to those deposited in the Genbank using BLAST search. Cells of Salmonella mutants accumulated either significantly more or less (P < 0.05) biofilms than their parent cells on polystyrene surface. Sequence analysis of degenerate PCR products revealed that the mini-Tn10 from pLBT had inserted into the cdg, trx, fadI or rxt on Salmonella chromosomes. Results of the research will likely help strategize future antimicrobial intervention for control of pathogen attachment and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinru Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment St., Griffin, GA 30223-1797, USA.
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment St., Griffin, GA 30223-1797, USA
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Dieltjens L, Appermans K, Lissens M, Lories B, Kim W, Van der Eycken EV, Foster KR, Steenackers HP. Inhibiting bacterial cooperation is an evolutionarily robust anti-biofilm strategy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:107. [PMID: 31919364 PMCID: PMC6952394 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria commonly form dense biofilms encased in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Biofilms are often extremely tolerant to antimicrobials but their reliance on shared EPS may also be a weakness as social evolution theory predicts that inhibiting shared traits can select against resistance. Here we show that EPS of Salmonella biofilms is a cooperative trait whose benefit is shared among cells, and that EPS inhibition reduces both cell attachment and antimicrobial tolerance. We then compare an EPS inhibitor to conventional antimicrobials in an evolutionary experiment. While resistance against conventional antimicrobials rapidly evolves, we see no evolution of resistance to EPS inhibition. We further show that a resistant strain is outcompeted by a susceptible strain under EPS inhibitor treatment, explaining why resistance does not evolve. Our work suggests that targeting cooperative traits is a viable solution to the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Bacterial biofilms rely on shared extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and are often highly tolerant to antibiotics. Here, the authors show in in vitro experiments that Salmonella does not evolve resistance to EPS inhibition because such strains are outcompeted by a susceptible strain under inhibitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Dieltjens
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kenny Appermans
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maries Lissens
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Lories
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wook Kim
- Department of Zoology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Erik V Van der Eycken
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya street, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kevin R Foster
- Department of Zoology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Hans P Steenackers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Zoology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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46
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Desai SK, Kenney LJ. Switching Lifestyles Is an in vivo Adaptive Strategy of Bacterial Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:421. [PMID: 31921700 PMCID: PMC6917575 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens exist as planktonic cells only at limited times during their life cycle. In response to environmental signals such as temperature, pH, osmolality, and nutrient availability, pathogenic bacteria can adopt varied cellular fates, which involves the activation of virulence gene programs and/or the induction of a sessile lifestyle to form multicellular surface-attached communities. In Salmonella, SsrB is the response regulator which governs the lifestyle switch from an intracellular virulent state to form dormant biofilms in chronically infected hosts. Using the Salmonella lifestyle switch as a paradigm, we herein compare how other pathogens alter their lifestyles to enable survival, colonization and persistence in response to different environmental cues. It is evident that lifestyle switching often involves transcriptional regulators and their modification as highlighted here. Phenotypic heterogeneity resulting from stochastic cellular processes can also drive lifestyle variation among members of a population, although this subject is not considered in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuti K. Desai
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Linda J. Kenney
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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Bansal M, Nannapaneni R, Kode D, Chang S, Sharma CS, McDaniel C, Kiess A. Rugose Morphotype in Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Heidelberg Induced by Sequential Exposure to Subinhibitory Sodium Hypochlorite Aids in Biofilm Tolerance to Lethal Sodium Hypochlorite on Polystyrene and Stainless Steel Surfaces. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2704. [PMID: 31827464 PMCID: PMC6890808 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella biofilms act as a continuous source for cross-contamination in the food processing environments. In this study, a stable rugose morphotype of Salmonella was first induced by sequential exposure to subinhibitory concentrations (SICs) of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (ranging from 50 to 300 ppm over 18-day period) in tryptic soy broth. Then, rugose and smooth morphotypes of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 and Salmonella Heidelberg ATCC 8326 were characterized for biofilm forming abilities on polystyrene and stainless steel surfaces. Rugose morphotype of both ATCC 14028 and ATCC 8326 exhibited higher Exopolysaccharide (EPS) formation than smooth morphotype (p ≤ 0.05). Also, the SICs of NaOCl (200 or 300 ppm in broth model) increased the biofilm formation ability of rugose morphotype of ATCC 8326 (p ≤ 0.05) but decreased that of ATCC 14028. The 2-day-old Salmonella biofilms were treated with biocidal concentrations of 50, 100, or 200 ppm NaOCl (pH 6.15) in water for 5, 10, or 20 min at room temperature. The biofilm reduction in CFU/cm2 for the rugose was lower than the smooth morphotype on both surfaces (p ≤ 0.05) by lethal NaOCl in water. Scanning electron micrographs on both polystyrene and stainless steel surfaces demonstrated that the rugose morphotype produced a denser biofilm than the smooth morphotype. Transmission electron micrographs revealed the cell wall roughness in rugose morphotype, which may help in tolerance to NaOCl. The gene expression data indicate that the expression of biofilm regulator (csgD), curli (csgA, csgB, and csgC), and cellulose (bcsE) was significantly increased in rugose morphotype when induced by sequential exposure of NaOCl SICs. These findings reveal that the rugose morphotype of S. Typhimurium and S. Heidelberg produced significantly denser biofilm on food contact surfaces, which also increased with sequential exposure to SICs of NaOCl in the case of S. Heidelberg, and these biofilms were more tolerant to biocidal NaOCl concentrations commonly used in the food processing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Bansal
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Ramakrishna Nannapaneni
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Divya Kode
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Sam Chang
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Chander S. Sharma
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Christopher McDaniel
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Aaron Kiess
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
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Crépin S, Ottosen EN, Chandler CE, Sintsova A, Ernst RK, Mobley HLT. The UDP-GalNAcA biosynthesis genes gna-gne2 are required to maintain cell envelope integrity and in vivo fitness in multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Mol Microbiol 2019; 113:153-172. [PMID: 31680352 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii infects a wide range of anatomic sites including the respiratory tract and bloodstream. Despite its clinical importance, little is known about the molecular basis of A. baumannii pathogenesis. We previously identified the UDP-N-acetyl-d-galactosaminuronic acid (UDP-GalNAcA) biosynthesis genes, gna-gne2, as being critical for survival in vivo. Herein, we demonstrate that Gna-Gne2 are part of a complex network connecting in vivo fitness, cell envelope homeostasis and resistance to antibiotics. The ∆gna-gne2 mutant exhibits a severe fitness defect during bloodstream infection. Capsule production is abolished in the mutant strain, which is concomitant with its inability to survive in human serum. In addition, the ∆gna-gne2 mutant was more susceptible to vancomycin and unable to grow on MacConkey plates, indicating an alteration in cell envelope integrity. Analysis of lipid A by mass spectrometry showed that the hexa- and hepta-acylated species were affected in the gna-gne2 mutant. Finally, the ∆gna-gne2 mutant was more susceptible to several classes of antibiotics. Together, this study demonstrates the importance of UDP-GalNAcA in the pathobiology of A. baumannii. By interrupting its biosynthesis, we showed that this molecule plays a critical role in capsule biosynthesis and maintaining the cell envelope homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Crépin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Ottosen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Courtney E Chandler
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna Sintsova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harry L T Mobley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Phylogenetic grouping and biofilm formation of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolates from humans, animals and food products in South-West Nigeria. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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50
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Rehman T, Yin L, Latif MB, Chen J, Wang K, Geng Y, Huang X, Abaidullah M, Guo H, Ouyang P. Adhesive mechanism of different Salmonella fimbrial adhesins. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103748. [PMID: 31521802 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a serious threat to human and animal health. Salmonella adhesion to the host cell is an initial and most crucial step in the pathogenesis of salmonellosis. Many factors are involved in the adhesion process of Salmonella infection. Fimbriae are one of the most important factors in the adhesion of Salmonella. The Salmonella fimbriae are assembled in three types of assembly pathways: chaperon-usher, nucleation-precipitation, and type IV fimbriae. These assembly pathways lead to multiple types of fimbriae. Salmonella fimbriae bind to host cell receptors to initiate adhesion. So far, many receptors have been identified, such as Toll-like receptors. However, several receptors that may be involved in the adhesive mechanism of Salmonella fimbriae are still un-identified. This review aimed to summarize the types of Salmonella fimbriae produced by different assembly pathways and their role in adhesion. It also enlisted previously discovered receptors involved in adhesion. This review might help readers to develop a comprehensive understanding of Salmonella fimbriae, their role in adhesion, and recently developed strategies to counter Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyab Rehman
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lizi Yin
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Muhammad Bilal Latif
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, 44195, Ohio, USA.
| | - Jiehao Chen
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Kaiyu Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yi Geng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Muhammad Abaidullah
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hongrui Guo
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ping Ouyang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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