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Yang X, Zhang L, Xiang Y, Du L, Huang X, Liu Y. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum revealed its response mechanisms to the biological control agent, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12576. [PMID: 32724140 PMCID: PMC7387486 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological control mechanisms of plant diseases have been intensively studied. However, how plant pathogens respond to and resist or alleviate biocontrol agents remains largely unknown. In this study, a comparative transcriptome analysis was performed to elucidate how the pathogen of sclerotinia stem rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, responds and resists to the biocontrol agent, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Results revealed that a total of 2,373 genes were differentially expressed in S. sclerotiorum samples treated with B. amyloliquefaciens fermentation broth (TS) when compared to control samples (CS). Among these genes, 2,017 were upregulated and 356 were downregulated. Further analyses indicated that various genes related to fungal cell wall and cell membrane synthesis, antioxidants, and the autophagy pathway were significantly upregulated, including glucan synthesis, ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, fatty acid synthase, heme-binding peroxidase related to oxidative stress, glutathione S-transferase, ABC transporter, and autophagy-related genes. These results suggest that S. sclerotiorum recruits numerous genes to respond to or resist the biocontrol of B. amyloliquefaciens. Thus, this study serves as a valuable resource regarding the mechanisms of fungal pathogen resistance to biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjia Xiang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Du
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Huang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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It's All in the Genes: The Regulatory Pathways of Sexual Reproduction in Filamentous Ascomycetes. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10050330. [PMID: 31052334 PMCID: PMC6562746 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual reproduction in filamentous ascomycete fungi results in the production of highly specialized sexual tissues, which arise from relatively simple, vegetative mycelia. This conversion takes place after the recognition of and response to a variety of exogenous and endogenous cues, and relies on very strictly regulated gene, protein, and metabolite pathways. This makes studying sexual development in fungi an interesting tool in which to study gene-gene, gene-protein, and protein-metabolite interactions. This review provides an overview of some of the most important genes involved in this process; from those involved in the conversion of mycelia into sexually-competent tissue, to those involved in the development of the ascomata, the asci, and ultimately, the ascospores.
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Yernaux C, Fransen M, Brees C, Lorenzen S, Michels PAM. Trypanosoma bruceiglycosomal ABC transporters: identification and membrane targeting. Mol Membr Biol 2009; 23:157-72. [PMID: 16754359 DOI: 10.1080/09687860500460124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomes contain unique peroxisome-like organelles designated glycosomes which sequester enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including glycolysis. We identified three ABC transporters associated with the glycosomal membrane of Trypanosoma brucei. They were designated GAT1-3 for Glycosomal ABC Transporters. These polypeptides are so-called half-ABC transporters containing only one transmembrane domain and a single nucleotide-binding domain, like their homologues of mammalian and yeast peroxisomes. The glycosomal localization was shown by immunofluorescence microscopy of trypanosomes expressing fusion constructs of the transporters with Green Fluorescent Protein. By expression of fluorescent deletion constructs, the glycosome-targeting determinant of two transporters was mapped to different fragments of their respective primary structures. Interestingly, these fragments share a short sequence motif and contain adjacent to it one--but not the same--of the predicted six transmembrane segments of the transmembrane domain. We also identified the T. brucei homologue of peroxin PEX19, which is considered to act as a chaperonin and/or receptor for cytosolically synthesized proteins destined for insertion into the peroxisomal membrane. By using a bacterial two-hybrid system, it was shown that glycosomal ABC transporter fragments containing an organelle-targeting determinant can interact with both the trypanosomatid and human PEX19, despite their low overall sequence identity. Mutated forms of human PEX19 that lost interaction with human peroxisomal membrane proteins also did not bind anymore to the T. brucei glycosomal transporter. Moreover, fragments of the glycosomal transporter were targeted to the peroxisomal membrane when expressed in mammalian cells. Together these results indicate evolutionary conservation of the glycosomal/peroxisomal membrane protein import mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Yernaux
- Research Unit for Tropical Diseases, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Laboratory of Biochemistry, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Peraza-Reyes L, Zickler D, Berteaux-Lecellier V. The peroxisome RING-finger complex is required for meiocyte formation in the fungus Podospora anserina. Traffic 2008; 9:1998-2009. [PMID: 18785921 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2008.00812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are involved in a variety of metabolic pathways and developmental processes. In the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina, absence of different peroxins implicated in peroxisome matrix protein import leads to different developmental defects. Lack of the RING-finger complex peroxin PEX2 blocks sexual development at the dikaryotic stage, while in absence of both receptors, PEX5 and PEX7, karyogamy and meiosis can proceed and sexual spores are formed. This suggests a complex role for PEX2 that prompted us to study the developmental involvement of the RING-finger complex. We show that, like PEX2, the two other proteins of the complex, PEX10 and PEX12, are equally implicated in peroxisome biogenesis and that absence of each or all these proteins lead to the same developmental defect. Moreover, we demonstrate that peroxisome localization of PEX2 is not drastically affected in the absence of PEX10 and PEX12 and that the upregulation of these latter RING-finger peroxins does not compensate for the lack of a second one, suggesting that the three proteins work together in development but independent of their function in peroxisome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Peraza-Reyes
- Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR8621, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, 91405 Orsay, France
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Oh Y, Donofrio N, Pan H, Coughlan S, Brown DE, Meng S, Mitchell T, Dean RA. Transcriptome analysis reveals new insight into appressorium formation and function in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Genome Biol 2008; 9:R85. [PMID: 18492280 PMCID: PMC2441471 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-5-r85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice blast disease is caused by the filamentous Ascomycetous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and results in significant annual rice yield losses worldwide. Infection by this and many other fungal plant pathogens requires the development of a specialized infection cell called an appressorium. The molecular processes regulating appressorium formation are incompletely understood. RESULTS We analyzed genome-wide gene expression changes during spore germination and appressorium formation on a hydrophobic surface compared to induction by cAMP. During spore germination, 2,154 (approximately 21%) genes showed differential expression, with the majority being up-regulated. During appressorium formation, 357 genes were differentially expressed in response to both stimuli. These genes, which we refer to as appressorium consensus genes, were functionally grouped into Gene Ontology categories. Overall, we found a significant decrease in expression of genes involved in protein synthesis. Conversely, expression of genes associated with protein and amino acid degradation, lipid metabolism, secondary metabolism and cellular transportation exhibited a dramatic increase. We functionally characterized several differentially regulated genes, including a subtilisin protease (SPM1) and a NAD specific glutamate dehydrogenase (Mgd1), by targeted gene disruption. These studies revealed hitherto unknown findings that protein degradation and amino acid metabolism are essential for appressorium formation and subsequent infection. CONCLUSION We present the first comprehensive genome-wide transcript profile study and functional analysis of infection structure formation by a fungal plant pathogen. Our data provide novel insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms that will directly benefit efforts to identify fungal pathogenicity factors and aid the development of new disease management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonyee Oh
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
| | - Nicole Donofrio
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
- Current address: University of Delaware, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Huaqin Pan
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
- Current address: RTI international, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Sean Coughlan
- Agilent Technologies, Little Falls, DE 19808-1644, USA
| | - Douglas E Brown
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
| | - Shaowu Meng
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
| | - Thomas Mitchell
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
- Current address: Ohio State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ralph A Dean
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
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Bonnet C, Espagne E, Zickler D, Boisnard S, Bourdais A, Berteaux-Lecellier V. The peroxisomal import proteins PEX2, PEX5 and PEX7 are differently involved in Podospora anserina sexual cycle. Mol Microbiol 2007; 62:157-69. [PMID: 16987176 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PEX5, PEX7 and PEX2 are involved in the peroxisomal matrix protein import machinery. PEX5 and PEX7 are the receptors for the proteins harbouring, respectively, a PTS1 and a PTS2 peroxisomal targeting sequence and cycle between the cytoplasm and the peroxisome. PEX2 belongs to the RING-finger complex located in the peroxisomal membrane and acts in protein import downstream of PEX5 and PEX7; it is therefore required for the import of both PTS1 and PTS2 proteins. We have shown previously that PEX2 deficiency leads to an impairment of meiotic commitment in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina. Here we report that both PEX5 and PEX7 receptors are dispensable for this commitment but are needed for normal sexual cycle. Data suggest also a new role of PEX2 and/or the RING-finger complex in addition to their role in PTS1 and PTS2 import. Strikingly, Deltapex5 and Deltapex7 single and double knockout strains analyses indicate that Deltapex7 acts as a partial suppressor of Deltapex5 life cycle deficiencies. Moreover, contrary to pex2 mutants, Deltapex5 and Deltapex7 show mitochondrial morphological abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystel Bonnet
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, UMR-CNRS 8621, Bat 400, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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van der Klei IJ, Veenhuis M. Yeast and filamentous fungi as model organisms in microbody research. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:1364-73. [PMID: 17050005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Yeast and filamentous fungi are important model organisms in microbody research. The value of these organisms as models for higher eukaryotes is underscored by the observation that the principles of various aspects of microbody biology are strongly conserved from lower to higher eukaryotes. This has allowed to resolve various peroxisome-related functions, including peroxisome biogenesis disorders in man. This paper summarizes the major advances in microbody research using fungal systems and specifies specific properties and advantages/disadvantages of the major model organisms currently in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida J van der Klei
- Eukaryotic Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands.
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Theodoulou FL, Holdsworth M, Baker A. Peroxisomal ABC transporters. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:1139-55. [PMID: 16413537 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes perform a range of different functions, dependent upon organism, tissue type, developmental stage or environmental conditions, many of which are connected with lipid metabolism. This review summarises recent research on ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters of the peroxisomal membrane (ABC subfamily D) and their roles in plants, fungi and animals. Analysis of mutants has revealed that peroxisomal ABC transporters play key roles in specific metabolic and developmental functions in different organisms. A common function is import of substrates for beta-oxidation but much remains to be determined concerning transport substrates and mechanisms which appear to differ significantly between phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederica L Theodoulou
- Crop Performance and Improvement Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom.
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