1
|
Hassan AHE, Phan TN, Moon S, Lee CH, Kim YJ, Cho SB, El-Sayed SM, Choi Y, No JH, Lee YS. Design, synthesis, and repurposing of O 6-aminoalkyl-sulfuretin analogs towards discovery of potential lead compounds as antileishmanial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115256. [PMID: 36944273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Up to date, there are still significantly unmet clinical needs for treatment of the fatal visceral leishmaniasis; a neglected tropical disease. Herein, a recently reported antileishmanial hit sulfuretin analog suffering from a low potency and a problematic aqueous solubility that hindered further development was used as a starting point. A mitigation rational via incorporation of O6-aminoalkyl moiety suggest structures analogous to literature-known compounds as cholinesterase inhibitors. Consequently, preparation and repurposing of a library of these compounds unveiled their potential activity against the parasite Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Further evaluation against intracellular form of the parasite and host cells suggested compounds 2a, 2c, and 2o derived from sulfuretin analogs bearing 2'-methoxy or 2',5'-dimethoxy substituents at ring-B as promising lead compounds with potential activity and acceptable safety window relative to the standard edelfosine. In silico simulation predicted plausible binding modes of these compounds to L. donovani fumarate reductase. Together this work presents compound 2o as a potential lead compound for further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H E Hassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt; Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Trong-Nhat Phan
- Host-Parasite Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Moon
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Hyeon Lee
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ju Kim
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bin Cho
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Selwan M El-Sayed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Yeonwoo Choi
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hwan No
- Host-Parasite Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sup Lee
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Design, Rational Repurposing, Synthesis, In Vitro Evaluation, Homology Modeling and In Silico Study of Sulfuretin Analogs as Potential Antileishmanial Hit Compounds. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091058. [PMID: 36145279 PMCID: PMC9504330 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct growth inhibition of infectious organisms coupled with immunomodulation to counteract the immunosuppressive environment might be a beneficial therapeutic approach. Herein, a library of sulfuretin analogs were developed with potential capabilities to inhibit production of the immunosuppressive PGE2 and elicit direct growth inhibition against Leishmania donovani; the major causative agent of the fatal visceral leishmaniasis. Amongst explored library members bearing diverse methoxy and/or hydroxy substitution patterns at rings B and A, analog 1i retaining the C6-hydroxy moiety at ring-A, but possessing methoxy moieties in place of the polar dihydroxy moieties of sulfuretin ring-B, as well as analog 1q retaining the sulfuretin′s polar dihydroxy moieties at ring-B, but incorporating a C6-methoxy moiety instead of the C6-hydroxy moiety at ring-A, were the most promising hit compounds. Cytotoxicity evaluation suggested that analog 1i possesses a safety profile inducing the death of the parasite rather than host cells. In silico simulation provided insights into their possible binding with Leishmania donovani fumarate reductase. The current investigation presents sulfuretin analogs 1i and 1q as potential hit compounds for further development of multifunctional therapeutic agents against visceral leishmaniasis.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kar A, Jayaraman A, Kumar A, Kar Mahapatra S. Dynamicity in Host Metabolic Adaptation Is Influenced by the Synergistic Effect of Eugenol Oleate and Amphotericin B During Leishmania donovani Infection In Vitro. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:709316. [PMID: 34414131 PMCID: PMC8369346 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.709316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune metabolic adaptation in macrophages by intracellular parasites is recognized to play a crucial role during Leishmania infection. However, there is little accessible information about changes in a metabolic switch in L. donovani infected macrophages. In previous studies, we have reported on the anti-leishmanial synergic effect of eugenol oleate with amphotericin B. In the present study, we demonstrated that glycolytic enzymes were highly expressed in infected macrophages during combinatorial treatment of eugenol oleate (2.5 µM) and amphotericin B (0.3125 µM). Additionally, we found that the biphasic role in arachidonic acid metabolite, PGE2, and LTB4, is released during this treatment. In vitro data showed that COX-2 mediated PGE2 synthesis increased significantly (p<0.01) in infected macrophages. Not only was the level of prostaglandin synthesis decreased 4.38 fold in infected macrophages after treatment with eugenol oleate with amphotericin B. The mRNA expression of PTGES, MPGES, and PTGER4 were also moderately expressed in infected macrophages, and found to be decreased in combinatorial treatment. In addition, NOS2 expression was activated by the phosphorylation of p38MAPK when combination-treated macrophages were promoted to kill intracellular parasites. The findings of the present study indicate that the synergism between eugenol oleate and amphotericin B could play an important role in immune metabolism adaptation with a concomitant increase in host immune response against the intracellular pathogen, L. donovani.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Kar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy (SASTRA) Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Adithyan Jayaraman
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy (SASTRA) Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Avanthika Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy (SASTRA) Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Santanu Kar Mahapatra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy (SASTRA) Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India.,Department of Paramedical and Allied Health Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Functions of ROS in Macrophages and Antimicrobial Immunity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020313. [PMID: 33669824 PMCID: PMC7923022 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a chemically defined group of reactive molecules derived from molecular oxygen. ROS are involved in a plethora of processes in cells in all domains of life, ranging from bacteria, plants and animals, including humans. The importance of ROS for macrophage-mediated immunity is unquestioned. Their functions comprise direct antimicrobial activity against bacteria and parasites as well as redox-regulation of immune signaling and induction of inflammasome activation. However, only a few studies have performed in-depth ROS analyses and even fewer have identified the precise redox-regulated target molecules. In this review, we will give a brief introduction to ROS and their sources in macrophages, summarize the versatile roles of ROS in direct and indirect antimicrobial immune defense, and provide an overview of commonly used ROS probes, scavengers and inhibitors.
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu N, Zhang GX, Niu YT, Wang Q, Zheng J, Yang JM, Sun T, Niu JG, Yu JQ. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of indigo through regulating the IKKβ/IκB/NF-κB pathway in mice. Food Funct 2020; 11:8537-8546. [PMID: 33084638 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02574j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of indigo in mice and explored the possible related mechanisms. Xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability tests were used in investigating the anti-inflammatory activities. The anti-nociceptive effects of indigo were assessed through acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate test, and formalin test, and spontaneous locomotor activity and motor performance were evaluated. The mechanisms of activities of indigo were explored by evaluating the expression levels of IκB kinase (IKK)β, p-IKKβ, inhibitor κB (IκB)α, p-IκBα, p65 nuclear factor (NF)-kB, p-p65 NF-κB, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) through western blotting and the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that indigo significantly reduced xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and acetic acid-induced vascular permeation. In addition, indigo significantly inhibited nociception induced by acetic acid and formalin. However, the level of nociception was not decreased by indigo in the hot plate test, and indigo did not affect spontaneous locomotor activity and motor performance. The expression levels of p-IKKβ, p-IκBα, p65 NF-kB, p-p65 NF-κB, COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and PGE2 decreased, whereas the expression level of IκBα increased obviously after indigo treatment. In conclusion, indigo exerts significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in mice by inhibiting IKKβ phosphorylation and reducing the production of important pain mediators, such as PGE2 and COX-2, via the IKKβ/IκB/NF-κB pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shyu LY, Chen KM, Lu CY, Lai SC. Regulation of Proinflammatory Enzymes by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in Astroglia Infected with Toxoplasma gondii. J Parasitol 2020; 106:564-571. [PMID: 32916705 DOI: 10.1645/18-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) regulates neuroinflammation, and its agonists act as neuroprotective agents. This study aims to investigate the correlation between PPARγ and proinflammatory enzyme expression in astroglia infected with Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite in vitro. Our results showed that matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2, MMP-9, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin (PGE)-2, inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), and nitric oxide (NO) were significantly increased in T. gondii-infected astroglia. Furthermore, the expression levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, COX-2, PGE-2, iNOS, and NO were significantly decreased by rosiglitazone-a PPARγ agonist. By contrast, the treatment with GW9662, a PPARγ antagonist, efficiently increased the expression levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, COX-2, PGE-2, iNOS, and NO. These results suggested that the treatment with rosiglitazone offers a potential strategy for controlling the inflammatory factors in T. gondii infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yuh Shyu
- Department of Parasitology, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo North Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Min Chen
- Department of Parasitology, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo North Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-You Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo North Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chan Lai
- Department of Parasitology, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo North Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan.,Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo North Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bodhale N, Ohms M, Ferreira C, Mesquita I, Mukherjee A, André S, Sarkar A, Estaquier J, Laskay T, Saha B, Silvestre R. Cytokines and metabolic regulation: A framework of bidirectional influences affecting Leishmania infection. Cytokine 2020; 147:155267. [PMID: 32917471 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania, a protozoan parasite inflicting the complex of diseases called Leishmaniases, resides and replicates as amastigotes within mammalian macrophages. As macrophages are metabolically highly active and can generate free radicals that can destroy this parasite, Leishmania also devise strategies to modulate the host cell metabolism. However, the metabolic changes can also be influenced by the anti-leishmanial immune response mediated by cytokines. This bidirectional, dynamic and complex metabolic coupling established between Leishmania and its host is the result of a long co-evolutionary process. Due to the continuous alterations imposed by the host microenvironment, such metabolic coupling continues to be dynamically regulated. The constant pursuit and competition for nutrients in the host-Leishmania duet alter the host metabolic pathways with major consequences for its nutritional reserves, eventually affecting the phenotype and functionality of the host cell. Altered phenotype and functions of macrophages are particularly relevant to immune cells, as perturbed metabolic fluxes can crucially affect the activation, differentiation, and functions of host immune cells. All these changes can deterministically direct the outcome of an infection. Cytokines and metabolic fluxes can bidirectionally influence each other through molecular sensors and regulators to dictate the final infection outcome. Our studies along with those from others have now identified the metabolic nodes that can be targeted for therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Bodhale
- National Centre for Cell Science, 411007 Pune, India; Jagadis Bose National Science Talent Search (JBNSTS), Kolkata 700107 India
| | - Mareike Ohms
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23538, Germany
| | - Carolina Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Inês Mesquita
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | - Sónia André
- INSERM U1124, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- INSERM U1124, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Tamás Laskay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23538, Germany
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, 411007 Pune, India; Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mendonça LSO, Santos JM, Kaneto CM, de Carvalho LD, Lima-Santos J, Augusto DG, Carvalho SMS, Soares-Martins JAP, Silva-Jardim I. Characterization of serum cytokines and circulating microRNAs that are predicted to regulate inflammasome genes in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. Exp Parasitol 2020; 210:107846. [PMID: 32001303 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease caused by an intracellular protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania. Infection starts when this protozoan replicates in a phagolysosomal compartment in macrophages, after evading host immune responses. The balance of Th1 and Th2 immune responses is crucial in leishmaniasis because it will determine whether the infection will be under control or if clinical complications will occur. The inflammasome, which is activated during Leishmania infection, involves the action of caspase-1 and release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. Together, they contribute to the maintenance of an inflammatory response and pyroptosis. Here, we evaluated the serum levels of cytokines and the expression of circulating microRNAs related to inflammasome regulation in twenty-seven patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in comparison to nine healthy individuals, in the context of the inflammasome activation. Evaluation of serum cytokines activation (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17) was performed by flow cytometry using CBA kits (cytometric beads array) while the expression of circulating microRNAs (miR-7, miR-133a, miR-146b, miR-155, miR-223, miR-328, and miR-342) in plasma was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Our results showed an increase of the expression of miR-7-5p (p < 10-5), miR-133a (p = 0.034), miR-146b (p = 0.003), miR-223-3p (p = 10-5), and miR-328-3p (p = 0.002), and cytokine levels for IL-1β (p = 0.0005), IL-6 (p = 0.001), and IL-17 (p = 0.001) in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis compared to the controls. These results suggest that microRNAs and cytokines can play an important role in regulating the human immune responses to Leishmania infection. Our findings may contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of the gene regulation during the cutaneous leishmaniasis and to the identification of possible biomarkers of the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carla Martins Kaneto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Jane Lima-Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Danillo G Augusto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Izaltina Silva-Jardim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Banerjee S, Mukherjee N, Gajbhiye RL, Mishra S, Jaisankar P, Datta S, Das Saha K. Intracellular anti-leishmanial effect of Spergulin-A, a triterpenoid saponin of Glinus oppositifolius. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:2933-2942. [PMID: 31571946 PMCID: PMC6756365 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s211721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many of present chemotherapeutics are inadequate and also resistant against visceral leishmaniasis (VL), an immunosuppressive ailment caused by Leishmania donovani. Despite the interest in plant-based drug development, no antileishmanial drugs from plant source are currently available. Glinus oppositifolius had been reported in favor of being immune modulators along with other traditional uses. Novel anti-VL therapies can rely on host immune-modulation with associated leishmanicidal action. Objective Discovery of novel plant-based antileishmanial compound from G. oppositifolius having permissible side effects. Methods With this rationale, an n-BuOH fraction of the methanolic extract of the plant and obtained triterpenoid saponin Spergulin-A were evaluated against acellular and intracellular L. donovani. Immunostimulatory activity of them was confirmed by elevated TNF-α and extracellular NO production from treated MФs and was found nontoxic to the host cells. Identification and structure confirmation for isolated Spergulin-A was performed by ESI-MS,13C, and 1H NMR. Results Spergulin-A was found ineffective against the acellular forms while, against the intracellular parasites at 30 μg/mL, the reduction was 92.6% after 72 hrs. Spergulin-A enhanced ROS and nitric oxide (NO) release and changes in Gp91-phox, i-NOS, and pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines elaborated its intracellular anti-leishmanial activity. Conclusion The results supported that G. oppositifolius and Spergulin-A can potentiate new lead molecules for the development of alternative drugs against VL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saswati Banerjee
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Niladri Mukherjee
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Rahul L Gajbhiye
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Snehasis Mishra
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Parasuraman Jaisankar
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sriparna Datta
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Krishna Das Saha
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bordon MLAC, Laurenti MD, Ribeiro SP, Toyama MH, Toyama DDO, Passero LFD. Effect of phospholipase A 2 inhibitors during infection caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:21. [PMID: 30181736 PMCID: PMC6112134 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lipid metabolites play an important role in parasite differentiation and virulence. Studies have revealed that Leishmania sp. uses prostaglandins to evade innate barriers, thus enabling the parasites to survive inside immune cells. Despite the role of the enzyme Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in prostaglandins production, few studies have investigated the role of parasite PLA2 during the interaction between L. (L.) amazonensis and the host (in vitro and in vivo) immune cells. Methods In the present work, the leishmanicidal effect of PLA2 inhibitors, methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP), bromoenol lactone (BEL) and aristolochic acid (AA) were investigated in vitro (promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms of L. (L.) amazonensis) and during in vivo infection using BALB/c mice. Results The aforementioned inhibitors were deleterious to promastigote and amastigote forms of the L. (L.) amazonensis and were non-toxic to peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice. L. (L.) amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice treated with the inhibitor BEL presented decreased lesion size and skin parasitism; however, BEL treatment induced hepatotoxicity in BALB/c mice. Conclusions Results presented herein suggested that PLA2 inhibitors altered L. (L.) amazonensis viability. In spite of liver toxicity, treatment with BEL was the most selective compound in vitro, as well in vivo, resulting in lower skin parasitism in the infected mice. These findings corroborate the role of PLA2 in parasite virulence and maintenance in vertebrate hosts, and suggest that molecules structurally related to BEL should be considered when planning compounds against Leishmania sp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria L A C Bordon
- 1Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM-50), Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, SP CEP 01246903 Brazil.,3São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, São Vicente, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente, SP Brazil
| | - Márcia D Laurenti
- 1Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM-50), Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, SP CEP 01246903 Brazil
| | - Susan Pereira Ribeiro
- 2Pathology Department, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd, room 5503, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Marcos H Toyama
- 3São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, São Vicente, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente, SP Brazil
| | - Daniela de O Toyama
- 4School of Dentistry, Camilo Castelo Branco University (Unicastelo), Rua Carolina Fonseca, 584, São Paulo, SP CEP 08230-030 Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe D Passero
- 3São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, São Vicente, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente, SP Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vallochi AL, Teixeira L, Oliveira KDS, Maya-Monteiro CM, Bozza PT. Lipid Droplet, a Key Player in Host-Parasite Interactions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1022. [PMID: 29875768 PMCID: PMC5974170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (lipid bodies, LDs) are dynamic organelles that have important roles in regulating lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, cell signaling, membrane trafficking, and inflammation. LD biogenesis, composition, and functions are highly regulated and may vary according to the stimuli, cell type, activation state, and inflammatory environment. Increased cytoplasmic LDs are frequently observed in leukocytes and other cells in a number of infectious diseases. Accumulating evidence reveals LDs participation in fundamental mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions, including cell signaling and immunity. LDs are sources of eicosanoid production, and may participate in different aspects of innate signaling and antigen presentation. In addition, intracellular pathogens evolved mechanisms to subvert host metabolism and may use host LDs, as ways of immune evasion and nutrients source. Here, we review mechanisms of LDs biogenesis and their contributions to the infection progress, and discuss the latest discoveries on mechanisms and pathways involving LDs roles as regulators of the immune response to protozoan infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Lima Vallochi
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Patricia T. Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Muxel SM, Aoki JI, Fernandes JCR, Laranjeira-Silva MF, Zampieri RA, Acuña SM, Müller KE, Vanderlinde RH, Floeter-Winter LM. Arginine and Polyamines Fate in Leishmania Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2682. [PMID: 29379478 PMCID: PMC5775291 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania is a protozoan parasite that alternates its life cycle between the sand fly and the mammalian host macrophages, involving several environmental changes. The parasite responds to these changes by promoting a rapid metabolic adaptation through cellular signaling modifications that lead to transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene expression regulation and morphological modifications. Molecular approaches such as gene expression regulation, next-generation sequencing (NGS), microRNA (miRNA) expression profiling, in cell Western blot analyses and enzymatic activity profiling, have been used to characterize the infection of murine BALB/c and C57BL/6 macrophages, as well as the human monocytic cell-lineage THP-1, with Leishmania amazonensis wild type (La-WT) or arginase knockout (La-arg-). These models are being used to elucidate physiological roles of arginine and polyamines pathways and the importance of arginase for the establishment of the infection. In this review, we will describe the main aspects of Leishmania-host interaction, focusing on the arginine and polyamines pathways and pointing to possible targets to be used for prognosis and/or in the control of the infection. The parasite enzymes, arginase and nitric oxide synthase-like, have essential roles in the parasite survival and in the maintenance of infection. On the other hand, in mammalian macrophages, defense mechanisms are activated inducing alterations in the mRNA, miRNA and enzymatic profiles that lead to the control of infection. Furthermore, the genetic background of both parasite and host are also important to define the fate of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Muxel
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana I Aoki
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliane C R Fernandes
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo A Zampieri
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stephanie M Acuña
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karl E Müller
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rubia H Vanderlinde
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucile M Floeter-Winter
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Scariot DB, Britta EA, Moreira AL, Falzirolli H, Silva CC, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias-Filho BP, Nakamura CV. Induction of Early Autophagic Process on Leishmania amazonensis by Synergistic Effect of Miltefosine and Innovative Semi-synthetic Thiosemicarbazone. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:255. [PMID: 28270805 PMCID: PMC5318461 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug combination therapy is a current trend to treat complex diseases. Many benefits are expected from this strategy, such as cytotoxicity decrease, retardation of resistant strains development, and activity increment. This study evaluated in vitro combination between an innovative thiosemicarbazone molecule – BZTS with miltefosine, a drug already consolidated in the leishmaniasis treatment, against Leishmania amazonensis. Cytotoxicity effects were also evaluated on macrophages and erythrocytes. Synergistic antileishmania effect and antagonist cytotoxicity were revealed from this combination therapy. Mechanisms of action assays were performed in order to investigate the main cell pathways induced by this treatment. Mitochondrial dysfunction generated a significant increase of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production, causing severe cell injuries and promoting intense autophagy process and consequent apoptosis cell death. However, this phenomenon was not strong enough to promote dead in mammalian cell, providing the potential selective effect of the tested combination for the protozoa. Thus, the results confirmed that drugs involved in distinct metabolic routes are promising agents for drug combination therapy, promoting a synergistic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Débora B Scariot
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brazil
| | - Elizandra A Britta
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brazil
| | - Amanda L Moreira
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brazil
| | - Hugo Falzirolli
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brazil
| | - Cleuza C Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brazil
| | - Tânia Ueda-Nakamura
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brazil
| | - Benedito P Dias-Filho
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brazil
| | - Celso V Nakamura
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Leishmania donovani-Induced Prostaglandin E2 Generation Is Critically Dependent on Host Toll-Like Receptor 2-Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Signaling. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2963-73. [PMID: 27481248 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00528-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the second-largest parasitic killer disease after malaria. During VL, the protozoan Leishmania donovani induces prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) generation within host macrophages to aid parasite survival. PGE2 significantly influences leishmanial pathogenesis, as L. donovani proliferation is known to be attenuated in PGE2-inhibited macrophages. Here, we report for the first time that signaling via macrophage Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays an instrumental role in inducing PGE2 release from L. donovani-infected macrophages. This signaling cascade, mediated via the TLR2-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-phospholipase C (PLC) signaling pathway, was found to be indispensable for activation of two major enzymes required for PGE2 generation: cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2). Inhibition of cPLA2, but not secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) or calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2), arrested L. donovani infection. During infection, cPLA2 activity increased >7-fold in a calcium-dependent and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent manner, indicating that elevation of intracellular calcium and ERK-mediated phosphorylation was necessary for L. donovani-induced cPLA2 activation. For transcriptional upregulation of cyclooxygenase 2, activation of the calcium-calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling was required in addition to the TLR2-PI3K-PLC pathway. Detailed studies by site-directed mutagenesis of potential NFAT binding sites and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis revealed that the binding of macrophage NFATc2, at the -73/-77 site on the cox2 promoter, induced L. donovani-driven cox2 transcriptional activation. Collectively, these findings highlight the contribution of TLR2 downstream signaling toward activation of cPLA2 and Cox2 and illustrate how the TLR2-PI3K-PLC pathway acts in a concerted manner with calcium-calcineurin-NFATc2 signaling to modulate PGE2 release from L. donovani-infected macrophages.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kyriazis ID, Koutsoni OS, Aligiannis N, Karampetsou K, Skaltsounis AL, Dotsika E. The leishmanicidal activity of oleuropein is selectively regulated through inflammation- and oxidative stress-related genes. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:441. [PMID: 27501956 PMCID: PMC4977900 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Much research effort has been focused on investigating new compounds derived from low-cost sources, such as natural products, for treating leishmaniasis. Oleuropein derived from numerous plants, particularly from the olive tree, Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae), is a biophenol with many biological activities. Our previous findings showed that oleuropein exhibits leishmanicidal effects against three Leishmania spp. in vitro, and minimizes the parasite burden in L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice. The aim of the present study is to investigate the possible mechanism(s) that mediate this leishmanicidal activity. Methods We determined the efficacy of oleuropein in elevating ROS and NO production in L. donovani-infected J774A.1 macrophages and in explanted splenocytes and hepatocytes obtained from L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice. We also assessed the expression of genes that are related to inflammation, T-cell polarization and antioxidant defense, in splenocytes. Finally, we determined the ratios of specific IgG2a/IgG1 antibodies and DTH reactions in L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice treated with oleuropein. Results Oleuropein was able to elevate ROS production in both in vitro and in vivo models of visceral leishmaniasis and raised NO production in ex vivo cultures of splenocytes and hepatocytes. The extensive oxidative stress found in oleuropein-treated mice was obviated by the upregulation of the host’s antioxidant enzyme (mGCLC) and the simultaneous downregulation of the corresponding enzyme of the parasite (LdGCLC). Moreover, oleuropein was able to mount a significant Th1 polarization characterized by the expression of immune genes (IL-12β, IL-10, TGF-β1, IFN-γ) and transcription factors (Tbx21 and GATA3). Moreover, this immunomodulatory effect was also correlated with an inhibitory effect on IL-1β gene expression, rather than with the expression of IL-1α, IL-1rn and TNF-α. Furthermore, oleuropein-treated BALB/c mice mounted a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response and an elevated Leishmania-specific IgG2a/IgG1 ratio that clearly demonstrated an in vivo protective mechanism. Conclusion The ability of Oleuropein to promote a Th1 type immune response in L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice points towards the candidacy of this bioactive compound as an immunomodulatory agent that may complement therapeutic approaches to leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis D Kyriazis
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Ave., 11521, Athens, Greece.,VIVUS research and diagnostic center, 160 Konstanta str, Volos, Greece
| | - Olga S Koutsoni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Ave., 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Nektarios Aligiannis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Karampetsou
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Ave., 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Dotsika
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Ave., 11521, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rabhi S, Rabhi I, Trentin B, Piquemal D, Regnault B, Goyard S, Lang T, Descoteaux A, Enninga J, Guizani-Tabbane L. Lipid Droplet Formation, Their Localization and Dynamics during Leishmania major Macrophage Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148640. [PMID: 26871576 PMCID: PMC4752496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania, the causative agent of vector-borne diseases, known as leishmaniases, is an obligate intracellular parasite within mammalian hosts. The outcome of infection depends largely on the activation status of macrophages, the first line of mammalian defense and the major target cells for parasite replication. Understanding the strategies developed by the parasite to circumvent macrophage defense mechanisms and to survive within those cells help defining novel therapeutic approaches for leishmaniasis. We previously showed the formation of lipid droplets (LDs) in L. major infected macrophages. Here, we provide novel insights on the origin of the formed LDs by determining their cellular distribution and to what extent these high-energy sources are directed to the proximity of Leishmania parasites. We show that the ability of L. major to trigger macrophage LD accumulation is independent of parasite viability and uptake and can also be observed in non-infected cells through paracrine stimuli suggesting that LD formation is from cellular origin. The accumulation of LDs is demonstrated using confocal microscopy and live-cell imagin in parasite-free cytoplasmic region of the host cell, but also promptly recruited to the proximity of Leishmania parasites. Indeed LDs are observed inside parasitophorous vacuole and in parasite cytoplasm suggesting that Leishmania parasites besides producing their own LDs, may take advantage of these high energy sources. Otherwise, these LDs may help cells defending against parasitic infection. These metabolic changes, rising as common features during the last years, occur in host cells infected by a large number of pathogens and seem to play an important role in pathogenesis. Understanding how Leishmania parasites and different pathogens exploit this LD accumulation will help us define the common mechanism used by these different pathogens to manipulate and/or take advantage of this high-energy source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Rabhi
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratoire de Parasitologies médicales biotechnologies et Biomolecules, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur – B. P. 74, 1002, Tunis-Belvedere, Tunisia
- Université de carthage, Sidi Bou Said, Avenue de la République – B. P .77. 1054, Carthage, Tunisia
| | - Imen Rabhi
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratoire de Parasitologies médicales biotechnologies et Biomolecules, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur – B. P. 74, 1002, Tunis-Belvedere, Tunisia
- Biotechnology and Bio-Geo Resources Valorization Laboratory (LR11ES31); Higher Institute for Biotechnology - University of Manouba, Biotechpole of Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Bernadette Trentin
- Acobiom Cap Delta-Biopôle Euromédecine II. 1682, rue de la Valsière – 34184, Montpellier, Cedex 4, France
| | - David Piquemal
- Acobiom Cap Delta-Biopôle Euromédecine II. 1682, rue de la Valsière – 34184, Montpellier, Cedex 4, France
| | - Béatrice Regnault
- DNA Chip Platform, Genopole, Institut Pasteur de Paris, 25–28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Goyard
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Laboratoire des Processus infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, 26 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Thierry Lang
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Laboratoire des Processus infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, 26 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier and Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, 531, boulevard des Prairies, Laval (Québec), H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Jost Enninga
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of host-pathogen interactions Unit, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Lamia Guizani-Tabbane
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratoire de Parasitologies médicales biotechnologies et Biomolecules, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur – B. P. 74, 1002, Tunis-Belvedere, Tunisia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Saha A, Biswas A, Srivastav S, Mukherjee M, Das PK, Ukil A. Prostaglandin E2 negatively regulates the production of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and IL-17 in visceral leishmaniasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2330-9. [PMID: 25049356 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Persistence of intracellular infection depends on the exploitation of factors that negatively regulate the host immune response. In this study, we elucidated the role of macrophage PGE2, an immunoregulatory lipid, in successful survival of Leishmania donovani, causative agent of the fatal visceral leishmaniasis. PGE2 production was induced during infection and resulted in increased cAMP level in peritoneal macrophages through G protein-coupled E-series prostanoid (EP) receptors. Among four different EPs (EP1-4), infection upregulated the expression of only EP2, and individual administration of either EP2-specific agonist, butaprost, or 8-Br-cAMP, a cell-permeable cAMP analog, promoted parasite survival. Inhibition of cAMP also induced generation of reactive oxygen species, an antileishmanial effector molecule. Negative modulation of PGE2 signaling reduced infection-induced anti-inflammatory cytokine polarization and enhanced inflammatory chemokines, CCL3 and CCL5. Effect of PGE2 on cytokine and chemokine production was found to be differentially modulated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC). PGE2-induced decreases in TNF-α and CCL5 were mediated specifically by PKA, whereas administration of brefeldin A, an EPAC inhibitor, could reverse decreased production of CCL3. Apart from modulating inflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance, PGE2 inhibited antileishmanial IL-17 cytokine production in splenocyte culture. Augmented PGE2 production was also found in splenocytes of infected mice, and administration of EP2 antagonist in mice resulted in reduced liver and spleen parasite burden along with host-favorable T cell response. These results suggest that Leishmania facilitates an immunosuppressive environment in macrophages by PGE2-driven, EP2-mediated cAMP signaling that is differentially regulated by PKA and EPAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Saha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India; and
| | - Arunima Biswas
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Supriya Srivastav
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Madhuchhanda Mukherjee
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Pijush K Das
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Anindita Ukil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India; and
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rub A, Arish M, Husain SA, Ahmed N, Akhter Y. Host-lipidome as a potential target of protozoan parasites. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:649-60. [PMID: 23811020 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Host-lipidome caters parasite interaction by acting as first line of recognition, attachment on the cell surface, intracellular trafficking, and survival of the parasite inside the host cell. Here, we summarize how protozoan parasites exploit host-lipidome by suppressing, augmenting, engulfing, remodeling and metabolizing lipids to achieve successful parasitism inside the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rub
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sharma M, Chauhan K, Shivahare R, Vishwakarma P, Suthar MK, Sharma A, Gupta S, Saxena JK, Lal J, Chandra P, Kumar B, Chauhan PMS. Discovery of a new class of natural product-inspired quinazolinone hybrid as potent antileishmanial agents. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4374-92. [PMID: 23611626 DOI: 10.1021/jm400053v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The high potential of quinazolinone containing natural products and their derivatives in medicinal chemistry led us to discover four novel series of 53 compounds of quinazolinone based on the concept of molecular hybridization. Most of the synthesized analogues exhibited potent leishmanicidal activity against intracellular amastigotes (IC50 from 0.65 ± 0.2 to 7.76 ± 2.1 μM) as compared to miltefosine (IC50 = 8.4 ± 2.1 μM) and nontoxic toward the J-774A.1 cell line and Vero cells. Moreover, activation of Th1 type and suppression of Th2 type immune responses and induction in nitric oxide generation proved that 8a and 8g induce murine macrophages to prevent survival of parasites. Compounds 8a and 8g exhibited significant in vivo inhibition of parasite 73.15 ± 12.69% and 80.93 ± 10.50% against Leishmania donovani /hamster model. Our results indicate that compounds 8a, 8g, and 9f represent a new structural lead for this serious and neglected disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moni Sharma
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001, U.P., India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Díaz-Gandarilla JA, Osorio-Trujillo C, Hernández-Ramírez VI, Talamás-Rohana P. PPAR activation induces M1 macrophage polarization via cPLA₂-COX-2 inhibition, activating ROS production against Leishmania mexicana. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:215283. [PMID: 23555077 PMCID: PMC3600276 DOI: 10.1155/2013/215283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Defence against Leishmania depends upon Th1 inflammatory response and, a major problem in susceptible models, is the turnoff of the leishmanicidal activity of macrophages with IL-10, IL-4, and COX-2 upregulation, as well as immunosuppressive PGE2, all together inhibiting the respiratory burst. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) activation is responsible for macrophages polarization on Leishmania susceptible models where microbicide functions are deactivated. In this paper, we demonstrated that, at least for L. mexicana, PPAR activation, mainly PPAR γ , induced macrophage activation through their polarization towards M1 profile with the increase of microbicide activity against intracellular pathogen L. mexicana. PPAR activation induced IL-10 downregulation, whereas the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF- α , IL-1 β , and IL-6 remained high. Moreover, PPAR agonists treatment induced the deactivation of cPLA2-COX-2-prostaglandins pathway together with an increase in TLR4 expression, all of whose criteria meet the M1 macrophage profile. Finally, parasite burden, in treated macrophages, was lower than that in infected nontreated macrophages, most probably associated with the increase of respiratory burst in these treated cells. Based on the above data, we conclude that PPAR agonists used in this work induces M1 macrophages polarization via inhibition of cPLA2 and the increase of aggressive microbicidal activity via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Díaz-Gandarilla
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, 07360 México, DF, Mexico
| | - C. Osorio-Trujillo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, 07360 México, DF, Mexico
| | - V. I. Hernández-Ramírez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, 07360 México, DF, Mexico
| | - P. Talamás-Rohana
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, 07360 México, DF, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Human macrophage response to L. (Viannia) panamensis: microarray evidence for an early inflammatory response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1866. [PMID: 23145196 PMCID: PMC3493378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous findings indicate that susceptibility to Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis infection of monocyte-derived macrophages from patients and asymptomatically infected individuals were associated with the adaptive immune response and clinical outcome. Methodology/Principal Findings To understand the basis for this difference we examined differential gene expression of human monocyte-derived macrophages following exposure to L. (V.) panamensis. Gene activation profiles were determined using macrophages from healthy volunteers cultured with or without stationary phase promastigotes of L. (V.) panamensis. Significant changes in expression (>1.5-fold change; p<0.05; up- or down-regulated) were identified at 0.5, 4 and 24 hours. mRNA abundance profiles varied over time, with the highest level of activation occurring at earlier time points (0.5 and 4 hrs). In contrast to observations for other Leishmania species, most significantly changed mRNAs were up- rather than down-regulated, especially at early time points. Up-regulated transcripts over the first 24 hours belonged to pathways involving eicosanoid metabolism, oxidative stress, activation of PKC through G protein coupled receptors, or mechanism of gene regulation by peroxisome proliferators via PPARα. Additionally, a marked activation of Toll-receptor mediated pathways was observed. Comparison with published microarray data from macrophages infected with L. (Leishmania) chagasi indicate differences in the regulation of genes involved in signaling, motility and the immune response. Conclusions Results show that the early (0.5 to 24 hours) human monocyte-derived macrophage response to L. (Viannia) panamensis is not quiescent, in contrast to published reports examining later response times (48–96 hours). Early macrophage responses are important for the developing cellular response at the site of infection. The kinetics and the mRNA abundance profiles induced by L. (Viannia) panamensis illustrate the dynamics of these interactions and the distinct biologic responses to different Leishmania species from the outset of infection within their primary host cell. Leishmania parasites cause a spectrum of diseases (cutaneous, visceral and the deforming forms—chronic cutaneous and mucocutaneous) known as leishmaniasis. The macrophage, a key cell in the immune system, is the cellular target of Leishmania parasites in the mammalian host. Previous studies showed the responses of monocytederived macrophages from naturally infected humans to infection with Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis were key to adaptive immune responses and clinical outcome. Consequently, an mRNA microarray approach was employed to assess the changes in macrophage gene expression over time (0.5 to 24 hours) induced by L. panamensis. The highest level of gene expression induction occurred early (0.5–4 hours); the early pathways (groups of genes) activated included those involved in the innate immune response (signaling, phagocytosis, TLR activation, and inflammatory). Early gene activation is presumed to be important for the developing cellular milieu at the site of infection. By 24 hours post-infection the dominant pathways involved metabolic functions. However, a comparison of the macrophage response to L. (V.) panamensis to that of L. (L.) chagasi (causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis) at 24 hours revealed a differential up-regulation of genes (cell adhesion, signaling, and inflammation) in response to these species. These observations underscore the distinct biology of different Leishmania species from the outset of infection.
Collapse
|
22
|
Transcriptomic signature of Leishmania infected mice macrophages: a metabolic point of view. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1763. [PMID: 22928052 PMCID: PMC3424254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the transcriptional signatures of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages at different times after infection with promastigotes of the protozoan parasite Leishmania major. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that the macrophage metabolic pathways including carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms were among the most altered pathways at later time points of infection. Indeed, L. major promastiogtes induced increased mRNA levels of the glucose transporter and almost all of the genes associated with glycolysis and lactate dehydrogenase, suggesting a shift to anaerobic glycolysis. On the other hand, L. major promastigotes enhanced the expression of scavenger receptors involved in the uptake of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), inhibited the expression of genes coding for proteins regulating cholesterol efflux, and induced the synthesis of triacylglycerides. These data suggested that Leishmania infection disturbs cholesterol and triglycerides homeostasis and may lead to cholesterol accumulation and foam cell formation. Using Filipin and Bodipy staining, we showed cholesterol and triglycerides accumulation in infected macrophages. Moreover, Bodipy-positive lipid droplets accumulated in close proximity to parasitophorous vacuoles, suggesting that intracellular L. major may take advantage of these organelles as high-energy substrate sources. While the effect of infection on cholesterol accumulation and lipid droplet formation was independent on parasite development, our data indicate that anaerobic glycolysis is actively induced by L. major during the establishment of infection. Leishmania are obligated intracellular pathogens that develop almost exclusively in macrophages. Experimental leishmaniasis in mice is one of the most extensively studied models of intracellular infections both at the level of the parasite and host immune responses. We took advantage of Balb/c mice model to investigate gene expression profile through Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays. In order to have a general and dynamic picture of the complex biological events that are acting in the context of Leishmania intracellular parasitism, we investigated the mouse macrophage response to initial invasion of L. major over a time course that extended from one to 24 hours post-infection. Our results reveal the alteration of several biological processes and metabolic changes. Indeed, similarly to different other pathogens, Leishmania induces cholesterol accumulation and foam cell formation that have been confirmed by confocal microscopy experiments. Whether Leishmania parasites take advantage of this high-energy source is now under investigation. Our findings provided further understandings in host responses to Leishmania infection.
Collapse
|
23
|
Shweash M, Adrienne McGachy H, Schroeder J, Neamatallah T, Bryant CE, Millington O, Mottram JC, Alexander J, Plevin R. Leishmania mexicana promastigotes inhibit macrophage IL-12 production via TLR-4 dependent COX-2, iNOS and arginase-1 expression. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1800-8. [PMID: 21664694 PMCID: PMC3173610 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Leishmania mexicana metacyclic promastigotes upon MAP kinase signalling in mouse bone marrow macrophages and subsequent expression of the disease regulatory proteins iNOS and COX-2 were studied. At a ratio of 5:1, promastigotes caused a marked increase in phosphorylation of the three major MAP kinases, ERK, p38 and JNK. MAP kinase signalling was substantially reduced in TLR-4−/− but not TLR-2−/− deficient macrophages and completely abolished in double TLR-2/4−/− macrophages. A similar outcome was observed using cysteine peptidase B deficient amastigotes. Furthermore, whilst promastigotes had no independent effect on iNOS or COX-2 expression, they prolonged the induction of these proteins stimulated by LPS and enhanced PGE2 and NO production. Induction of COX-2 and iNOS was also TLR-4 dependent. Blockade of either PGE2 or NO production with indomethacin or l-NAME reversed promastigote inhibition of LPS induced IL-12 production. Promastigotes also increased macrophage arginase-1 expression and enhanced arginase activity, both of which were substantially reduced in TLR-4 but not TLR-2 deficient macrophages. Surprisingly, arginase inhibition by Nor-NOHA also caused a reversal of promastigote mediated inhibition of macrophage IL-12 production. These data demonstrate for the first time the role of TLR-4 in mediating the effects of L. mexicana promastigotes on MAP kinase activation, up-regulation of COX-2, iNOS as well as arginase-1 expression in macrophages and further shows that PGE2, NO and arginase activity all contribute substantially to the inhibition of host cell IL-12 production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhannad Shweash
- Division of Physiology & Pharmacology, Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shadab M, Ali N. Evasion of Host Defence by Leishmania donovani: Subversion of Signaling Pathways. Mol Biol Int 2011; 2011:343961. [PMID: 22091401 PMCID: PMC3199940 DOI: 10.4061/2011/343961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania are responsible for causing a variety of human diseases known as leishmaniasis, which range from self-healing skin lesions to severe infection of visceral organs that are often fatal if left untreated. Leishmania donovani (L. donovani), the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, exemplifys a devious organism that has developed the ability to invade and replicate within host macrophage. In fact, the parasite has evolved strategies to interfere with a broad range of signaling processes in macrophage that includes Protein Kinase C, the JAK2/STAT1 cascade, and the MAP Kinase pathway. This paper focuses on how L. donovani modulates these signaling pathways that favour its survival and persistence in host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Shadab
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Araújo-Santos T, Prates DB, Andrade BB, Nascimento DO, Clarêncio J, Entringer PF, Carneiro AB, Silva-Neto MAC, Miranda JC, Brodskyn CI, Barral A, Bozza PT, Borges VM. Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva triggers lipid body formation and prostaglandin E₂ production in murine macrophages. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e873. [PMID: 21072234 PMCID: PMC2970534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sand fly saliva contains molecules that modify the host's hemostasis and immune responses. Nevertheless, the role played by this saliva in the induction of key elements of inflammatory responses, such as lipid bodies (LB, also known as lipid droplets) and eicosanoids, has been poorly investigated. LBs are cytoplasmic organelles involved in arachidonic acid metabolism that form eicosanoids in response to inflammatory stimuli. In this study, we assessed the role of salivary gland sonicate (SGS) from Lutzomyia (L.) longipalpis, a Leishmania infantum chagasi vector, in the induction of LBs and eicosanoid production by macrophages in vitro and ex vivo. Methodology/Principal Findings Different doses of L. longipalpis SGS were injected into peritoneal cavities of C57BL/6 mice. SGS induced increased macrophage and neutrophil recruitment into the peritoneal cavity at different time points. Sand fly saliva enhanced PGE2 and LTB4 production by harvested peritoneal leukocytes after ex vivo stimulation with a calcium ionophore. At three and six hours post-injection, L. longipalpis SGS induced more intense LB staining in macrophages, but not in neutrophils, compared with mice injected with saline. Moreover, macrophages harvested by peritoneal lavage and stimulated with SGS in vitro presented a dose- and time-dependent increase in LB numbers, which was correlated with increased PGE2 production. Furthermore, COX-2 and PGE-synthase co-localized within the LBs induced by L. longipalpis saliva. PGE2 production by macrophages induced by SGS was abrogated by treatment with NS-398, a COX-2 inhibitor. Strikingly, SGS triggered ERK-1/2 and PKC-α phosphorylation, and blockage of the ERK-1/2 and PKC-α pathways inhibited the SGS effect on PGE2 production by macrophages. Conclusion In sum, our results show that L. longipalpis saliva induces lipid body formation and PGE2 production by macrophages ex vivo and in vitro via the ERK-1/2 and PKC-α signaling pathways. This study provides new insights regarding the pharmacological mechanisms whereby L. longipalpis saliva influences the early steps of the host's inflammatory response. After the injection of saliva into the host's skin by sand flies, a transient erythematous reaction is observed, which is related to an influx of inflammatory cells and the release of various molecules that actively facilitate the blood meal. It is important to understand the specific mechanisms by which sand fly saliva manipulates the host's inflammatory responses. Herein, we report that saliva from Lutzomyia (L.) longipalpis, a widespread Leishmania vector, induces early production of eicosanoids. Intense formation of intracellular organelles called lipid bodies (LBs) was noted within those cells that migrated to the site of saliva injection. In vitro and ex vivo, sand fly saliva was able to induce LB formation and PGE2 release by macrophages. Interestingly, PGE2 production induced by L. longipalpis saliva was dependent on intracellular mechanisms involving phosphorylation of signaling proteins such as PKC-α and ERK-1/2 and subsequent activation of cyclooxygenase-2. Thus, this study provides new insights into the pharmacological properties of sand fly saliva and opens new opportunities for intervening with the induction of the host's inflammatory pathways by L. longipalpis bites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Théo Araújo-Santos
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
| | - Deboraci Brito Prates
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
| | - Bruno Bezerril Andrade
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
| | | | - Jorge Clarêncio
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
| | | | - Alan B. Carneiro
- Institutos de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Mário A. C. Silva-Neto
- Institutos de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Cláudia Ida Brodskyn
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Patrícia T. Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Valéria Matos Borges
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ponte-Sucre A, Gulder T, Wegehaupt A, Albert C, Rikanović C, Schaeflein L, Frank A, Schultheis M, Unger M, Holzgrabe U, Bringmann G, Moll H. Structure−Activity Relationship and Studies on the Molecular Mechanism of Leishmanicidal N,C-Coupled Arylisoquinolinium Salts. J Med Chem 2008; 52:626-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801084u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Ponte-Sucre
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Tanja Gulder
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Annemarie Wegehaupt
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Christoph Albert
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Carina Rikanović
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Leonhard Schaeflein
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Andreas Frank
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Martina Schultheis
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Matthias Unger
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Heidrun Moll
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Passero LFD, Laurenti MD, Tomokane TY, Corbett CEP, Toyama MH. The effect of phospholipase A2 from Crotalus durissus collilineatus on Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection. Parasitol Res 2008; 102:1025-33. [PMID: 18180953 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0871-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) derived from Crotalus durissus collilineatus was evaluated in vitro and in vivo on experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. The promastigote and amastigote forms treated with PLA2 presented increased growth rate. In vivo studies showed that PLA2-treated Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes increased the size of lesions in BALB/c mice, and histopathological analysis showed numerous necrotic regions presenting a higher density of polymorphonuclear, mononuclear, and amastigote cells. Additionally, infected macrophages treated with PLA2 were able to generate prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Cytokine quantification showed that the supernatant from infected macrophages presented moderate and high amounts of IL-2 and IL-10, respectively. However, in PLA2-treated infected macrophages, suppression of IL-2 levels occurred, but not of IL-10 levels. Observation also revealed that both the supernatant and lysate of L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes exhibited PLA2 activity, which, in the presence of dexamethasone, showed no reduction in their activities; while glucocorticoid maintained the ability of promastigote forms to infect macrophages, which presented values similar to controls. In conclusion, the results indicate that PLA2 may be a progression factor for cutaneous leishmaniasis, since the PLA2 effect suppressed IL-2 levels and generated PGE2, an inflammatory lipid mediator.
Collapse
|
28
|
Comparison of the effects of Leishmania major or Leishmania donovani infection on macrophage gene expression. Infect Immun 2007; 76:1186-92. [PMID: 18086813 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01320-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular parasite Leishmania causes a wide spectrum of human disease, ranging from self-resolving cutaneous lesions to fatal visceral disease, depending on the species of Leishmania involved. The mechanisms by which different Leishmania species cause different pathologies are largely unknown. We have addressed this question by comparing the gene expression profiles of bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with either Leishmania donovani or L. major promastigotes. We found that the two species had very similar effects on macrophage gene expression. Both species caused a small (<2.5-fold) but statistically significant repression of several hundred genes. In addition, both species strongly induced and repressed about 60 genes. Comparing the effects of the two species showed that only 26 genes were regulated differently by L. major as opposed to L. donovani, including those for metallothioneins 1 and 2, HSP70 and -72, CCL4, Gadd45beta, Dsp1, matrix metalloprotease 13, T-cell death-associated gene 51 (Tdag51), RhoB, spermine/spermidine N1-acyl transferase 1 (SSAT), and Cox2. L. donovani-infected macrophages were also found to express higher levels of Cox2 protein and prostaglandin E synthase mRNA than L. major-infected macrophages. While both species have previously been shown to trigger prostaglandin E synthesis by bystander cells, this study suggests that infected macrophages themselves express prostaglandin E-synthesizing genes only in response to L. donovani.
Collapse
|
29
|
Kubata BK, Duszenko M, Martin KS, Urade Y. Molecular basis for prostaglandin production in hosts and parasites. Trends Parasitol 2007; 23:325-31. [PMID: 17531535 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) comprise a family of structurally related bioactive lipid mediators that are involved in various symptoms associated with parasitic diseases. The molecular mechanisms of PG biosynthesis in animals have been studied extensively. Currently, several lines of evidence link their production with parasites. In this review we discuss the roles of PGs in parasite pathogenesis and physiology and the recent advances in our understanding of the enzymology of PG production in various parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Kilunga Kubata
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa (a NEPAD centre of excellence), PO Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Passero LFD, Castro AA, Tomokane TY, Kato MJ, Paulinetti TF, Corbett CEP, Laurenti MD. Anti-leishmania activity of semi-purified fraction of Jacaranda puberula leaves. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:677-80. [PMID: 17390147 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The crude methanolic extract from leaves of Jacaranda puberula showed activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. The extract presented active against promastigote forms with an inhibitory concentration 50% (IC(50)) value of 88.0 mug/ml, but only moderated activity against amastigote forms; however in higher concentrations the extract showed cytotoxic effects. The bio-guided chromatographic fractionation the crude methanolic extract against amastigotes yielded a fraction with an IC(50) value of 14.0 mug/ml (without cytotoxic activity) in relation to the crude extract (IC(50) value, 359.0 microg/ml). These data indicate that J. puberula leaves contain active compounds, which should be further investigated for the development of new potential drugs against cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L F D Passero
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, Cerqueira César, São Paulo 0146-903, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lindbom J, Ljungman AG, Tagesson C. Interferon gamma-induced gene expression of the novel secretory phospholipase A2 type IID in human monocyte-derived macrophages is inhibited by lipopolysaccharide. Inflammation 2007; 29:108-117. [PMID: 16897354 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-006-9007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) is a superfamily of enzymes that may play a major role in airways inflammation. We investigated the effect of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on the gene expression of 19 different PLA(2) types in human monocyte-derived macrophages and nasal epithelial cells (RPMI 2650). The cells were stimulated with IFN-gamma for different lengths of time (up to 48 h), and the mRNA levels of the different PLA(2) types were determined by reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) and normalized to those of the house-keeping gene, GAPDH. It appeared that IFN-gamma clearly increased the expression of secretory PLA(2) IID (but not IIA) in macrophages, while both PLA(2) IID and IIA were upregulated in RPMI 2650 cells. Moreover, after 18 h, the mRNA levels of cytosolic PLA(2) IVA were 2-3 times higher in IFN-gamma-stimulated macrophages than controls, while there was no such effect of IFN-gamma in RPMI 2650 cells. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) augmented the increased gene expression of PLA(2) IVA but decreased both the basal and the IFN-gamma-induced PLA(2) IID mRNA expression in macrophages (but not in RPMI 2650 cells). The NF-kappaB inhibitor Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and the phoshatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin were employed to get an insight into the mechanism behind these observations. Incubation of macrophages with PDTC had no effect on the LPS impairment of PLA(2) IID gene expression, but inhibited the LPS mediated activation of PLA(2) IVA. No significant effect was noted of PDTC on IFN-gamma stimulation, while PI3K had no effect at all on any of the stimuli used. Furthermore, LPS (but not IFN-gamma) increased the mRNA levels of the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB inhibitors alpha and xi in macrophages, but not in RPMI 2650 cells. These findings indicate that (a) the gene expression of secretory types PLA(2) IID and IIA in response to IFN-gamma is much dependent on cell type, and (b) the regulation of PLA(2) type IID in human macrophages is clearly different from that of PLA(2) type IVA. (c) PLA(2) IVA is probably under control of both NF-kappaB and IFN-gamma-responsive elements (GRE) or IFN-gamma-activating sites (GAS). The possibility that PLA(2) IID is involved in cytokine-mediated inflammation in the nasal mucosa is inferred, as is the potential role of PLA(2) IID in the host defense against LPS-containing bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Lindbom
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Linköping, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kim JY, Ahn MH, Song HO, Choi JH, Ryu JS, Min DY, Cho MH. Involvement of MAPK activation in chemokine or COX-2 productions by Toxoplasma gondii. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2006; 44:197-207. [PMID: 16969057 PMCID: PMC2532660 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2006.44.3.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This experiment focused on MAPK activation in host cell invasion and replication of T. gondii, as well as the expression of CC chemokines, MCP-1 and MIP-1 alpha , and enzyme, COX-2/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in infected cells via western blot, [3H]-uracil incorporation assay, ELISA and RT-PCR. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 in infected HeLa cells was detected at 1 hr and/or 6 hr postinfection (PI). Tachyzoite proliferation was reduced by p38 or JNK MAPK inhibitors. MCP-1 secretion was enhanced in infected peritoneal macrophages at 6 hr PI. MIP-1 alpha mRNA was increased in macrophages at 18 hr PI. MCP-1 and MIP-1 alpha were reduced after treatment with inhibitors of ERK1/2 and JNK MAPKs. COX-2 mRNA gradually increased in infected RAW 264.7 cells and the secretion of COX-2 peaked at 6 hr PI. The inhibitor of JNK suppressed COX-2 expression. PGE2 from infected RAW 264.7 cells was increased and synthesis was suppressed by PD98059, SB203580, and SP600125. In this study, the activation of p38, JNK and/or ERK1/2 MAPKs occurred during the invasion and proliferation of T. gondii tachyzoites in HeLa cells. Also, increased secretion and expression of MCP-1, MIP-1 alpha , COX-2 and PGE2 were detected in infected macrophages, and appeared to occur via MAPK signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Kim
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Olivier M, Gregory DJ, Forget G. Subversion mechanisms by which Leishmania parasites can escape the host immune response: a signaling point of view. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 18:293-305. [PMID: 15831826 PMCID: PMC1082797 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.18.2.293-305.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular parasite Leishmania must survive the antimicrobial activities of its host cell, the macrophage, and prevent activation of an effective immune response. In order to do this, it has developed numerous highly successful strategies for manipulating activities, including antigen presentation, nitric oxide and oxygen radical generation, and cytokine production. This is generally the result of interactions between Leishmania cell surface molecules, particularly gp63 and LPG, and less well identified macrophage surface receptors, causing the distortion of specific intracellular signaling cascades. We describe some of the signaling pathways and intermediates that are repressed in infected cells, including JAK/STAT, Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (especially ERK1/2), and proteasome-mediated transcription factor degradation. We also discuss protein tyrosine phosphatases (particularly SHP-1), intracellular Ca2+, Ca(2+)-independent PKC, ceramide, and the suppressors of cytokine signaling family of repressors, which are all reported to be activated following infection, and the role of parasite-secreted cysteine proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Olivier
- Centre for the Study of Host Resistance at the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Uchiya KI, Nikai T. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection induces cyclooxygenase 2 expression in macrophages: involvement of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2. Infect Immun 2004; 72:6860-9. [PMID: 15557607 PMCID: PMC529151 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.12.6860-6869.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2) is required for intramacrophage survival and systemic infection in mice. We have recently reported that Salmonella enterica causes activation of the protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway in a manner dependent on SPI-2, resulting in the upregulation of interleukin-10 expression in macrophages (K. Uchiya et al., Infect. Immun. 72:1964-1973, 2004). We show in the present study the involvement of SPI-2 in a signal transduction pathway that induces the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), an inducible enzyme involved in the synthesis of prostanoids. High levels of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and prostacyclin (PGI(2)), which are known to activate the PKA signaling pathway via their receptors, were induced in J774 macrophages infected with wild-type Salmonella compared to a strain carrying a mutation in the spiC gene, located within SPI-2. The increased production of both prostanoids was dependent on COX-2. COX-2 expression was dose dependently blocked by treatment with a specific inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway, and the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2 was higher in macrophages infected with wild-type Salmonella compared to the spiC mutant. Taken together, these results indicate that Salmonella causes an SPI-2-dependent ERK1/2 activation that leads to increased COX-2 expression, resulting in the upregulation of PGE(2) and PGI(2) production in macrophages. A COX-2 inhibitor inhibited not only Salmonella-induced activation of the PKA signaling pathway but also growth of wild-type Salmonella within macrophages, suggesting that Salmonella utilizes the COX-2 pathway to survive within macrophages and that the mechanism involves activation of the PKA signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei-ichi Uchiya
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Olivier M, Badaró R, Medrano FJ, Moreno J. The pathogenesis of Leishmania/HIV co-infection: cellular and immunological mechanisms. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2004; 97 Suppl 1:79-98. [PMID: 14678636 DOI: 10.1179/000349803225002561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania have been recognized as opportunistic pathogens in immunosuppressed individuals, including those infected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). Leishmaniasis and AIDS overlap in several sub-tropical and tropical regions around the world, including the Mediterranean area. In 1994, 3%-7% of HIV-1-infected individuals in southern Europe developed visceral leishmaniasis. In humans, interestingly, both HIV-1 and Leishmania interact with, invade, and multiply within cells of myeloid or lymphoid origin. The combined modulation of Leishmania - and HIV-1-related pathogenesis in the co-infected cases is therefore probably a realistic goal. In the light of the recent demonstration that L. donovani can up-regulate HIV-1 replication, both in monocytoid and lymphoid cells in vitro and in co-infected individuals, it is clear from the epidemiological data available that Leishmania can probably act as a powerful co-factor in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. In those who are co-infected, complex mechanisms involving cytokine secretion and cellular-signalling events play pivotal roles in the Leishmania-mediated activation and pathogenesis of HIV-1. An overview of the recent findings concerning this Leishmania/HIV-1 interaction is presented here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Olivier
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Lyman Duff Medical Building, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yang RZ, Huang Q, Xu A, McLenithan JC, Eisen JA, Shuldiner AR, Alkan S, Gong DW, Eison JA. Comparative studies of resistin expression and phylogenomics in human and mouse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 310:927-35. [PMID: 14550293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Resistin is a newly identified adipocytokine that has been proposed to be a link between obesity and type 2 diabetes based on animal studies. However, the role of resistin in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance associated with obesity in humans remains unclear. We comparatively and quantitatively studied the tissue distributions of resistin mRNA between human and mouse. The expression level of resistin mRNA in human adipose tissue is extremely low but detectable by real-time PCR and is about 1/250 of that in the mouse. Remarkably, resistin mRNA is abundant in human primary acute leukemia cells and myeloid cell lines U937 and HL60, but not in the Raw264 mouse myeloid cell line. Resistin expression in U937 cells was not affected by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or by ciglitazone, a PPARgamma ligand. Phylogenomics revealed that the human resistin gene is the ortholog of its murine counterpart and is located in a region of chromosome 19p13.3, which is syntenic to mouse chromosome 8A1. In addition to the resistin-like molecule (RELM) sequences already reported, bioinformatics analysis disclosed another RELM sequence in the vicinity of RELMbeta on human chromosome 3q13.1, but this sequence is unlikely to encode an expressed gene. Therefore, only two RELMs, resistin and RELMbeta, exist in humans, instead of the three RELMs, resistin, RELMalpha, and RELMbeta, that exist in mice. This finding provides a possible answer to the question of why only two RELMs have been cloned in humans and suggests that the RELM family is not well conserved in evolution and may function differently between species. Therefore, caution should be exercised in interpreting resistin as a link between obesity and insulin resistance in humans. The high expression of resistin in human leukemia cells suggests a hitherto unidentified biological function of resistin in leukocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Ze Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|