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Price DRG, Steele P, Frew D, McLean K, Androscuk D, Geldhof P, Borloo J, Albaladejo JP, Nisbet AJ, McNeilly TN. Characterisation of protective vaccine antigens from the thiol-containing components of excretory/secretory material of Ostertagia ostertagi. Vet Parasitol 2024; 328:110154. [PMID: 38490160 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Previous vaccination trials have demonstrated that thiol proteins affinity purified from Ostertagia ostertagi excretory-secretory products (O. ostertagi ES-thiol) are protective against homologous challenge. Here we have shown that protection induced by this vaccine was consistent across four independent vaccine-challenge experiments. Protection is associated with reduced cumulative faecal egg counts across the duration of the trials, relative to control animals. To better understand the diversity of antigens in O. ostertagi ES-thiol we used high-resolution shotgun proteomics to identify 490 unique proteins in the vaccine preparation. The most numerous ES-thiol proteins, with 91 proteins identified, belong to the sperm-coating protein/Tpx/antigen 5/pathogenesis-related protein 1 (SCP/TAPS) family. This family includes previously identified O. ostertagi vaccine antigens O. ostertagi ASP-1 and ASP-2. The ES-thiol fraction also has numerous proteinases, representing three distinct classes, including: metallo-; aspartyl- and cysteine proteinases. In terms of number of family members, the M12 astacin-like metalloproteinases, with 33 proteins, are the most abundant proteinase family in O. ostertagi ES-thiol. The O. ostertagi ES-thiol proteome provides a comprehensive database of proteins present in this vaccine preparation and will guide future vaccine antigen discovery projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R G Price
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Philip Steele
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - David Frew
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Kevin McLean
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Dorota Androscuk
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Jimmy Borloo
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Javier Palarea Albaladejo
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, JCMB, The King's Buildings, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK; Department of Computer Science, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Alasdair J Nisbet
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
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2
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Ortega L, Quesada J, Ruiz A, Conde-Felipe MM, Ferrer O, Muñoz MDC, Molina JA, Rodríguez F, Molina JM. Analysis of Protection and Immune Response against Teladorsagia circumcincta in Goats Immunised with Thiol-Binding Proteins from Adult Worms. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:437. [PMID: 38675819 PMCID: PMC11055008 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In view of the increasing occurrence of anthelmintic-resistant strains of gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants, various alternative control strategies have been investigated, such as those based on the induction of protective immune responses by immunisation with parasite antigens. In this study, the protective activity of somatic antigens from adult worms of Teladorsagia circumcincta purified by affinity chromatography on thiol-sepharose was analysed in goats. After challenge, the enriched products induced a slight reduction in the cumulative faecal egg counts (21%) and in the number of worms (23.3%), with a greater effect on female worms, which also showed a reduction in parameters related to their fertility. These parasitological findings were associated with a Th2 immune response, with a prominent local humoral response and an eosinophilic infiltrate in the gastric mucosa (negatively associated with the fertility of female worms and the number of worms, respectively), as well as an infiltration of MCHII+, CD4+, IgG+ and IgA+ cells. However, several analyses showed an increase in CD8+ cells in the mucosa, as well as IL-2 expression in the gastric lymph nodes, which may have been associated with inhibition of protective responses or with the development of mixed Th1/Th2 responses, a finding that should be analysed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Ortega
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (L.O.); (J.Q.); (O.F.); (M.d.C.M.); (J.A.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Jessica Quesada
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (L.O.); (J.Q.); (O.F.); (M.d.C.M.); (J.A.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Antonio Ruiz
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (L.O.); (J.Q.); (O.F.); (M.d.C.M.); (J.A.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Magnolia María Conde-Felipe
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (L.O.); (J.Q.); (O.F.); (M.d.C.M.); (J.A.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Otilia Ferrer
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (L.O.); (J.Q.); (O.F.); (M.d.C.M.); (J.A.M.); (J.M.M.)
- Clinical Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - María del Carmen Muñoz
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (L.O.); (J.Q.); (O.F.); (M.d.C.M.); (J.A.M.); (J.M.M.)
- Clinical Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - José Adrián Molina
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (L.O.); (J.Q.); (O.F.); (M.d.C.M.); (J.A.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Department of Anatomy and Compared Anatomy Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain;
| | - José Manuel Molina
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (L.O.); (J.Q.); (O.F.); (M.d.C.M.); (J.A.M.); (J.M.M.)
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3
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Zwanenburg L, Borloo J, Decorte B, Bunte MJM, Mokhtari S, Serna S, Reichardt NC, Seys LJM, van Diepen A, Schots A, Wilbers RHP, Hokke CH, Claerebout E, Geldhof P. Plant-based production of a protective vaccine antigen against the bovine parasitic nematode Ostertagia ostertagi. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20488. [PMID: 37993516 PMCID: PMC10665551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of effective recombinant vaccines against parasitic nematodes has been challenging and so far mostly unsuccessful. This has also been the case for Ostertagia ostertagi, an economically important abomasal nematode in cattle, applying recombinant versions of the protective native activation-associated secreted proteins (ASP). To gain insight in key elements required to trigger a protective immune response, the protein structure and N-glycosylation of the native ASP and a non-protective Pichia pastoris recombinant ASP were compared. Both antigens had a highly comparable protein structure, but different N-glycan composition. After mimicking the native ASP N-glycosylation via the expression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, immunisation of calves with these plant-produced recombinants resulted in a significant reduction of 39% in parasite egg output, comparable to the protective efficacy of the native antigen. This study provides a valuable workflow for the development of recombinant vaccines against other parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Zwanenburg
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jimmy Borloo
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bregt Decorte
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Myrna J M Bunte
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanaz Mokhtari
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sonia Serna
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Paseo Miramón 194, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Niels-C Reichardt
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Paseo Miramón 194, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Leen J M Seys
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Schots
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud H P Wilbers
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Bunte MJM, Schots A, Kammenga JE, Wilbers RHP. Helminth Glycans at the Host-Parasite Interface and Their Potential for Developing Novel Therapeutics. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:807821. [PMID: 35083280 PMCID: PMC8784694 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.807821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths are parasitic worms that have successfully co-evolved with their host immune system to sustain long-term infections. Their successful parasitism is mainly facilitated by modulation of the host immune system via the release of excretory-secretory (ES) products covered with glycan motifs such as Lewis X, fucosylated LDN, phosphorylcholine and tyvelose. Evidence is accumulating that these glycans play key roles in different aspects of helminth infection including interactions with immune cells for recognition and evasion of host defences. Moreover, antigenic properties of glycans can be exploited for improving the efficacy of anti-helminthic vaccines. Here, we illustrate that glycans have the potential to open new avenues for the development of novel biopharmaceuticals and effective vaccines based on helminth glycoproteins.
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5
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A journey through 50 years of research relevant to the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminant livestock and thoughts on future directions. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1133-1151. [PMID: 34774857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides an historical perspective on some of the major research advances of relevance to ruminant livestock gastrointestinal nematode control over the last 50 years. Over this period, gastrointestinal nematode control has been dominated by the use of broad-spectrum anthelmintic drugs. Whilst this has provided unprecedented levels of successful control for many years, this approach has been gradually breaking down for more than two decades and is increasingly unsustainable which is due, at least in part, to the emergence of anthelmintic drug resistance and a number of other factors discussed in this article. We first cover the remarkable success story of the discovery and development of broad-spectrum anthelmintic drugs, the changing face of anthelmintic drug discovery research and the emergence of anthelmintic resistance. This is followed by a review of some of the major advances in the increasingly important area of non-pharmaceutical gastrointestinal nematode control including immunology and vaccine development, epidemiological modelling and some of the alternative control strategies such as breeding for host resistance, refugia-based methods and biological control. The last 50 years have witnessed remarkable innovation and success in research aiming to improve ruminant livestock gastrointestinal nematode control, particularly given the relatively small size of the research community and limited funding. In spite of this, the growing global demand for livestock products, together with the need to maximise production efficiencies, reduce environmental impacts and safeguard animal welfare - as well as specific challenges such as anthelmintic drug resistance and climate change- mean that gastrointestinal nematode researchers will need to be as innovative in the next 50 years as in the last.
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6
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Rooney J, Cortés A, Scotti R, Price DRG, Bartley Y, Fairlie-Clarke K, McNeilly TN, Nisbet AJ, Cantacessi C. Vaccination against the brown stomach worm, Teladorsagia circumcincta, followed by parasite challenge, induces inconsistent modifications in gut microbiota composition of lambs. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:189. [PMID: 33823914 PMCID: PMC8025363 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Growing evidence points towards a role of gastrointestinal (GI) helminth parasites of ruminants in modifying the composition of the host gut flora, with likely repercussions on the pathophysiology of worm infection and disease, and on animal growth and productivity. However, a thorough understanding of the mechanisms governing helminth-microbiota interactions and of their impact on host health and welfare relies on reproducibility and replicability of findings. To this aim, in this study, we analysed quantitative and qualitative fluctuations in the faecal microbiota composition of lambs vaccinated against, and experimentally infected with, the parasitic GI nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta over the course of two separate trials performed over two consecutive years. Methods Two trials were conducted under similar experimental conditions in 2017 and 2018, respectively. In each trial, lambs were randomly assigned to one of the following experimental groups: (i) vaccinated/infected, (ii) unvaccinated/infected and (iii) unvaccinated/uninfected. Faecal samples collected from individual animals were subjected to DNA extraction followed by high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and bioinformatics and biostatistical analyses of sequence data. Results Substantial differences in the populations of bacteria affected by immunisation against and infection by T. circumcincta were detected when comparing data from the two trials. Nevertheless, the abundance of Prevotella spp. was significantly linked to helminth infection in both trials. Conclusions Despite the largely conflicting findings between the two trials, our data revealed that selected gut microbial populations are consistently affected by T. circumcincta infection and/or vaccination. Nevertheless, our study calls for caution when interpreting data generated from in vivo helminth-microbiome interaction studies that may be influenced by several intrinsic and extrinsic host-, parasite- and environment-related factors.![]() Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04688-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Rooney
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alba Cortés
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Departament de Farmàcia I Tecnologia Farmacèutica I Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Riccardo Scotti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel R G Price
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yvonne Bartley
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Tom N McNeilly
- Disease Control Department, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alasdair J Nisbet
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Claerebout E, Geldhof P. Helminth Vaccines in Ruminants: From Development to Application. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:159-171. [PMID: 32029181 PMCID: PMC7125739 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Claerebout
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
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Noon JB, Schwarz EM, Ostroff GR, Aroian RV. A highly expressed intestinal cysteine protease of Ancylostoma ceylanicum protects vaccinated hamsters from hookworm infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007345. [PMID: 31009474 PMCID: PMC6497320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human hookworms (Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Ancylostoma ceylanicum) are intestinal blood-feeding parasites that infect ~500 million people worldwide and are among the leading causes of iron-deficiency anemia in the developing world. Drugs are useful against hookworm infections, but hookworms rapidly reinfect people, and the parasites can develop drug resistance. Therefore, having a hookworm vaccine would be of tremendous benefit. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We investigated the vaccine efficacy in outbred Syrian hamsters of three A. ceylanicum hookworm antigen candidates from two classes of proteins previously identified as promising vaccine candidates. These include two intestinally-enriched, putatively secreted cathepsin B cysteine proteases (AceyCP1, AceyCPL) and one small Kunitz-type protease inhibitor (AceySKPI3). Recombinant proteins were produced in Pichia pastoris, and adsorbed to Alhydrogel. Recombinant AceyCPL (rAceyCPL)/Alhydrogel and rAceySKPI3/Alhydrogel induced high serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers in 8/8 vaccinates, but were not protective. rAceyCP1/Alhydrogel induced intermediate serum IgG titers in ~60% of vaccinates in two different trials. rAceyCP1 serum IgG responders had highly significantly decreased hookworm burdens, fecal egg counts and clinical pathology compared to Alhydrogel controls and nonresponders. Protection was highly correlated with rAceyCP1 serum IgG titer. Antisera from rAceyCP1 serum IgG responders, but not nonresponders or rAceyCPL/Alhydrogel vaccinates, significantly reduced adult A. ceylanicum motility in vitro. Furthermore, rAceyCP1 serum IgG responders had canonical Th2-specific recall responses (IL4, IL5, IL13) in splenocytes stimulated ex vivo. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicate that rAceyCP1 is a promising vaccine candidate and validates a genomic/transcriptomic approach to human hookworm vaccine discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B. Noon
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erich M. Schwarz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Gary R. Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Raffi V. Aroian
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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9
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Molina JM, Hernández YI, Martín S, Ferrer O, Rodríguez F, Ruiz A. Immune response in goats vaccinated with thiol-binding proteins from Haemonchus contortus. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12569. [PMID: 29959770 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The experimental protocol of immunization tested here confirms its protective effect against Haemonchus contortus in goats. This protection translated into a 65.5% mean reduction in adult worm burden after a homologous challenge, and a significant decrease (73.2%) in cumulative faecal egg counts (FECs). These parasitological findings were consistent with the levels of some biopathological parameters. Thus, the reduction in adult worms and FEC observed in immunized animals were associated with increased levels of packed cell volume as well as plasma proteins. This response seems to be related to an important increase in specific antibodies (in serum and gastric mucus) and eosinophilia in response to challenge. At the local level, a cellular response was also observed in which CD4+ lymphocytes and globule leucocytes played a predominant role. Finally, it should be noted that the study of immunolocalization of proteins used in the vaccination trial suggests that these antigens have an internal location (at intestinal and reproductive tissues) in the adult worm. This observation, in conjunction with the kinetics of specific antibody levels after the challenge, suggests that these antigens may be part of excretory/secretory (E/S) products.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Molina
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Yeray Isidoro Hernández
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Sergio Martín
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Otilia Ferrer
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Department of Anatomy and Compared Anatomy Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Antonio Ruiz
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
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10
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Stutzer C, Richards SA, Ferreira M, Baron S, Maritz-Olivier C. Metazoan Parasite Vaccines: Present Status and Future Prospects. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:67. [PMID: 29594064 PMCID: PMC5859119 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic parasites and pathogens continue to cause some of the most detrimental and difficult to treat diseases (or disease states) in both humans and animals, while also continuously expanding into non-endemic countries. Combined with the ever growing number of reports on drug-resistance and the lack of effective treatment programs for many metazoan diseases, the impact that these organisms will have on quality of life remain a global challenge. Vaccination as an effective prophylactic treatment has been demonstrated for well over 200 years for bacterial and viral diseases. From the earliest variolation procedures to the cutting edge technologies employed today, many protective preparations have been successfully developed for use in both medical and veterinary applications. In spite of the successes of these applications in the discovery of subunit vaccines against prokaryotic pathogens, not many targets have been successfully developed into vaccines directed against metazoan parasites. With the current increase in -omics technologies and metadata for eukaryotic parasites, target discovery for vaccine development can be expedited. However, a good understanding of the host/vector/pathogen interface is needed to understand the underlying biological, biochemical and immunological components that will confer a protective response in the host animal. Therefore, systems biology is rapidly coming of age in the pursuit of effective parasite vaccines. Despite the difficulties, a number of approaches have been developed and applied to parasitic helminths and arthropods. This review will focus on key aspects of vaccine development that require attention in the battle against these metazoan parasites, as well as successes in the field of vaccine development for helminthiases and ectoparasites. Lastly, we propose future direction of applying successes in pursuit of next generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stutzer
- Tick Vaccine Group, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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11
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Matthews JB, Geldhof P, Tzelos T, Claerebout E. Progress in the development of subunit vaccines for gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants. Parasite Immunol 2017; 38:744-753. [PMID: 27726158 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The global increase in anthelmintic resistant nematodes of ruminants, together with consumer concerns about chemicals in food, necessitates the development of alternative methods of control for these pathogens. Subunit recombinant vaccines are ideally placed to fill this gap. Indeed, they are probably the only valid option for the long-term control of ruminant parasitic nematodes given the increasing ubiquity of multidrug resistance in a range of worm species across the world. The development of a subunit multicellular parasite vaccine to the point of practical application would be a groundbreaking step in the control of these important endemic infections of livestock. This review summarizes the current status of subunit vaccine development for a number of important gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle and sheep, with a focus on the limitations and problems encountered thus far, and suggestions as to how these hurdles might be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Matthews
- Vaccines Division, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P Geldhof
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T Tzelos
- Vaccines Division, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK
| | - E Claerebout
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) collectively infect one fourth of all human beings, and the majority of livestock in the developing world. These gastrointestinal nematodes are the most important parasites on earth with regard to their prevalence in humans and livestock. Current anthelmintic drugs are losing their efficacies due to increasing drug resistance, particularly in STHs of livestock and drug treatment is often followed by rapid reinfection due to failure of the immune system to develop a protective response. Vaccines against STHs offer what drugs cannot accomplish alone. Because such vaccines would have to be produced on such a large scale, and be cost effective, recombinant subunit vaccines that include a minimum number of proteins produced in relatively simple and inexpensive expression systems are required. Here, we summarize all of the previous studies pertaining to recombinant subunit vaccines for STHs of humans and livestock with the goal of both informing the public of just how critical these parasites are, and to help guide future developments. We also discuss several key areas of vaccine development, which we believe to be critical for developing more potent recombinant subunit vaccines with broad-spectrum protection.
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Niche-specific gene expression in a parasitic nematode; increased expression of immunomodulators in Teladorsagia circumcincta larvae derived from host mucosa. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7214. [PMID: 28775251 PMCID: PMC5543109 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metazoan parasites have to survive in many different niches in order to complete their life-cycles. In the absence of reliable methods to manipulate parasite genomes and/or proteomes, identification of the molecules critical for parasite survival within these niches has largely depended on comparative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of different developmental stages of the parasite; however, changes may reflect differences associated with transition between developmental stages rather than specific adaptations to a particular niche. In this study, we compared the transcriptome of two fourth-stage larval populations of the nematode parasite, Teladorsagia circumcincta, which were of the same developmental stage but differed in their location within the abomasum, being either mucosal-dwelling (MD) or lumen-dwelling (LD). Using RNAseq, we identified 57 transcripts which were significantly differentially expressed between MD and LD larvae. Of these transcripts, the majority (54/57) were up-regulated in MD larvae, one of which encoded for an ShKT-domain containing protein, Tck6, capable of modulating ovine T cell cytokine responses. Other differentially expressed transcripts included homologues of ASP-like proteins, proteases, or excretory-secretory proteins of unknown function. Our study demonstrates the utility of niche- rather than stage-specific analysis of parasite transcriptomes to identify parasite molecules of potential importance for survival within the host.
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Host protective ASP-based vaccine against the parasitic nematode Ostertagia ostertagi triggers NK cell activation and mixed IgG1-IgG2 response. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29496. [PMID: 27403891 PMCID: PMC4941725 DOI: 10.1038/srep29496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucus-dwelling parasite Ostertagia ostertagi is one of the most important gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle. Our group has previously demonstrated the protective capacity of a vaccine against this parasite based on a native activation-associated secreted protein ASP1 (nASP) in combination with the saponin adjuvant QuilA. The aim of the current study was to analyse the effect of both antigen and adjuvant on the cellular and humoral vaccine-induced immune responses by comparing the native ASP to a recombinant version expressed in Pichia pastoris (pASP) and replacing QuilA by Al(OH)3. Immunization of cattle with the protective nASP+QuilA vaccine was associated with antigen-induced proliferation of natural killer (NK) cells combined with IFN-γ secretion and the induction of a mixed IgG1/IgG2 antibody response. ASP-specific activation and proliferation of NK cells was also observed in mice following the same vaccination regime. Replacing QuilA by Al(OH)3 or nASP by pASP significantly decreased the capacity of the vaccines to trigger both NK cell activation and antibody responses and failed to induce protection against a challenge infection. Reduction of the structurally anchoring disulphide bonds of the nASP completely abolished its ability to induce NK cell activation and antibody responses, highlighting the importance of protein conformation for the immunostimulatory activity.
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15
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Berk Z, Bishop SC, Forbes AB, Kyriazakis I. A simulation model to investigate interactions between first season grazing calves and Ostertagia ostertagi. Vet Parasitol 2016; 226:198-209. [PMID: 27514906 PMCID: PMC4990062 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A deterministic model to address calf—O. ostertagi interactions was developed. The model predicts performance and FEC for different infection intensities. It performs well when validated against published data. It does not account for calf genotypic variation. A future aim is to develop a stochastic model to account for between host variation.
A dynamic, deterministic model was developed to investigate the consequences of parasitism with Ostertagia ostertagi, the most prevalent and economically important gastrointestinal parasite of cattle in temperate regions. Interactions between host and parasite were considered to predict the level of parasitism and performance of an infected calf. Key model inputs included calf intrinsic growth rate, feed quality and mode and level of infection. The effects of these varied inputs were simulated on a daily basis for key parasitological (worm burden, total egg output and faecal egg count) and performance outputs (feed intake and bodyweight) over a 6 month grazing period. Data from published literature were used to parameterise the model and its sensitivity was tested for uncertain parameters by a Latin hypercube sensitivity design. For the latter each parameter tested was subject to a 20% coefficient of variation. The model parasitological outputs were most sensitive to the immune rate parameters that affected overall worm burdens. The model predicted the expected larger worm burdens along with disproportionately greater body weight losses with increasing daily infection levels. The model was validated against published literature using graphical and statistical comparisons. Its predictions were quantitatively consistent with the parasitological outputs of published experiments in which calves were subjected to different infection levels. The consequences of model weaknesses are discussed and point towards model improvements. Future work should focus on developing a stochastic model to account for calf variation in performance and immune response; this will ultimately be used to test the effectiveness of different parasite control strategies in naturally infected calf populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Berk
- School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Stephen C Bishop
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew B Forbes
- Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Ilias Kyriazakis
- School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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16
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Tzelos T, Matthews JB, Buck AH, Simbari F, Frew D, Inglis NF, McLean K, Nisbet AJ, Whitelaw CBA, Knox DP, McNeilly TN. A preliminary proteomic characterisation of extracellular vesicles released by the ovine parasitic nematode, Teladorsagia circumcincta. Vet Parasitol 2016; 221:84-92. [PMID: 27084478 PMCID: PMC4867787 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Teladorsagia circumcincta is a major cause of ovine parasitic gastroenteritis in temperate climatic regions. The development of high levels of anthelmintic resistance in this nematode species challenges its future control. Recent research indicates that many parasite species release extracellular vesicles into their environment, many of which have been classified as endocytic in origin, termed exosomes. These vesicles are considered to play important roles in the intercellular communication between parasites and their hosts, and thus represent potentially useful targets for novel control strategies. Here, we demonstrate that exosome-like extracellular vesicles can be isolated from excretory-secretory (ES) products released by T. circumcincta fourth stage larvae (Tci-L4ES). Furthermore, we perform a comparative proteomic analysis of vesicle-enriched and vesicle-free Tci-L4ES. Approximately 73% of the proteins identified in the vesicle-enriched fraction were unique to this fraction, whilst the remaining 27% were present in both vesicle-enriched and vesicle-free fraction. These unique proteins included structural proteins, nuclear proteins, metabolic proteins, proteolytic enzymes and activation-associated secreted proteins. Finally, we demonstrate that molecules present within the vesicles-enriched material are targets of the IgA and IgG response in T. circumcincta infected sheep, and could potentially represent useful targets for future vaccine intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tzelos
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Jacqueline B Matthews
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amy H Buck
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, EH9 3JL, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fabio Simbari
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, EH9 3JL, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Frew
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil F Inglis
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kevin McLean
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alasdair J Nisbet
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Bruce A Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian,EH25 9RG, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David P Knox
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK
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Vlaminck J, Borloo J, Vercruysse J, Geldhof P, Claerebout E. Vaccination of calves against Cooperia oncophora with a double-domain activation-associated secreted protein reduces parasite egg output and pasture contamination. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:209-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Helminth parasites infect over one fourth of the human population and are highly prevalent in livestock worldwide. In model systems, parasites are strongly immunomodulatory, but the immune system can be driven to expel them by prior vaccination. However, no vaccines are currently available for human use. Recent advances in vaccination with recombinant helminth antigens have been successful against cestode infections of livestock and new vaccines are being tested against nematode parasites of animals. Numerous vaccine antigens are being defined for a wide range of helminth parasite species, but greater understanding is needed to define the mechanisms of vaccine-induced immunity, to lay a rational platform for new vaccines and their optimal design. With human trials underway for hookworm and schistosomiasis vaccines, a greater integration between veterinary and human studies will highlight the common molecular and mechanistic pathways, and accelerate progress towards reducing the global health burden of helminth infection.
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Verschave SH, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E, Rose H, Morgan ER, Charlier J. The parasitic phase of Ostertagia ostertagi: quantification of the main life history traits through systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:1091-104. [PMID: 25229178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Predictive models of parasite life cycles increase our understanding of how parasite epidemiology is influenced by global changes and can be used to support decisions for more targeted worm control. Estimates of parasite population dynamics are needed to parameterize such models. The aim of this study was to quantify the main life history traits of Ostertagia ostertagi, economically the most important nematode of cattle in temperate regions. The main parameters determining parasite density during the parasitic phase of O. ostertagi are (i) the larval establishment rate, (ii) hypobiosis rate, (iii) adult mortality and (iv) female fecundity (number of eggs laid per day per female). A systematic review was performed covering studies from 1962 to 2007, in which helminth-naïve calves were artificially infected with O. ostertagi. The database was further extended with results of unpublished trials conducted at the Laboratory for Parasitology of Ghent University, Belgium. Overall inverse variance weighted estimates were computed for each of the traits through random effects models. An average establishment rate (±S.E.) of 0.269±0.022 was calculated based on data of 27 studies (46 experiments). The establishment rate declined when infection dose increased and was lower in younger animals. An average proportion of larvae entering hypobiosis (±S.E.) of 0.041 (±0.009) was calculated based on 27 studies (54 experiments). The proportion of ingested larvae that went into hypobiosis was higher in animals that received concomitant infections with nematode species other than O. ostertagi (mixed infections). An average daily adult mortality (±S.E.) of 0.028 (±0.002) was computed based on data from 28 studies (70 experiments). Adult mortality was positively correlated with infection dose. A daily fecundity (±S.E.) of 284 (±45) eggs per female was found based on nine studies (10 experiments). The average female sex ratio of O. ostertagi based on individual animal data (n=75) from six different studies was estimated to be 0.55. We believe that this systematic review is the first to summarise the available data on the main life history traits of the parasitic phase of O. ostertagi. In conclusion, this meta-analysis provides novel estimates for the parameterization of life cycle-based transmission models, explicitly reports measures of variance around these estimates, gives evidence for density dependence of larval establishment and adult mortality, shows that host age affects larval establishment and, to our knowledge, provides the first evidence for O. ostertagi of a female-biased sex ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Verschave
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - J Vercruysse
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Claerebout
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - H Rose
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom; Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Cantocks Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - E R Morgan
- Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Cantocks Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom; School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
| | - J Charlier
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Mihi B, van Meulder F, Vancoppernolle S, Rinaldi M, Chiers K, van den Broeck W, Goddeeris BM, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E, Geldhof P. Analysis of the mucosal immune responses induced by single and trickle infections with the bovine abomasal nematode Ostertagia ostertagi. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:150-6. [PMID: 24372091 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to provide more information on the kinetics of the immunological changes occurring in the abomasal mucosa after single and trickle infections with the bovine parasite Ostertagia ostertagi. The time course analysis of gene expression revealed that the major changes coincided with the emergence of adult worms from the gastric glands. These changes consisted of a simultaneous upregulation of Th1- and Th2-type cytokines. In addition, a single O. ostertagi infection elicited an upregulation of the epithelial-derived cytokine IL33, while TSLP expression levels were not impacted. Apart from the massive increase in inflammatory cytokines IL6, IL17 and IL21, O. ostertagi infection also elicited an upregulation of the immunosuppressors TGFB, IL10 and ARG1, as well as NK and γδ-T cell markers. Furthermore, the cytotoxic factors granulysin, perforin and granzyme B were upregulated following an O. ostertagi infection. Analysis of cytokine transcript levels in animals receiving trickle infections for 60 days showed a similar trend as observed following a single infection except for IL33, IL6, GATA-3, TBX21 and NCR1, which were no longer upregulated after trickle infections. Finally, the long trickle infections were associated with mucosal eosinophilia and mastocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mihi
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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The role of antibody in parasitic helminth infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 828:1-26. [PMID: 25253025 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1489-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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22
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Marker genes for activation of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and RNAi development in the ovine nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta. J Helminthol 2013; 89:208-16. [PMID: 24345514 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x13000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta is a major cause of parasitic gastroenteritis in sheep in temperate regions. The development of resistance to the major anthelmintic classes used for its control is a threat to small ruminant farming sustainability. Vaccination is a potential alternative control method for this nematode. Gene datasets can be exploited to identify potential vaccine candidates and these validated further by methods such as RNA interference (RNAi) prior to vaccine trials. Previous reports indicate that RNAi in parasitic nematodes is inconsistent and, to date, there are no internal controls that indicate activation of the RNAi pathway in response to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The present aims were to determine whether or not the transcription levels of potential marker genes in the RNAi pathway could indicate activation of the pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans and to develop an RNAi platform in T. circumcincta. In C. elegans, transcript levels of three candidate marker genes, Ce-dcr-1 (Dicer), Ce-ego-1 (Enhancer of Glp-One family member) and Ce-rsd-3 (RNAi Spreading Defective), were analysed and results indicated that activation of the pathway had no effect on transcript levels of these genes. In T. circumcincta, two vaccine candidate genes from the Activation-associated Secreted Protein (ASP) family were targets for knockdown. RNAi experiments showed successful silencing of both targets, although inconsistencies in efficacy were observed. After testing a number of parameters that might affect variability, it was found that the length of the storage period of the larvae plays an important role in the consistency of the RNAi results.
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Mihi B, Van Meulder F, Rinaldi M, Van Coppernolle S, Chiers K, Van den Broeck W, Goddeeris B, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E, Geldhof P. Analysis of cell hyperplasia and parietal cell dysfunction induced by Ostertagia ostertagi infection. Vet Res 2013; 44:121. [PMID: 24330735 PMCID: PMC3878833 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections in cattle with the gastric nematode Ostertagia ostertagi are associated with decreased acid secretion and profound physio-morphological changes of the gastric mucosa. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the mechanisms triggering these pathophysiological changes. O. ostertagi infection resulted in a marked cellular hyperplasia, which can be explained by increased transcriptional levels of signaling molecules related to the homeostasis of gastric epithelial cells such as HES1, WNT5A, FGF10, HB-EGF, AREG, ADAM10 and ADAM17. Intriguingly, histological analysis indicated that the rapid rise in the gastric pH, observed following the emergence of adult worms, cannot be explained by a loss of parietal cells, as a decrease in the number of parietal cells was only observed following a long term infection of several weeks, but is likely to be caused by an inhibition of parietal cell activity. To investigate whether this inhibition is caused by a direct effect of the parasites, parietal cells were co-cultured with parasite Excretory/Secretory products (ESP) and subsequently analyzed for acid production. The results indicate that adult ESP inhibited acid secretion, whereas ESP from the L4 larval stages did not alter parietal cell function. In addition, our data show that the inhibition of parietal cell activity could be mediated by a marked upregulation of inflammatory factors, which are partly induced by adult ESP in abomasal epithelial cells. In conclusion, this study shows that the emergence of adult O. ostertagi worms is associated with marked cellular changes that can be partly triggered by the worm’s Excretory/secretory antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Geldhof
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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24
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Fitzpatrick J. Global food security: The impact of veterinary parasites and parasitologists. Vet Parasitol 2013; 195:233-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Nisbet AJ, McNeilly TN, Wildblood LA, Morrison AA, Bartley DJ, Bartley Y, Longhi C, McKendrick IJ, Palarea-Albaladejo J, Matthews JB. Successful immunization against a parasitic nematode by vaccination with recombinant proteins. Vaccine 2013; 31:4017-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Yan R, Sun W, Song X, Xu L, Li X. Vaccination of goats with DNA vaccine encoding Dim-1 induced partial protection against Haemonchus contortus: a preliminary experimental study. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:189-99. [PMID: 23545480 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Disorganized muscle family member (Dim-1) belongs to immunoglobulin superfamily, and is a structural protein localized to the region of the muscle cell membrane around and between the dense bodies. Strong immunogenicity to host's immune system was induced by Dim-1 from Ascaris suum, which indicated that Dim-1 could be a potential candidate for vaccine. The homologues of Dim-1 were also detected in nematodes Brugia malayi and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. However, information on the complete coding sequence and protection potential of this molecule in Haemonchus contortus is lacking. In this study, full length of Dim-1 cDNA was cloned using a rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) strategy and the DNA vaccine encoding Dim-1 open reading frame (ORF) was tested for protection against experimental H. contortus infections in goats. Fifteen goats were allocated into three trial groups. The animals of Dim-1 group were vaccinated with the DNA vaccine encoding Dim-1 on day 0 and 14, and challenged with 5000 infective H. contortus third larval stage (L3) on day 28. An unvaccinated positive control group was challenged with L3 at the same time. An unvaccinated negative control group was not challenged with L3. The results indicated Dim-1 DNA vaccines were transcribed at local injection sites and expressed in vivo post immunizations respectively. Following L3 challenge, the mean eggs per gram feces (EPG) and worm burdens of Dim-1 group were reduced by 45.7% and 51.1%, respectively. Significantly high levels of serum IgG, serum IgA, mucosal IgA, CD4(+) T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes of Dim-1 group were produced. While compared with the negative control group, increased numbers of blood eosinophils and lymphocytes and declined haemoglobin level were observed in the Dim-1 group after L3 challenge. The preliminary study suggest that recombinant H. contortus Dim-1 DNA vaccine induced partial immune response and has protective potential against goat haemonchosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruofeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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27
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Granule exocytosis of granulysin and granzyme B as a potential key mechanism in vaccine-induced immunity in cattle against the nematode Ostertagia ostertagi. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1798-809. [PMID: 23478322 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01298-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ostertagia ostertagi is considered one of the most economically important bovine parasites. As an alternative to anthelmintic treatment, an experimental host-protective vaccine was previously developed on the basis of ASP proteins derived from adult worms. Intramuscular injection of this vaccine, combined with QuilA as an adjuvant, significantly reduced fecal egg counts by 59%. However, the immunological mechanisms triggered by the vaccine are still unclear. Therefore, in this study, the differences in immune responses at the site of infection, i.e., the abomasal mucosa, between ASP-QuilA-vaccinated animals and QuilA-vaccinated control animals were investigated on a transcriptomic level by using a whole-genome bovine microarray combined with histological analysis. Sixty-nine genes were significantly impacted in animals protected by the vaccine, 48 of which were upregulated. A correlation study between the parasitological parameters and gene transcription levels showed that the transcription levels of two of the upregulated genes, those for granulysin (GNLY) and granzyme B (GZMB), were negatively correlated with cumulative fecal egg counts and total worm counts, respectively. Both genes were also positively correlated with each other and with another upregulated gene, that for the IgE receptor subunit (FCER1A). Surprisingly, these three genes were also correlated significantly with CMA1, which encodes a mast cell marker, and with counts of mast cells and cells previously described as globule leukocytes. Furthermore, immunohistochemical data showed that GNLY was present in the granules of globule leukocytes and that it was secreted in mucus. Overall, the results suggest a potential role for granule exocytosis by globule leukocytes, potentially IgE mediated, in vaccine-induced protection against O. ostertagi.
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Ellis SE, Newlands GFJ, Nisbet AJ, Matthews JB. Phage-display library biopanning as a novel approach to identifying nematode vaccine antigens. Parasite Immunol 2012; 34:285-95. [PMID: 21770973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Infections with parasitic nematodes are of significant welfare and economic importance worldwide, and because of the emergence of anthelmintic resistance, this has lead to alternative methods of parasite control being required. Vaccination offers a feasible alternative control, and the majority of research has focused on the production of recombinant versions of native antigens previously identified as protective in vaccinated animals. Attempts at the production of protective recombinant subunit vaccines have been hindered, however, as these antigens have invariably failed to replicate the same level of protective immune response as seen with the native versions. It has been proposed that these failures are owing to the fact that the recombinant proteins do not contain the appropriate post-translational modifications to retain the protective capacity of the native molecules. In this review, we discuss a novel approach to vaccine antigen identification through the application of random peptide phage-display libraries and their use to identify peptide sequences that potentially mimic the structure(s) of antigenic epitopes. This area of research is still relatively novel with respect to parasites, and the current state of the art will be discussed here.
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References. Parasitology 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119968986.refs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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RINALDI M, GELDHOF P. Immunologically based control strategies for ostertagiosis in cattle: where do we stand? Parasite Immunol 2012; 34:254-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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31
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Sun W, Song X, Yan R, Xu L, Li X. Vaccination of goats with a glutathione peroxidase DNA vaccine induced partial protection against Haemonchus contortus infection. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182:239-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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32
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VLAMINCK J, MARTINEZ-VALLADARES M, DEWILDE S, MOENS L, TILLEMAN K, DEFORCE D, URBAN J, CLAEREBOUT E, VERCRUYSSE J, GELDHOF P. Immunizing pigs with Ascaris suum haemoglobin increases the inflammatory response in the liver but fails to induce a protective immunity. Parasite Immunol 2011; 33:250-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2010.01274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhao G, Yan R, Muleke CI, Sun Y, Xu L, Li X. Vaccination of goats with DNA vaccines encoding H11 and IL-2 induces partial protection against Haemonchus contortus infection. Vet J 2011; 191:94-100. [PMID: 21330170 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines expressing Haemonchus contortus H11 antigen with or without interleukin (IL)-2 were tested for protection against H. contortus infection in goats. Sixteen goats (8-10 months of age) were allocated into four trial groups. On days 0 and 14, group 1 was immunised with a DNA vaccine expressing H11 and IL-2 and group 2 was immunised with a DNA vaccine expressing H11 only. Group 3 was an unvaccinated positive control group challenged with H. contortus third stage larvae (L3). Group 4 was an unvaccinated negative control group that was not challenged with L3. Animals in groups 1-3 were challenged with 5000 infective H. contortus L3 14 days after the second immunisation. Transcription of H11 and IL-2 was demonstrated in muscle by reverse transcriptase-PCR 10 days after primary immunisation and translation of H11 was detected by Western blot analysis 7 days after the second immunisation. Following immunisation with a DNA vaccine expressing H11 and IL-2, high levels of specific serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G, non-specific serum IgA, mucosal IgA, CD4(+) T lymphocytes, CD8(+) T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes were produced. Following challenge with L3, cumulative mean faecal worm egg counts and worm burdens in group 1 were reduced by 56.6% and 46.7%, respectively, while corresponding reductions in group 2 were 44.8% and 38.0%. There was a small but significant difference in abomasal worm burdens in goats in groups 1 (395.3±37.6) and 2 (459.5±101.6) compared to group 3 (741.5±241.5; P<0.05). Use of a DNA vaccine expressing H11 and IL-2 conferred partial protection against Haemonchus contortus infection in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuangWei Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
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Knox D. Proteases in blood-feeding nematodes and their potential as vaccine candidates. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 712:155-76. [PMID: 21660664 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8414-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes express and secrete a variety of proteases which they use for many purposes including the penetration of host tissues, digestion of host protein for nutrients, evasion of host immune responses and for internal processes such as tissue catabolism and apoptosis. For these broad reasons they have been examined as possible parasite control targets. Blood-feeding nematodes such as the barber-pole worm Haemonchus contortus that infect sheep and goats and the hookworms, Ancylostoma spp. and Necator americanus, affecting man, use an array of endo- and exopeptidases to digest the blood meal. Haemoglobin digestion occurs by an ordered and partly conserved proteolytic cascade. These proteases are accessible to host immune responses which can block enzyme function and lead to parasite expulsion and/or death. Thus they are receiving attention as components of vaccines against several parasitic nematodes of social and economic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Knox
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland, UK.
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Cantacessi C, Mitreva M, Campbell BE, Hall RS, Young ND, Jex AR, Ranganathan S, Gasser RB. First transcriptomic analysis of the economically important parasitic nematode, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, using a next-generation sequencing approach. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2010; 10:1199-207. [PMID: 20692378 PMCID: PMC3666958 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Strongylida), a small intestinal nematode of small ruminants, is a major cause of production and economic losses in many countries. The aims of the present study were to define the transcriptome of the adult stage of T. colubriformis, using 454 sequencing technology and bioinformatic analyses, and to predict the main pathways that key groups of molecules are linked to in this nematode. A total of 21,259 contigs were assembled from the sequence data produced from a normalized cDNA library; 7876 of these contigs had known orthologues in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and encoded, amongst others, proteins with 'transthyretin-like' (8.8%), 'RNA recognition' (8.4%) and 'metridin-like ShK toxin' (7.6%) motifs. Bioinformatic analyses inferred that relatively high proportions of the C. elegans homologues are involved in biological pathways linked to 'peptidases' (4%), 'ribosome' (3.6%) and 'oxidative phosphorylation' (3%). Highly represented were peptides predicted to be associated with the nervous system, digestion of host proteins or inhibition of host proteases. Probabilistic functional gene networking of the complement of C. elegans orthologues (n=2126) assigned significance to particular subsets of molecules, such as protein kinases and serine/threonine phosphatases. The present study represents the first, comprehensive insight into the transcriptome of adult T. colubriformis, which provides a foundation for fundamental studies of the molecular biology and biochemistry of this parasitic nematode as well as prospects for identifying targets for novel nematocides. Future investigations should focus on comparing the transcriptomes of different developmental stages, both genders and various tissues of this parasitic nematode for the prediction of essential genes/gene products that are specific to nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Forest Park Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bronwyn E. Campbell
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross S. Hall
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil D. Young
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron R. Jex
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shoba Ranganathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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Vadlejch J, Lytvynets A, Jankovská I, Langrová I. Peptidases of pinworms Syphacia muris and Passalurus ambiguus. Exp Parasitol 2010; 126:156-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Teladorsagia circumcincta: Activation-associated secreted proteins in excretory/secretory products of fourth stage larvae are targets of early IgA responses in infected sheep. Exp Parasitol 2010; 125:329-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Jimenez JC, Fontaine J, Grzych JM, Capron M, Dei-Cas E. Antibody and cytokine responses in BALB/c mice immunized with the excreted/secreted proteins of Giardia intestinalis: the role of cysteine proteases. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2010; 103:693-703. [PMID: 20030993 DOI: 10.1179/000349809x12502035776351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the induction of the immune response in humans or experimental hosts infected with Giardia intestinalis are not well understood. The results of previous studies indicate that the parasite induces a mixed Th1/Th2 response and that, in experimentally infected mice, the parasite's excreted/secreted (E/S) proteins contain cysteine proteases that are recognised by the murine immune system. In the present study, the possible effects of the E/S proteases of G. intestinalis on the host's humoral and cellular immune responses were investigated in BALB/c mice immunized with the parasite's E/S proteins. High titres of specific IgG(1), IgG(2a) and IgE antibodies were detected after immunization with native E/S proteins. Spleen cells stimulated with such proteins in vitro showed a significant antigen-specific proliferative response accompanied by the production of high concentrations of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-5 (IL-5) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) but little secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). When, before use, the proteases in the E/S proteins were inhibited, by heat treatment or the addition of E-64, they elicited much lower titres of specific IgG(1) and IgE in mice while, in splenocytes in vitro, they triggered much lower production of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 and reduced antigen-specific proliferation. Since E-64 only inhibits cysteine proteases, these results indicate that the excreted/secreted cysteine proteases of G. intestinalis may be involved in the induction and regulation of a specific immune response in the infected host.
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De Vries E, Bakker N, Krijgsveld J, Knox DP, Heck AJR, Yatsuda AP. An AC-5 cathepsin B-like protease purified from Haemonchus contortus excretory secretory products shows protective antigen potential for lambs. Vet Res 2009; 40:41. [PMID: 19401141 PMCID: PMC2701184 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunogenic properties of cysteine proteases obtained from excretory/secretory products (ES) of Haemonchus contortus were investigated with a fraction purified with a recombinant H. contortus cystatin affinity column. The enrichment of H. contortus ES for cysteine protease was confirmed with substrate SDS-PAGE gels since the cystatin-binding fraction activity was three times higher than total ES, despite representing only 3% of total ES. This activity was inhibited by a specific cysteine protease inhibitor (E64) and by recombinant cystatin. The one-dimensional profile of the cystatin-binding fraction displayed a single band with a molecular mass of 43 kDa. Mass spectrometry showed this to be AC-5, a cathepsin B-like cysteine protease which had not been identified in ES products of H. contortus before. The cystatin binding fraction was tested as an immunogen in lambs which were vaccinated three times (week 0, 2.5 and 5), challenged with 10 000 L3 H. contortus (week 6) before necropsy and compared to unvaccinated challenge controls and another group given total ES (n = 10 per group). The group vaccinated with cystatin-binding proteins showed 36% and 32% mean worm burden and eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) reductions, respectively, compared to the controls but total ES was almost without effect. After challenge the cystatin-binding proteins induced significantly higher local and systemic ES specific IgA and IgG responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Vries
- Division of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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40
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Pearson MS, Bethony JM, Pickering DA, de Oliveira LM, Jariwala A, Santiago H, Miles AP, Zhan B, Jiang D, Ranjit N, Mulvenna J, Tribolet L, Plieskatt J, Smith T, Bottazzi ME, Jones K, Keegan B, Hotez PJ, Loukas A. An enzymatically inactivated hemoglobinase from Necator americanus induces neutralizing antibodies against multiple hookworm species and protects dogs against heterologous hookworm infection. FASEB J 2009; 23:3007-19. [PMID: 19380510 PMCID: PMC2735369 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-131433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hookworms digest hemoglobin from erythrocytes via a proteolytic cascade that begins with the aspartic protease, APR-1. Ac-APR-1 from the dog hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum, protects dogs against hookworm infection via antibodies that neutralize enzymatic activity and interrupt blood-feeding. Toward developing a human hookworm vaccine, we expressed both wild-type (Na-APR-1wt) and mutant (Na-APR-1mut—mutagenesis of the catalytic aspartic acids) forms of Na-APR-1 from the human hookworm, Necator americanus. Refolded Na-APR-1wt was catalytically active, and Na-APR-1mut was catalytically inactive but still bound substrates. Vaccination of canines with Na-APR-1mut and heterologous challenge with A. caninum resulted in significantly reduced parasite egg burdens (P=0.034) and weight loss (P=0.022). Vaccinated dogs also had less gut pathology, fewer adult worms, and reduced blood loss compared to controls but these did not reach statistical significance. Vaccination with Na-APR-1mut induced antibodies that bound the native enzyme in the parasite gut and neutralized enzymatic activity of Na-APR-1wt and APR-1 orthologues from three other hookworm species that infect humans. IgG1 against Na-APR-1mut was the most prominently detected antibody in sera from people resident in high-transmission areas for N. americanus, indicating that natural boosting may occur in exposed humans. Na-APR-1mut is now a lead antigen for the development of an antihematophagy vaccine for human hookworm disease.—Pearson, M. S., Bethony, J. M., Pickering, D. A., de Oliveira, L. M., Jariwala, A., Santiago, H., Miles, A. P., Zhan, B., Jiang, D., Ranjit, N., Mulvenna, J., Tribolet, L., Plieskatt, J., Smith, T., Bottazzi, M. E., Jones, K., Keegan, B., Hotez, P. J., Loukas, A. An enzymatically inactivated hemoglobinase from Necator americanus induces neutralizing antibodies against multiple hookworm species and protects dogs against heterologous hookworm infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Pearson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Queensland Institute of Medical Research and The Australian Centre for Vaccine Development, Brisbane, Australia
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41
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Abubucker S, Zarlenga DS, Martin J, Yin Y, Wang Z, McCarter JP, Gasbarree L, Wilson RK, Mitreva M. The transcriptomes of the cattle parasitic nematode Ostertagia ostartagi. Vet Parasitol 2009; 162:89-99. [PMID: 19346077 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ostertagia ostertagi is a gastrointestinal parasitic nematode that affects cattle and leads to a loss of production. In this study, we present the first large-scale genomic survey of O. ostertagi by the analysis of expressed transcripts from three stages of the parasite: third-stage larvae, fourth-stage larvae and adult worms. Using an in silico approach, 2284 genes were identified from over 7000 expressed sequence tags and abundant transcripts were analyzed and characterized by their functional profile. Of the 2284 genes, 66% had similarity to other known or predicted genes while the rest were novel and potentially represent genes specific to the species and/or stages. Furthermore, a subset of the novel proteins were structurally annotated and assigned putative function based on orthologs in Caenorhabditis elegans and corresponding RNA interference phenotypes. Hence, over 70% of the genes were annotated using protein sequences, domains and pathway databases. Differentially expressed transcripts from the two larval stages and their functional profiles were also studied leading to a more detailed understanding of the parasite's life-cycle. The identified transcripts are a valuable resource for genomic studies of O. ostertagi and can facilitate the design of control strategies and vaccine programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Abubucker
- The Genome Center, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States
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42
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Meyvis Y, Callewaert N, Gevaert K, Timmerman E, Van Durme J, Schymkowitz J, Rousseau F, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E, Geldhof P. Hybrid N-glycans on the host protective activation-associated secreted proteins of Ostertagia ostertagi and their importance in immunogenicity. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2008; 161:67-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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43
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Geldhof P, Meyvis Y, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E. Vaccine testing of a recombinant activation-associated secreted protein (ASP1) from Ostertagia ostertagi. Parasite Immunol 2008; 30:57-60. [PMID: 18086018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2007.01001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous vaccination trials against the economically important cattle parasite Ostertagia ostertagi have indicated the protective capacity of activation-associated secreted proteins (ASPs). The further development of these antigens into a commercial vaccine will require their recombinant expression. The aim of the current study was to clone and express Oo-asp1 in a baculovirus expression system and to evaluate the protective capacity of the recombinant protein against an O. ostertagi challenge infection in cattle. The full coding sequence of Oo-asp1 was cloned in a baculovirus expression vector in frame with a carboxy-terminal Histidine tag and recombinant virus was used to infect an insect cell culture. Western blot analysis with anti-His and anti-Oo-ASP1 antibodies showed the production of recombinant Oo-ASP1. The cell pellet containing the recombinant was subsequently used to immunize seven calves three times intramuscularly with QuilA as adjuvant. Control animals were solely injected with the QuilA adjuvant. The challenge infection with O. ostertagi consisted of 30,000 L3 larvae per animal given over 30 days (1000 larvae/day, 5 days/week) and started the same day as the final immunization. Immunization with the recombinant Oo-ASP1 did not result in any level of protection against the challenge infection. There was no reduction in faecal egg output or in worm burdens. Moreover, Western blot analyses and ELISA indicated that, although the animals raised an antibody response against the recombinant Oo-ASP1, there was hardly a response against the native Oo-ASP1, suggesting that the baculovirus expressed recombinant was wrongly folded or lacked essential secondary modifications. Further analysis of the structure of the native ASPs and their glycosylations is being done.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Geldhof
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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44
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Visser A, Van Zeveren A, Meyvis Y, Peelaers I, Van den Broeck W, Gevaert K, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E, Geldhof P. Gender-enriched transcription of activation associated secreted proteins in Ostertagia ostertagi. Int J Parasitol 2008; 38:455-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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Muleke CI, Yan R, Sun Y, Zhao G, Xu L, Li X. Vaccination of goats against Haemonchus contortus with a recombinant cysteine protease. Small Rumin Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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46
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Meyvis Y, Geldhof P, Gevaert K, Timmerman E, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E. Vaccination against Ostertagia ostertagi with subfractions of the protective ES-thiol fraction. Vet Parasitol 2007; 149:239-45. [PMID: 17881131 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous vaccination trials against Ostertagia ostertagi in cattle have demonstrated the protective capacity of a protein fraction termed ES-thiol, which is enriched for activation-associated secreted proteins (ASPs) and cysteine proteases. In this study, ES-thiol was subfractionated through Q-Sepharose anion exchange chromatography to determine whether the ASPs and/or the cysteine proteases are responsible for the induced protection. Calves (seven/group) were immunized three times intramuscularly with 100 microg of ES-thiol or equivalent amounts of an ASP-enriched fraction, a cysteine protease-enriched fraction or a rest fraction, with QuilA adjuvant. A negative control group only received QuilA. After the final immunization the animals were challenged with a trickle infection of 25,000 infectious L3 larvae (1000 L3/day; 5 days/week). During a 2-month period the geometric mean cumulative faecal egg count (FEC) of the ES-thiol group was reduced by 62% compared to the QuilA control group (P<0.05). Groups injected with the ASP-enriched, the cysteine protease-enriched and the rest fraction demonstrated a reduction in cumulative FEC of 74, 80 and 70%, respectively (P<0.01). Although no significant reductions in worm burdens were observed, adult male and female worms were significantly smaller in all vaccinated groups (P<0.05), except for male worms from the ES-thiol group. These results suggest the protective capacity of ASPs and the presence of other protective antigens in the ES-thiol fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Meyvis
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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47
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Saverwyns H, Visser A, Nisbet AJ, Peelaers I, Gevaert K, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E, Geldhof P. Identification and characterization of a novel specific secreted protein family for selected members of the subfamily Ostertagiinae (Nematoda). Parasitology 2007; 135:63-70. [PMID: 17908364 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182007003666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that the bovine abomasal parasite, Ostertagia ostertagi, drastically modulates its microenvironment, causing epithelial cell damage, accumulation of inflammatory cells and pH changes in the stomach. The mechanisms used by the parasite to change the abomasal environment are largely unknown, but an important role has been attributed to excretory-secretory (ES) products from the parasite. In this study we have identified proteins representing a novel ES protein family, characterized by the SCP/Tpx-1/Ag5/PR-1/Sc7 protein motif. These proteins were named Oo-AL1 and Oo-AL2 (O. ostertagi ASP-like protein). Both proteins contain a signal peptide and 1 predicted N-glycosylation site. The transcript for Oo-AL1 was present from the L4 stage onwards in both male and female adult worms, whereas the Oo-AL2 transcript was hardly detectable. Western blots of somatic extracts and ES products from different developmental stages of O. ostertagi, probed with anti-Oo-AL1 antibodies, revealed Oo-AL proteins in the ES products of adult worms. An analysis of the nematode genome and EST databases indicated that these novel ES proteins are unique to O. ostertagi and its relative, Teladorsagia circumcincta, suggesting a key function in these abomasal parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Saverwyns
- Laboratory for Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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48
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Yanming S, Ruofeng Y, Muleke CI, Guangwei Z, Lixin X, Xiangrui L. Vaccination of goats with recombinant galectin antigen induces partial protection against Haemonchus contortus infection. Parasite Immunol 2007; 29:319-26. [PMID: 17518950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2007.00949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of vaccination against Haemonchus contortus infection with two recombinant proteins, rHco-gal-m and rHco-gal-f, was studied in 9-10-month-old goats. Vaccination with 100 microg protein reduced faecal egg output and worm burdens by 37.25% and 41.1%, respectively. Corresponding reductions with 200 microg protein were 48.03% and 46.19%. Vaccinated groups had significantly higher IgG levels than the negative and positive controls. Significant negative correlations were detected between IgG level, mucosal homogenate IgA concentration, haemoglobin and abomasal worm burden at necropsy. By contrast a positive correlation was found between the percentage of B cells, monocytes and abomasal worm burden. These findings suggested that vaccination with a combination of recombinant rHco-gal-m/f proteins had a role in protecting goats against H. contortus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yanming
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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49
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Vercauteren I, De Maere V, Vercruysse J, Stevens M, Gevaert K, Claerebout E. A small heat shock protein of Ostertagia ostertagi: stage-specific expression, heat inducibility, and protection trial. J Parasitol 2007; 92:1244-50. [PMID: 17304801 DOI: 10.1645/ge-871r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we isolated and analyzed a small heat shock protein (HSP) of Ostertagia ostertagi (Oo-HSP18). Oo-hsp18 is encoded by a single-copy gene and the full-length cDNA represents an 18-kDa protein. The expression of Oo-hsp18 is highly stage specific and restricted to the adult stage. The protein is synthesized in a tissue-specific manner and localized in the body muscle layer. The levels of Oo-hsp18 mRNAs are sharply induced by heat shock but not by other stressors such as levamisole and H2O2. A vaccination trial with recombinant Oo-HSP18 failed to protect calves against a challenge infection.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cattle
- Cattle Diseases/prevention & control
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Helminth/chemistry
- DNA, Helminth/isolation & purification
- Gene Expression
- Heat-Shock Proteins, Small/biosynthesis
- Heat-Shock Proteins, Small/chemistry
- Heat-Shock Proteins, Small/genetics
- Heat-Shock Proteins, Small/immunology
- Hot Temperature
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Ostertagia/genetics
- Ostertagia/immunology
- Ostertagiasis/prevention & control
- Ostertagiasis/veterinary
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Spodoptera
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Vercauteren
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Smith WD, Zarlenga DS. Developments and hurdles in generating vaccines for controlling helminth parasites of grazing ruminants. Vet Parasitol 2006; 139:347-59. [PMID: 16750599 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As a direct consequence of rising drug resistance among common nematodes of grazing animals, efforts toward state-of-the-art vaccine development have clearly intensified in recent years, fuelled primarily by the advent of newer technologies in gene discovery, by advancements in antigen identification, characterisation and production. In this regard, it is appropriate to review progress that has been made in generating helminth vaccines and in particular, vaccines against common nematodes of production animals for consumption. In like manner, it is prudent to evaluate barriers that have hindered progress in the past and continue to present obstacles that must be solved when utilizing and depending on host immunity to attenuate parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Smith
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Scotland, UK.
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