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Chen Y, Chen Y, Yin W, Han H, Miller H, Li J, Herrada AA, Kubo M, Sui Z, Gong Q, Liu C. The regulation of DOCK family proteins on T and B cells. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:383-394. [PMID: 32542827 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0520-221rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK) family proteins consist of 11 members, each of which contains 2 domains, DOCK homology region (DHR)-1 and DHR-2, and as guanine nucleotide exchange factors, they mediate activation of small GTPases. Both DOCK2 and DOCK8 deficiencies in humans can cause severe combined immunodeficiency, but they have different characteristics. DOCK8 defect mainly causes high IgE, allergic disease, refractory skin virus infection, and increased incidence of malignant tumor, whereas DOCK2 defect mainly causes early-onset, invasive infection with less atopy and increased IgE. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms causing the disease remain unclear. This paper discusses the role of DOCK family proteins in regulating B and T cells, including development, survival, migration, activation, immune tolerance, and immune functions. Moreover, related signal pathways or molecule mechanisms are also described in this review. A greater understanding of DOCK family proteins and their regulation of lymphocyte functions may facilitate the development of new therapeutics for immunodeficient patients and improve their prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Second Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Han
- Department of Hematology of Liyuan Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heather Miller
- The Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Andres A Herrada
- Lymphatic and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Masato Kubo
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Zhiwei Sui
- Division of Medical and Biological Measurement, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Tangye SG, Pillay B, Randall KL, Avery DT, Phan TG, Gray P, Ziegler JB, Smart JM, Peake J, Arkwright PD, Hambleton S, Orange J, Goodnow CC, Uzel G, Casanova JL, Lugo Reyes SO, Freeman AF, Su HC, Ma CS. Dedicator of cytokinesis 8-deficient CD4 + T cells are biased to a T H2 effector fate at the expense of T H1 and T H17 cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:933-949. [PMID: 27554822 PMCID: PMC10500883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) deficiency is a combined immunodeficiency caused by autosomal recessive loss-of-function mutations in DOCK8. This disorder is characterized by recurrent cutaneous infections, increased serum IgE levels, and severe atopic disease, including food-induced anaphylaxis. However, the contribution of defects in CD4+ T cells to disease pathogenesis in these patients has not been thoroughly investigated. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the phenotype and function of DOCK8-deficient CD4+ T cells to determine (1) intrinsic and extrinsic CD4+ T-cell defects and (2) how defects account for the clinical features of DOCK8 deficiency. METHODS We performed in-depth analysis of the CD4+ T-cell compartment of DOCK8-deficient patients. We enumerated subsets of CD4+ T helper cells and assessed cytokine production and transcription factor expression. Finally, we determined the levels of IgE specific for staple foods and house dust mite allergens in DOCK8-deficient patients and healthy control subjects. RESULTS DOCK8-deficient memory CD4+ T cells were biased toward a TH2 type, and this was at the expense of TH1 and TH17 cells. In vitro polarization of DOCK8-deficient naive CD4+ T cells revealed the TH2 bias and TH17 defect to be T-cell intrinsic. Examination of allergen-specific IgE revealed plasma IgE from DOCK8-deficient patients is directed against staple food antigens but not house dust mites. CONCLUSION Investigations into the DOCK8-deficient CD4+ T cells provided an explanation for some of the clinical features of this disorder: the TH2 bias is likely to contribute to atopic disease, whereas defects in TH1 and TH17 cells compromise antiviral and antifungal immunity, respectively, explaining the infectious susceptibility of DOCK8-deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia.
| | - Bethany Pillay
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Katrina L Randall
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Acton, Australia; Australian National University Medical School, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Danielle T Avery
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Paul Gray
- University of New South Wales School of Women's and Children's Health, Randwick, Australia
| | - John B Ziegler
- University of New South Wales School of Women's and Children's Health, Randwick, Australia
| | - Joanne M Smart
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jane Peake
- University of Queensland and Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter D Arkwright
- University of Manchester, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University and Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology of Texas Children's Hospital/Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, and the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Institut IMAGINE, Necker Medical School, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France; St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY
| | | | - Alexandra F Freeman
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Helen C Su
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia.
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Deodhar D, Varghese G, Balaji V, John J, Rebekah G, Janardhanan J, Jeyaraman R, Jasmine S, Mathews P. Prevalence of Toxin Genes among the Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and its Clinical Impact. J Glob Infect Dis 2015; 7:97-102. [PMID: 26392716 PMCID: PMC4557147 DOI: 10.4103/0974-777x.162234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes a variety of infections, ranging from a mild skin infection to blood stream infections and deep seated infections. As Stapylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) has the tendency to cause endovascular and metastatic infections, complications can occur at almost all sites of the body. Hence, SAB is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in spite of appropriate antimicrobial treatment. The virulence in S. aureus is determined by the presence of adhesins and toxins, which behave like superantigens (SAgs) and leads to a massive release of proinflammatory cytokines causing overwhelming inflammatory response leading to endothelial leakage, hemodynamic shock, multiorgan failure, and possibly death. Materials and Methods: One year prospective study conducted in a tertiary care hospital in southern part of India included all patients with SAB. Clinical details were filled according to. All isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for enterotoxin profiling. Results: A total of 101 patients of SAB were identified which comprises of 61 (60.4%) patients with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and 40 (39.6%) patients with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Most common predictors of mortality were prior hospitalization and antibiotic intake, severe organ dysfunction, shock, tachycardia, and leukocytosis. Two-third of the isolates had at least one enterotoxin, most prevalent was sea; 28% and 27% (P - value = 0.001) MSSA isolates had seg and sei; whereas, 38.6% (P - value < 0.001) of MRSA isolates were found to have sea. The most common enterotoxin associated with mortality was sei, which comprised of 38% of all mortality. Conclusion: In SAB, the significant predictors of mortality were prior hospitalization and antibiotic intake, presence of multiorgan dysfunction, and shock. Although overall significance between the enterotoxin and shock could not be demonstrated, it successfully demonstrated the difference of enterotoxin between MSSA and MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Deodhar
- Department of Medicine Unit 1 and Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George Varghese
- Department of Medicine Unit 1 and Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Veeraraghavan Balaji
- Department of Microbiology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - James John
- Department of Microbiology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Grace Rebekah
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeshina Janardhanan
- Department of Medicine Unit 1 and Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjith Jeyaraman
- Department of Microbiology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sudha Jasmine
- Department of Medicine Unit 2, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prasad Mathews
- Department of Medicine Unit 3, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Li J, Yang J, Lu YW, Wu S, Wang MR, Zhu JM. Possible Role of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:354-9. [PMID: 26086678 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of superantigens (SAgs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a exotoxin superantigen that can regulate the activity of immunomodulatory and pro-inflammatory cell types. In addition, SEB plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders either by initiating the autoimmune process or by inducing a relapse in an individual in clinical remission from an autoimmune disorder. SEB can directly activate T lymphocytes, leading to the release of cytokines, superoxides, or other mediators of inflammation either directly or indirectly, because of its unique ability to cross-link human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and T cell receptors (TCR), forming a trimolecular complex. This review discusses the potential effects of SEB in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis, and explores some updated therapeutic medications to neutralize SEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- 1 Department of Public Health and General Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Hefei, China
| | - Jie Yang
- 1 Department of Public Health and General Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Hefei, China
| | - Yu-wei Lu
- 2 Department of Information, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei, China
| | - Song Wu
- 1 Department of Public Health and General Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Hefei, China
| | - Ming-rui Wang
- 1 Department of Public Health and General Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Hefei, China
| | - Ji-min Zhu
- 1 Department of Public Health and General Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Hefei, China
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Wan MT, Lauderdale TL, Chou CC. Characteristics and virulence factors of livestock associated ST9 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a novel recombinant staphylocoagulase type. Vet Microbiol 2013; 162:779-784. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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PRELI is a mitochondrial regulator of human primary T-helper cell apoptosis, STAT6, and Th2-cell differentiation. Blood 2008; 113:1268-77. [PMID: 18945965 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-07-166553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of novel factors regulating human T helper (Th)-cell differentiation into functionally distinct Th1 and Th2 subsets is important for understanding the mechanisms behind human autoimmune and allergic diseases. We have identified a protein of relevant evolutionary and lymphoid interest (PRELI), a novel protein that induces oxidative stress and a mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in human primary Th cells. We also demonstrated that PRELI inhibits Th2-cell development and down-regulates signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), a key transcription factor driving Th2 differentiation. Our data suggest that calpain, an oxidative stress-induced cysteine protease, is involved in the PRELI-induced down-regulation of STAT6. Moreover, we observed that a strong T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulus induces expression of PRELI and inhibits Th2 development. Our results suggest that PRELI is involved in a mechanism wherein the strength of the TCR stimulus influences the polarization of Th cells. This study identifies PRELI as a novel factor influencing the human primary Th-cell death and differentiation.
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Grumann D, Scharf SS, Holtfreter S, Kohler C, Steil L, Engelmann S, Hecker M, Völker U, Bröker BM. Immune Cell Activation by Enterotoxin Gene Cluster (egc)-Encoded and Non-egcSuperantigens fromStaphylococcus aureus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5054-61. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.5054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Van Zele T, Vaneechoutte M, Holtappels G, Gevaert P, van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C. Detection of Enterotoxin DNA in Staphylococcus aureus Strains Obtained from the Middle Meatus in Controls and Nasal Polyp Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 22:223-7. [DOI: 10.2500/ajr.2008.22.3161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Recent findings indicate that Staphylococcus aureus and its products may be involved in the modification of nasal polyposis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of S. aureus enterotoxin genes and the agr subtype in bacterial DNA of S. aureus strains isolated from the middle meatus of nasal polyp and control patients. Methods S. aureus strains were isolated from nasal polyp patients and controls. The strains were screened using PCR for their agr subtype, classic superantigens (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED or TSST-1), the egc cluster (SEG, SEI, SEM, SEN, and SEO and other enterotoxins (SEE, SEH, SEJ, SEK, and SEL) distinct from the egc locus. Results Seventy-five percent of S. aureus strains had at least one enterotoxin in their DNA. The egc gene cluster was identified in 27 (67.5%) strains. At least one classic enterotoxin gene was present in 42.5% of the strains. Interestingly, there were no differences in enterotoxin genes between S. aureus strains isolated from controls compared with nasal polyposis patients. In controls, an equal distribution among the four agr groups was found, while 73% of the NPs strains belonged to agr groups I and II. Conclusion In this study we found no significant difference between strains from nasal polyp patients and controls in the presence of enterotoxin genes. However, in NPs, a higher number of strains belonged to agr I or II, which are associated with strains causing enterotoxin-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Van Zele
- Ear, Nose, and Throat Department, Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mario Vaneechoutte
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gabriele Holtappels
- Ear, Nose, and Throat Department, Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippe Gevaert
- Ear, Nose, and Throat Department, Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P. van Cauwenberge
- Ear, Nose, and Throat Department, Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claus Bachert
- Ear, Nose, and Throat Department, Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Ghent, Belgium
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Konno O, Hirano T, Katsuyama K, Oka K, Matsuno N, Nagao T. Bacterial superantigen TSST-1 attenuates suppressive efficacy of glucocorticoids and calcineurin inhibitors against blastogenesis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis treatment. Transpl Immunol 2007; 17:187-92. [PMID: 17331845 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many cases of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) on hemodialysis are known to be infected with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) from the sites of blood vessel puncture for hemodialysis and the custody of the vascular access catheter. S. aureus produces superantigens, such as toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), which may influence the sensitivity of peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to immunosuppressive drugs after they are received postrenal transplantation. METHODS We examined the drug-sensitivities of PBMCs stimulated with TSST-1 in 18 CRF patients on hemodialysis. PBMCs were isolated from venous blood before hemodialysis, and were cultured in the presence of concanavalin A (ConA) or TSST-1 and serial concentrations of the drugs. In vitro drug concentrations giving 50% inhibition (IC(50)) of PBMC blastogenesis were calculated. INF-gamma and IL-4 in supernatants of cultured PBMCs were measured with ELISA. RESULTS The median (range) IC(50) values (ng/ml) for four drugs; tacrolimus, cyclosporine, methylprednisolone, and prednisolone, evaluated in ConA-stimulated PBMCs of CRF patients were 0.04 ng/ml (0.03-0.21), 3.0 (0.1-15.1), 3.0 (1-104), and 16.2 (5.9-35.4), respectively. The values for the four drugs evaluated in TSST-1-stimulated PBMCs were 0.22 (0.08-0.36), 18.9 (5.1-38.2), 328.3 (1.9-1000), and 150.9 (94.7-880), respectively, which were significantly higher than those evaluated in the ConA-stimulated PBMCs (p=0.003-0.023). Amounts of INF-gamma and IL-4 produced from cells were not significantly different between the ConA-or TSST-1-stimulated PBMCs in the presence or absence of immunosuppressive drugs. CONCLUSION These observations raise the possibility that TSST-1 induced by S. aureus infection attenuates the clinical efficacy of glucocorticoids and calcineurin inhibitors in CRF patients after renal transplantation. Furthermore, INF-gamma and IL-4 related pathways appear not to play major roles in the TSST-1-induced attenuation of the drug sensitivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Konno
- 5th Department of Surgery, Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University, Japan.
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Dauwalder O, Thomas D, Ferry T, Debard AL, Badiou C, Vandenesch F, Etienne J, Lina G, Monneret G. Comparative inflammatory properties of staphylococcal superantigenic enterotoxins SEA and SEG: implications for septic shock. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 80:753-8. [PMID: 16885504 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0306232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The severity of Staphylococcus aureus sepsis is positively associated with staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and negatively associated with the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc), which encodes five staphylococcal enterotoxins. We postulated that the variable, clinical severity of S. aureus sepsis might be a result of differences in the inflammatory properties of staphylococcal superantigens. We therefore compared the inflammatory properties of SEA with those of staphylococcal entérotoxin G (SEG), a member of the five egc superantigens. We found that SEA and SEG had similar superantigenic properties, as they induced CD69 expression on T lymphocytes and selective expansion of Vbeta subpopulations. Contrary to SEG, however, SEA induced a strong proinflammatory/Th1 response, including TNF-alpha and MIP-1alpha production. These results suggest that the association of SEA with the severity of S. aureus septic shock, characterized by a deleterious, inflammatory cascade, may be explained partly by the specific proinflammatory properties of this superantigen.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/drug effects
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/drug effects
- Chemokine CCL3
- Chemokine CCL4
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enterotoxins/immunology
- Enterotoxins/pharmacology
- Humans
- Inflammation/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/biosynthesis
- Shock, Septic/immunology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Superantigens/immunology
- Superantigens/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/drug effects
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Rajagopalan G, Iijima K, Singh M, Kita H, Patel R, David CS. Intranasal exposure to bacterial superantigens induces airway inflammation in HLA class II transgenic mice. Infect Immun 2006; 74:1284-96. [PMID: 16428778 PMCID: PMC1360368 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.2.1284-1296.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is widely prevalent in the nasopharynges of healthy individuals (carriers) but can also cause serious infections. S. aureus can elaborate a variety of superantigen exotoxins in "carrier" or "pathogenic" states. Streptococcus pyogenes can also colonize the nasopharynx and elaborate superantigens. Unlike the acute effects of superantigen exotoxins absorbed through the gut or vaginal mucosa, little is known regarding the pathogenesis of superantigens entering through the intranasal route. In the current study, we evaluated the local and systemic effects of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SPEA) delivered through the intranasal route. Superantigens were administered intranasally on multiple occasions, and experimental animals were sacrificed on day 8 for experimental analyses. SEB-induced airway inflammation was more pronounced for HLA-DR3 transgenic mice than for BALB/c mice, consistent with bacterial superantigens binding more efficiently to human than murine major histocompatibility complex class II. The nature of the airway inflammation in HLA-DR3 mice was determined by the concentration of SEB applied intranasally. Low concentrations (20 ng) induced eosinophilic airway inflammation as well as eosinophil degranulation, whereas intranasal exposure to higher concentrations (2,000 ng) resulted in neutrophilic airway inflammation, permanent airway destruction, toxic shock, and mortality. SEB-induced eosinophilic inflammatory response was enhanced in signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-4-deficient HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice with defective interleukin-12 signaling. Intranasal administration of SPEA induced airway inflammation and systemic immune activation in HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice. In conclusion, repeated chronic intranasal exposure to bacterial superantigens causes airway inflammation and systemic immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindarajan Rajagopalan
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Ferry T, Thomas D, Genestier AL, Bes M, Lina G, Vandenesch F, Etienne J. Comparative Prevalence of Superantigen Genes in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Causing Sepsis With and Without Septic Shock. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:771-7. [PMID: 16107972 DOI: 10.1086/432798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus superantigens are associated with the pathogenesis of toxic shock syndrome, but their involvement in septic shock is unknown. METHODS We compared the distribution of 11 superantigen genes in S. aureus blood culture isolates obtained from patients with sepsis who did and did not have septic shock (19 and 61 patients, respectively), as well as from patients with suppurative infections (101 patients) and patients with colonization (25 patients). RESULTS The prevalence of the enterotoxin A gene (sea) increased significantly with the severity of infection (P<.001), whereas the prevalence of the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) decreased significantly (P=.009). CONCLUSION Enterotoxin A (SEA) might play a key role in sea-positive S. aureus sepsis by triggering over-expression of inflammatory mediators associated with shock. Novel treatments targeting superantigens, especially the sea gene, might be beneficial in the treatment of S. aureus sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Ferry
- Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, INSERM, Lyon, France.
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Uzonna JE, Joyce KL, Scott P. Low dose Leishmania major promotes a transient T helper cell type 2 response that is down-regulated by interferon gamma-producing CD8+ T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 199:1559-66. [PMID: 15184505 PMCID: PMC2211781 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20040172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An unresolved issue in the field of T helper (Th) cell development relates to the findings that low doses of antigen promote Th2 cell development in vitro, whereas several classic in vivo studies suggest the opposite. Here we resolve this paradox by studying the early immune response in mice after infection with different doses of Leishmania major. We found that low parasite doses induced a Th2 response in C57BL/6 (B6) mice, whereas high doses induced a Th1 response. However, the Th2 response in low dose–infected mice was transient and the animals healed. The appearance of a Th1 response after low dose infection was dependent upon the concomitant activation of interferon γ–producing CD8+ T cells. In the absence of CD8+ T cells, the Th2 response was maintained. However, either neutralization of interleukin (IL)-4 or administration of IL-12 promoted a Th1 response after low dose infection of CD8-deficient mice, indicating that the required role for CD8+ T cells was limited to modulation of CD4+ T cell responses. Thus, the discrepant results seen between in vivo and in vitro studies on the effects of antigen dose on Th cell differentiation may depend upon whether CD8+ T cells participate in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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Rothoeft T, Gonschorek A, Bartz H, Anhenn O, Schauer U. Antigen dose, type of antigen-presenting cell and time of differentiation contribute to the T helper 1/T helper 2 polarization of naive T cells. Immunology 2004; 110:430-9. [PMID: 14632640 PMCID: PMC1783073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2003.01758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigenic encounter by T cells induces immunological synapse formation and T-cell activation. Using different concentrations of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) as stimulus, we examined the capacities of dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (Mphi) to prime syngeneic naive T cells. DCs were, under all experimental settings, more efficient than Mphi at clustering T cells. Translocation of the T-cell receptor (TCR) to the contact area was found to be induced by DCs, as well as by Mphi, in an antigen-dependent manner, although Mphi were less efficient at inducing TCR translocation. Capping of protein kinase C theta (PKCtheta) was also antigen dependent but induced exclusively by DCs. Likewise, DCs were found to be more potent inducers of interleukin-2 (IL-2) production and proliferation of naive T cells than Mphi. After 3 days of culture, DCs presenting 100 ng/ml TSST-1 induced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-secreting cells, whereas Mphi did not. After 7 days of culture, DCs presenting 0.1 ng/ml TSST-1, and Mphi presenting high (as well as low) doses of TSST-1, induced IL-4-producing cells. We therefore provide evidence to show that antigen dose, type of antigen-presenting cell and time of differentiation can contribute to T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rothoeft
- Children's Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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