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Alkubaisi NA, Aziz IM, Alsaleh AN, Alhetheel AF, Almajhdi FN. Molecular Profiling of Inflammatory Mediators in Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Bocavirus Infection. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051101. [PMID: 37239461 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections due to human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human bocavirus (HBoV) can mediate the release of several pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, which are usually associated with disease severity in children. In this study, the change in the expression profile of cytokines and chemokines were determined during HRSV, HBoV, and HRSV coinfection with HBoV in 75 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) samples, positive real-time reverse transcriptase PCR Assay (rRT-PCR) for HRSV (n = 36), HBoV (n = 23) infection alone or HRSV coinfection with HBoV (n = 16). The samples were collected from hospitalized children. qPCR-based detection revealed that the levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-33, and G-CSF were significantly (p < 0.05) greater in patients than in controls. IL-4, IL-17, GM-CSF, and CCL-5 were significantly elevated in children with HRSV coinfection with HBoV than in other groups (p < 0.05). TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-33 in children with HRSV were significantly increased in severe infections compared to mild infections. Whereas, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-33 were significantly increased in severe infection in compared a mild infection in children with HBoV. Further large-scale investigations involving isolates are needed to enhance our knowledge of the association between viral infections and cytokine expression patterns during the different stages of HRSV and HBoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorah A Alkubaisi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M Aziz
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma N Alsaleh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim F Alhetheel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad N Almajhdi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Anti-biofilm and anti-inflammatory effects of Lycosin-II isolated from spiders against multi-drug resistant bacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1864:183769. [PMID: 34506798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently, multidrug-resistant bacteria are rapidly increasing worldwide because of the misuse or overuse of antibiotics. In particular, few options exist for treating infections caused by long-persisting oxacillin-resistant strains and recently proliferating carbapenem-resistant strains. Therefore, alternative treatments are urgently needed. The antimicrobial peptide (AMP) Lycosin-II is a peptide consisting of 21 amino acids isolated from the venom of the spider Lycosa singoriensis. Lycosin-II showed strong antibacterial activity and biofilm inhibition effects against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria including oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and meropenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) isolated from patients. In addition, Lycosin-II was not cytotoxic against human foreskin fibroblast Hs27 or hemolytic against sheep red blood cells at the concentration of which exerted antibacterial activity. The mechanism of action of Lycosin-II involves binding to lipoteichoic acid and lipopolysaccharide of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial membranes, respectively, to destroy the bacterial membrane. Moreover, Lycosin-II showed anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines that are increased during bacterial infection in Hs27 cells. These results suggest that Lycosin-II can serve as a therapeutic agent against infections with multidrug-resistant strains.
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Kushwaha V, Kaur S. Cross-protective efficacy of immuno-stimulatory recombinant Brugia malayi protein HSP60 against the Leishmania donovani in BALB/c mice. Biologicals 2021; 72:18-26. [PMID: 34229924 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coinfection of Leishmania with bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and nematodes alter the immune system of the host, thereby influencing the disease outcomes. Here, we have determined the immunogenic property and protective efficacy of the cross-reactive molecule HSP60 of filarial parasite B. malayi against the L. donovani in BALB/c mice. Parasitological parameters results showed a significant decrease in the parasite burden (~59%; P < 0.001) and also a substantial increase in the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response (P < 0.001) in mice immunized with 10 μg of rBmHSP60. Protection against L. donovani in mice immunized with rBmHSP60 resulted from activation of the T cells, which is characterized by higher levels of nitric oxide (NO) production, enhanced cell proliferation, higher levels (expression and release) of IFN- γ, TNF- α, and IL-12, also, higher production of IgG and IgG2a antibodies. This strong Th1 immune response creates an inflammatory domain for L. donovani and protects the host from VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kushwaha
- Leishmania Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Sector-14, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Leishmania Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Sector-14, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Memory-Enhancing Effects of Origanum majorana Essential Oil in an Alzheimer's Amyloid beta1-42 Rat Model: A Molecular and Behavioral Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100919. [PMID: 32993114 PMCID: PMC7600529 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Origanum L. (Lamiaceae) is an important genus of medicinal and aromatic plants used in traditional medicine since ancient times as culinary herbs and remedies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the chemical composition, as well as the biochemical and cellular activities of freshly prepared Origanum majorana L. essential oil (OmEO) in an Alzheimer’s disease (AD) amyloid beta1-42 (Aβ1-42) rat model. OmEO (1% and 3%) was inhaled for 21 consecutive days, while Aβ1-42 was administered intracerebroventricularly to induce AD-like symptoms. Our data demonstrate that OmEO increased antioxidant activity and enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, which in concert contributed to the improvement of cognitive function of animals. Moreover, OmEO presented beneficial effects on memory performance in Y-maze and radial arm-maze tests in the Aβ1-42 rat AD model.
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Sassu EL, Kangethe RT, Settypalli TBK, Chibssa TR, Cattoli G, Wijewardana V. Development and evaluation of a real-time PCR panel for the detection of 20 immune markers in cattle and sheep. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 227:110092. [PMID: 32673891 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of a panel of immune markers is of paramount importance to understand the different transcription patterns of infectious diseases in livestock. The array of commercially available immunological assays for cattle and sheep is currently limited, due to the lack of antibodies for these species. Even though SYBR Green based real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) is the most commonly used method to study cytokine transcription in ruminants, a lack of standardization impairs its implementation in the study of different ruminant diseases. In order to obtain reliable qPCR results, several variables need to be considered: choice of reference genes for optimal normalization, variation of annealing temperature among primer sets, and assay specificity and sensitivity. In this study, we developed and validated a panel of immune markers in bovine and ovine samples using SYBR Green based qPCR in a cost-effective way with multiple primer sets optimised to amplify at a common thermal cycling temperature. Twenty primer sets were designed to quantify immune markers (IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-18, IL-23, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IFN-α, Ki-67, NFkB-65, TLR-3, TLR-4, TLR-8 and Rig-1) in ovine and bovine templates. For optimal normalization and selection of suitable reference genes, primer sets that measure the transcription of five reference genes were also included in the panel. The amplification efficiency, linearity and specificity was validated for all target genes. Optimal amplification conditions were achieved in both ovine and bovine samples for all gene targets, with the exception of Ki67. Relative quantification studies were performed on ovine and bovine mRNA obtained from sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with three different treatments (PMA/Ionomycin, Concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM)). Pokeweed and ConA efficiently induced gene transcription of most of the targeted genes, while PMA/Ionomycin showed a weaker induction. Finally, we further assessed usability of our panel by running it on bovine monocyte derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) stimulated with different vaccines. Results confirmed the induction of a specific pro-inflammatory gene transcription pattern by rabies vaccine, which resembles the one occurring during viral infection. Altogether, we validated the efficiency and usability of an extended real-time PCR panel that gives the possibility to rapidly measure a broad spectrum of ovine and bovine immune markers by using a single set of reagents and protocol thus representing a valid and cost-effective tool for research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L Sassu
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Richard T Kangethe
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tirumala Bharani K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tesfaye Rufael Chibssa
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
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Noh H, Ha H, Yu MR, Kim YO, Kim JH, Lee HB. Angiotensin II Mediates High Glucose-Induced TGF-β1 and Fibronectin Upregulation in HPMC through Reactive Oxygen Species. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080502500110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To demonstrate the presence of an independent renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in the peritoneum and to determine the role of locally produced angiotensin (Ang) II in high glucose-induced upregulation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and fibronectin by human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC). Methods In cultured HPMC, the expression of mRNAs for angiotensinogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1), and TGF-β1 was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction; ACE, AT1, and fibronectin proteins by Western blot analysis; and Ang I, Ang II, and TGF-β1 proteins by ELISA. Dichlorofluorescein (DCF)-sensitive cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by fluorometry. Results HPMC constitutively expressed all the components of RAS, and 50 mmol/L D-glucose (high glucose) significantly increased angiotensinogen, ACE, and AT1 mRNAs and ACE, AT1, and Ang II proteins. Ang II increased TGF-β1 and fibronectin protein expression and DCF-sensitive cellular ROS. Losartan prevented Ang II-induced increase in cellular ROS. Both losartan and captopril inhibited high glucose-induced upregulation of TGF-β1 and fibronectin expression in HPMC in a dose-dependent manner. Antioxidant catalase and NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodinium effectively inhibited Ang II-induced TGF-β1 and fibronectin protein expression. Conclusions The present data demonstrate that HPMC constitutively express RAS, that Ang II produced by HPMC mediates high glucose-induced upregulation of TGF-β1 and fibronectin expression, and that Ang II-induced TGF-β1 and fibronectin expression in HPMC is mediated by NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS. These data suggest that locally produced Ang II and ROS in the peritoneum may be potential therapeutic targets in peritoneal fibrosis during long-term peritoneal dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Noh
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soon Chun Hyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soon Chun Hyang University, Seoul, Korea
- Ewha Womans University College of Pharmacy, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Ra Yu
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soon Chun Hyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ok Kim
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soon Chun Hyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soon Chun Hyang University, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hi Bahl Lee
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soon Chun Hyang University, Seoul, Korea
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Yamini S, Eftekhari Z, Mokhber Dezfouli MR, Beikzadeh B, Mehrbod P. Exogenous Lung Surfactant Decreases Interleukin-8 Production and Increases Leukocytes Population and Total Immunoglobulins in Rabbits. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.13.6.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Tumor necrosis factor-α -308 polymorphism in North Indian rheumatoid arthritis patients and association with mRNA and serum TNF-α. Clin Rheumatol 2017; 36:2209-2216. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3774-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Huang YM, Liu X, Steffensen K, Sanna A, Arru G, Fois ML, Rosati G, Sotgiu S, Link H. Immunological heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis in Sardinia and Sweden. Mult Scler 2016; 11:16-23. [PMID: 15732262 DOI: 10.1191/1352458505ms1127oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Subjects from Sardinia, Italy, are relatively homogeneous compared to Swedes. Although ethnically distant, both populations have similarly high multiple sclerosis (MS) incidence rates. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and their receptors, signalling molecules and other immune response-associated factors might influence MS pathogenesis, though definite proof is missing. The study of populations with similar MS incidence but different genetic and environmental background could make possible the definition of factors that relate to such background differences. We selected untreated female MS patients from Sassari, Sardinia, and Stockholm, Sweden, and corresponding sexand age-matched healthy controls (HC), to study blood mononuclear cells (MNC) for mRNA expression of 20 immune response-related genes considered relevant in MS, employing real-time PCR. Higher expression of IL-12p40 mRNA was confined to MS from both Sassari and Stockholm, compared to corresponding HC. MS patients from Sassari, but not Stockholm, expressed higher TNF-a compared to corresponding HC. MS patients from Stockholm, but not Sassari, expressed higher IL-6. Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), a molecule necessary in tolerance induction, was lower in MS from Stockholm compared to corresponding HC. This was not observed in Sassari. No differences were detected for other members of the IL-12 family, other Th1 and Th2 cytokines, and the signalling molecules Stat 4 and 6. The results corroborate a pro-inflammatory state in MS as reflected by high expression of IL-12, TNF-a and IL-6, although the extent of expression of TNF-a, IL-6 and IDO differs between strictly matched MS patients from different high-incidence areas. This might result from genetic and/or environmental differences. They may account for some of the discrepancies regarding immune response-related molecules previously reported in MS. In conclusion, a pro-inflammatory state exists in MS patients from Sassari as well as Stockholm. The changes of pro-inflammatory and other immune response-related variables differ however between the two MS populations. This may be attributed to the genetic and/or environmental background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Min Huang
- Neurotec Department, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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González-Cano P, Arsic N, Popowych YI, Griebel PJ. Two functionally distinct myeloid dendritic cell subpopulations are present in bovine blood. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 44:378-388. [PMID: 24502939 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Immature myeloid (m)DCs circulating in the blood of cattle have been defined as lineage negative (Lin(-))MHCII(+)CD11c(+)CD205(+) cells. Lin(-)MHCII(+)CD11c(+)CD205(+) mDCs (0.2% blood mononuclear cells) isolated from bovine blood were heterogeneous in cell size and CD205 expression. Using highspeed cell sorting, Lin(-)MHCII(+)CD11c(+)CD205(+) DCs were sorted into CD205(Hi) and CD205(Lo) subpopulations which were phenotypically distinct and differed significantly (P<0.01) in TLR gene expression. CD205(Hi) and CD205(Lo) mDCs were more efficient in macropinocytosis than monocytes and expressed no or little detectable non-specific esterase activity. CD205(Lo) mDCs efficiently activated purified allogeneic T cells and the addition of TLR agonists did not significantly alter this antigen presentation capacity. T cell activation by CD205(Lo) mDCs was associated with differential up-regulation of CD40, CD80, CD86 and TGFβ1 gene expression when compared to CD205(Hi) mDCs. In conclusion, two phenotypically and functionally distinct CD11c(+)CD205(+) mDCs were isolated from blood that had an equal capacity to acquire antigen but markedly different capacities to activate T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia González-Cano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center, 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Natasa Arsic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center, 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Yurij I Popowych
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center, 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Philip J Griebel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center, 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
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Khan M, Dhanwani R, Rao PVL, Parida M. Subunit vaccine formulations based on recombinant envelope proteins of Chikungunya virus elicit balanced Th1/Th2 response and virus-neutralizing antibodies in mice. Virus Res 2012; 167:236-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rosenbach AE, Koria P, Goverman J, Kotz KT, Gupta A, Yu M, Fagan SP, Irimia D, Tompkins RG. Microfluidics for T- lymphocyte cell separation and inflammation monitoring in burn patients. Clin Transl Sci 2011; 4:63-8. [PMID: 21348958 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2010.00255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe burns result in T lymphocyte specific immunologic changes. In addition to decreased levels of circulating lymphocytes, changes in cytokine secretion and receptor expression also take place. Our finer understanding of the inflammatory response has led to the development of immune-targeted therapeutics, requiring specialized gene-expression monitoring. The emerging field of bio-micro-electromechanical systems can be used to isolate highly pure T lymphocytes in a clinically relevant and timely manner for downstream genomic analysis. Blood samples from healthy volunteers and burn-injured patients were introduced into microfluidic devices developed in our laboratory. Utilizing cell-affinity chromatography for positive selection of T lymphocytes, the devices served as a platform for RNA extraction and downstream cytokine analysis via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). From a 0.5-mL whole blood sample, the microfluidic devices captured highly pure T lymphocytes from healthy volunteers and burn-injured patients. Cell capture was of sufficient quantity, and extracted RNA was of sufficient quality, for evaluating the gene expression of cytokines: interferon-gamma, interleukin-2, interleukin-4, and interleukin-10. Microfluidics is a useful tool in processing blood from burn-injured patients. Though in its very early stages of development, cell-specific information obtained by this platform/technology will likely be an important component of near-patient molecular diagnostics and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan E Rosenbach
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Singha H, Mallick AI, Jana C, Fatima N, Owais M, Chaudhuri P. Co-immunization with interlukin-18 enhances the protective efficacy of liposomes encapsulated recombinant Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase protein against Brucella abortus. Vaccine 2011; 29:4720-7. [PMID: 21565241 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by Brucella abortus and a number of closely related species. Brucellosis has severe impact on the health and economic prosperity of the developing countries due to the persistent nature of infection and unavailability of effective control measures. The Cu-Zn superoxide dismuatse (SOD) protein of Brucella have been extensively studied as a major antigen involved in bacterial evading mechanism of host defence. Being a critical pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-18 (IL-18) plays key role in induction of immune mediated protection against intracellular pathogens. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the immunogenic potential of fusogenic liposomes (escheriosomes) encapsulated recombinant Cu-Zn SOD (rSOD) protein alone or in combination with recombinant IL-18 (rIL-18). Escheriosomes encapsulated rSOD mediated immune responses were further increased upon co-immunization with rIL-18. Furthermore, immunization with escheriosomes encapsulated rSOD alone or in combination with rIL-18, increased resistance in mice against challenge with B. abortus 544.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harisankar Singha
- Division of Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India.
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Frick LR, Rapanelli M, Arcos MLB, Cremaschi GA, Genaro AM. Oral administration of fluoxetine alters the proliferation/apoptosis balance of lymphoma cells and up-regulates T cell immunity in tumor-bearing mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 659:265-72. [PMID: 21497159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressants have a controversial role with regard to their influence on cancer and immunity. Recently, we showed that fluoxetine administration induces an enhancement of the T-cell mediated immunity in naïve mice, resulting in the inhibition of tumor growth. Here we studied the effects of fluoxetine on lymphoma proliferation/apoptosis and immunity in tumor bearing-mice. We found an increase of apoptotic cells (active Caspase-3(+)) and a decrease of proliferative cells (PCNA(+)) in tumors growing in fluoxetine-treated animals. In addition, differential gene expressions of cell cycle and death markers were observed. Cyclins D3, E and B were reduced in tumors from animals treated with fluoxetine, whereas the tumor suppressor p53 and the cell cycle inhibitors p15/INK4B, p16/INK4A and p27/Kip1 were increased. Besides, the expression of the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-2 and the proapoptotic factor Bad were lower and higher respectively in these animals. These changes were accompanied by increased IFN-γ and TNF-α levels as well as augmented circulating CD8(+) T lymphocytes in tumor-bearing mice treated with the antidepressant. Therefore, we propose that the up-regulation of T-cell mediated antitumor immunity may be contributing to the alterations of tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis thus resulting in the inhibition of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Romina Frick
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1° Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 Piso 15, Buenos Aires (1121), Argentina.
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Aguilar-Medina M, Ramos-Payán R, Arámbula-Meraz E, Sánchez-Torres L, Favila-Castillo L. Parasitaemia levels in Plasmodium chabaudi infected-mice modify IFN-gamma and IL-10 expression after a homologous or heterologous challenge. Parasite Immunol 2010; 32:267-74. [PMID: 20398227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CB6F1 mice infected with the nonlethal Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS suffer parasitaemia levels up to 40% (full parasitaemia, FP) and develop both homologous and heterologous (against the lethal Plasmodium yoelii 17XL) protective immunity. However, if mice are treated with anti-malarial drug when parasitaemia is below 10% (low parasitaemia, LP), they only develop homologous immunity. For the better understanding of this interesting dissociation related to the degree of parasitaemia, in this work, we studied the genetic expression of some cytokines. We found that during primary parasitaemia both FP and LP mice showed at first a TNF-alpha, IL-2 and IFN-gamma response which is followed by an IL-4 and IL-10 response. When FP and LP mice were challenged with either the homologous (FP + AS and LP + AS mice) or the heterologous parasite (FP + 17XL and LP + 17XL mice), we observed that LP + 17XL mice, which failed to develop heterologous immunity and succumbed to the challenge, showed a stronger IFN-gamma and a weaker IL-10 expression than FP + 17XL mice, which developed heterologous immunity and survived the challenge. The importance and the possible implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aguilar-Medina
- Doctorado en Biotecnología y Maestría en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México.
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Nagata M, Lönnerdal B. Role of zinc in cellular zinc trafficking and mineralization in a murine osteoblast-like cell line. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 22:172-8. [PMID: 20378322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) supplementation stimulates bone growth in Zn-deficient humans and animals. A biphasic pattern of mineralization has been observed in cultured osteoblasts; an initiation phase and a progression phase. We used MC3T3-E1, a murine osteoblastic cell line, to elucidate the physiological role of Zn in osteoblast mineralization and cellular Zn trafficking during the mineralization event. Cells were cultured in media containing Chelex-treated fetal bovine serum and 1, 4, 10 and 20 μM Zn as ZnSO(4) for 14 days (early phase of mineralization) or 21 days (mid-to-late phase of mineralization). During the early phase of mineralization, Alizarin Red staining indicated that mineralization was increased by Zn in a dose-dependent manner. Although Zn exposure did not affect monolayer Zn concentration, metallothionein (MT) mRNA expression increased dose-dependently as assessed by real-time PCR. During the late phase of mineralization, mineralization was maximal at 1 μM Zn and monolayer Zn concentration reflected Zn exposure. The increase in MT mRNA expression during the late phase was similar to that during the early phase, but the difference in expression between culture Zn concentrations tended to be smaller. ZnT-2 mRNA expression decreased significantly with increasing zinc concentrations in the culture medium during the early phase, but increased significantly during the late phase. Osteocalcin mRNA levels were positively correlated to Zn exposure at both time points. Taken together, we propose that Zn may play an important role in osteoblast mineralization through Zn trafficking involving Zn storage proteins and Zn transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Nagata
- Nutrition Research Department, Food Science Institute, Meiji Dairies Corporation, Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan.
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Zhu J, Wu X, Goel S, Gowda NM, Kumar S, Krishnegowda G, Mishra G, Weinberg R, Li G, Gaestel M, Muta T, Gowda DC. MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 differentially regulates plasmodium falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositol-induced production of tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} and interleukin-12 in macrophages. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:15750-61. [PMID: 19359247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m901111200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory responses induced by Plasmodium falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are thought to be involved in malaria pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the role of MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) in the regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-12, two of the major inflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages stimulated with GPIs. We show that MK2 differentially regulates the GPI-induced production of TNF-alpha and IL-12. Although TNF-alpha production was markedly decreased, IL-12 expression was increased by 2-3-fold in GPI-stimulated MK2(-/-) macrophages compared with wild type (WT) cells. MK2(-/-) macrophages produced markedly decreased levels of TNF-alpha than WT macrophages mainly because of lower mRNA stability and translation. In the case of IL-12, mRNA was substantially higher in MK2(-/-) macrophages than WT. This enhanced production is due to increased NF-kappaB binding to the gene promoter, a markedly lower level expression of the transcriptional repressor factor c-Maf, and a decreased binding of GAP-12 to the gene promoter in MK2(-/-) macrophages. Thus, our data demonstrate for the first time the role of MK2 in the transcriptional regulation of IL-12. Using the protein kinase inhibitors SB203580 and U0126, we also show that the ERK and p38 pathways regulate TNF-alpha and IL-12 production, and that both inhibitors can reduce phosphorylation of MK2 in response to GPIs and other toll-like receptor ligands. These results may have important implications for developing therapeutics for malaria and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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Genetic immunization with the immunodominant antigen P48 of Mycoplasma agalactiae stimulates a mixed adaptive immune response in BALBc mice. Res Vet Sci 2008; 86:414-20. [PMID: 19007952 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A DNA vaccine against contagious agalactia was developed for the first time, encoding the P48 of Mycoplasma agalactiae. Specific immune responses elicited in BALB/c mice were evaluated. Both total IgG and IgG1 were detected in mice vaccinated with pVAX1/P48. Proliferation of mononuclear cells of the spleen, levels of gamma interferon, interleukin-12, and interleukin-2 mRNAs were enhanced in immunized animals. Results indicate that pVAX1/P48 vaccination induced both T(h)1 and T(h)2 immune responses. Nucleic acid immunization could be a new strategy against M. agalactiae infections and may be potentially used to develop vaccines for other Mycoplasma diseases.
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Velasco-Velázquez MA, Salinas-Jazmín N, Mendoza-Patiño N, Mandoki JJ. Reduced paxillin expression contributes to the antimetastatic effect of 4-hydroxycoumarin on B16-F10 melanoma cells. Cancer Cell Int 2008; 8:8. [PMID: 18492274 PMCID: PMC2429896 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-8-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 4-Hydroxycoumarin (4-HC) is a coumarin that lacks anticoagulant activity. 4-HC affects the cytoskeletal stability and decreases cell adhesion and motility of the melanoma cell line B16-F10. Together with integrins and other cytoskeletal proteins, paxillin participates in the regulation of cell adhesion and motility, acting as an adapter protein at focal adhesions. The present study determined the participation of paxillin in the reported effects of 4-HC and analyzed the role of paxillin in the formation of melanoma metastases. Results 4-HC decreased protein and mRNA levels of α- and β-paxillin isoforms in B16-F10 cells. Paxillin downregulation correlated with an inadequate translocation of paxillin to focal adhesions and a reduced phosphotyr118-paxillin pool. Consequently, 4-HC altered paxillin-mediated signaling, decreasing the phosphorylation of FAK and the level of GTP-bound Rac-1. These results partially explain the mechanism of the previously reported effects of 4-HC. Additionally, we studied the effect of 4-HC on metastatic potential of B16-F10 cells through experimental metastasis assays. In vitro treatment of cells with 4-HC inhibited their capability to originate pulmonary metastases. 4-HC did not affect cell proliferation or survival, demonstrating that its antimetastatic effect is unrelated to changes on cell viability. We also studied the importance of paxillin in metastasis by transfecting melanoma cells with paxillin-siRNA. Transfection produced a modest reduction on metastatic potential, indicating that: i) paxillin plays a role as inducer of melanoma metastasis; and ii) paxillin downregulation is not sufficient to explain the antimetastatic effect of 4-HC. Therefore, we evaluated other changes in gene expression by differential display RT-PCR analysis. Treatment with 4-HC produced a downregulation of Adhesion Regulating Molecule-1 (ARM-1), which correlated with a decreased adhesion of melanoma cells to lung slides. Conclusion This study shows that reduced paxillin expression is associated with the impaired cell adhesion and motility seen in 4-HC-treated cells and partially contributes to the antimetastatic effect of 4-HC. In contrast, the role of ARM-1 reduced expression in the effects of 4-HC is still to be clarified. The antimetastatic effect of 4-HC suggests that this compound, or others with similar mode of action, might be useful for the development of adjuvant therapies for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Velasco-Velázquez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo, Postal 70-297, Ciudad Universitaria, México D,F, 04510, México.
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20
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Duggan E, O'Dwyer MJ, Caraher E, Diviney D, McGovern E, Kelleher D, McManus R, Ryan T. Coagulopathy after cardiac surgery may be influenced by a functional plasminogen activator inhibitor polymorphism. Anesth Analg 2007; 104:1343-7, table of contents. [PMID: 17513622 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000261267.28891.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokine-mediated inflammation and coagulopathy may occur after cardiac surgery. In this study we investigated the temporal pattern of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene expression after cardiac surgery and its relation with PAI genotype, and obtained preliminary data regarding its relation to perioperative morbidity. METHODS The relative change in PAI-1 mRNA 1, 6, and 24 h after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was measured from mononuclear cells in 82 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. DNA was analyzed for carriage of the 4G/5G PAI-1 polymorphism. RESULTS PAI-1 gene expression decreased after CPB in all patients. A larger reduction in PAI-1 gene expression was observed in homozygous carriers of the 5G allele. Homozygous carriers of the 5G allele were also more likely to receive transfusion of coagulation blood products. There was no relation between change in PAI-1 gene expression and duration of CPB. CONCLUSIONS PAI-1 gene expression decreased over time after CPB. We found a link between PAI-1 genotype, PAI gene expression, and transfusion of coagulation products after cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edel Duggan
- Department of Anaesthesia, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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21
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Berhanu A, Huang J, Watkins SC, Okada H, Storkus WJ. Treatment-enhanced CD4+Foxp3+ glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family related high regulatory tumor-infiltrating T cells limit the effectiveness of cytokine-based immunotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:3400-8. [PMID: 17339434 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells can suppress activated CD4+ and CD8+ T effector cells and may serve as an impediment to spontaneous or therapeutic type 1 antitumor immunity. In a previous study, we observed minimal therapeutic impact, but significantly enhanced T cell cross-priming and lesional infiltration of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells into established CMS4 sarcomas after combined treatment of BALB/c mice with rFLt3 ligand (rFL) and recombinant GM-CSF (rGM-CSF). In this study, we show that this cytokine regimen also results in the profound enhancement of CD4+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) expressing FoxP3, IL-10, and TGF-beta mRNA, with 50 or 90% of CD4+ TIL coexpressing the CD25 and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family related molecules, respectively. Intracellular staining for Foxp3 protein revealed that combined treatment with rFL plus rGM-CSF results in a significant increase in CD4+Foxp3+ T cells in the spleen of both control and tumor-bearing mice, and that nearly half of CD4+ TIL expressed this marker. In addition, CD4+ TIL cells were of an activated/memory (ICOS(high)CD62L(low)CD45RB(low)) phenotype and were capable of suppressing allospecific T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma production from (in vivo cross-primed) anti-CMS4 CD8+ T cells in vitro, via a mechanism at least partially dependent on IL-10 and TGF-beta. Importantly, in vivo depletion of CD4+ T cells resulted in the ability of previously ineffective, rFL plus rGM-CSF therapy-induced CD8+ T cells to now mediate tumor regression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/therapeutic use
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein/immunology
- Immunologic Memory/drug effects
- Immunotherapy
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/therapeutic use
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory
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Affiliation(s)
- Aklile Berhanu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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22
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Quantitative Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction. BASIC SCIENCE TECHNIQUES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2007. [PMCID: PMC7123628 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84628-740-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Since the first documentation of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR),1 it has been used for an increasing and diverse number of applications, including mRNA expression studies, DNA copy number measurements in genomic or viral DNAs,2–7 allelic discrimination assays,8,9 expression analysis of specific splice variants of genes10–13 and gene expression in paraffin-embedded tissues,14,15 and laser captured microdissected cells.13,16–19 Therefore, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR) is now essential in molecular diagnostics to quantitatively assess the level of RNA or DNA in a given specimen. QRT-PCR enables the detection and quantification of very small amounts of DNA, cDNA, or RNA, even down to a single copy. It is based on the detection of fluorescence produced by reporter probes, which varies with reaction cycle number. Only during the exponential phase of the conventional PCR reaction is it possible to extrapolate back in order to determine the quantity of initial template sequence. The “real-time” nature of this technology pertains to the constant monitoring of fluorescence from specially designed reporter probes during each cycle. Due to inhibitors of the polymerase reaction found with the template, reagent limitation or accumulation of pyrophosphate molecules, the PCR reaction eventually ceases to generate template at an exponential rate (i.e., the plateau phase), making the end point quantitation of PCR products unreliable in all but the exponential phase.
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Singh R, Recinos RF, Agresti M, Schaefer RB, Bosbous M, Gosain AK. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction: an improvement in detecting mRNA levels in mouse cranial tissue. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 117:2227-34. [PMID: 16772922 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000219339.82624.b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitation of messenger RNA levels has traditionally been carried out by Northern blot analysis. While this is regarded as the standard method, it is time-consuming and requires large quantities of RNA. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction is a semiquantitative method that has been used as a more rapid and sensitive alternative to Northern blotting. Real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction is a quantitative technique that is gaining widespread acceptance as a rapid and reliable way of quantifying mRNA. Since both techniques are currently being used to evaluate gene expression in the murine cranial suture model, the present study was performed to compare the sensitivity and variability of real-time to conventional reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in this model. METHODS Mouse brain RNA was isolated and amplified using real-time and conventional methods. For the real-time method, a serial 10-fold dilution of RNA, ranging from 1 fg to 100 ng, was performed. For the conventional method, the minimum amount of RNA needed for consistent polymerase chain reaction amplification was determined. Transforming growth factor beta-1 and beta-actin RNA transcripts were measured using both techniques. RESULTS One femtogram of RNA could be detected by the real-time method, although 10 fg were required to reliably detect differences; 500 ng of RNA was required for consistent polymerase chain reaction amplification using the conventional method. The variability of real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction when expressed as a coefficient of variation (SD as a percentage of the mean) ranged from 0.23 to 2.6 percent for all genes tested, as compared with 9 to 70 percent for conventional reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSIONS Real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used successfully to detect mRNA from different mouse genes. The real-time method is much more sensitive in detecting small amounts of mRNA than both Northern blot analysis and conventional polymerase chain reaction. The variability of the real-time method is more than 10-fold lower compared with the conventional method performed in the authors' laboratory for all genes tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Singh
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wis. 53226, USA
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Hanna SE, Connor CJ, Wang HH. Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Food Microbiologist: Technologies, Applications, and Limitations. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb07149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ikeda A, Nakanishi Y, Sakimoto T, Shoji J, Sawa M, Nemoto N. Expression of β Defensins in Ocular Surface Tissue of Experimentally Developed Allergic Conjunctivitis Mouse Model. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2006; 50:1-6. [PMID: 16453180 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-005-0262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the expression of beta-defensin in the ocular surface of a mouse experimental allergic conjunctivitis (EAC) model. METHODS Mouse beta-defensin (mBD)-1 and -2 mRNA expressed in conjunctival tissue of both the EAC and the control group were analyzed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. mBD-1 and mBD-2 mRNA expressed in cornea, limbus, and conjunctival epithelium of the EAC and the control group were also analyzed using a laser-assisted microdissection technique and the RT-PCR method. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the amount of mBD-1 between the EAC and the control group. However, the EAC group had significantly less mBD-2 (0.23 +/- 0.15 x 10(4) copy/microl) than the control group (3.61 +/- 4.87 x 10(4) copy/microl) (P < 0.01, Mann-Whitney U test). mBD-1 mRNA was positive for all examined tissue in both groups. The expression of mBD-2 mRNA in the EAC group was definitely positive for the corneal and conjunctival epithelium and negative for the limbus. CONCLUSION mBD-2 mRNA was expressed significantly less in the EAC model than in the control. Analysis by site in the ocular surface tissue revealed that this reduction was caused by the diminished expression of mBD-2 in the limbus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Banerjee D, Liou HC, Sen R. c-Rel-dependent priming of naive T cells by inflammatory cytokines. Immunity 2005; 23:445-58. [PMID: 16226509 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic refractoriness of naive T cells for cytokine production is counteracted by cells of the innate immune system. Upon sensing danger via Toll-like receptors, these cells upregulate T cell costimulatory molecules and secrete cytokines that enhance T cell activation. We show that cytokine-mediated priming of naive T cells requires the NF-kappaB family member c-Rel. In resting naive cells c-Rel is associated primarily with IkappaBbeta, an inhibitory molecule that is not effectively degraded by TCR signals. Exposure of T cells to proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, shifts c-Rel to IkappaBalpha-associated complexes that are readily targeted by the TCR. As a consequence, IL-2 and IFN-gamma mRNA are produced more quickly, and at higher levels, in cytokine-primed T cells. This mechanism does not operate in effector T cells where cytokine gene expression is c-Rel-independent. We propose that c-Rel plays a crucial role as a target of innate signals in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daliya Banerjee
- Rosenstiel Research Center and Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
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Wyckoff JH, Howland JL, Scott CMO, Smith RA, Confer AW. Recombinant bovine interleukin 2 enhances immunity and protection induced by Brucella abortus vaccines in cattle. Vet Microbiol 2005; 111:77-87. [PMID: 16242273 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Revised: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Augmentation of immunization of cattle Brucella abortus S19 or a B. abortus soluble protein extract (SPEBA) vaccine through administration of recombinant bovine IL 2 (rBoIL 2) was evaluated. Seventy-five heifers were divided among 6 groups that were treated with the following: Group 1, no treatment; Group 2, rBoIL 2 (1microg/kg) on day 0; Group 3, SPEBA (2 mg) on day 0 and week 9; Group 4, SPEBA + rBoIL 2 on day 0, SPEBA on week 9; Group 5, S19 (10(7) CFU) on day 0 and week 9; Group 6, S19 + rBoIL 2 on day 0, S19 only on week 9. Approximately, 6 months after vaccination, cattle were bred by natural service, and at mid-gestation pregnant cattle were challenged intraconjunctivally with 9.1 x 10(5) CFU of virulent B. abortus S2308. Pre- and post-challenge antibody responses were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a particle concentration fluorescence assay, and the card test. Lymphoproliferation (LP) responses to gamma-irradiated B. abortus and SPEBA antigens were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. After vaccination, antibody responses to B. abortus elevated rapidly in SPEBA- and S19-vaccinates with and without rBoIL 2, however, these responses were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in vaccinates which also received rBoIL 2. Antibody levels for all vaccinated groups had returned to those of negative control groups by the challenge date with the exception of the SPEBA/rBoIL 2 group. In general, LP responses were higher in vaccinated or rBoIL 2-treated cattle than for unvaccinated controls. Challenge of 48 pregnant heifers resulted in abortions in 4/9 of Group 1, 0/9 of Group 2, 4/8 of Group 3, 2/9 of Group 4, 1/7 of Group 5, and 0/6 of Group 6 cattle. Treatment with rBoIL 2 alone (Group 2) provided significant (P < 0.05) protection from infection, abortions and induction of sero-positive status compared to untreated (Group 1) cattle. Co-administration of rBoIL 2 with S19 resulted in significant (P < 0.05) augmentation in onset, duration and magnitude of LP responses to B. abortus antigens following challenge. Characterization of the cytokine response of bovine monocyte-derived macrophages by real-time polymerase chain reaction indicated that in vitro stimulation of these cells with rBoIL 2 resulted in a profound up-regulation of genes encoding tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL 12p40, and interferon-gamma reflecting activation of the cells. Overall, rBoIL 2-treatment was associated with fewer infections, sero-conversions and a significant (P = 0.02) level of protection against abortion as compared to vaccination alone or no treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Wyckoff
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, 250 McElroy Hall, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA.
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Liu X, Ciumas C, Huang YM, Steffensen KR, Lian H, Link H, Xiao BG. Autoantigen-pulsed dendritic cells constitute a beneficial cytokine and growth factor network in ameliorating experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Mult Scler 2005; 11:381-9. [PMID: 16042218 DOI: 10.1191/1352458505ms1180oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Injection of myelin basic protein (MBP)-pulsed dendritic cells (DC) into healthy rats, as we reported before and observed in this study, did not induce clinical experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), but effectively protected the rats from subsequent EAE induction. The mechanisms by which MBP-pulsed DC mediate immune protection are not completely understood. In the present study, we mainly explored the dynamic change of cytokine and growth factor mRNA expression in spinal cords after subcutaneous injection of MBP-pulsed and unpulsed DC. The expression of interleukin (IL)-1, interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha as well as programmed death ligand (PDL)-1, PDL-2, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)4, STAT6, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2 was increased on day 0 postimmunization (p.i.). The increase of IL-12 expression was observed on day 7 p.i., while the increase of IL-10 expression mainly occurred on day 14 p.i. Except downregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1, the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B/C as well as nerve growth factor receptor (NGF-R), FGF receptor, PDGF-R-alpha and beta was elevated on day 0 p.i., while the increase of TIMP and NGF was observed on days 0 and 7 p.i. There were no significant differences on MMP-2, spinal cord-derived growth factor and PDGF-A mRNA expression. In line with the suppression of EAE induced by MBP-pulsed DC, the dynamic change of cytokines and growth factors in spinal cords should constitute a beneficial microenvironment against EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Neurotec Department, Karolinska Institute, 14183 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Zhao W, Xia M, Bridges-Malveo T, Cantú M, McNeal MM, Choi AH, Ward RL, Sestak K. Evaluation of rotavirus dsRNA load in specimens and body fluids from experimentally infected juvenile macaques by real-time PCR. Virology 2005; 341:248-56. [PMID: 16095646 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Revised: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We recently established a non-human primate model of rotavirus infection that is characterized by consistent and high levels of virus antigen shedding in stools. Here, we report that starting from post challenge day (PCD) 2, 6 x 10(3) to 1.5 x 10(6) copies of rotavirus double-stranded RNA per nanogram of total RNA were detected by real-time PCR in MA104 cells that were 48 h pre-incubated with filtered stool suspensions of three experimentally infected juvenile macaques. The peak of virus load was detected at PCD 4-5, followed by decreased load at PCD 6-11, and very low levels at PCD 12. Such a pattern corresponded to virus shedding in stools as reported recently based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results. In addition, plasma and cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from six infected animals were tested for the presence of rotavirus. Rotavirus extraintestinal escape was revealed in three out of six animals by a combination of real-time and nested PCR. However, very low quantities of detected viral RNA (approximately 20 copies/ng of total RNA) were not suggestive of viremia. Thus, the rhesus model of rotavirus infection can be exploited further in studies with vaccine candidates designed to prevent or abrogate rotavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
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Chacón-Salinas R, Serafín-López J, Ramos-Payán R, Méndez-Aragón P, Hernández-Pando R, Van Soolingen D, Flores-Romo L, Estrada-Parra S, Estrada-García I. Differential pattern of cytokine expression by macrophages infected in vitro with different Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypes. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 140:443-9. [PMID: 15932505 PMCID: PMC1809389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown recently that different genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induce distinct immune responses in the host, as reflected by variations in cytokine and iNOS expression. Because these molecules are probably regulated by multiple factors in vivo this complex phenomenon was partially analysed by assessing cytokine and iNOS expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in an in vitro model of bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with three different M. tuberculosis genotypes: Canetti, H37 Rv and Beijing. Although the three genotypes induced production of iNOS and the different cytokines tested at 24 h post-infection, macrophages infected with the Beijing isolate expressed the highest levels of mRNA for iNOS, interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-12 cytokines and lower levels of IL-10 compared with cells infected with other genotypes. This expression pattern has been associated with infection control, but during infection in vivo with the Beijing genotype it is lost upon progression to chronic phase. The failure to control infection is likely to be influenced by cytokines produced by other cell types and bacterial molecules expressed during the course of disease. Results presented in this work show that each genotype has the ability to induce different levels of cytokine expression that could be related to its pathogenesis during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chacón-Salinas
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, ENCB-IPN, Mexico
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Liu X, Steffensen KR, Sanna A, Arru G, Fois ML, Rosati G, Sotgiu S, Link H, Gustafsson JA, Huang YM. Anti-inflammatory nuclear receptor superfamily in multiple sclerosis patients from Sardinia and Sweden. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 20:961-8. [PMID: 16023861 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2005] [Revised: 04/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several nuclear hormone receptors have been associated with inflammatory reactions. Particularly, liver X receptors (LXRs) have recently been identified as key transcriptional regulators of genes involved in lipid homeostasis and inflammation. LXRs are negative regulators of macrophage inflammatory gene expression. Multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system of unknown cause, is characterized by recurrent inflammation involving macrophages and their inflammatory mediators. Sweden belongs to the countries with a high MS incidence. In Italy, the MS incidence is lower, except on the island of Sardinia where the incidence is even higher than in Sweden. Subjects from Sardinia are ethnically more homogeneous, and differ from Swedes also regarding genetic background and environment. We studied mRNA expression of several nuclear hormone receptors in blood mononuclear cells (MNC) from female patients with untreated relapsing-remitting MS from Sassari, Sardinia, and Stockholm, Sweden. Sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HC) were from both areas. mRNA expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. We found altered mRNA expression of LXRs, estrogen receptors (ERs), and androgen receptor (AR) in MS. mRNA expression of both LXRalpha and LXRbeta is lower in MS from Stockholm but not from Sassari. In particular, LXRalpha mRNA expression was significantly lower in MS from Stockholm as compared with all groups in the study including MS from Sassari. Low levels of ERalpha mRNA are seen in MS from both Stockholm and Sassari. The splice variant ERbetacx showed significantly higher mRNA expression in MS from Sassari and Stockholm as compared with corresponding HC. In particular, ERbetacx mRNA in MS from Sassari was remarkably higher as compared with all other groups in the study. Higher levels of AR mRNA are present in HC from Sassari. The findings indicate that the expression levels of anti-inflammatory nuclear receptor superfamily genes in MS appear to reflect both ethnic and environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Neurotec Department, Division of Neuroimmunology, Karolinska Institute, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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Arya M, Shergill IS, Williamson M, Gommersall L, Arya N, Patel HRH. Basic principles of real-time quantitative PCR. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2005; 5:209-19. [PMID: 15833050 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.5.2.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Real-time quantitative PCR allows the sensitive, specific and reproducible quantitation of nucleic acids. Since its introduction, real-time quantitative PCR has revolutionized the field of molecular diagnostics and the technique is being used in a rapidly expanding number of applications. This exciting technology has enabled the shift of molecular diagnostics toward a high-throughput, automated technology with lower turnaround times. This article reviews the basic principles of real-time PCR and describes the various chemistries available: the double-stranded DNA-intercalating agent SYBR Green 1, hydrolysis probes, dual hybridization probes, molecular beacons and scorpion probes. Quantitation methods are discussed in addition to the competing instruments available on the market. Examples of applications of this important and versatile technique are provided throughout the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manit Arya
- Institute of Urology, Prostate Cancer Research Centre, University College London, UK.
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Abstract
Real-time PCR has become one of the most widely used methods of gene quantitation because it has a large dynamic range, boasts tremendous sensitivity, can be highly sequence-specific, has little to no post-amplification processing, and is amenable to increasing sample throughput. However, optimal benefit from these advantages requires a clear understanding of the many options available for running a real-time PCR experiment. Starting with the theory behind real-time PCR, this review discusses the key components of a real-time PCR experiment, including one-step or two-step PCR, absolute versus relative quantitation, mathematical models available for relative quantitation and amplification efficiency calculations, types of normalization or data correction, and detection chemistries. In addition, the many causes of variation as well as methods to calculate intra- and inter-assay variation are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa L Wong
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616-8521, USA
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CyProQuant-PCR: a real time RT-PCR technique for profiling human cytokines, based on external RNA standards, readily automatable for clinical use. BMC Immunol 2005; 6:5. [PMID: 15748278 PMCID: PMC555737 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Real-time PCR is becoming a common tool for detecting and quantifying expression profiling of selected genes. Cytokines mRNA quantification is widely used in immunological research to dissect the early steps of immune responses or pathophysiological pathways. It is also growing to be of clinical relevancy to immuno-monitoring and evaluation of the disease status of patients. The techniques currently used for "absolute quantification" of cytokine mRNA are based on a DNA standard curve and do not take into account the critical impact of RT efficiency. Results To overcome this pitfall, we designed a strategy using external RNA as standard in the RT-PCR. Use of synthetic RNA standards, by comparison with the corresponding DNA standard, showed significant variations in the yield of retro-transcription depending the target amplified and the experiment. We then developed primers to be used under one single experimental condition for the specific amplification of human IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-13, IL-15, IL-18, IFN-γ, MIF, TGF-β1 and TNF-α mRNA. We showed that the beta-2 microglobulin (β2-MG) gene was suitable for data normalisation since the level of β2-MG transcripts in naïve PBMC varied less than 5 times between individuals and was not affected by LPS or PHA stimulation. The technique, we named CyProQuant-PCR (Cytokine Profiling Quantitative PCR) was validated using a kinetic measurement of cytokine transcripts under in vitro stimulation of human PBMC by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan (SAC). Results obtained show that CyProQuant-PCR is powerful enough to precociously detect slight cytokine induction. Finally, having demonstrated the reproducibility of the method, it was applied to malaria patients and asymptomatic controls for the quantification of TGF-β1 transcripts and showed an increased capacity of cells from malaria patients to accumulate TGF-β1 mRNA in response to LPS. Conclusion The real-time RT-PCR technique based on a RNA standard curve, CyProQuant-PCR, outlined here, allows for a genuine absolute quantification and a simultaneous analysis of a large panel of human cytokine mRNA. It represents a potent and attractive tool for immunomonitoring, lending itself readily to automation and with a high throughput. This opens the possibility of an easy and reliable cytokine profiling for clinical applications.
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Weber TE, Small BC, Bosworth BG. Lipopolysaccharide regulates myostatin and MyoD independently of an increase in plasma cortisol in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Domest Anim Endocrinol 2005; 28:64-73. [PMID: 15620807 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2004.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on plasma cortisol and the expression of MyoD and myostatin (MSTN) mRNAs were evaluated in channel catfish. In addition, the effect of dexamethasone (Dex) on MyoD and MSTN mRNAs was examined. For the LPS injection experiments, juvenile channel catfish were injected intraperitoneally with 1.5 mg/kg LPS or sterile PBS. Blood was collected at 1, 3, 12, and 24 h post-injection for cortisol determination, and muscle samples were collected at 3, 12, and 24 h for mRNA analysis. For the Dex injection experiment, fish were injected with 1.0 mg/kg Dex or saline and muscle samples were collected at 12 and 24 h. There was no effect of LPS on plasma cortisol at any of the time points measured. Injection with LPS increased the abundance of MyoD mRNA at 3 and 12 h, and decreased the abundance of MSTN mRNA at 24 h. There was no effect of Dex injection on the abundance of MyoD mRNA. However, Dex injection decreased the abundance of MSTN mRNA at 12 h post-injection. These results suggest that LPS regulates the expression of MyoD and MSTN independently of an increase in plasma cortisol, and that the regulation of MyoD in the channel catfish differs from mammals in response to inflammatory stimuli. These results also confirm that exogenous glucocorticoids decrease the expression of MSTN as shown in other fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Weber
- Catfish Genetics Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, P.O. Box 38 Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
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Lee HB, Yu MR, Song JS, Ha H. Reactive oxygen species amplify protein kinase C signaling in high glucose-induced fibronectin expression by human peritoneal mesothelial cells. Kidney Int 2004; 65:1170-9. [PMID: 15086456 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that high glucose up-regulates fibronectin mRNA and protein expression by human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC) through activation of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is known to induce cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and PKC-dependent activation of the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase has recently been shown to be responsible, in part, for increased oxidative stress in diabetes. On the other hand, high glucose-induced mitochondrial overproduction of superoxide anion was found to activate PKC. We, therefore, hypothesized that high glucose-induced activation of PKC in HPMC may increase cellular ROS and ROS, in turn, may activate PKC and thus provide signal amplification in high glucose-induced fibronectin up-regulation in HPMC. METHODS The role of ROS in high glucose- and PKC-induced fibronectin expression was examined by quantification of cellular ROS after stimulation with high glucose and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), by the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and PMA on fibronectin expression, and finally by inhibition of ROS and PKC. The source of cellular ROS was further examined by inhibition of NADPH oxidase and mitochondrial metabolism. RESULTS D-glucose increased dichlorofluorescein (DCF)-sensitive cellular ROS in HPMC in a dose-dependent manner. l-glucose did not induce ROS generation and cytochalasin B completely blocked high glucose-induced ROS generation, suggesting that glucose uptake, but not media hyperosmolality, is required in ROS generation in HPMC. PMA increased cellular ROS and fibronectin secretion. A single dose of H(2)O(2) or H(2)O(2) continuously generated by glucose oxidase up-regulated fibronectin expression [corrected]. Antioxidants trolox and catalase inhibited high glucose- and PMA-induced fibronectin mRNA and protein expression. Inhibition of PKC inhibited high glucose-and H(2)O(2)-induced fibronectin secretion. NADPH oxidase inhibitors (diphenyleneiodinium and apocynin) and an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport chain subunit I (rotenone) all effectively inhibited high glucose-induced cellular ROS generation and fibronectin secretion. CONCLUSION The present data demonstrate that high glucose increases cellular ROS in HPMC through activation of PKC, NADPH oxidase, and mitochondrial metabolism and that ROS, thus generated, up-regulate fibronectin expression by HPMC. ROS are not only downstream but also upstream signaling molecules to PKC and provide signal amplification in high glucose-induced fibronectin expression by HPMC. The present data imply that cellular ROS may be potential therapeutic targets in progressive accumulation of extracellular matrix in the peritoneal tissue of long-term peritoneal dialysis patients using high glucose-containing peritoneal dialysis solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hi Bahl Lee
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soon Chun Hyang University, Seoul, Korea
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Wang L, Wang J, Wang BE, Xiao PG, Qiao YJ, Tan XH. Effects of herbal compound 861 on human hepatic stellate cell proliferation and activation. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:2831-5. [PMID: 15334680 PMCID: PMC4572112 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i19.2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of herbal compound 861 (Cpd 861) on cell proliferation in human hepatic stellate cells (LX-2) and human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cells (HepG2), and expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in LX-2 cells.
METHODS: LX-2 and HepG2 cells were incubated with various concentrations of Cpd 861 (0.1-0.003 mg/mL) for 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 d. Cell proliferation was analyzed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay. Effects of Cpd861 on the expression of α-SMA mRNA in LX-2 cells were measured by real-time quantitative PCR method using SYBR Green I technology.
RESULTS: Cpd 861, at 0.1 mg/mL, significantly inhibited LX-2 cell proliferation (15% decrease relative to control, P < 0.05) after 3 d of incubation. The inhibitory effects seemed to increase with the treatment time (25% decrease after 5 d of incubation and 35% decrease after 7 d of incubation, P < 0.01). However, Cpd 861 did not affect HepG2 cell proliferation at the same concentration used for LX-2 cells. The expression levels of α-SMA mRNA decreased significantly when LX-2 cells were exposed to Cpd 861 for 48 h (59% decrease relative to control, P < 0.05) or 72 h (60% decrease relative to control, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Cpd 861 can significantly inhibit LX-2 cell proliferation in a dose-dependant manner, and reduce the expression levels of α-SMA mRNA in LX-2 cells. Since hepatic cell proliferation and high level of α-SMA are associated with liver fibrosis, the results suggest that Cpd 861 may be useful in the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Beijing Genomic Institute, Beijing 101300, China
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Xiao BG, Liu X, Link H. Antigen-specific T cell functions are suppressed over the estrogen-dendritic cell-indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase axis. Steroids 2004; 69:653-9. [PMID: 15465110 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2004.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2004] [Revised: 05/18/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen results in the suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a frequently used experimental animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). The mechanism by which estrogen acts in diseases with an autoimmune background is less clear. Here, we used splenic dendritic cells (DC) from the Lewis rats EAE model as target cells, and explored the pathway of estrogen in immune modulation. Estrogen did not affect the expression of MHC class II, CD80 and CD86 by DC, but inhibited the ability of DC to stimulate T cell proliferation and production of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. This was accompanied by increased T cell apoptosis. Estrogen up-regulated DC to express indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) which can limit T cell responses. The effects of estrogen-exposed DC on T cell proliferation and apoptosis were partly abolished by addition of an IDO inhibitor (1-methyl-dl-tryptophan, 1-MT), indicating that estrogen-exposed DC induced IDO-dependent T cell suppression. Our data support the hypothesis that the estrogen-induced suppression of EAE, as well as the reduction in number of MS relapses observed during pregnancy, may be related to the estrogen-DC-IDO axis. This observation could open up a novel therapeutic target for influencing the course of MS and other diseases with an autoimmune diseases background.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/drug effects
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/enzymology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Estrogens/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tryptophan/analogs & derivatives
- Tryptophan/pharmacology
- Tryptophan Oxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tryptophan Oxygenase/genetics
- Tryptophan Oxygenase/metabolism
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Guo Xiao
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Neurotec Department, Karolinska Institute, Alfred Nobels Allé 10, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden.
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