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Heinemann D, Zabic M, Terakawa M, Boch J. Laser-based molecular delivery and its applications in plant science. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:82. [PMID: 35690858 PMCID: PMC9188231 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Lasers enable modification of living and non-living matter with submicron precision in a contact-free manner which has raised the interest of researchers for decades. Accordingly, laser technologies have drawn interest across disciplines. They have been established as a valuable tool to permeabilize cellular membranes for molecular delivery in a process termed photoinjection. Laser-based molecular delivery was first reported in 1984, when normal kidney cells were successfully transfected with a frequency-multiplied Nd:YAG laser. Due to the rapid development of optical technologies, far more sophisticated laser platforms have become available. In particular, near infrared femtosecond (NIR fs) laser sources enable an increasing progress of laser-based molecular delivery procedures and opened up multiple variations and applications of this technique.This review is intended to provide a plant science audience with the physical principles as well as the application potentials of laser-based molecular delivery. The historical origins and technical development of laser-based molecular delivery are summarized and the principle physical processes involved in these approaches and their implications for practical use are introduced. Successful cases of laser-based molecular delivery in plant science will be reviewed in detail, and the specific hurdles that plant materials pose will be discussed. Finally, we will give an outlook on current limitations and possible future applications of laser-based molecular delivery in the field of plant science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dag Heinemann
- Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Leibniz University Hannover, Nienburger Str. 17, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD, Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Miroslav Zabic
- Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Leibniz University Hannover, Nienburger Str. 17, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mitsuhiro Terakawa
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Jens Boch
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
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2
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Czymmek KJ, Bourett TM, Sweigard JA, Carroll A, Howard RJ. Utility of cytoplasmic fluorescent proteins for live-cell imaging ofMagnaporthe griseain planta. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2003.11833234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirk J. Czymmek
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | | | | | - Anne Carroll
- DuPont Crop Genetics, Delaware Technology Park, Newark, Delaware 19713
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Khan MA, Gemenet DC, Villordon A. Root System Architecture and Abiotic Stress Tolerance: Current Knowledge in Root and Tuber Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1584. [PMID: 27847508 PMCID: PMC5088196 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The challenge to produce more food for a rising global population on diminishing agricultural land is complicated by the effects of climate change on agricultural productivity. Although great progress has been made in crop improvement, so far most efforts have targeted above-ground traits. Roots are essential for plant adaptation and productivity, but are less studied due to the difficulty of observing them during the plant life cycle. Root system architecture (RSA), made up of structural features like root length, spread, number, and length of lateral roots, among others, exhibits great plasticity in response to environmental changes, and could be critical to developing crops with more efficient roots. Much of the research on root traits has thus far focused on the most common cereal crops and model plants. As cereal yields have reached their yield potential in some regions, understanding their root system may help overcome these plateaus. However, root and tuber crops (RTCs) such as potato, sweetpotato, cassava, and yam may hold more potential for providing food security in the future, and knowledge of their root system additionally focuses directly on the edible portion. Root-trait modeling for multiple stress scenarios, together with high-throughput phenotyping and genotyping techniques, robust databases, and data analytical pipelines, may provide a valuable base for a truly inclusive 'green revolution.' In the current review, we discuss RSA with special reference to RTCs, and how knowledge on genetics of RSA can be manipulated to improve their tolerance to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Khan
- International Potato CenterLima, Peru
- *Correspondence: M. A. Khan,
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Mitchell CA, Kalies S, Cizmár T, Heisterkamp A, Torrance L, Roberts AG, Gunn-Moore FJ, Dholakia K. Femtosecond optoinjection of intact tobacco BY-2 cells using a reconfigurable photoporation platform. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79235. [PMID: 24244456 PMCID: PMC3828288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A tightly-focused ultrashort pulsed laser beam incident upon a cell membrane has previously been shown to transiently increase cell membrane permeability while maintaining the viability of the cell, a technique known as photoporation. This permeability can be used to aid the passage of membrane-impermeable biologically-relevant substances such as dyes, proteins and nucleic acids into the cell. Ultrashort-pulsed lasers have proven to be indispensable for photoporating mammalian cells but they have rarely been applied to plant cells due to their larger sizes and rigid and thick cell walls, which significantly hinders the intracellular delivery of exogenous substances. Here we demonstrate and quantify femtosecond optical injection of membrane impermeable dyes into intact BY-2 tobacco plant cells growing in culture, investigating both optical and biological parameters. Specifically, we show that the long axial extent of a propagation invariant ("diffraction-free") Bessel beam, which relaxes the requirements for tight focusing on the cell membrane, outperforms a standard Gaussian photoporation beam, achieving up to 70% optoinjection efficiency. Studies on the osmotic effects of culture media show that a hypertonic extracellular medium was found to be necessary to reduce turgor pressure and facilitate molecular entry into the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A. Mitchell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Kalies
- Biomedical Optics Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hannover, Germany
| | - Tomás Cizmár
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lesley Torrance
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Alison G. Roberts
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Frank J. Gunn-Moore
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Kishan Dholakia
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:186. [PMID: 23785372 PMCID: PMC3685011 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan McCouch
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23785372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle K H Jung
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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8
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23785372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00186/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle K H Jung
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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Uchugonova A, Lessel M, Nietzsche S, Zeitz C, Jacobs K, Lemke C, König K. Nanosurgery of cells and chromosomes using near-infrared twelve-femtosecond laser pulses. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:101502. [PMID: 23223978 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.10.101502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT. Laser-assisted surgery based on multiphoton absorption of near-infrared laser light has great potential for high precision surgery at various depths within the cells and tissues. Clinical applications include refractive surgery (fs-LASIK). The non-contact laser method also supports contamination-free cell nanosurgery. In this paper we describe usage of an ultrashort femtosecond laser scanning microscope for sub-100 nm surgery of human cells and metaphase chromosomes. A mode-locked 85 MHz Ti:Sapphire laser with an M-shaped ultrabroad band spectrum (maxima: 770 nm/830 nm) and an in situ pulse duration at the target ranging from 12 fs up to 3 ps was employed. The effects of laser nanoprocessing in cells and chromosomes have been quantified by atomic force microscopy. These studies demonstrate the potential of extreme ultrashort femtosecond laser pulses at low mean milliwatt powers for sub-100 nm surgery of cells and cellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisada Uchugonova
- Department of Biophotonics and Laser Technology, Saarland University, Campus A51, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
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Radford JE, White RG. Inhibitors of myosin, but not actin, alter transport through Tradescantia plasmodesmata. PROTOPLASMA 2011; 248:205-16. [PMID: 21113638 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Actin and myosin are components of plasmodesmata, the cytoplasmic channels between plant cells, but their role in regulating these channels is unclear. Here, we investigated the role of myosin in regulating plasmodesmata in a well-studied, simple system comprising single filaments of cells which form stamen hairs in Tradescantia virginiana flowers. Effects of myosin inhibitors were assessed by analysing cell-to-cell movement of fluorescent tracers microinjected into treated cells. Incubation in the myosin inhibitor, 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) or injection of anti-myosin antibodies increased cell-cell transport of fluorescent dextrans, while treatment with the myosin inhibitor N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) decreased cell-cell transport. Pretreatment with the callose synthesis inhibitor, deoxy-D: -glucose (DDG), enhanced transport induced by BDM treatment or injection of myosin antibodies but did not relieve NEM-induced reduction in transport. In contrast to the myosin inhibitors, cell-to-cell transport was unaffected by treatment with the actin polymerisation inhibitor, latrunculin B, after controlling for callose synthesis with DDG. Transport was increased following azide treatment, and reduced after injection of ATP, as in previous studies. We propose that myosin detachment from actin, induced by BDM, opens T. virginiana plasmodesmata whereas the firm attachment of myosin to actin, promoted by NEM, closes them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine E Radford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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11
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Abstract
Femtosecond laser ablation permits non-invasive surgeries in the bulk of a sample with submicrometer resolution. We briefly review the history of optical surgery techniques and the experimental background of femtosecond laser ablation. Next, we present several clinical applications, including dental surgery and eye surgery. We then summarize research applications, encompassing cell and tissue studies, research on C. elegans, and studies in zebrafish. We conclude by discussing future trends of femtosecond laser systems and some possible application directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H Chung
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Wang BG, Riemann I, Schubert H, Schweitzer D, König K, Halbhuber KJ. Multiphoton microscopy for monitoring intratissue femtosecond laser surgery effects. Lasers Surg Med 2007; 39:527-33. [PMID: 17659583 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Multiphoton microscopy/tomography has been used as a novel diagnostic method for corneal imaging with subcellular resolution. Here, we used this technique to monitor femtosecond laser intratissue surgery effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Multiphoton microscopy/tomography on rabbits based on intense 90 MHz femtosecond Ti: sapphire laser was realized at intensities of MW-GW/cm(2), whereas the surgical procedures were performed with the same system at a higher light intensity on the order of TW/cm(2). RESULTS Multiphoton microscopy/tomography proved capable of determining the target of interest, and of visualizing and optically evaluating the in vivo intrastromal laser surgical outcomes with high efficiency. More interesting, using this technique, activated intrastromal keratocytes (myofibroblasts) were detected in vivo 24 hours after intrastromal surgery. CONCLUSION Multiphoton microscopy/tomography is an efficient and convenient non-invasive imaging method which can be used not only to assess intrastromal microsurgical performance but also to perform in vivo follow-up observations on wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Gui Wang
- Lasermicroscopy Research Unit, Institute of Microscopic Anatomy (Anatomy II), Friedrich-Schiller University, Teichgraben 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Scrimgeour J, Eriksson E, Goksör M. Laser Surgery and Optical Trapping in a Laser Scanning Microscope. Methods Cell Biol 2007; 82:629-46. [PMID: 17586274 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(06)82022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Optical manipulation opens up many new possibilities for experiments in the field of microbiology and is a very powerful tool for investigating cellular structure. In this emerging field imaging retains an important role, and systems that combine advanced imaging techniques with optical manipulation tools, such as laser scalpels or optical tweezers, are an important starting point for researchers. We present a flexible experimental platform that contains both a laser scalpel and optical tweezers, in combination with confocal and multiphoton microscopy. A simple manipulation of the external optics is used to retain the three-dimensional imaging capabilities of the microscopes. Two applications of the system are presented. In the first, the laser scalpel is used to initiate diffusion of a fluorescent dye through Escherichia coli mutants, which exhibit abnormal cell division, forming filaments, or chains of bacteria. The diffusion assay is used to assess the potential for the exchange of cytoplasmic material between neighboring cells. The second application investigates the binding of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to chloroplasts in Pisum sativum (garden pea). Individual plant protoplasts are ruptured using the laser scalpel, allowing individual chloroplasts to be trapped and manipulated. Strands of the ER which are attached to the chloroplast are identified. The magnitude and nature of the binding between the chloroplast and the ER are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Scrimgeour
- Department of Physics, Göteborg University, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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Hughes D, Tirlapur UK, Field R, Cui Z. In situ 3D characterization of membrane fouling by yeast suspensions using two-photon femtosecond near infrared non-linear optical imaging. J Memb Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2006.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tirlapur UK, Mulholland WJ, Bellhouse BJ, Kendall M, Cornhill JF, Cui Z. Femtosecond two-photon high-resolution 3D imaging, spatial-volume rendering and microspectral characterization of immunolocalized MHC-II and mLangerin/CD207 antigens in the mouse epidermis. Microsc Res Tech 2006; 69:767-75. [PMID: 16941665 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) play a sentinel role by initiating both adaptive and innate immune responses to antigens pertinent to the skin. With the discovery of various LCs markers including antibodies to major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules and CD1a, intracellular presence of racket-shaped "Birbeck granules," and very recently Langerin/CD207, LCs can be readily distinguished from other subsets of dendritic cells. Femtosecond two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) in recent years has emerged as an alternative to the single photon-excitation based confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), particularly for minimally-invasive deep-tissue 3D and 4D vital as well as nonvital biomedical imaging. We have recently combined high resolution two-photon immunofluorescence (using anti MHC-II and Langerin/CD207 antibodies) imaging with microspectroscopy and advanced image-processing/volume-rendering modalities. In this work, we demonstrate the use of this novel state-of-the-art combinational approach to characterize the steady state 3D organization and spectral features of the mouse epidermis, particularly to identify the spatial distribution of LCs. Our findings provide unequivocal direct evidence that, in the mouse epidermis, the MHC-II and mLangerin/CD207 antigens do indeed manifest a high degree of colocalization around the nucleus of the LCs, while in the distal dendritic processes, mLangerin/CD207 antigens are rather sparsely distributed as punctuate structures. This unique possibility to simultaneously visualize high resolution 3D-resolved spatial distributions of two different immuno-reactive antigens, namely MHC-II and mLangerin/CD207, along with the nuclei of LCs and the adjacent epidermal cells can find interesting applications. These could involve aspects associated with pragmatic analysis of the kinetics of LCs migration as a function of immuno-dermatological responses during (1) human Immunodeficiency virus disease progression, (2) vaccination and targeted gene therapy, (3) skin transplantation/plastic surgery, (4) ultraviolet and other radiation exposure, (5) tissue-engineering of 3D skin constructs, as well as in (6) cosmetic industry, to unravel the influence of cosmeceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday K Tirlapur
- Department of Engineering Science, Oxford Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom.
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Hughes DJ, Cui Z, Field RW, Tirlapur UK. In situ three-dimensional characterization of membrane fouling by protein suspensions using multiphoton microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:6266-72. [PMID: 16800685 DOI: 10.1021/la053388q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fouling of microfiltration membranes leads to severe flux declines and the need to clean or replace the membrane. In situ 3D characterization of protein fouling both on the surface and within the pores of the membrane was achieved using multiphoton microscopy. Time-lapse images of the fouled membrane were obtained for single suspensions and mixtures of fluorescently labeled bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin. Deposited protein aggregates were visible on the membrane and evidently play an important role in fouling. A combination of 3D images and resistance versus time data was used to identify the dominant fouling mechanism. Fouling is initially internally dominated, but after 1 and 15 min for ovalbumin and bovine serum albumin, respectively, the fouling becomes externally dominated. This is in good agreement with two-stage protein fouling models.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hughes
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
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Aloni R, Aloni E, Langhans M, Ullrich CI. Role of cytokinin and auxin in shaping root architecture: regulating vascular differentiation, lateral root initiation, root apical dominance and root gravitropism. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2006; 97:883-93. [PMID: 16473866 PMCID: PMC2803412 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcl027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Development and architecture of plant roots are regulated by phytohormones. Cytokinin (CK), synthesized in the root cap, promotes cytokinesis, vascular cambium sensitivity, vascular differentiation and root apical dominance. Auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA), produced in young shoot organs, promotes root development and induces vascular differentiation. Both IAA and CK regulate root gravitropism. The aims of this study were to analyse the hormonal mechanisms that induce the root's primary vascular system, explain how differentiating-protoxylem vessels promote lateral root initiation, propose the concept of CK-dependent root apical dominance, and visualize the CK and IAA regulation of root gravitropiosm. KEY ISSUES The hormonal analysis and proposed mechanisms yield new insights and extend previous concepts: how the radial pattern of the root protoxylem vs. protophloem strands is induced by alternating polar streams of high IAA vs. low IAA concentrations, respectively; how differentiating-protoxylem vessel elements stimulate lateral root initiation by auxin-ethylene-auxin signalling; and how root apical dominance is regulated by the root-cap-synthesized CK, which gives priority to the primary root in competition with its own lateral roots. CONCLUSIONS CK and IAA are key hormones that regulate root development, its vascular differentiation and root gravitropism; these two hormones, together with ethylene, regulate lateral root initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aloni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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High-speed fluorescence imaging and intensity profiling of femtosecond-induced calcium transients. Int J Biomed Imaging 2006; 2006:93438. [PMID: 23165061 PMCID: PMC2324058 DOI: 10.1155/ijbi/2006/93438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Revised: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated a combined imaging system, where the
physiology of biological specimens can be imaged and profiled at 10–20 frames per second whilst undergoing femtosecond
laser irradiation. Individual GH3 cells labeled with the calcium
fluorophore Fluo-3 were stimulated using a counter-propagating
focused femtosecond beam with respect to the imaging system. As a
result of the stimulation, calcium waves can be generated in COS
cells, and laser-induced calcium oscillations are initiated in the
GH3 cells. Single-photon fluorescence images and intensity
profiles of the targeted specimens are sampled in real-time using
a modified PerkinElmer UltraView LCI microscope.
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20
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Czymmek K. Exploring Fungal Activity with Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy. Mycology 2005. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420027891.ch15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Schenke-Layland K, Riemann I, Stock UA, König K. Imaging of cardiovascular structures using near-infrared femtosecond multiphoton laser scanning microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2005; 10:024017. [PMID: 15910091 DOI: 10.1117/1.1896966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton imaging represents a novel and very promising medical diagnostic technology for the high-resolution analysis of living biological tissues. We performed multiphoton imaging to analyzed structural features of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, e.g., collagen and elastin, of vital pulmonary and aortic heart valves. High-resolution autofluorescence images of collagenous and elastic fibers were demonstrated using multifluorophore, multiphoton excitation at two different wavelengths and optical sectioning, without the requirement of embedding, fixation, or staining. Collagenous structures were selectively imaged by detection of second harmonic generation (SHG). Additionally, routine histology and electron microscopy were integrated to verify the observed results. In comparison with pulmonary tissues, aortic heart valve specimens show very similar matrix formations. The quality of the resulting three-dimensional (3-D) images enabled the differentiation between collagenous and elastic fibers. These experimental results indicate that multiphoton imaging with near-infrared (NIR) femtosecond laser pulses may prove to be a useful tool for the nondestructive monitoring and characterization of cardiovascular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schenke-Layland
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Saban Research Institute, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS#137, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA.
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Goksör M, Enger J, Hanstorp D. Optical manipulation in combination with multiphoton microscopy for single-cell studies. APPLIED OPTICS 2004; 43:4831-4837. [PMID: 15449469 DOI: 10.1364/ao.43.004831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate how optical tweezers can be incorporated into a multiphoton microscope to achieve three-dimensional imaging of trapped cells. The optical tweezers, formed by a cw 1064 nm Nd:YVO4 laser, were used to trap live yeast cells in suspension while the 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-stained nucleus was imaged in three dimensions by use of a pulsed femtosecond laser. The trapped cell was moved in the axial direction by changing the position of an external lens, which was used to control the divergence of the trapping laser beam. This gives us a simple method to use optical tweezers in the laser scanning of confocal and multiphoton microscopes. It is further shown that the same femtosecond laser as used for the multiphoton imaging could also be used as laser scissors, allowing us to drill holes in the membrane of trapped spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Goksör
- Department of Experimental Physics, Chalmers University of Technology and Göteborg University, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Abstract
Cell expansion in roots is crucial for the exploration and exploitation of the soil substrate and the plethora of activities that roots engage in. Expansion requires the coordinated activities of many cell processes. Central to this is the control of ion transport during vacuolar growth, which mediates the increase in cell size and the concomitant production of new wall and membrane at the surface of growing cells. The cytoskeleton plays an important role in growth and the control of growth direction. Evidence is accumulating to show that plant hormones also coordinate cell expansion throughout the plant by controlling the activities of growth-regulating DELLA proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Dolan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK.
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Baluska F, Wojtaszek P, Volkmann D, Barlow P. The architecture of polarized cell growth: the unique status of elongating plant cells. Bioessays 2003; 25:569-76. [PMID: 12766946 DOI: 10.1002/bies.10282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polarity is an inherent feature of almost all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In most eukaryotic cells, growth polarity is due to the assembly of actin-based growing domains at particular locations on the cell periphery. A contrasting scenario is that growth polarity results from the establishment of non-growing domains, which are actively maintained at opposite end-poles of the cell. This latter mode of growth is common in rod-shaped bacteria and, surprisingly, also in the majority of plant cells, which elongate along the apical-basal axes of plant organs. The available data indicate that the non-growing end-pole domains of plant cells are sites of intense endocytosis and recycling. These actin-enriched end-poles serve also as signaling platforms, allowing bidirectional exchange of diverse signals along the supracellular domains of longitudinal cell files. It is proposed that these actively remodeled end-poles of elongating plant cells remotely resemble neuronal synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Baluska
- Institute of Botany, Department of Plant Cell Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Tirlapur UK, König K. Femtosecond near-infrared laser pulses as a versatile non-invasive tool for intra-tissue nanoprocessing in plants without compromising viability. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 31:365-374. [PMID: 12164815 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we describe a highly reproducible femtosecond near-infrared (NIR) laser-based nanoprocessing technique that can be used both for non-invasive intra-tissue nanodissection of plant cell walls as well as selective destruction of a single plastid or part thereof without compromising the viability of the cells. The ultra-precise intra-tissue nanoprocessing is achieved by the generation of high light intensity (10(12)W cm(-2)) by diffraction-limited focusing of the radiation of an NIR (lambda = 740 and 800 nm) femtosecond titanium-sapphire laser to a sub-femtolitre volume and subsequent highly localized instantaneous plasma formation. Following nanosurgery, electron microscopical analysis of the corresponding cellular target areas revealed clean non-staggering lesions across the cell wall with a cut width measuring less than 400 nm. To our knowledge, this is the smallest cut made non-invasively within a plant tissue. Further evidence, including two-photon imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence, revealed that a single target chloroplast or part thereof can be completely knocked out using intense ultra-fast NIR pulses without any visible deleterious effect on the adjacent plastids. The vitality of the cells after nanoprocessing has been ascertained by exclusion of propidium iodide from the cells as well as by the presence of cytoplasmic streaming. The potential applications of this technical advance include developmental biology applications, particularly studies addressing spatio-temporal control of ontogenetic events and cell-cell interactions, and gravitational biology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday K Tirlapur
- Laser Microscopy Division, Institute of Anatomy II, Friedrich Schiller University, Teichgraben 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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26
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Baluska F, Cvrcková F, Kendrick-Jones J, Volkmann D. Sink plasmodesmata as gateways for phloem unloading. Myosin VIII and calreticulin as molecular determinants of sink strength? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 126:39-46. [PMID: 11351069 PMCID: PMC1540107 DOI: 10.1104/pp.126.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Baluska
- Institute of Botany, Department of Plant Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Tirlapur UK, König K, Peuckert C, Krieg R, Halbhuber KJ. Femtosecond near-infrared laser pulses elicit generation of reactive oxygen species in mammalian cells leading to apoptosis-like death. Exp Cell Res 2001; 263:88-97. [PMID: 11161708 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2000.5082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon excitation-based near-infrared (NIR) laser scanning microscopy is currently emerging as a new and versatile alternative to conventional confocal laser scanning microscopy, particularly for vital cell imaging in life sciences. Although this innovative microscopy has several advantages such as highly localized excitation, higher penetration depth, reduced photobleaching and photodamage, and improved signal to noise ratio, it has, however, recently been evidenced that high-power NIR laser irradiation can drastically inhibit cell division and induce cell death. In the present study we have investigated the cellular responses of unlabeled rat kangaroo kidney epithelium (PtK2) cells to NIR femtosecond laser irradiation. We demonstrate that NIR 170-fs laser pulses operating at 80-MHz pulse repetition frequency and at mean power of > or = 7 mW evoke generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H2O2 that can be visualized in situ by standard in vivo cytochemical analysis using Ni-3,3'-diaminobenzidine (Ni-DAB) as well as with a recently developed fluorescent probe Jenchrom px blue. The formation of the Ni-DAB reaction product as well as that of Jenchrom was relatively more pronounced when irradiated cells were incubated in alkaline solution (pH 8) than in those incubated in acidic solution (pH 6), suggesting peroxisomal localization of these reaction products. Two-photon time-lapse imaging of the internalization of the cell impermeate fluorescent dye propidium iodide revealed that the integrity of the plasma membrane of NIR irradiated cells is drastically compromised. Visualization of the nuclei with DNA-specific fluorescent probes such as 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole 24 h postirradiation further provided tangible evidence that the nuclei of these cells undergo several deformations and eventual fragmentation. That these NIR irradiated cells die by apoptosis has been established by in situ detection of DNA strand breaks using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling method. Because the reactive oxygen species such as H2O2 and OH* can cause noxious effects such as cell membrane injury by peroxidation of polyunsaturated lipids and proteins and oxidative phosphorylation, and alterations of ATP-dependent Ca2+ pumps, these ROS are likely to contribute to drastic cytological alterations observed in this study following NIR irradiation. Taken together, we have established that NIR laser irradiations at mean power > or = 7 mW delivered at pulse duration time of 170 fs generally used in two- and multiphoton microscopes cause oxidative stress (1) evoking production of ROS, (2) resulting in membrane barrier dysfunction, (3) inducing structural deformations and fragmentation of the nuclei as well as DNA strand breaks, (4) leading to cell death by apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U K Tirlapur
- Laser Microscopy Division, Institute of Anatomy II, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Teichgraben 7, Jena, D-07743, Germany.
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